Learning Chapter 6 1.Classical Conditioning 2.Operant Conditioning 3.Cognitive Factors In Learning...

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Learning Chapter 6 1. Classical Conditioning 2. Operant Conditioning 3. Cognitive Factors In Learning 4. The PQ4R Method: Learning to Learn

Transcript of Learning Chapter 6 1.Classical Conditioning 2.Operant Conditioning 3.Cognitive Factors In Learning...

Page 1: Learning Chapter 6 1.Classical Conditioning 2.Operant Conditioning 3.Cognitive Factors In Learning 4.The PQ4R Method: Learning to Learn.

Learning Chapter 6

1. Classical Conditioning2. Operant Conditioning

3. Cognitive Factors In Learning4. The PQ4R Method: Learning to Learn

Page 2: Learning Chapter 6 1.Classical Conditioning 2.Operant Conditioning 3.Cognitive Factors In Learning 4.The PQ4R Method: Learning to Learn.

Classical Conditioning

• Have you ever heard a song that brought back a rush of feelings you felt when the song was popular? If so, the song worked as a stimulus to produce a reaction/response to explain feelings you had long ago.

• Think of a food you really like. Is your mouth watering? If so , you are experiencing a result of conditioning , or learning. Conditioning works through the pairing of different stimuli. Classical Conditioning is a simple form of learning in which one stimulus (in this case food) comes to call forth the response (your mouth watering) usually called forth by another stimulus (usually the actual food). This occurs when the two stimuli have been associated with each other.

Page 3: Learning Chapter 6 1.Classical Conditioning 2.Operant Conditioning 3.Cognitive Factors In Learning 4.The PQ4R Method: Learning to Learn.

Ivan Pavlov Rings a Bell

• Pavlov’s initial experiment• Dogs react to clinking

trays and lab assistants• Pavlov begins a new

experiment• Pairing the bells with

meat• What happened when the

bells rang and there was no meat

Page 4: Learning Chapter 6 1.Classical Conditioning 2.Operant Conditioning 3.Cognitive Factors In Learning 4.The PQ4R Method: Learning to Learn.

US, UR,CR, and CS: Letters of Learning

• Unconditioned Stimulus

• Unconditioned Response

• Conditioned Response

• Conditioned Stimulus

Page 5: Learning Chapter 6 1.Classical Conditioning 2.Operant Conditioning 3.Cognitive Factors In Learning 4.The PQ4R Method: Learning to Learn.

Adapting to the Environment

• Taste Diversions• Extinction• Spontaneous

Recovery• Generalization and

Discrimination

Page 6: Learning Chapter 6 1.Classical Conditioning 2.Operant Conditioning 3.Cognitive Factors In Learning 4.The PQ4R Method: Learning to Learn.

Applications of Classical Conditioning

• Flooding and Systematic Desensitization

• Counter-conditioning

• The Bell-and-Pad Method for bed-wetting

Page 7: Learning Chapter 6 1.Classical Conditioning 2.Operant Conditioning 3.Cognitive Factors In Learning 4.The PQ4R Method: Learning to Learn.

Quick Quiz 1

1. Describe Pavlov’s classical experiment with dogs using the following terms: unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned response, conditioned stimulus.

2. Explain what is meant by extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, and discrimination in classical conditioning.

3. CRITICAL THINKING: People acquire certain behavioral patterns through classical conditioning. Explain how this might happen. Give examples to support your explanation.

Page 8: Learning Chapter 6 1.Classical Conditioning 2.Operant Conditioning 3.Cognitive Factors In Learning 4.The PQ4R Method: Learning to Learn.

Operant Conditioning• In classical conditioning, we learn to associate

one stimulus with another. Another type of learning is operant conditioning. In operant conditioning, people and animals learn to do certain things – and not to do others – because of the results of what they do. In other words, they learn from the consequences of their actions.

• In classical conditioning, the conditioned responses are often involuntary biological behaviors, such as salivation or eye blinks. In operant conditioning, however voluntary responses – behaviors that people and animals have more control over, such as studying – are conditioned.

Page 9: Learning Chapter 6 1.Classical Conditioning 2.Operant Conditioning 3.Cognitive Factors In Learning 4.The PQ4R Method: Learning to Learn.

B.F. Skinner’s Idea is for the Birds

• A Gadget Man• Project Pigeon• Skinner Boxes

Page 10: Learning Chapter 6 1.Classical Conditioning 2.Operant Conditioning 3.Cognitive Factors In Learning 4.The PQ4R Method: Learning to Learn.

Reinforcement

• Stimulus increases the chance that the proceeding behavior will occur again

• Every action has a consequence, and everything you do you do because there is a reward

Page 11: Learning Chapter 6 1.Classical Conditioning 2.Operant Conditioning 3.Cognitive Factors In Learning 4.The PQ4R Method: Learning to Learn.

Types of Reinforcers

• Primary and Secondary Reinforcers

• Positive and Negative Reinforcers

Page 12: Learning Chapter 6 1.Classical Conditioning 2.Operant Conditioning 3.Cognitive Factors In Learning 4.The PQ4R Method: Learning to Learn.

Rewards and Punishments

• Rewards• Punishments

Page 13: Learning Chapter 6 1.Classical Conditioning 2.Operant Conditioning 3.Cognitive Factors In Learning 4.The PQ4R Method: Learning to Learn.

Schedules of Reinforcement

• Continuous and Partial Reinforcement

• Interval Schedules– Fixed – Variable

• Ratio Schedules– Fixed – Variable

Page 14: Learning Chapter 6 1.Classical Conditioning 2.Operant Conditioning 3.Cognitive Factors In Learning 4.The PQ4R Method: Learning to Learn.

Extinction in Operant Conditioning

• Reinforcement no longer follows behavior

• Variable ratio schedule of reinforcement makes the behavior less vulnerable to extinction

• Extinction burst

Page 15: Learning Chapter 6 1.Classical Conditioning 2.Operant Conditioning 3.Cognitive Factors In Learning 4.The PQ4R Method: Learning to Learn.

Applications of operant Conditioning

• Shaping

• Programmed Learning

• Classroom Discipline

Page 16: Learning Chapter 6 1.Classical Conditioning 2.Operant Conditioning 3.Cognitive Factors In Learning 4.The PQ4R Method: Learning to Learn.

Quick Quiz 21. Explain the differences between classical conditioning and operant conditioning. 2. What is a Skinner box and who invented it? 3. Explain the difference between a negative reward and punishment4. Name four types of reinforcers. 5. What is the difference between an interval and ratio schedule?6. How are fixed schedules of reinforcement different from variable schedules of

reinforcement? 7. What is shaping? 8. Explain programmed learning. 9. CRITICAL THINKING: How do parents and teachers use rewards and punishments

to influence children’s behavior? Give an example of a reward or punishment that works with some people but not with others.

Examples CANNOT be the same or slightly different than examples used in the book or talked about in class!

1. Give an example of a positive reinforcer. 2. Give an example of a negative reinforcer. 3. Give an example of a fixed interval schedule. 4. Give an example of a variable interval schedule. 5. Give an example of a fixed ratio schedule. 6. Give an example of a variable ratio schedule.

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Cognitive Factors In LearningCognitive Factors In Learning

• Cognitive psychologists, are willing to speak about what people and animals know because of learning – not just about what they do. Cognitive psychologists see learning as purposeful, not mechanical. They believe that a person can learn something simply by thinking about it or by watching others. They see people and even some animals as searching for information, weighing evidence, and making decisions. Two kinds of learning that involve cognitive factors are latent learning and observational learning.

Page 18: Learning Chapter 6 1.Classical Conditioning 2.Operant Conditioning 3.Cognitive Factors In Learning 4.The PQ4R Method: Learning to Learn.

Latent LearningLatent Learning

• Cognitive map• Learning that remains

hidden until it is needed

Page 19: Learning Chapter 6 1.Classical Conditioning 2.Operant Conditioning 3.Cognitive Factors In Learning 4.The PQ4R Method: Learning to Learn.

Observational LearningObservational Learning

• Albert Bandura• Learning From the

Media

Page 20: Learning Chapter 6 1.Classical Conditioning 2.Operant Conditioning 3.Cognitive Factors In Learning 4.The PQ4R Method: Learning to Learn.

Quick Quiz 3Quick Quiz 3

1. What is latent learning?2. How might studying a cookbook for fun be a

form of latent learning? 3. What is observational learning? 4. Provide an example of observational learning

that takes place in school. 5. CRITICAL THINKING: How much violence

have you witnessed over the past year on TV or in the movies? Has observation of violence in the media affected your behavior? If so, how?

Page 21: Learning Chapter 6 1.Classical Conditioning 2.Operant Conditioning 3.Cognitive Factors In Learning 4.The PQ4R Method: Learning to Learn.

The PQ4R Method: Learning to The PQ4R Method: Learning to LearnLearn

• If you put a sponge into a bathtub, it will soak up the water. Many students assume that simply by being in a course they will somehow soak up the subject matter of that course. Not so. Students are not sponges, courses are not bathtubs.

• Students learn more when they take an active approach to learning. One such active approach is called the PQ4R method. Based on the work of educational psychologist Francis P. Robinsion, the PQ4R method has six steps: Previewing, questioning, reading, reflecting, reciting, and reviewing. Following these six steps will help you get the most out of your textbooks.

Page 22: Learning Chapter 6 1.Classical Conditioning 2.Operant Conditioning 3.Cognitive Factors In Learning 4.The PQ4R Method: Learning to Learn.

PQ4RPQ4R

• Preview• Question• Read• Reflect• Recite• Review

Page 23: Learning Chapter 6 1.Classical Conditioning 2.Operant Conditioning 3.Cognitive Factors In Learning 4.The PQ4R Method: Learning to Learn.

Quick Quiz 4Quick Quiz 4

• What are the steps in the PQ4R method? • What purposes does it serve for a person

to reflect on information she or he has read about? What purpose does reciting the information out loud serve?

• CRITICAL THINKING: Prepare a learning and studying schedule for yourself for one of your classes. Use PQ4R as a basis for the schedule.

Page 24: Learning Chapter 6 1.Classical Conditioning 2.Operant Conditioning 3.Cognitive Factors In Learning 4.The PQ4R Method: Learning to Learn.

THE END


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