What Were You Thinking?A Learning Styles Workshop

Jean Marrapodi, PhD, CPLPExecutive Director, Applestar Productions

Today’s Roadmap

What are learning styles? Determine your style: MBTI Model Other Models Implications

Kaleidoscope of Theories

•Learning styles research began in 1960s•By 2006 over 650 books published on learning styles•Over 4500 articles in scholarly publications•26,000 websites

So Many Words!

convergers versus divergers verbalisers versus imagers holists versus serialists deep versus surface learning activists versus reflectors pragmatists versus theorists adaptors versus innovators assimilators versus explorers field dependent versus field independent globalists versus analysts assimilators versus accommodators

imaginative versus analytic learners non-committers versus plungers common-sense versus dynamic learners concrete versus abstract learners random versus sequential learners initiators versus reasoners intuitionists versus analysts extroverts versus introverts sensing versus intuition

thinking versus feeling judging versus perceiving left brainers versus right brainers meaning-directed versus undirected theorists versus humanitarians activists versus theorists pragmatists versus reflectors organisers versus innovators lefts/analytics/inductives/successive processors

versus rights/globals/deductives/

simultaneous processors executive, hierarchic, conservative versus

legislative, anarchic, liberal

Different Ways of Measurement

Cognitive Style

Learning Style

Learning AptitudesLearning

Strategy

Learning Preferences

Les Howles, University of Wisconsin, Madison

Myers Briggs Type Indicator

Rooted in psychology of Carl Jung

Adapted by Isabel Myers Briggs in 1940’s

Focus on 4 areas of perceiving and judging

Strong implications for learning

MBTI Reveals 16 Types

ISTJ ISFJ INFJ INTJ

ISTP ISFP INFP INTP

ESTP ESFP ENFP ENTP

ESTJ ESFJ ENFJ ENTJ

Myers Briggs

Four Rating Scales Extravert/Intravert E/N Sensing/Intuitive S/I Feeling/Thinking F/T Judging/Perceiving J/P

Myers Briggs Type Table: Sensing/Intuitive

ISTJ ISFJ INFJ INTJ

ISTP ISFP INFP INTP

ESTP ESFP ENFP ENTP

ESTJ ESFJ ENFJ ENTJ

11

SS NN

Sensing/Intuitive

Gaining Information/Perceiving

Uses senses Intuitive

75% 25%

Sensing/Intuitive

Sensing Intuitive

Learn new things by imitation and observation Value solid, recognizable methods achieved in step-by-step manner Focus on actual experience Tend to be specific and literal; give detailed descriptions Behave practically Rely on past experiences Likes predictable relationships Appreciate standard ways to solve problems Methodical Value realism and common sense

Learn new things through general concepts Value different or unusual methods achieved via inspiration Focus on possibilities Tend to be general and figurative use metaphors and analogies Behave imaginatively Rely on hunches Value change in relationships Use new and different ways to solve problems and reach solutions Leap around in a roundabout way Value imagination and innovation

Sensers and Intuitives

Myers Briggs Type Table: Introverted/Extraverted

ISTJ ISFJ INFJ INTJ

ISTP ISFP INFP INTP

ESTP ESFP ENFP ENTP

ESTJ ESFJ ENFJ ENTJ

22

IIEE

Extravert/Introvert

Receives energy externally or internally

Extravert Introvert

49% 51%

Extravert/Introvert

Extravert Introvert

Tolerate noise and crowds Talk more than listen Communicate with enthusiasm. Be distracted easily Meet people readily and participate in many activities  Blurt things out w/o thinking Parties recharge your batteries Hates to do nothing. On the go  Likes working or talking in  groups Likes to be center of attention

Avoid crowds and seek quiet Listen more than talk Keep enthusiasm to self Concentrate well Proceed cautiously in meeting people participate in selected activities Think carefully before speaking Time alone recharges batteries Needs to have time to reflect Would prefer to socialize in small groups or just do job "by myself" Content being on the sidelines

E/I Manifestations

http://www.rbdc.com/~patmarr COPYRIGHT ©1996-1999  PAT MARR

Myers Briggs Type Table: I/E and S/N

ISTJ ISFJ INFJ INTJ

ISTP ISFP INFP INTP

ESTP ESFP ENFP ENTP

ESTJ ESFJ ENFJ ENTJ

11

22

Myers Briggs Type Table: Thinking/Feeling

ISTJ ISFJ INFJ INTJ

ISTP ISFP INFP INTP

ESTP ESFP ENFP ENTP

ESTJ ESFJ ENFJ ENTJ

33 33

FF TTTT

Feeling/Thinking

Making decisionsEmotions Logic

Feeling Thinking

50% 50%

Feeling/Thinking

Feeling Thinking

Have harmony as a goal Decide more with my heart Agree more with others' findings, because people are worth listening to Notice when people need support Choose tactfulness over truthfulness Deal with people compassionately Expect the world to recognize individual differences Note how an option has value and how it affects people Like to please others; show appreciation Appreciate frequent queries as to my emotional state ANY feeling is valid

Question others' findings because they might be wrong Notice ineffective reasoning Choose truthfulness over tactfulness’ Deal with people firmly, as needed   Expect world to run on logical principles Note pros & cons of each option See others' flaws...critical Tolerate occasional queries as to my emotional state in relationships Feelings are valid if they're logical

Myers Briggs Type Table: I/E, S/N and T/F

ISTJ ISFJ INFJ INTJ

ISTP ISFP INFP INTP

ESTP ESFP ENFP ENTP

ESTJ ESFJ ENFJ ENTJ

11

22

33 33

Myers Briggs Type Table: Judging/Perceiving

ISTJ ISFJ INFJ INTJ

ISTP ISFP INFP INTP

ESTP ESFP ENFP ENTP

ESTJ ESFJ ENFJ ENTJ

44

44

JJ

PPJJ

Judging/Perceiving

Making Decisions

Judging Perceive

Judging/Perceiving

Judging Perceiving

Prefer my life to be decisive imposing my will on it Prefer knowing what they're getting themselves into Feel better after making decisions Enjoy finishing things Work for a settled life, with my plans in order Dislike surprises & want advance warning See time as a finite resource, and take deadlines seriously Like checking off "to do" list Feel better with things planned Settled.  Organized.

Like adapting to new situations Prefer to keep things open Enjoy starting things Keep my life as flexible as so nothing is missed Enjoy surprises and like adapting to last minute changes See time as a renewable resource and see deadlines as elastic Ignore "to do" list even if made one Would rather do whatever comes along Tentative.  Flexible.  Spontaneous.

Perceivers Resist Closure

http://www.rbdc.com/~patmarr COPYRIGHT ©1996-1999  PAT MARR

Myers Briggs Type Table

ISTJ ISFJ INFJ INTJ

ISTP ISFP INFP INTP

ESTP ESFP ENFP ENTP

ESTJ ESFJ ENFJ ENTJ

11

22

33 33

44

44

Learning Style Model: VAKT

Visual Seeing: Text, Charts, Diagrams, Pictures

Auditory Hearing: Audio, Music, Speaking

Kinesthetic Bodily Action: Movement

Tactile Touching: Doing with the hand

Kolb Learning Style Model

Reflective Observation

Active Experimentation

Processing Information

Direct Experience

Abstract Concept

Rece

ivin

g Info

rmati

on

Intersection=Learning Style

Reflective Observation

Active Experimentation

Concrete Experience

Abstract Concept

Concrete ReflectiveReflectorsDiverging

Abstract ReflectiveTheorists

Assimilating

Abstract ActivePragmatistsConverging

Concrete ActiveActivists

Accommodating

Experiential Learning StylesLearning style Learning characteristic

Converger Abstract conceptualization + Active experimentation

Diverger Concrete experience + Reflective observation

Assimilator Abstract conceptualization + Reflective observation

Accommodator Concrete experience + Active experimentation

Gregoric Learning Style Model

RandomSequential Organizing Information

Concrete

Abstract

Perc

eiv

ing Info

rmati

on

Concrete Sequential Concrete Random

Abstract RandomAbstract Sequential

Left Brain/Right Brain

Learners also favor one side of the brain over another.

Left Brain Right Brainlogical creative

verbal spatialanalytical intuitive

Multiple IntelligencesVerbal-Linguistic Ability to use words and language

Logical-Mathematical Capacity for inductive and deductive thinking and reasoning, use of numbers, recognition of abstract patterns

Visual-Spatial Ability to visualize objects and spatial dimensions, and create internal images and pictures

Body-Kinesthetic Wisdom of the body; ability to control physical motion

Musical-Rhythmic Ability to recognize tonal patterns and sounds, sensitivity to rhythms and beats

Interpersonal Capacity for person-to-person communications and relationships

Intrapersonal Spiritual, inner states of being, self-reflection, awareness

Learning Orientations

Work of Margaret Martinez Resistant Conforming Performing Transforming

Learning Preferences

ResistantLearners

Teacher Led Independent

T

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Lear

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P

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Myers Briggs Type Indicator

Extravert Introvert49% 51%

Sensing Intuitive75% 25%

Feeling Thinking50% 50%

Judging Perceiving50% 50%

At Risk College Students

Extravert Introvert49% 51%

Sensing Intuitive75% 25%

80, 73, 88, and 59%Remedial Reading Program

61, 60, 53 and 53 %Remedial Reading Program

Other Stats Snowman 50% of students in adult literacy

class were ESF, 72% were SF Alternative high schools are “over-

represented with extraverted perceiver (EP) students

Sensing students perform poorest on reading comprehension tests

Sensing students define reading as a bottom up process (sequential, details)

Other Stats

Introverted Intuitives (IN) tend to do better on reading tests

Intuitives over-represented in gifted programs

Intuitives define reading as a top down process (sampling, selection and guessing for comprehension)

So What? Students who understand themselves

tend to learn better and can accommodate for their styles

Teach to experiences of the senses to build in the sensory preference for receiving information

Allow students to talk out their thoughts to allow for the Extraverted preference