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Learning from the Luchtsingel - DRIFT · 2019-11-28 · Stadsinitiatief: citizen participation on...
Transcript of Learning from the Luchtsingel - DRIFT · 2019-11-28 · Stadsinitiatief: citizen participation on...
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22 april 2014, theater Zuidplein Rotterdam
prof. dr. Derk Loorbach R. van Raak, M. Verhagen, M. Lodder
G.J. Peek, M. Meijer
Learning from the Luchtsingel
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Who
DRIFT (Dutch Research Institute for Transitions)
• Research Institute Erasmus University
• Research and consultancy societal transitions
• Interdisciplinary and cross sectoral research, education and experimental governance
Hogeschool Rotterdam
• Lectoraat Gebiedsontwikkeling & Transitiemanagement
• Research and education new forms of area development
• Integral approach sectors, life-cycle fases, sustainability and economy
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Core messages
• We live in an era of change – Socially, ecologically, economically and institutionally
• The city is the testing ground for transitions – Government and society reinvent themselves
• ‘Luchtsingel’ as urban transition lab – For new type of area development and participation
• ‘Burgerkracht’ requires organizational power – Bottom-up and top-down need each other
30-4-2014
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THE TRANSITION PERSPECTIVE
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Symptoms of unsustainability
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30-4-2014
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Transition = regime change
Long-term (one or two generations) fundamental change of structure, culture and practices in a societal (sub)system
– culture: collective set of values, norms, perspectives
(shared orientation), paradigms
– structure: physical infrastructure, economic infrastructure,
institutions, rules, regulations, collective routines
– practices: behavior, operation, implementation
Periodic, non-linear systemic shift common in ecological and socio-
economic systems
Paradigm to analyse and influence complex societal change
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Transition levels
Macro-level: landscape Sustainability, ICT, ageing
population, economic crisis
Meso-level: regime
Growth orientation,
planning, specilisation, top-
down
Micro-level: niches innovative ideas, projects,
technologies, niche actors
Based on Geels and Kemp, 2001
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Transition phases
predevelopment tipping phase
reconfiguration
stabilisation
Based on Rotmans et al, 2001
Sustainable
Society?
enhanced lock-in
decline
Time
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Transitions in (Urban) Area Development
1950-1990 Government driven focused on building production
1990-2010 Governance driven focused on development profits
2010- Participation driven focussed on dealing with temporality
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Transitions in governance
1950-1980 Government creates society top-down
1980-2000 Governments facilitates markets and formal participation
2000- Governance with increased civil society initiative
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Rotterdam’s current regime
• Fossile, stoney and large scale – Little diversity, green and small scale
• Blueprints, plans and project development – Planned city made by professionals
• Always changing, rebuilding, destroying and doing – Little vision, reflection, learning and balance
30-4-2014
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Vision city development
30-4-2014
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30-4-2014
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Luchtsingel
30-4-2014
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Elements
• Pedestrian bridge
• Dakakker
• Parkpompenburg
• Boxingschool
• Hofbogendak
• ‘Accelerating’ developments (‘aanzwengelen’)
• ‘Communication-platform’
30-4-2014
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Luchtsingel was elected by cross-section of the citizens
30-4-2014
New ‘burgerpanel’ survey indicates support from citizens of all age groups, educational levels and etnicities
Source: uitslag verkiezingen Stadsinitiatief / analyse COS
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Why this research
• Research into impact of all city initiatives
• Learning for policy innovation, area development and next phase Luchtsingel
• Reorienting complex spatial development Central District
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How: methods
Combination of methods (triangulation):
• Previous studies/date
• Interviews
• Questionnaires (firms in the area, citizens)
• Documentanalysis – Plans, policy documents
– Media analysis, online blogs and debates
• Expert- & stakeholder session
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4 stories + 2 reflections
• Story of gradual area transformation
• Story of city branding and image
• Reflection from the perspective of area development
• Story of civil society initiative on major scale
• Story of doubt and criticism
• Reflection from new governance perspective
Luchtsingel, March 7 2014.
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PERSPECTIVE AREA DEVELOPMENT
30-4-2014
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Gradual area transformation
• Strong bottom-up development in the area, driven by a vision on long-term value development
• Luchtsingel builds upon, connects and accelerates these developments
• Crucial question whether Luchtsingel sustains and strengthens local scale bottom-up initiative or creates springboard for next phase of a new type of area development
AR
EA D
EVEL
OP
MEN
T
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30-4-2014
Source: ZUS
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Luchtsingel, March 7 2014.
Question to firms in the area:
How big do you estimate the impacts of the Luchtsingel are on the local economy and real estate prices now and in the coming years? A
REA
DEV
ELO
PM
ENT
Majority of local firms observes and expects impact….
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Luchtsingel, March 7 2014.
…in different ways A
REA
DEV
ELO
PM
ENT
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Tangible indicators for economic impact and future development:
• Co-investment – Lower than originally proposed
• Spin-offs – Already visible on modest scale
• Expectations turn-over growth local firms – Over 80% expects positive impact on business in area,
40% on own firm.
Luchtsingel, March 7 2014.
Indicators for impact LS A
REA
DEV
ELO
PM
ENT
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Luchtsingel, March 7 2014.
expected effect on own firm’s turn-over and/or value
Indicators for impact LS A
REA
DEV
ELO
PM
ENT
Source: DRIFT/online survey local firms
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Iconic function?
Broad impact across various media – Traditional and new professional media
– General media (paper, TV, internet)
Various target groups – Urban planning and project development (office space
location)
– Tourism
– Creative industry
Talk of the town
Luchtsingel, March 7 2014.
AR
EA D
EVEL
OP
MEN
T
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Awareness in city
30-4-2014
IMPA
CT Citizen panel: do you know
the city initiative of the Luchtsingel?
Source: Burgerpanel gem. R’dam/COS, preliminary results
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CITIZEN PARTICIPATION PERSPECTIVE
30-4-2014
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Stadsinitiatief: citizen participation on enormous scale
• Adaptive Luchtsingel versus ‘one-shot’ Stadsinitiatief
• Larger scale means more impact? – Emphasis on elections
– Initiative in the public space
– Different phases and scales of participation
• Before and after elections
• City and direct area
CIT
IZEN
PA
RTI
CIP
ATI
ON
Luchtsingel, March 7 2014.
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Citizen’s satisfaction with LS
30-4-2014
CIT
IZEN
PA
RTI
CIP
ATI
ON
Question to citizen panel: how satisfied are you with the Stadsinitiatief LS?
Source: Burgerpanel gem. R’dam/COS, preliminary results
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Local firms see unique opportunities
Local firms on Stadsinitiatief:
30-4-2014
CIT
IZEN
PA
RTI
CIP
ATI
ON
The approach has resulted in a positive change, which conventional parties could not have realised
The approach is a good way to develop from citizen’s initiatives
Source: DRIFT / online survey local firms
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Doubts and criticism
• Very diverse criticisms, both on Stadsinitiatief and Luchtsingel
• Broader debates can be considered form of impact – Well-founded debates and criticisms related to governance and area
development, spending public money
• Extreme expectations and ambitious-realistic plan – Polarising all-or-nothing debate
– Enormuous ‘public participation’ budget, but quite modest ‘public-space’ budget, no iconic budget
• Seemingly toned-down plan because of budget control
• Perception of only ‘elite’ support, at least not true for voters
DO
UB
TS A
ND
CR
ITIC
ISM
Luchtsingel, March 7 2014.
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Dissatisfied Rotterdammers voted differently or not…
30-4-2014
DO
UB
TS A
ND
CR
ITIC
ISM
AGREE DISAGREE
“LS has no added value for the city”
Those who voted for LS
Those who did not vote
Those who voted different
Source: Burgerpanel gem. R’dam/COS, preliminary results
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REFLECTIONS
30-4-2014
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Transition in Urban Area Development
• Move away from a process of city-making to city-being
• Although cities will keep growing in numbers of inhabitants, workers and visitors, most of the real estate is already built
• Development turns into redevelopment as (vacant) supply, such as office-buildings, does not match demand
• Temporary use is key in the redevelopment process of a city district; keeping it alive and altering it’s image
• Temporary use allows start-ups and creative class to A-locations they otherwise could not afford and, as such, supporting their growth A
REA
DEV
ELO
PM
ENT
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Lessons from the Luchtsingel
• Investment in urban infrastructure might lead to a dispersal of scarce property development potential, yet it stimulates bottom-up urban development
• Involvement of professional civil-servants is essential for success
• Investments in city-making upfront prevent districts from ‘dying’ during a lengthy redevelopment process
• Investments in public space can be kick-starter of a bottom-up regeneration process, rather than as finally spending some of the development’s profit
AR
EA D
EVEL
OP
MEN
T
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Participatory governance?
• Unorthodox approach created breakthrough – Working SMART and based on consensus could not have
• Local government internally divided and confused – Participating, ´gedogen´, facilitating, directing, legitimizing, blocking, …?
• Underestimated potential for learning and experimenting – More a continuous struggle
• Area developing coalition sub-optimal – Low-levels of participation and transparency in the process
• Luchtsingel as experiment demonstrates potential
– But also the need for synergetic top-down and bottom-up forces
Luchtsingel, March 7 2014.
NEW
GO
VER
NA
NC
E
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Conclusions
• Luchtsingel exemplifies the dilemmas and possibilities of a new style urban area development
• Luchtsingel connects, strengthens, opens up
• Impact already noticeable, expectations for the future high and ambiguous
• New phase requires broader vision and new style of governance
30-4-2014
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Conclusions
• Government struggles with participation if not supporting policy
• Participatory governance requires redefining every role as well as playing multiple roles
• Stadsinitiatief should be complemented by other (smaller scale) innovative instruments
• Rotterdam should more consciously organize and experiment with such spaces as urban transition labs
30-4-2014
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Thank you for your attention
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