Last days of socrates
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Transcript of Last days of socrates
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The Last Days of Socratesby Plato
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PLA
TO Socrates’ Student
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The Study of Philosophy
“Socrates was the first to call philosophy down from heaven” (Cicero)
Philo = love + sophia = skill, wisdom
Training people how to think
Knowing what is right
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Dialogues
Philosophy + literature
› Like plays; characters discuss philosophical topic
Reader becomes an observer
› Not asked to believe anything
› Character asks questions; reader formulates opinions
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Dialogues
Socratic Discussions
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Style of Dialogues
Focuses on questions
May use satire and caricature
Two parts of the argument:
› Elenchus
› Dialectic
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Elenchus
Examining the soundness of someone’s views
Exposes problems, inconsistencies within a belief
Questions character of person making the argument
Uses inductive reasoning
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Dialectic
From the verb “to converse”
Discussion that leads to a revelation
Is an educational process
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Dialogues
Combine logic and rhetoric
› Logic = Orderly, reasoned thinking
› Rhetoric = Persuasive argument
Plato’s dialogues read like a story.
Dialogues used by other philosophers
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Four Dialogues
Euthyphro, Apology and Crito
› Written within a decade of Socrates’ death
Phaedo written approximately a decade later
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Socrates
Biographical Info
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Life and Times
Born a decade after Persian Wars ended
› Athens’ highpoint: military, economic, intellectual dominance
“Educated” young people about life’s important things
Focused on development and care of the soul
Famous in part because of Aristophanes’ Clouds
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Political & Religious Beliefs
Loved Athens
Concerned about dangers of democracy
› Saw abuses, no political ambitions himself
› Thought “chosen few” ruled better than “many”
Open to non-traditional
religions + state gods
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Socratic Teaching
Conversations as a way to discover Truth
› Listeners discover Truth for themselves
“Aha!” moments
Never wrote anything about himself
Info mainly from followers: Plato, Xenophon
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Socrates as “Leader” Denied being a teacher or
a Sophist
Did, however, lead.
› Made suggestions to keep argument going
› Offered constructive criticism
› Asked “leading” questions to prod listener
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Socrates’ “Key to Truth”
Recognize your own ignorance
Ask the right questions:
› What is courage? Justice? Truth?
› Is it possible to “know” anything?
Discovery occurs when
beliefs are tested
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Euthyphro
The First Dialogue
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Setting
Athens
5th century B.C.
Entering the courthouse
Socrates meets Euthyphro
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Competing Views about Piety
Based on religious tradition
› Beliefs + duties (like prayer, sacrifice)
Based on individual’s ability to determine right/wrong
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Greek Virtues
Holiness (piety)
Justice
Prudence (moderation, temperance)
Courage
Wisdom (knowledge)
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From General to Specific
Euthyphro offers general definition of holiness
Socrates wants a narrower definition
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Examining the Argument
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Context for the Argument
Who is Meletus?
› Why is Meletus prosecuting Socrates?
Socrates believes he is generous.
› What does he mean?
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A Dialogue
Who is Euthyphro?
Who is Euthyphro prosecuting?
› Why is he prosecuting this person?
› Euthyphro believes he must bring charges.
Why?
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The Question
How does Euthyphro define “piety”?
Socrates’ problem with this definition?
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A Religious Problem
What the gods approve or disapprove?
› Why does Socrates find this answer unsatisfactory?
Does Socrates’ argument question gods’ existence?
Does it question their wisdom?
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Read the following verses:
› Leviticus 19:2› Deuteronomy 7:6› Ephesians 1:3-4› Colossians 1:21-23› 1 Peter 1:15-16
How does the Bible define holiness?
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Apology
The Second Dialogue
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Setting
Athenian Court
Shortly after Socrates has been charged
What is an “apology”?
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Key Questions
Is there one, absolute Truth?
Where do interpretations come from?
Are these interpretations valid?
Can a law breaker be considered holy?
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Examining the Argument
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The Wisest Man on Earth
Who says Socrates is the wisest man?
Why does Socrates investigate this?
Whom does Socrates interview?
What conclusion does he reach? Why?
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A Question of Law Socrates says horse
trainers, teachers are alike
› What does he mean?
Socrates says he never
intentionally misled anyone.
› Implications?
› According to Athenian law, what should happen?
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False Accusations
What accusations does Meletus level against Socrates?
Meletus confuses Socrates with another philosopher.
› Who?
› Why does he make this mistake? Significance?
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Duty and Truth
Socrates says he is like a gadfly.
› What does he mean by this?
How is “poverty” a witness?
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How does Socrates describe death?
Is this a biblical perspective? Explain.
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Socrates and Politics
What public office did Socrates hold?
Socrates defied the ruling group more than once.
› Briefly describe both occasions.
› Why did Socrates defy the group?
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Is it ever acceptable to defy the government?
What does the Bible say about this? Explain.
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Socrates the “Teacher”
Why does Socrates deny being a teacher?
Is Socrates responsible for his followers’ behavior?
Is he responsible for their outcome?
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The Trial
Why doesn’t Socrates want family, friends to testify?
What does Socrates propose as his
punishment? (Name three things.)
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“The Unexamined Life”
Socrates says the “unexamined life” is not worth living.
What does he mean?
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Judgment
How old is Socrates at the time of his trial?
How does Socrates
envision the afterlife?
What does he hope to do?
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Life and Death
Socrates says that “nothing can harm a good man either in life or after death.”
What does he mean by this?
Is this a biblical concept? Explain.
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Crito
The Third Dialogue
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Public Self vs. Private Self
Refusing to act unconstitutionally
The struggle for piety:
› Religious duty vs. duty to cultural traditions
› A call for consistency
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Prophecy
Prophetic dream
› Time of death
› Does this dream comfort Socrates?
Why?
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Duty to Law
Law
› Compared to Sirens, Apollo’s blessing
› Lead Socrates to his death
Absolute Law vs. Man-made Laws
Obligations to Law; reflects piety
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A Controversial Dialogue?
Reflects Plato’s opinions more than Socrates’?
Similarities to previous dialogues?
Differences?
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Time to Think
Where is Socrates when Crito begins?
How long before
the execution?
What does Crito want Socrates to do?
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Personified Law
Athenian laws
› How does this strengthen the argument?
Athenian law is like a family member?
› Who? › How?
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Crito
Describe Crito
Does he give good or bad advice? Explain.
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Phaedo
The Fourth Dialogue
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Setting
Socrates’ jail cell
Hours before his execution
Plato “proof” that the soul is immortal
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Phaedo
Who is Phaedo?
Who else was with Socrates when he died?
Why is this important?
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Death
How does Socrates describe death?
Why is Socrates so certain about this?
How does the Bible describe death?
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Theory of Opposites
Needs/Awareness of Need = Pain
Fulfilling Needs = Pleasure
Pain: necessary to understand pleasure
Pleasure: necessary to understand pain
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Theory of Opposites
Soul: Eternity
› Righteous› Compassionate› Steadfast› Hopeful› Giving
Physical: Temporal
› Selfish/Self-Aware› Emotional› Subject to Change› Anxious/Expectant› Cautious
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Theory of Opposites
Wet
Asleep
Justice
Love
Pain
Life
Dry
Awake
Injustice
Hate
Pleasure
Death
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The Theory of Recollection
Socrates’ belief about the soul’s origin
Socrates’ belief about the soul after death
› Righteous man’s soul?
› Souls of other men?
Is this biblical?
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Theory of Recollection
The soul “pre-exists”
We “remember” what we knew
Examples from nature:
› Created things change
› Opposites affect origination (hotter/colder, taller/shorter)
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Simmias’ Objection:The Attunement Analogy
Harp is visible, composite, mortal
Song is ethereal, invisible, divine
Harp is destroyed, tune is destroyed
› Body = harp
› Soul = tune (harmonia)
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Socrates’ Answer
Soul pre-exists (Simmias agrees)
› Tune must have the harp to exist
If soul is a “tune,” implication is that bodies (“harps”) could be “tuned” differently.
› Different kinds of souls?
› “Greater” or “lesser” souls?
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Socrates’ Answer continued
Virtue = tune; Vice = no tune, bad tune
› If soul = tune, then virtue = “tune of a tune”
Soul rules over body
› Tune must have harp
› Implies that body rules over soul
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Theory of Participation THE GOOD
IDEAS/FORMS
EternalDivineUnchanging Holiness Justice Love Courage
Faithfulness________________________________________________________________________________ PARTICULARS Holy Laws Passion Acts of Examples
of Acts Affection Bravery
Devotion TemporaryMortal Ever-Changing
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The Soul
Description of the soul?
› Is the soul physical? Spiritual? Eternal?
How is it connected to the mind?
How does the Bible describe the soul?
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The Nature of the Soul
How does the soul provide “balance”?
What is the problem with natural science?
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The Afterlife
How does Socrates view Hades?
Difference between
philosopher and ordinary man?
How does fear motivate us?
› Effective motivator?
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The Good and the Best
Difference between the Good and the Best?
Can man choose?
Is this a biblical concept? Explain.
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Read Colossians 1:12-17.
Socrates suggests that the soul is superior to the body.
He also suggests that the soul is “recycled” somehow.
What does this passage tell us about the soul?