Learned Behaviour Seminar

8/3/2019 Learned Behaviour Seminar

1/20


2/20

Introduction

The study of the animal behaviour is calledEthology which originates from two Greek wordsEthos meaning Characters or Habit orcustom and logos meaning study.

Ethology literally means Character Study.

Animal behaviour is the study of motor activitiesof an organism interacting with the environment.

Behaviour includes all those processes by which

an animal senses the external world and theinternal states of its bodies and responds tochanges which it perceives.


3/20

Forms Of An Animal Behaviour

Innate / InherentBehavior

Irritability

Tropism

Reflexes

Instinct

Taxis

Motivation

Learned

Flexible Restricted

Habituation Imprinting

Classical

Conditioning

Reasoning

and Insight

Trial and Error

Discrimination


4/20

Definition

Learning is a process which manifests itself inan individual's behavior as a result ofexperience.

Learning involves a change in behavior, oftenlong lasting. It is not passed on to the nextgeneration.

Learning is a relatively permanent modification

of behavior due to motivation. It is assosiatedwith reward and punishment. However, in theabsence of reward or punishment it can goextinct.


5/20

Types Of Learning

Learning has been classified differently

by various scientists. Thorpes (1963)

classification is most widely used :1. Flexible

2. Restricted


6/20

1. Flexible Learning

1. Habituation: It is the simplest kind of learning.

It is the gradual fading of a response when astimulus that proves to be safe, neutral orirrelevant is given repeatedly.

It is an important for adjusting an animals

behavior to its environment. By habituation animals learn to conserveenergy and time by not responding to anirrelevant stimulus.


7/20


8/20

2. Classical Conditioning

It is also called as Conditioned Reflex or

Pavlovian Conditioning.

The term conditioned reflex is given by

I.P.Pavlov and Sherrington.

A Simple reflex And a Conditioned reflex are two

different reflexes.

Simple reflex are also known as inborn orunconditioned reflexes, whereas, the

Conditioned reflexes are acquired reflexes.


9/20

According to Pavlov, in order to survive

every animal needed two kinds of reflexes

one fixed one that are inherited called

unconditioned, like the knee jerk, closing

of eyes and the second is acquired, that

are learnt, called conditioned, are flexible

and steer animals through their changingenvironments by means of signs, sounds,

smells.


10/20


11/20

3. Trial and error learning

(operant conditioning) Trial and Error has basic instincts andmotivation at the base.

The animal associates reward orpunishment with its own action rather thanoutside stimulus.

When animals are motivated by thirst,

hunger, sex or fear they showrestlessness and exploratory or appetitivebehavior.


12/20


13/20

4. Latent (Exploratory) Learning

Many animals explore their surroundings andstore useful information for future use.

A rat placed in a maze will explore. Later, when

hungry and placed in the maze, it was found thatthe rat discovered the reward in fewer trials, thanrats that had had no previous experience of themaze. The rat used its previous experience

when it was motivated to eat. Exploratory behaviour is characteristic of moreintelligent animals and is invaluable to survival ina complex environment.


14/20

5. Discrimination

This learning is the advanced step in any

type of learning.


15/20

2. Restricted Learning

1. Imprinting It is a learning process that occurs at a remarkably

early age.

Konard Lorenz (1935) was the first one to notice thistype of learning.

A behaviour characteristic of vertebrate young. Duringa critical time, often the first few hours afterhatching/birth, offspring learn to recognise their

parent/s and follow them. Konrad Lorenz showed that newly hatched goslings

followed the first moving object they saw... be it agoose or a human.


16/20


17/20

2.Reasoning and Insight

Intelligence can, in part, be assessed by the

complexity of a problem solved and the speed at

which it is done.

In humans, a sudden brainwave can overcomean apparently insoluble problem. Insight is often

described as the ability to reason, to draw

together past experiences and apply them to

new situations. Insight learning has been

credited to humans and to chimps.


18/20


19/20


20/20

Learned Behaviour Seminar

Documents

Transcript of Learned Behaviour Seminar