Layout Newsletter NEW

Layout Newsletter NEWA Publication of the Centre for Policy Studies
Editorial Note: ................................................................................................................. 2
Research Articles and Policy Briefs:
CPEC and FDI Prospects in Pakistan by Amb. (Retd.) Fauzia Nasreen ...................... 3
The Constricting Contours of Trump's Foreign Policy by Dr. Imran Syed ................ 9
2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: A Framework for
Harnessing Youth Potential by Maryam Qayyum ..........................................................13
CPS Events:
Budget 2017-18, 25 April 2017 ....................................................................................... 22
SDGs: Role of Youth in Meeting the Water Targets CIIT - Water
Ambassadors and Youth Parliament Interaction, 11 April 2017 ..................................... 22
COMSATS INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Volume 4 Number 2 April-June 2017
2 CPS Quarterly, Volume 4 - Number 2 - April-June 2017
One of the central aims of the CPS Quarterly is to promote rigorous evidence-based research on public
policy-making, implementation and analysis. In pursuit of this aim, the present issue of the Quarterly is
decidedly different, in both form and substance, from previous issues. In substance, the tangible shift is
evidenced by a greater emphasis on research articles and briefs and a lesser coverage of CPS events. The
form is also visibly different and this shift is facilitated by my diverse professional experience, which
includes designing and editing various publications. The results of these shifts are evident in this issue
and will become more pronounced with subsequent issues.
This issue of the Quarterly presents policy related research in three articles. The first is on CPEC and the
prospects of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Pakistan by Ambassador (Retd.) Fauzia Nasreen. This
article looks at the China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and analyses financial structures and the
potential for benefit available to Pakistan from new industrial and economic zones. The second by Dr.
Imran Syed looks at the US foreign policy in the Trump era. The article describes the foreign policy
making process in the US and how this process will influence the ability of President Trump in making
foreign policy. The third by Marryam Qayyum looks at demographics and the Sustainable Development
Goals (SDG). This article examines population dynamics and sustainable development in general, and
focuses in particular on how Pakistan can receive a demographic dividend by harnessing the youth bulge.
The Quarterly also provides brief details of selected events organized by the CPS in this quarter. These
events include a seminar on “State of the Economy & Federal Budget 2017-18” held on 25 April 2017.
The CPS also organized an event related to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) titled “SDGs:
Role of Youth in meeting the Water Targets CIIT Water Ambassadors and Youth Parliament Interaction,”
which was held on 11 April 2017.
Dr. Imran Syed
By Amb. (Retd.) Fauzia Nasreen, Head, CPS, CIIT.
Introduction
China under President Xi Jinping has embarked on huge development project to catapult the “Chinese
Dream” vision. The core of the realization of Chinese Dream has been acceleration of initiatives in the
field of development, socio-economic stability and widening of horizons within the region and beyond.
As a pivotal Asian state and a rising power, China's economic strength is recognized among the top global
leaders. It has staked its interests in stabilizing its periphery and making the adjoining regions prosperous
and where economic activity could also benefit China's less developed areas. Domestically “China
Dream” symbolizes collective aspiration of the “great rejuvenation' of the nation. Internationally it
projects China's soft power. The win-win situation is aimed at facilitating China's transition from a
manufacturing to a consumer-based economy (Lim 2015). The One Belt and One Road (OBOR)
initiative is central to Chinese strategy of achieving a number of key goals by 2020, the centenary of the
founding of the People's Republic of China and the 100th anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party
(CCP) in 2021. These goals are expected to translate into 60% urbanization rate; construction on the
Chinese space station; internet power status; transition to clean energy; introduce the first domestically
built aircraft carrier; and enhanced per capita income and GDP (Tezzi 2015).
One Belt One Road
OBOR was announced by President Xi Jinping during his 2013 visit to Kazakhstan as a global initiative
to build a “Community of Common Destiny”. With its two prongs: Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st
Century Maritime Silk Route, OBOR is intended to revive the old Silk Route that connected China to
Central Asia, the Middle East and Europe through land route as well as connect Asia, Africa and Europe
through sea corridors and ports. Some of the goals of OBOR can be identified as:
·Linking some 65 countries and 150 major cities and 4.4 billion people through efficient
infrastructure, markets and communication;
·Enhancing energy security by consolidating alternate routes and overcome the “Malacca
Dilemma”;
·Expanding markets for Chinese industry and increasing efficiency of Chinese companies;
·Spurring global economy through trade and investment in cooperation with the European Union
(EU has its own investment plans to mobilize Euros 315 billion between 2015 to 2017; also there
is China-CEE 16+1 programme that includes 16 central and eastern European countries plus
3CPS Quarterly, Volume 4 - Number 2 - April-June 2017
China as part of OBOR);
·Projecting and achieving China's aim of “Go Global” policy to overcome fiscal saturation at
home;
·Added thrust on infrastructure development. It is estimated that $5 trillion are needed for this
from 2016 to 2020 ($8 trillion as per ADB for Asia).
OBOR is underpinned by the requisite new international financial institutions (IFIs). The Asian
Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) with a total asset of $100 billion (30 % share of China) contributed
partially by other members (advanced economies except the US) enjoys crucial place. This would narrow
the global development gap. It would finance the infrastructure projects of developing countries that face
hurdles in obtaining finance from other established IFIs. AIIB also provides room for private sector
investment in AIIB funded projects. The BRICS New Development Bank, The Silk Road Fund ($40
billion) and proposed SCO Development Bank are some of the initiatives to ease financing of
development projects including those of OBOR.
China-Pakistan Economic Corridor
Within the OBOR, China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) with $46 billion commitment of China, is
seen as a pilot project that integrates both components of OBOR- it links Kashgar to Gwadar through land
route and connects Gwadar to other international ports via maritime linkages. Therefore, CPEC enjoys
added significance more so because Gwadar is a deep-sea port situated at the mouth of the Strait of
Hormuz and in geographical proximity to the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Aden. As CPEC is expected to
open up various markets in the region, potential for investment from sources other than China exists
which needs to be tapped by offering secure and attractive environment.
Pakistan enjoys a central location as a juncture of several important Asian regions. Its leverage as transit
and trade conduit and hub of pipelines and connectivity is an enormous asset. China's major investments
in infrastructure are in Pakistan and Central Asia. CPEC provides the shortest route for energy and trade
and commercial activities in multiple directions. Through a network of highways, railways, oil and gas
pipelines and fiber optic cables CPEC is expected to transform Pakistan's economy in a dramatic way.
CPEC was unfolded in 2013 and fully evolved as a framework for development in 2015 during the visit of
President Xi Jinping to Pakistan. Various agreements were signed together with MoUs with a total
commitment of $45.6 billion to be spent on energy and infrastructure projects ($33.6 billion on energy
and $11.8 billion on infrastructure) in the next fifteen years. The objective is to ensure general integration
through investments in infrastructure, energy, trade and communication in a phased manner.
At the initial stages the focus of CPEC is on two main sectors: Infrastructure and power generation.
However, this would later include other areas as well such as finance, science and technology. The
priority projects identified in the CPEC portfolio will become active in the next four years. There are four
phases for implementation of CPEC: Early Harvest to be completed by 2018 (30 in number out of which
16 were under construction in 2016 with a total investment involved $14 billion); short term by 2020;
medium term by 2025 and long term by 2030. The early harvest projects would become operational by
2018. The CPEC Long Term Plan, (2025-2030) once implemented as per government estimates will
have positive affect on Pakistan's GDP by adding 1.5 % initially and 1 % after 2020. The annual average
investment is forecasted at 25 % from 2016 to 2020 (Xie et.al., 2015).
Financing Mechanism and Investment
CPEC will be almost entirely financed by China. Out of $45.6 billion, $10 billion will be provided in the
form of commercial loans. The rest will be available as export credit and non-reimbursable assistance by
the China Development Bank, the Export-Import Bank of China, the Industrial and Commercial Bank of
China Ltd and other financial institutions. Major Chinese companies such as the Three Gorges Corp and
the China Power International Development Ltd., investing in Pakistan's energy sector are being
supported by China itself (Xie et.al., 2015).
Chinese companies have also shown interest in Pakistan's private and state assets such as K-Electric and
Stock Exchange (where a 40% stake has been acquired by a Chinese consortium). In the next three years
Chinese investors could purchase state asset sales worth $40 to 50 billion (Khan 2017). CPEC
investments in the energy sector would be in an Independent Power Producers mode. These investments
are proposed to be private investments. In the backdrop of debt-investment controversy it is generally
surmised that Pakistan must treat the CPEC projects in corporate terms rather than on the basis of
emotions (Monnoo 2017). However, the CPEC plans include setting up of industrial and special
economic zones at the strategic points along the three routes (Eastern, Central and Western routes). These
zones would be attracting two kinds of investment: from the Chinese companies and from other regional
and global companies.
Although little tangible investments from other than Chinese investors have been registered so far,
Turkish companies such as KOC Group of Turkey (which acquired Dawlance) and other Turkish
investments in energy, infrastructure, construction and services sector have been impressive. According
to the State Bank of Pakistan, in December 2016 alone Netherlands invested $459.5 million, China
contributed $47.6 million and UAE $45.6 million which made the real change in FDI (55% increase in six
months of 2016-17 financial year). Total Chinese investment during this period was $204 million.
Turkey's investment during the first six months was $129 million and France's investment was $46
million (Iqbal 2017). It is generally believed that CPEC has made Pakistan an attractive destination for
FDI and that developed countries have shown keen interest in investing in mega projects in Pakistan with
the possibility of joint ventures. It is understood that UK is regarding CPEC as having prospects for
British companies particularly as in the post Brexit environment London is actively looking for other
options. British International Trade Minister Greg Hands has been quoted as having said on 4 April 2017
(Ashraf 2017) that as a country that believes in free trade, Britain could be an important partner both for
China and Pakistan especially in the implementation of infrastructure projects. The Royal United
Services Institute (RUSI) is expected to hold a conference to explore various possibilities sometime in
May 2017.
Socio-economic Impact of Investments
The huge pumping in of financial resources in Pakistan's economy is seen to be bringing about far
reaching socio-economic dividends. These dividends are expected to have deep impact on the security
and stability of Pakistan, China's western provinces and Central Asia. The interventions under CPEC
framework are aimed at addressing the sustainable development issues and include energy as the core
sector to rejuvenate industry, agriculture as well as those that will bring prosperity, improve employment,
provide livelihood, build capacity and fill the gap in the poor connectivity among different regions.
Given Pakistan's youth bulge where 63 % of young population is under the age of 25 years, demographic
dynamics have emerged as the most serious challenge. This is further compounded by internal
displacements, inefficient, unskilled and untrained labour as well as lack of opportunities. CPEC is seen
by many as addressing these issues. The concerned quarters need to pay special attention to planning
labour induction in the CPEC ventures for which long term measures involving market survey, future
thinking and forecasting as well as preparing the labour to capitalize on job opportunities that will arise in
staggered manner in the times to come is imperative. In the current first phase of CPEC because of
infrastructure development, the real estate sector will receive a boost along with construction sector. The
construction of roads, railways, motorways and gas and oil pipelines should employ more of local labour
(Business Recorder 2017).
Industrial and Economic Zones and FDIs
The setting up of economic zones and industrial parks is an integral part of CPEC. Along with
development of the infrastructure these zones will be created at the important nodal points. The Board of
Investment of Pakistan recently informed that it has identified 41 sites for the establishment of Special
Economic Zones. It had consulted the provincial governments in this regard as well governments of AJK
and GB and FATA secretariat. Seven SEZs had already been notified. Planning Commission's website
also mentions about the development of a free zone, export processing zone at Gwadar as the first model
for which land has been allocated for Gwadar port free zone; Gwadar Industrial Development Zone
(GIEDA) and Export Processing Zone (Planning Commission of Pakistan 2017). It is expected that with
increased economic activity of various sorts (transshipment of goods, transportation of oil and LNG,
transports and logistics and services sector) along with foreign investment indigenous economic activity
dividends will accrue to the state and people of Pakistan.
The emergence of SEZs along with trade liberalization has generally been a sound strategy for attracting
FDI. China has a long experience of setting up of SEZs where public and private sectors have created an
environment for graduation from SEZs to industrial clusters: for example Zhongguancun (Beijing) and
Shenzhen as information and communication technologies cluster; Pudong (Shanghai) as electronic and
biotech cluster, Wuhan as opto-electronics cluster and Dalian as software (Ali and Faisal 2016). Given
various successful experiences of economic corridors it can be safely concluded that the integration of
infrastructure brings increased connectivity which will boost economic opportunities such as trade and
investment. The oft-quoted example is that of the Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS) comprising
Cambodia, Lao, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam and Yunnan province of China. In a study (Khan and
Anwar 2016) the opportunities and challenges in the context of SEZs have been identified in the area of
fiscal incentives, facilitation services, import of machinery and equipment, repatriation of profits, duties
etc. In view of liberal incentives announced by the government, Pakistan's potential for investment in
such areas as energy, automobile, textile, surgical equipment, infrastructure, engineering, agriculture,
minerals and SMEs has been enhanced. Chinese investors could look at these opportunities as favorable
gain. However, local industry should also take advantage from the investment policies and explore the
possibility of using these incentives to their advantage.
Conclusion
As a pilot project of OBOR, CPEC's success is linked with the overall policy of “China Dream”. It is
intended to showcase the success of Chinese leadership's ambitious project at a time of twin celebrations
in 2020 and 2021. While the OBOR initiatives are in diverse regions of the globe they are not without
challenges from other powers and players, which could hinder the progress. Pakistan's cooperation in the
realization of CPEC project is in the interest of both China and Pakistan. Given the development needs of
Pakistan and the dwindling source of support CPEC presents an ideal opportunity.
CPEC would allow Pakistan to overcome energy deficiency, secure its water requirements, connect
various regions through infrastructure development, meet budgetary deficit and ensure increased inflow
of FDI. CPEC will also build human resource capacity. Efficiency gained by Pakistan's entrepreneurs will
be an added incentive for foreign investors to come to Pakistan. China's economic strength: a GDP of $18
trillion (PPP basis), foreign currency reserves of $3.6 trillion, exports of $2.34 trillion and imports worth
$1.96 trillion present extremely impressive indicators.
If handled prudently and with foresight the aforementioned ideas and plans could uplift the socio-
economic profile of Pakistan and bring about the desired transformation making CPEC a real “China-
Pakistan Dream”. It would be in the interest of Pakistan-China relationship that any shadow of misgiving
of exploitation of one or the other is minimized. The ownership and commitment to various projects,
vision and development agenda under CPEC at various levels will be crucial in the realization of all the
plans from 2016 to 2030. This can be ensured if a participatory and inclusive process is followed that
should create stakes for the people of Pakistan. It has been pointed out by some analysts that there is no
provision in the agreements for a fixed ratio of Chinese and Pakistani labour in various projects under
CPEC as has been done for example in the case of Egypt, Nigeria and Mauritius. Clarity in this regard
would remove any possibility of friction or resentment at the local level.
References:
Ashraf, Junaid. 2017. Great Britain's Interest in CPEC: An opportunity for Pakistan to Enhance Global
Image and Foreign Investment, Institute of Strategic Studies Islamabad, 21 April 2017
Business Recorder. 2017. Various Countries Keen to Invest in CPEC, Business Recorder Report 16
February 2017 retrieved on 13 April 2017
Iqbal, Shahid. 2017. “Foreign Direct Investment jumps 10 %”, Dawn, 17 January 2017, retrieved on 13
Aril 2017
Khan, Umar Zia. 2017. “Bringing FDI to Pakistan”, The Nation, 7 February 2017, retrieved on 13 April
2017
Lim, Alvin Cheng-Hin. 2015. China's “Belt and Road” and Southeast Asia: Challenges and Prospects,
Jati, Vol. 20, December3-15, 2015.
Monnoo, Kamal. 2017. “The Geonomics of CPEC”, CPEC: Macro and Micro Economic Dividends for
Pakistan and the Region, IPRI, 2017
Planning Commission of Pakistan. 2017. China Pakistan Economic Corridor, www.cpec.gov.pk
retrieved on 20 April 2017
Tiezzi, Shannon. 2015. “Why 2020 is a Make-or-Break Year for China”, The Diplomat 13 February
2015, retrieved on 14 April 2017
Xie, Xiaoqing et.al. 2015. Research on Employment Opportunities Under the Framework of China
Pakistan Economic Corridor, Proceedings of International Conference on CPEC, UGC, Lahore
December 2015.
The Constricting Contours of Trump's Foreign Policy
By Dr. Imran Syed, Assistant Professor, CPS, CIIT
Introduction
The election of Donald J. Trump as the 45th President of the United States of America (US) on 20 January
2017 was the focus of great attention internationally. Since the election, Trump's pronouncements, both
informal and formal, have continued to garner international attention. One reason for the continued
interest in Trump's words and his actions is because of their contentious nature. To appreciate the
possible impact of what Trump will be able to achieve on the foreign policy front it is important to better
understand the US foreign policy making process and then examine how this process will adjust to Trump
as president. This article will shed light on the foreign policy making process in the US and will show that
the contentious style of Trump's politics will actually constrict his ability to devise the kind of policy he
purports he will devise.
US Foreign Policy Process
The sources that influence US foreign policy can be quite diverse. These influences include the President,
the Congress, courts, public opinion, interest groups, and the media. Each of these sources reacts with
other sources and also within themselves, as part of a complex process of influencing foreign policy. For
example, public opinion is very much influenced by the news media and within the Executive branch of
the presidency there is the possible contention between departments such as the Department of Defense
with the Department of State (Jentleson 2007, 25-57). It is critical to recognize that the influence of the
any one particular source is not unchanging and varies according to the historic and prevailing; economic,
social, political and geopolitical contexts.
One very visible and important source of foreign policy is the news media or the press. The press helps in
setting the agenda for the public and the politicians. The press, by the manner in which it frames and
presents issues, helps build the urgency and importance that is assigned to different issues (Jentleson
2007, 50-1). Some recent academic work supports the assertion that the media has been significant in
recent decades in influencing the political agenda of successive US governments (Auerbach and Bloch-
Elkon 2005, 83-4). Alongside the press, public opinion is also an important input into the process of
foreign policy making in the US. Though the dominant view seems to be that the US public, in general, is
both ill-informed and not very interested in international relations but there are times when the public is
quite interested. Some recent scholarship also is challenging the notion of that foreign policy flows from
top to bottom and contends that public opinion can be a significant source of driving foreign policy
decisions (Knecht and Wetherford 2006, 705-7). The Supreme Court of the US has generally stayed
away from involvement in matters of foreign policy and seems to be unwilling to take on the role of
referee between the Executive branch and the Congress (Jentleson 2007, 34-5). With particular relevance
to foreign policy making, however, there is research that shows that the Supreme Court of the US is
generally supportive of the President and the Executive branch when foreign actors are involved (King
and Meernik 1999, 801-3).
The Congress and legislature is an important source of foreign policy making in the US. There are
legislative constraints that are in place and these help define the relative influence of particular
individuals or institutions in the process of policy making. For example, the Constitution of the US
restricts the states from engaging in foreign policy making (Kollman 2012, 553). However, in some cases
the legislative guidelines are not that clear or are overlapping and this lack of clarity is usually resolved in
time through an evolutionary process. For example, when it comes to foreign policy matters, the
Constitution of the US says in Section 8 of Article 1 that the Congress has the “power to declare war, call
forth the militia... raise and support armies” and alongside, the power of the President is provided in
Section 2 of Article 2 as “Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy … when called into actual Service
of the United States” (Kollman 2012, 57).
Instances of Trump's Contentious Foreign Policy
The contentious nature of Trump's US foreign policy can be seen on a variety of international fronts. The
North American region is a case-in-point. In the North American region Trump has, among other things,
promised to renegotiate long standing arrangements such as NAFTA and to create new barriers to the
movement of migrants workers from Mexico through building a wall. These claims indicate a readiness
on the part of the US to confront its neighbors and a desire to use its power to exact new concessions. The
spatial proximity and the prospect of directly receiving the consequences of Trump's policies has elicited
a clear, pointed and swift reaction from Canada and, more so, from Mexico. The cancellation of a state
visit by the head of one North American country to another North American country, as was done by the
President of Mexico for a visit to the US in 2016, is not a commonplace occurrence in the diplomatic
relations of this region in recent times. The renewed propensity of the preponderant power in the North
American region to flex its muscles is disquieting for Mexico and Canada, and the calm that comes from a
realization that there are no serious cross-border issues between neighbors has been disturbed. This
disturbance has fueled concerns in all three North American countries.
The Reaction to Trump's Policies
The White House, during the Trump presidency, is now facing a reaction from the other sources of US
foreign policy influence. The resistance to Trump's policy can be clearly seen in the Congress, the courts,
and the press. Trump has complained loudly about the delays by the Congress in confirming his
appointees to key positions in the government. Repealing Obamacare had been a major promise of the
Trump campaign. Trump's first attempt at repeal resulted in a setback as the bill had to be pulled back in
light of not having the requisite support. It is noteworthy that the shortfall came from Republican
Congressmen who were not supporting the repeal (Caldwell and Rafferty 2017). Later the bill was again
put up for a vote in the House and narrowly passed in the first week of May 2017. The bill is still not law
yet and it has to be passed by the Senate where it is likely to undergo changes (Caldwell 2017).
Trump has been at odds with the press especially those sections of the press that do not support him. In a
17 March 2017 Twitter tweet Trump took a significantly harsh line by calling certain elements of the news
media including the New York Times and CNN the 'fake news media” and the “enemy of the American
People” (Grynbaum 2017). Almost a week later, Jake Tapper of CNN, commenting on the White House's
ban of reporters from attending certain press events called the restricting of access of the press by Trump
administration as “un-American” (Manduley and Kurtz 2017).
Trump issued an Executive Order on 27 January 2017 that included not allowing refugees from entering
the US for 120 days and restricted immigrants from seven predominately Muslim countries from entering
for 90 days. This travel ban led to some protests at airports and elsewhere in the US. One hundred and
twenty seven companies including Apple, Google, Microsoft, and Intel filed court papers at the San
Francisco Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals opposing the Trump travel ban as a violation of the immigration
laws and the Constitution and complained that a sudden shift in US policy was causing substantial harm
to US companies (Mullen 2017). The travel ban was unanimously blocked in early February by the Court
of Appeal's three-judge panel. The panel said that the administration had not shown evidence that anyone
from the seven nations (Iran, Iraq, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria and Yemen) had committed acts of
terrorism in the US (Liptak 2017). Trump issued a revised travel ban order on 6 March 2017. A District
Court in Hawaii placed a hold on the second travel order (Reuters 2017). Later on, a District Court in
Virginia supported Trump's second travel ban order as being within the bounds of the President's
authority (Kaleem 2017). This matter of the travel ban order may go to the Supreme Court for a final
decision.
Conclusion
The President of the US is usually seen as the dominant source of foreign policy making in the US and this
backdrop heightens the sense of alarm over the rhetoric that has been emanating from the 45th President
of the US, Donald J. Trump. The contentious nature of Trump's rhetoric on foreign policies has added to
concerns within the US about Trump's politics in general and sources that can influence US foreign policy
making, such as, the courts, the press and Congress have stepped in to constrict the ability of Trump to
proceed with a foreign policy that is as per his public pronouncements. These sources of policy making
are now invoking the checks and balances, which are available in the US political system, to increasingly
moderate Trump's policy decisions.
References:
Jentleson, Bruce W. 2007. American Foreign Policy: Dynamic of Choice, 3rd Edition. New York: W. W.
Norton and Company.
Kollman, Ken. 2012. The American Political System. New York, W.W. Norton and Company.
Auerbach, Yehudith and Yaeli Bloch-Elkon. 2005. “Media Framing and Foreign Policy: The Elite Press
vis-à-vis US Policy in Bosnia, 1992-95,” Journal of Peace Research 42, No. 1: 83-84.
Knecht, T. and M.S Weatherford. 2006. “Public Opinion and Foreign Policy: The Stages of Presidential
Decision Making,” International Studies Quarterly 50, No. 3: 705-707.
King, Kimi Lynn and James Meernik. 1999. “The Supreme Court and Powers of the Executive: The
Adjudication of Foreign Policy,” Political Research Quarterly 52, No. 4: 801-803.
Caldwell, Leigh Ann and Andrew Rafferty. 2017. “Republicans Pull Health Care Bill From House
Floor,” NBC News, 25 March 2017.
Caldwell, Leigh Ann. 2017. “House Narrowly Passes GOP Health Care Bill,” NBC NEWS, 4 May 2017.
Grynbaum, Michael M. 2017. “Trump Calls the News Media the 'Enemy of the American People',” New
York Times, 17 February 2017.
Manduley, Christina and Jason Kurtz. 2017. “Tapper: White House Excluding the Press is 'un-
American',” CNN.com, 24 February 2017.
Mullen, Jethro. 2017. “More than 100 companies join against Trump travel ban,” CNN.com, 6 February
2017.
Liptak,Adam. 2017. “Court Refuses to Reinstate Travel Ban, Dealing Trump Another legal Loss,” New
York Times, 9 February 2017.
Reuters. 2017. “Federal Judge in Hawaii extends court order blocking Trump Travel ban,” Yahoo News,
30 March 2017.
Kaleem, Jaweed. 2017. “Virginia Federal Judge Rules in Favor of Trump's Travel ban,” LA Times, 24
March 2017.
2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: A Framework
for Harnessing Youth Potential
Introduction
The year 2015 marked the end of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), a successful global
endeavor to address some of the most daunting international development challenges. Having lifted
almost 1 billion people out of poverty since 1990, the MDGs are believed to have been a very effective
anti-poverty endeavor. However, despite the apparent success of the MDGs, developmental inequalities
still remain across the globe, compelling the international community to craft a new global
transformative plan of action that would seek to address the unfinished business of the MDGs.
Consequently, in September 2015, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development was conceived. The
Agenda focuses on three core areas namely; People, Planet and Prosperity and is an international
commitment towards, 'a comprehensive, far reaching and people centered set of universal and
transformative goals and associated targets, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), that are to be
achieved by 2030.
With 'Sustainable Development' as its central theme, the 2030 Agenda and by extension the Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs) aim to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure prosperity for all. The
SDGs serve as a template for international policy makers to generate a policy environment with the
primary goal of promoting sustainable development. To elaborate on the concept of sustainable
development, the phrase first appeared in the Brundtland Commission Report (1987), which briefly
explained sustainable development as 'development that meets the needs of the present generation
without comprising the ability of the future generation to meet its own needs.' Further deliberation of this
concept established that sustainable development should be viewed in terms of the economic, social and
environmental dimensions also known as the three pillars of sustainable development. According to
UNFPA, the balance among these three pillars is profoundly affected by population dynamics.
Population Dynamics and Sustainable Development
The United Nation's World Population Prospects (2017) terms people and by extension population as
instrumental in realizing the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. According to Herrmann,
Guzman and Schensal (2012), population dynamics tend to significantly influence sustainable
development and any efforts for its promotion will be fruitless if population dynamics are not taken into
consideration. Currently the global population stands at nearly 7.6 billion and will reach 8.6 billion by the
end of 2030, Pakistan is one of the ten countries that that are said to account for more than half the world's
projected population increase over the period of 2017-2050 (UN 2017).
At the heart of development lies the pursuit of improving human wellbeing whilst promoting the
sustainable use of natural resources. Here lies the root of the problem; among many things, human
wellbeing depends upon consumption and material satisfaction, which is mostly achieved through high
economic output, which often has environmental degradation as a consequence. Sustainable
Development calls for a balance to be struck between economic growth and environmental sustainability,
a balance that is deeply affected by population dynamics. A 2010 report for the Preparatory Committee
for Rio+20 viewed sustainable development as a concept based on 'three interlinked transitions'; the first
being 'demographic' which called for stabilizing the world population, second being 'equitable
development for all' and the third dimension being 'regenerative capacities or the absorptive capacities of
the planet' or 'decoupling' (UNCSD 2012).
Meeting the needs of the growing population, whilst ensuring sustainable management and consumption
of natural resources, has become an intense global challenge. The profound implications of population
dynamics on this balance can be ascertained by the fact that currently humanity's ecological footprint is
1.5 times larger than the capacity of the planet to supply the natural resources necessary for human
survival, if the population grows as projected, humanity would need approximately three more planets to
sustain itself by 2050 which clearly is well beyond the capacity of the biosphere to sustain human life
(UNFPA 2013). Furthermore by 2030, approximately 1 billion more humans would be added to the
already high global population number, as a consequence, the earth would need 50% more food and
energy coupled with 30% more fresh water whilst mitigating and adapting the effects of climate change.
The aggravated conditions of climate change are a manmade phenomenon and experts have predicted
that by the end of the century the global temperatures are likely to increase by 2 to 3 degrees Celsius
resulting in severe shortages of natural resources (Hunter 2015). Urgent investment in efforts to stabilize
population growth as well as adopting low carbon approaches is imperative to reverse the damages
brought on the planet by the unprecedented growth of global population.
Though the developmental challenges posed by population dynamics are daunting however, demography
is not destiny and under the right policy framework it may provide great economic opportunities and pave
the road towards a sustainable future. One of the components of any region's population dynamics that
seems to be grabbing much of the international attention is that of the youth. Around 1.8 billion young
people currently inhabit this planet and meeting their needs and aspiration and consequently allowing
them to fully realize their potential would greatly shape the destiny of the future generations. Much of the
developing world currently possesses what is known as a 'youth bulge', a product of a decrease in infant
mortality rates, which result in a large population of children and young adults. Known as the 'baby boom'
generation, these young individuals reach maturity in a time when there are relatively fewer children due
to lower fertility rates therefore a surge in the working age population (ages 15 to 64) is witnessed. This
opens an opportunity for the economy to tap into the potential this age group possesses by providing an
effective and timely policy environment, the outcome of which would be a profound increase in
economic growth rates (Gupta et. al., 2014). This critical demographic juncture that much of the
developing world currently faces could potentially transform these economies into developed ones.
Formally, this economic growth, which is a result of shift in age structures, is known as a 'Demographic
Dividend' and the 2030 Agenda or the SDGs provide a unique opportunity for policy makers around the
globe to use the agenda as a template for policies that may assist in reaping this dividend.
SDGs: Framework for Reaping the Demographic Dividend
As of mid-2017, the world's population consists of 46% individuals within the age cohort 25 to 59, which
makes much of the world's population lie with in the working age population (ages 15 to 64), investing in
this cohort in a timely manner is vital in achieving a prosperous world. This notion is very much aligned
with the vision of the Sustainable Development Goals that aim to ensure prosperity around the globe
while protecting the planet. The 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda explicitly terms youth as the
'critical agents of change' and pledges that countries would strive to 'provide children and youth with a
nurturing environment for the full realization of their capabilities and rights, helping our countries to reap
the demographic dividend including through safe schools and cohesive communities and families'
(UNGA 2015 Paragraph 25).
A demographic dividend is a potential yet temporary economic benefit offered as a result of changes in
the age structures of the population, particularly when there is a surge in the working age population (ages
15 to 64) relative to the non-working age groups (ages 14 and younger and 65 and older). The dividend is a
combination of two forces: the accounting and behavioral forces. The accounting force includes the
swelling-up of the working age population and their tendency to save more. The behavioral force, consist
of society's allocation of resources towards human capital, technological progress and stronger
institutions coupled with a rise is female participation in the workforce. It is these two forces that tend to
assist economies in progressing immensely (Bloom an Canning 2011). Though the gains associated with
the demographic dividend are numerous, it should be emphasized that these gains do not manifest
automatically, and an effective policy environment has to be in place for these economic benefits to
materialize. To further elaborate on this point, Bloom, Canning and Serilla (2003) state that flexibility in
labour markets coupled with sound macroeconomic policies, provision of saving mechanisms and
quality education and health are the key elements that can assist in reaping the demographic dividend.
The 'economic miracle' experienced by much of the East Asian economies such as the Republic of Korea
and Taiwan are good examples of how prompt economic and social policies can help capitalize on
potential demographic dividend and within a short period, propell economic growth. An estimated 1.4 to
1.9 percentage points of the 6.11 percent GDP per capita growth rates of East Asia were explained by
population dynamics as a result of the adequate policy settings of the region (Bloom and Williamson
1997).
Effective policy making and timely implementation are the key elements that can assist any country in
realizing the demographic dividend. The SDG framework provides an unprecedented opportunity to the
international community, particularly countries going through the demographic transition, to craft
policies aligned with the SDG goals to take full advantage of their demographic gift. What makes the
SDGs a suitable benchmark to be followed when formulating policies is firstly, because it contains 20
youth specific targets over 6 key SDGs which include, Goal 2 (hunger), Goal 4 (education), Goal 5
(gender equality), Goal 8 (decent work), Goal 10 (inequality) and Goal 13 (climate change) (UNDP
2016). Secondly, the SDGs are time specific meaning that nations that are to committed to the goals must
implement and produce the desired results of goals by 2030. The youth bulge or the window of
opportunity, as many experts call it, is temporary in nature, thus, time is of the essence.
Policy Intervention within the Framework of the SDGs
Much of the demographic transition has been witnessed in the developing world, which consequently
resulted in 89 percent of the 10 to 24 year olds to live in the less developed countries of the world (Monica
et. al., 2014). These countries tend to lack the basic building blocks that would allow their youthful
population to realize their potential and be productive members of the society. Statistics in general paint a
bleak picture when it comes how the youth are doing globally; approximately 515 million people between
the ages of 15 and 24 live on less than $2 a day coupled with the fact that 73.4 million youth between ages
15 and 24 are unemployed. Furthermore, 263 million youth were out of school, which included 61
million children of primary school age. Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia account for over 70% of the
global out-of-school population. Moreover, in more than 76% of countries surveyed, 1 in 10 young
individuals were neither in an education system nor working. UNESCO (2017) has stated that two-thirds
of the illiterate population is female, with 62 million adolescent girls not attending school. Globally in
2016, 155 million children under the age of 5 were stunted with three quarters of stunted children in
Southern Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. The existence of global gender disparity can be ascertained by the
fact that in 2015 the global unemployment rate for women was 6.7 percent whereas it was 5.8 percent for
men (UN-ECOSOC 2016). Early marriages is one of the most oft cited reason for population growth and
it has been reported that everyday thirty nine 39 thousand girls become child brides, nearly 140 million
girls in a decade. The unprecedented effects of climate change are mostly felt by the developing
countries; currently 300 million children are living in areas that are at high risk of flooding. Given these
daunting figures, the international developing community must take prompt action or their demographic
'gift' may transform into a crippling burden.
The solutions to these bleak figures lie in the implementation of the SDGs. Given the fact that much of the
youth bulge is present in the developing world, this region has an extraordinary opportunity to harness its
demographic dividend and translate it into a prosperous future for its future generation provided that there
is an effective policy response. The SDGs are crucial in providing a policy framework that would
transform the youthful population into well-equipped individuals whose innovation and productivity
would be vital for giving a jumpstart to their economies. To briefly illustrate this notion, consider SDG
Goal 3 and 4 that promote health and education; investment in human capital is the central when it comes
to reaping the demographic dividend. Goal 8, which aims to promote, sustained, inclusive and
sustainable economic growth coupled with providing decent work, is indispensible in providing young
individuals productive employment opportunities, which are a requisite for economic progression. Here
it should be stressed that policies that promote better health, education and labour opportunities for
women and if implemented in a timely manner may set off a domino effect, whereby healthier and
educated women would not only greatly contribute to their economies but their children would be healthy
and subsequently grow up to be more effective students and workers, greatly increasing size of the
dividend. Furthermore letting women exercise their reproductive rights and protecting them from early
marriages is imperative in stabilizing the over burgeoning population that much of the developing world
faces. Similarly, SDG Goal 5, which endorses gender equality, may very much help nations draft policies
that would ignite the potential that these adolescent girls have thus paving the way towards a sustainable
future (Bloom et. al., 2016).
With time almost running out for much of the developing world when it comes to their demographic
opportunity, prioritizing the implementation of the SDGs has become a matter of pressing nature.
According to a 2017 UNESCAP report, the SDGs may provide South Asia with virtually the last window
of opportunity to effectively make most of its youth bulge as the dependency ratios will begin to increase
between 2030 and 2050 pushing the region towards a greying society. If the youth in South Asia are
provided with opportunities for human resource development and productive jobs, they could make
South Asia the home of the largest middle class in the world and an engine of global growth. The
significance of young people is immense when it comes to sustainable development; their potential for
innovation, productivity and creative dynamism is what gives impetus to the avenues for development.
Their ability to positively contribute to their society hinges upon their government's effort to secure their
human rights, enhance their capabilities to bring about their true potential and provide for them
opportunities that are essential for economic progress and in short would help reap the demographic
dividend. It may be concluded that the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which is underpinned
by the achievement of the SDGs, serves as the appropriate framework that would allow nations to
formulate policies that would harness their youth's potential and smoothly transition the developing
economies towards a more developed future. However, if nations are shortsighted when it comes to
realizing and grasping the benefits of the youth bulge, it would result in a great loss of human potential
and possibly exacerbate much of the predicaments that the developing world faces today.
The Case of Pakistan
Currently the sixth most populous country in the world, Pakistan's population was estimated to be an
alarming 195.4 million in 2016. By 2050 Pakistan it is estimated that Pakistan will be the fourth most
populous country in the world. Rapid population growth in the country has not only placed an immense
strain on the natural resources of the country but has severely hindered socioeconomic development
within the country. Overpopulation has exacerbated the already daunting situation of poverty, where
almost 60 % of the Pakistani population lives below the $2 poverty line. Food security within the country
is severely challenged due to the population explosion, whereby Pakistan currently ranks 79th out of 109
countries in the global security index with 58 % food insecure households. The lack of capacity coupled
with weak governance has placed Pakistan at 147 on the Human Development Index with 58 % literacy
rate and 45 % of the population under the age of 5 suffering from stunting, making the growing labour
force of Pakistan severely unproductive and unemployable (LEAD 2015). Lack of effective family
planning is another contributor to population growth in the country with contraceptive prevalence rate
(CPR) being 35 % in the year 2012-2013, which was lower than the rates in Bangladesh, India, Iran and
Indonesia, which all are at or above 50 %. Lack of effective family planning coupled with low economic
participation of women, which is evident by the fact that Pakistan is ranked 144 on the women economic
participation index, are one of the prime reasons as to why Pakistan is at a demographic disadvantage.
What Pakistan needs is a strong political will coupled with an adequate policy environment to turn the
population predicament into an opportunity that may revive the economy. According to Durr-e-Nayab
(2006), Pakistan's made its entry into the demographic transition in the 1980s, resulting in a surge in the
working age population, which is expected to increase till 2045 and would then decline pushing the
country towards a more greying society. As of mid 2017, Pakistan holds much of its population in the 25
to 59 age cohort (39 %) thus opening an opportunity for the country to experience an economic takeoff
much like its East Asian counterparts. Pakistan possesses many income generating opportunities that
would bring the economy at par with much of the developed world; the key component that seems to
impede much of the progress is the vast amount of unproductive labour that the country seems to hold.
Experts have long lamented about the country's inability to use its resource bank as a result of low human
capital. Pakistan has a nearly $275 million worth of copper and gold reserves that cannot be explored
simply because a labour force equipped with an adequate skillset is not present. Realizing the
demographic dividend by formulating and implementing the suitable policy environment would
potentially transform Pakistan into a developed country in two decades (Kugelman 2011).
The much-lauded China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a significant opportunity for Pakistan to
boost its economic growth provided if prompt action is taken. Deemed as a 'game changer', Naseem
(2015) states that CPEC has the potential to boost the GDP growth rate of Pakistan by more than 6 %
coupled with the fact that private investment would greatly improve and would contribute 0.5%t to the
country's GDP. Furthermore, experts have predicted that CPEC would bring forth 2 million direct and
indirect employment opportunities to Pakistan. Without skepticism it may be established that CPEC has
the capacity to rejuvenate Pakistan's economy, however, the requisite for grasping the gains of this project
is a specialized workforce and the ability to undertakE research and development (R&D). Given
Pakistan's growing working age population, human capital investment and an enabling environment
would adequately equip this workforce to realize the benefits of CPEC and impel the economy towards
prosperity and subsequently reap the demographic dividend.
With economic opportunities and an ample amount of workforce at hand, all that Pakistan requires is a
right set of policies and strong monitoring systems that would allow the economy to reap this dividend.
With much of the time of the dividend wasted, it is now more imperative than ever that prompt action be
taken by the government and the policy makers to avoid turning this opportunity into a waste of human
potential. With its youth specific targets, the SDG framework is a suitable policy tool that would assist
Pakistan in reaping its demographic divided. Pakistan in its capacity has formulated a policy framework
that is aligned with the SDGs, namely the Vision 2025. In a nutshell the Vision is a long-term strategy for
putting Pakistan on the fast track for becoming one of the top ten economies in the world by they year
2047. Its roots are embedded in the concept of sustainable development and it very much integrates much
of the SDGs into its seven pillars that are designed to promote development and prosperity by putting
human resource development as the top national agenda. Implementation of this Vision may turn the
crippling burden that Pakistan faces due to its population dynamics into an opportunity that allows
Pakistan to transform into a nation that can sustain future generations and by extension promote
sustainable development as well as be at par with the developed nations of the world.
Conclusion
In the 21st century it is safe to say that population dynamics are at the center of the main developmental
challenges that confront the inhabitants of this earth. Currently there in an increase in the awareness that
population components tend to have varying effects on the economy and must be addressed appropriately
with the right policy environment to turn this predicament into an opportunity to ensure a prosperous
future. Since currently much of the world has a youthful population, investing in the youth today
particularly in their health and education and thus enhancing their capabilities would have far-reaching
effects in the future. The 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda provides a unique opportunity to
countries like Pakistan to formulate policies that would protect the interests of their young population and
reap a demographic dividend by harnessing the potential of their youth.
Recommendations
·The current political parties must now prioritize Vision 2025 and work towards its
implementation to pave the road towards reaping the demographic dividend and promoting
sustainable development.
·Investing in human capital must now become a top priority with emphasis on revamping the
education and health policies of the country with inclusivity being the key component of these
polices.
·Provision of healthcare, education and employment opportunities to females must be given top
priority.
·Laws and penal codes against child marriages must be strongly implemented.
·Pakistan must develop sound labour and macroeconomic policies that would assist in providing
an enabling environment for the youth to be productive members of the society and grasp the
gains that CPEC has to offer.
· Adequate research and analysis must be undertaken to help in understanding future population
projections as well as recognizing and planning for demographic changes must be encouraged
and financed.
population explosion that the country is currently facing.
References
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Emerging Asia: Changes and Challenges. Manila: Asian Development Bank.
Bloom, D., & Canning, D. 2011. Demographics and Development Policy. World Bank.
Bloom, D., Edmeades, J., Luchsinger, G., Searle, L., & Thompson, L. 2016. State of the World Population
- 2016. UNFPA.
Bloom, David E., David Canning, and Jaypee Sevilla. 2003. The Demographic Dividend: A New
Perspective on the Economic Consequences of Population Change. Santa Monica, California: RAND,
MR–1274.
Brundtland, G. H. 1987. Report of the World Commission on environment and development:" Our
Common Future." United Nations.
Durr-e-Nayab. 2008. Demographic Dividend or Demographic Threat in Pakistan? The Pakistan
Development Review, 1-26.
Herrmann, M., Guzman, J. M., & Schensul, D. 2012. Population Matters for Sustainable Development.
New York: The United Nations Population Fund, UNFPA, 1-32.
Hunter, B. 2015. Population Dynamics and the Sustainable Development Goals (Rep.). UK All-Party
Parliamentary Group on Population, Development and Reproductive Health.
Kugelman, M. 2011. Pakistan's Demographics: Possibilities, Perils, and Prescriptions . In Reaping the
Dividend: Overcoming Pakistan's Demographic Challenges. Woodrow Wilson International Center for
Scholars' Asia Program.
LEAD. 2015. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2015-2030, Briefing Note. LEAD.
Monica, G., Engelman, R., Levy, J., Luchsinger, G., Merrick, T., & Rosen, J. 2014. Power of 1.8 Billion:
Adolescents, Youth And The Transformation of The Future. UNFPA.
Naseem, A. 2015. Impact of China Pak Economic Corridor - A Bird's Eye View. [online] Islamabad:
BMA Capital. Available at: http://investorguide360.com/ wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Impact-of-
China-Pak-Economic-Corridor_-A-Birds-Eye-View.pdf
UN. 2017. World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, Key Findings and Advance Tables. Working
Paper No. ESA/P/WP/248, Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
UNCSD. 2012. Population Dynamics and Sustainable Development, Issue brief No. 14.
UNESCO. 2017. Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals in South Asia. UNESCO.
UN-ECOSOC. 2016. Progress Towards the Sustainable Development Goals. ECOSOC, UN.
UNFPA. 2013. Population Dynamics in the Post-2015 Development Agenda: Report of the Global
Thematic Consultation on Population Dynamics.
UNGA. 2015. Transforming our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, A/RES/70/1, 21
October, 2015.
UNDP. 2016, Youth as Partners for the Implementation of the SDGs. UNDP.
CPS Events - April to June 2017
Pre-Budget Seminar on "State of the Economy & Federal Budget 2017-18"
A one-day Pre-Budget Seminar on State of the Economy & Federal Budget 2017-18 was held on 25 April
2017 by Centre for Policy Studies (CPS), at the COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT),
Islamabad. The objective of the seminar was to evaluate the state of the Pakistan economy and to provide
policy recommendations for the Federal Budget 2017-18.
The seminar brought together several leading economists and experts who shared their views and
presented their analysis. The seminar focused on state of economy, public debt, microfinance,
employment, population, energy, export promotion, institutional reforms and tax policy challenges. Over
100 participants from academia, civil society and the government attended the seminar. The welcome
address was given by Ambassador Fauzia Nasreen, Head, CPS, and the seminar was inaugurated by Mr.
Qaiser Ahmad Shaikh, Chairman, National Assembly Standing Committee on Finance, Revenue,
Statistics and Privatization who was the chief guest at the seminar. The speakers included, Dr. Hafiz
Pasha, Dr. Vaqar Ahmed, Mr. Syed Sardar Ali, Dr. Asghar Zaidi, Dr. Ashfaque Hassan Khan, Mr. Arshad
Abbasi, Mr. Ali Shan Azhar, Mr. Shahid Hafeez Kardar, Mr. Sakib Sherani, and Dr. Ather Maqsood
Ahmed. The CPEC panelists included Amb. Syed Hassan Javed, Prof. Dr. Usman Mustafa and Dr. Aneel
Salman. Dr. Javed Ashraf and Mr. Mustafa Hyder participated as chairs of the sessions.
Keeping in view the impact of the budget on the economy many faculty and students of the CIIT
Islamabad campus attended. CIIT faculty and students from the Wah and Attock campuses came to
Islamabad to attend the seminar. The faculty and students from Lahore, Vehari and Sahiwal campuses
participated in the seminar through videoconference links.
Further details of this event can be accessed from the CPS website at http://ww3.comsats.edu.pk/cps/
SDGs: Role of Youth in meeting the Water Targets - CIIT Water Ambassadors and Youth
Parliament Interaction
COMSATS Water Ambassadors and the Pakistan Youth Parliament of Water organized a round table
discussion on SDGs: Role of Youth in meeting the Water Targets on 11 April 2017 at the Islamabad Club.
This seminar was the third in a series of activities that were sponsored by the Hanns Seidel Foundation.
Water is a crosscutting subject in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and has been specifically
mentioned at in 4 of the 17 SDGs. In order to promote youth volunteerism and awareness on areas of
societal interest, the Centre for Policy Studies (CPS) and other departments of COMSATS Institute of
Information Technology (CIIT) mobilized faculty and students in creating awareness about the
challenges related to water and how water affects the land, people and environment of Pakistan.
The keynote address at the event was provided by chief guest Dr. Jurgon Zoll, Development Counselor,
German Embassy. Other presenters included Brig. Aslam Khan, Youth Motivational Speaker and
President Gomal Damaan Area Water Partnership (GDAWP); Mr. Kamran Naeem, Wash Specialist,
UNICEF; Mr. Wasif Bashir, Representative of Pakistan Youth Parliament of Water; Mr. Ubaid Qureshi,
President, Youth Parliament State Chapter (Azad Kashmir) and Islamabad; and Mr. Kristoff Duwaerts,
Country Representative, Hanns Seidel Foundation.
The event focused on the SDGs Number 6: Clean Water and Sanitation, SDG Number 13: Climate Action
and SDG Number 15: Life on Land. After one hour of intense deliberation, the participants worked on the
selected themes and came up with challenges, solutions and recommendations.
Further details of this event can be accessed from the CPS website at http://ww3.comsats.edu.pk/cps/
Some of the presenters and participants of the April 2017 Pre-Budget Seminar
Ambassador (Retd.) Fauzia Nasreen, Head, CPS.
Dr. Faiz Bilquees, Senior Research Fellow, Ph.D (Monetary Economics) University of Manchester, UK
Dr. Talat Anwar, Advisor, Ph.D (Economics) Sussex University, UK
Dr. Tanveer Zahra Bukhari, Assistant Professor, Ph.D (Business Administration) Indiana University, USA
Dr. Muhammad Shakeel Ahmed, Assistant Professor,Ph D, Post Doctorate, The University of Nottingham UK
Dr. Kalsoom Sumra, Assistant Professor, Ph.D (Public Policy) Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
Laeeq Hassan Jaswal, Assistant Professor MBA (Marketing), International Islamic University Islamabad
Umer Sheraz, Senior Research Officer, MSc Industrial Engineering, University of Houston, USA
Ms Lalarukh Saud, Lecturer MBA, Institute of Business Administration (IBA), Karachi
Malik Zeeshan Ahmad, Assistant Manager, MS (HRM), CIIT, Islamabad
Raheel Zahid, Research Associate MBA (HRM), Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, Islamabad.
Zohaib Jamali Balouch, Research Associate MBA (HRM), Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad
Ammar Ahmad Shahid, Assistant Program Officer BBA (HR), CIIT, IslamabadMuhammad Din, Private Secretary
Muhammad Tahir Aslam, Office Assistant
COMSATS INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY CENTRE FOR POLICY STUDIES
Park Road, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad. Tel: (92-51) 90495288-90495142, Fax: (92-51) 9247006
Email: [email protected], URL: www.comsats.edu.pk http://ww3.comsats.edu.pk/cps
Center for Policy Studies (CPS) - Researchers and Staff
Dr. Imran Syed, Editor and Assistant Professor, BS-Hons. (USA), MSDS, M.Phil (IR), Ph.D (International Relations) Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad.
Dr. Ghulam Shabbir, Assistant Professor, Ph.D (Islamic Studies) University of Karachi, Karachi.
Ammar Ahmad Shahid, Assistant Program Officer, BBA (HR), CIIT, Islamabad.
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