Lawrence G. Roberts CEO Anagran [email protected] September 2005 Advances Toward Economic and...

Lawrence G. Roberts

CEO Anagran

[email protected]

September 2005

Advances Toward Economic and Efficient Terabit LANs and WANs

Copyright Anagran 2005

Switching History – Byte, Packet, Flow

Switching Technology Improvement

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1

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Dec

isio

ns

per

Bit

TDM – One Byte per Decision

Packet Routing – 1 Packet / Decision

FSA Routers- 1 Flow / Decision

7000 Bytes

500 Bytes

40 Bytes

1 Byte

1969 40:1

2003 14:1

ATM – 1 cell / decision

52 Bytes

Less Decisions / bit reduces routing cost, not port cost

$

Cost

First Generation

Second Generation


What is a Flow Router ?

A Flow is a stream of packets between one user/system and another– In IPv4 it is uniquely identified by the 5-tupple

• (Destination. Address, Source Address, Protocol, Destination Port, Source Port) – In IPv6 it is uniquely identified by the 3-tupple (

• D-Address. S -Address, Flow Label)A Flow Router :– Identifies the Flow in a Flow State Memory– Routes the Flow if it is a new flow and determines the QoS (Rate, Delay, etc)

• QoS can be determined with ACL commands from DiffServ, Ports, Protocol, etc.• QoS can also be signaled in the first packet using TIA 1039 or the ITU equivalent

– Subsequent packets in the flow are QoS controlled and switched to the output portThe result is less expensive, supports ATM quality QoS, and gains many advantages from knowledge of the flow

Packets Flows


Comparison of Router Designs

Level 2 Packet Level 2/3 Packet Level 3 Packet Level 3 Flow Aware

Address Total NetDenial of ServiceACL CommandsDiffServ Priority

Address Total NetDenial of ServiceACL CommandsDiffServ PriorityDelay ControlRate ControlBurst TolerancePrecedenceMultiple RoutesDDOS ControlHigh UtilizationFairness – P2PLow CostSource Checking

High CostBest Route Only

Limited RoutingBest Route Only

Broadcast StormsMAC RoutingBest Route Only

Goo

dB

ad


Benefits of Flow Router Technology Supporting a Grid Center

Connect up over 1000 Servers together - 1 FSA RouterHigher Server Throughput ( 2:1 typical )Layer 3 Routing - no broadcast noise, Secure SubnetsQoS for Video, Voice, and Storage Transfers Disaster Recovery can use Guaranteed RateMultiple Routes Available for any Path

Net

wor

k

BackupSite

GE

10 GE


Benefits at the Edge of a WAN

FSA Router

• Route Premium Traffic over Red• Guarantee Voice/Video end-to-end• Route Best Effort over Blue • Use all current capacity

DSLAM’sDSL

Packet Router

Current Core Network

WiFi Mesh

Cable Networks

CMTS

Ethernet to BuildingsGuaranteed Rate IP and/or MPLS Tunnels Used to interconnect Flow Routers and provide

Guaranteed Rate sub-network

Video Server

Node Used for SwitchingCould use

multiple nodes

Control QoS at the Edge Provide Fairness Support Video and Voice Route over best path


QoS Signaling (TIA 1039 and ITU) Allows TCP Jumpstart

Major Improvement in Page Access over Long Delay (Satellite) or High Error rate (Radio) paths

10:1 Faster for Cross Country20:1 Faster for Satellite or Noisy Radio

With QoS Signaling and 32 Mbps agreed With TCP Slow-Start

TCP Time to Get 1MB PageCross Country - RTT=100 ms

IPv6 rate negotiated of 32 Mbps

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IPv6/QoS

32 Mbps TCP Rate Negotiated

Typical TCP Slow Start




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IPv6/QoS



TCP Today

With QoS Signaling




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TCP Today

With QoS Signaling

Sender Receiver

AR=100 AR=30

AR=30AR=30

• Available Rate is requested and negotiated down across the network, returning the best rate available• The Sender can then Jump TCP to that rate• If the network changes, a new rate is returned• If errors occur, the user need not reduce rate


Flow Routers Support Guaranteed Rate Flows

GR Limit

New Flow Accepted since under limit

LinkCapacity

When precedence is enabled, new flow of high priority if over capacity is accepted and lower

priority flow is dropped

New High Priority Flow Accepted

Low Priority Flow Dropped

New Flow Discarded since over limit

• Without QoS signaling, GR flows are rejected when max capacity is reached• With QoS Signaling (TIA 1039 or ITU) the flow has a precedence which is used to determine which flows are rejected• Precedence is critical for emergency services and military, important for office and home

Sender Receiver

GR=2 GR=2

QoS Signaling for Guaranteed Rate


SummaryFor 35 years it has been believed that keeping flow information or “State” is bad-all IP routers were developed without using flow stateNow, economics have changed and flow state or FSA can:– Significant Cost Reduction from Standard Layer 3 IP Packet Router

• Flow Memory cost too much to do Flow Routing for first 20 years• Now Packet Routing costs too much and routing once per flow is less expensive

– Raise Utilization to 83% from 40% due to major reduction in Variance– Control QoS for Guaranteed SLA’s (Video, Voice, Gaming)– Allow Load Balancing across all near-equal-cost paths in network– Improve Security with DDOS protection and Flow Authorization– Provide Fairness and Accounting– Permit QoS to be signaled and agreed on end-to-end across a network – GR IP Tunnels allow total scalability of VPN’s with signaled setup

Lawrence G. Roberts CEO Anagran [email protected] September 2005 Advances Toward Economic and...

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