LDR/531 – WEEK 2

WDWLLW?• DISC Assessment• Leadership• Personality

Objectives• Theories of Leadership

• Compare and contrast leadership theories.• Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of established leadership

styles.

Leadership is:

Types of leadership• Leadership involves

• influencing others (who influences? What type of influence?)• to collaborate and agree (purpose of influence?)• on how to complete tasks or projects.  

What leaders can influence?• Interpretation of external events and sharing of new

knowledge by members.• Choice of objectives and strategies to pursue.• Motivation of members and allocation of resources to

achieve the objectives.• Development of member skills and confidence.

Direct vs. Indirect Leadership

• Direct leadership• Immediate subordinates.• Lower-level employees, peers, bosses, or outsiders

• Indirect leadership• Cascading effect of leadership influence• Influence over formal programs, management systems, and structural

forms• Influence over organizational culture

1-7

Leadership Approach• Trait • Behavior • Power-influence • Situational • Integrative• Leadership theory comparison

Leader vs. Manager• Leader versus manager -

• A person can lead without being a manager; a manager can manage without being a leader.• Are subordinates necessary?• Are they mutually exclusive?• Are they distinct processes or roles?• Are both roles necessary?

Leader vs. Manager

Leader Manager

Managers value:• Stability, order, efficiency• Thoughtfulness, details, experience• Efficiency, rules, guidelines• Being right, persistence, democracy

Leaders value:• Flexibility, grand ideas, experience• Adaptation, communication, honesty• Innovation

Typical activity patterns in managerial work?

Decision processes are disorderly & political, planning is informal and adaptive

Interact with peers and outsiders, most via oral communications .

Pace is hectic and unrelenting

Content is varied and fragmented, reactive

All of the above.

Leadership Effectiveness• Measure leader effectiveness

• Follower attitudes and perceptions• Contribution to the quality of group processes• Successful career as a leader

Unit Profits

Barack Obama Leadership Effectiveness

• Read article about Obama1. What traits might Barack Obama possess that contribute to his

strong leadership ability?

2. Does Obama’s leadership support a trait perspective of leadership? Why or why not?

3. From a behavioral perspective of leadership, what does Obama do to strengthen his success as a leader?

4. Is Obama an effective leader? Why or why not?

5. When does Obama act as a leader vs. a manager?

Contingency theories and adaptive leadership

• Contingency theories and adaptive leadership • different situations• different subordinate characteristics • influence leadership effectiveness.

Contingency theories and adaptive leadership• One dependent variable – subordinate satisfaction or

performance• One predictor variable – task/• One or more situational variable – short-term conditions

Cognitive Resources Theory

Leadership Substitutes

Multiple Linkage Model

LPC Contingency

Path-Goal

Lead followers towards a goal

Manager behavior and situational variables influence follower

performance

Conditions under which intelligence and experiences are related to group

performance

Situational variables serve as substitutes

Describes how the situation moderates the effects on group performance.

Contingency Theories

Problems with Contingency Theories• Over-emphasis on behavior meta-categories• Ambiguous description of relationships• Inadequate explanation of causal effects• Lack of attention to behavior patterns• Lack of attention to joint effects of situational variables• Failure to distinguish between mediators and situational

moderators

Situational Leadership• Intra-individual • Dyadic • Group processes • Organizational processes • Multilevel • Leader-centered versus follower-centered• Descriptive • Prescriptive • Universal or contingency

Class Activity• Leadership Compass

Situational Factors• Age & Size• Technical System• Environment• Power

What are Mintzberg’s 10 managerial roles?

How many managerial position duties and responsibilities did Mintzberg find?

1. Supervising2. Planning & Organizing

3. Decision Making4. Monitoring Indicators

5. Controlling6. Representing7. Coordinating

8. Consulting9. Administering

A leader has both immediate & delayed effects on the same criterion.

Causal Relationship Between Key Variables

1-26

Charismatic and transformational leadership• Charismatic leadership definition• Charismatic leader traits and behaviors• Positives associated with charisma• Negatives associated with charisma

Transformational leadership• Transformational leadership involves inspiring,

developing, and empowering followers.

Guidelines for transformational leadership•  “Articulate a clear and appealing vision. • Explain how the vision can be attained. • Act confident and optimistic. • Express confidence in followers. • Use dramatic, symbolic actions to emphasize key values. • Lead by example” (Yukl, 2013, p. 332).

Miscellaneous Leadership Concepts• Trust and ethics in effective leadership• Tests and interviews to identify people with leadership

qualities.• Leadership training• Mentoring

Barriers to effective communication include:

None of the above.

Filtering & Selective Perception

Language & Communication Apprehension

Information Overload & Emotions

All of the above.

Team Activity• Foreign Auto Shop• Read case• Each team selects a question from part 1 or part 2 to

answer• Select a spokesperson from your team to report back to

the group. The spokesperson needs to be someone different than who spoke last week.