Laporan Praktikum Kimia Industri Unpad- Hand Soap
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Transcript of Laporan Praktikum Kimia Industri Unpad- Hand Soap
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^TASGS ^TAMWJSE MG]GTOGH MFH
SFDWH ]FHOFH CFET (Bfhm Safp)
LF^ATFH
Mefkujfh uh tuj ̀ g`ghube sflfb sftu tuofs ̀ ftf jule fb ̂ rfjteju` Je`ef
Ehmustre
MESWSWH ALGB
JGLA@^AJ 7D
Sehtf @friefhe 6=>46>64>>>6 Fhhesf Vahetf Iermf 6=>46>64>>=2
Ifmblfh I. 6=>46>64>>>9 Ftejf H. 6=>46>64>>72
Wliy M.H. Bf`mfhe 6=>46>64>>62 @fulfhf @ubf``fm 6=>46>64>>92
Ejdfr Fr-Tu`fesbf 6=>46>64>>42 @geof Jurhefwfte 6=>46>64>>95
G`ellg 6=>46>64>>3> Frhgl F`flef ^. 6=>46>64>>?9
Ifrrfs If`glf Mbeyf 6=>46>64>>=7 Ietre Iermfuse Fsbfme 6=>46>64>>29
WHEYGTSE]FS ̂ FMKFMKFTFH
IFJWL]FS @F]G@F]EJF MFH EL@W ̂ GHOG]FBWFH FLF@
MG^FT]G@GH JE@EF
LFDATF]ATEW@ JE@EF @F]GTEFL
4>67
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^TASGS ^TAMWJSE MG]GTOGH MFH
SFDWH ]FHOFH CFET (Bfhm Safp)
E. ]WKWFH ^GTCADFFH
]ukufh mfre prfjteju` pg`duftfh sfduh (sfpaheiejfse) ehe fmflfb ;
6. @g`pglfkfre mfh `g`prfjtgjjfh prasgs pramujse mgtgrogh mfh sfduh
tfhofh cfer.
4.
@f`pu `ghoetuho jglfyfjfh gjaha`e pg`duftfh mgtgrogh mfh sfduh
tfhofh cfer, B^^, Defyf pramujse, Apgrfseahfl, Jguhtuhofh, DG^, mfh
^D^
3.
@f`pu `grfhcfho prasgs pramujse pg`duftfh mgtgrogh mfh sfduh
tfhofh cfer sjflf sg`e ja`grsefl
EE.
^TEHSE^ ^GTCADFFH
^grcadffh ehe memfsfrjfh pfmf prehsep sgdfofe dgrejut ;
6. Sfpaheiejfse
Suftu prasgs bemraleses gstgr mflf` sufsfhf dfsf uhtuj `g`dghtuj suftu
fjabal mfh ofrf` mfre fsf`hyf.
4. Sflteho aut
^rasgs pghoghmfpfh suftu zft fjedft lfrutfh lgwft kghub ( supgrsfturftgm )
3. Lejg Messalvg Lejg
Jgcghmgruhofh suftu sghyfwf uhtuj lfrut mflf` pglfrut yfho `g`eleje
tehojft jgpalfrfh yfho rglftei sf`f.
EEE. TGFJSE
(Sala`ahs & Ibrylg, 4>66).
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EY.
]GATE MFSFT
Bemraleses gstgr mflf` sufsfhf dfsf uhtuj `ghobfseljfh ofrf`
jfrdajselft mesgdut sfpaheiejfse jfrghf `grupfjfh prasgs yfho meouhfjfh uhtuj
`g`duft sfduh. Sgcfrf trfmeseahfl, gstgr trestgfrft mfre olesgral-fsf` stgfrft
C6?B37CAAB mebemraleses mghofh hftreu` bemrajsemf `ghobfseljfh hftreu`
stgfrft, C6?B37CAAHf, ja`pahgh utf`f mfre sfduh. Bemraleses mghofh JAB
`ghobfseljfh jfleu` jfrdajselft, yfho meouhfjfh mflf` sfduh cfer (Clfymgh, gt
fl ., 4>64)
Of`dfr 6, Tgfjse Sfpaheiejfse Fsf` @erestft (Clfymgh, gt fl ., 4>64).
Sfduh fmflfb surifjtfh yfho meouhfjfh mghofh fer yfho meouhfjfh uhtuj
`ghcuce mfh `g`dgrsebjfh. sfduh `g`eleje dfhyfj dghtuj, sflfb sftuhyf fmflfb
sfduh cfer. Sfduh cfer `grupfjfh pramuj yfho strftgoes, jfrghf sfft ehe
`fsyfrfjft `amgrh sujf pramuj yfho prfjtes mfh gjaha`es. ^ghoouhffh sfduh
cfer kuof tglfb `glufs, tgrutf`f pfmf sfrfhf-sfrfhf pudlej. Kejf metgrfpjfh pfmf
suftu pgr`ujffh, fer dgrsfduh sgcfrf gigjtei `ghofhojft pfrtejgl mflf` suspghse
`umfb medfwf algb fer dgrseb. Sfduh cfer `g`eleje `fhifft mfh jgouhffh yfho
temfj jflfb mghofh sfduh-sfduh dgrdghtuj lfehhyf (^frf`etf & Frtfte, 4>>3).
Surifjtfh `grupfjfh sghyfwf arofhej yfho mflf` `algjulhyf `g`eleje
sgmejethyf sftu ouous bemraielej mfh sftu ouous bemraiadej. Fpfdelf metf`dfbjfh
jg suftu cferfh pfmf jahsghtrfse rghmfb, `fjf mfpft `ghoudfb jfrfjtgrestej
tgofhofh pgr`ujffh mfh fhtfr`ujf cferfh tgrsgdut. Fhtfr`ujf fmflfb dfoefh
me`fhf muf ifsf sfleho dgrtg`u/jahtfj. ^gr`ujffh yfetu fhtfr`ujf me`fhf sftu
ifsf jahtfj mghofh ofs, defsfhyf umfrf (^frf`etf & Frtfte, 4>>3).
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Of`dfr 4, @esgl pfmf Sfduh, Wtf`fhyf pfmf Mgtgrkgh (Dfbl gt fl , 4>63)
Ouous bemraielej `algjul surifjtfh mfpft dgr`uftfh pasetei, hgoftei
`fupuh temfj dgr`uftfh. Kghes `uftfh tgrsgdut fjfh `ghghtujfh kghes surifjtfh
yfho tgrdghtuj (Bue & @ftbgsah, 6559) ;
f. Dgr`uftfh hgoftei surifjtfh fheahej
d. Dgr`uftfh pasetei surifjtfh jfteahej
c.
Dgr`uftfh pasetei mfh hgoftei surifjtfh f`iatgrej (f`pbalytg,
zwettgr eah)
m.
]emfj dgr`uftfh surifjtfh haheahej.
@algjul mfre zft sgpgrte sfduh mfh mgtgrkgh duftfh lgdeb jgcel mfre pfrtejgl
jalaem. _flfu mflf` lfrutfh pgjft `algjul-`algjul ehe `g`dghtuj forgoft
dgrujurfh jalaem, zft yfho `algjulhyf tgrforgofse lfhosuho pfmf pglfrut yfho
medgrejfh `g`dghtuj pfrtejgl dgrme`ghse jalaem mesgdut jalaem dgrfsasefse ftfu
jalaem fsasefse (Dfbl gt fl ., 4>63).
Forgoft jalaem mfre `algjul sfduh mfh mgtgrkgh yfho tgrdghtuj mflf`
pglfrut mesgdut sgdfofe `esgl. Dgdgrfpf cahtab jalaem fsasefse mefhtfrfhyf (Dfbl
gt fl ., 4>63);
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Mespgrse cferfh mflf` dghtuj g`ulse mesgdut g`ulseiejfse. Bfl ehe mfpft
tgrkfme mghofh foetfse sgku`lfb jgcel mfre sftu cferfh mghofh mghofh ifsf rufbhyf
sftu sf`f lfeh. Bfl ehe tgrkfme lgdeb dfej mghofh `glgwftjfh cf`purfh muf cferfh
`glflue callaem `ell yfho mejghfl sgdfofe ba`aoghezgr (Dfbl gt fl ., 4>63);
Of`dfr 3, ^grfhfh G`ulseiegr pfmf Sfduh (Dfbl gt fl ., 4>63)
@ulf-`ulf rgfjse pghyfduhfh dgrkflfh lf`dft jfrghf `ehyfj mfh lfrutfh
fljfle `grupfjfh lfrutfh yfho temfj sfleho lfrut ( E``escedlg). Sgtglfb tgrdghtuj
sfduh `fjf jgcgpftfh rgfjse fjfh `ghehojft, sgbehoof rgfjse pghyfduhfh
dgrseift sgdfofe rgfjse futajftfletej, me `fhf pfmf fjberhyf jgcgpftfh rgfjse fjfh
`ghuruh lfoe jfrghf ku`lfb `ehyfj yfho sumfb dgrjurfho (Flgxfhmgr gt fl .,
659=).
Of`dfr =, Dghtuj-dghtuj G`ulse fhtfrf Fer mfh @ehyfj (Dfbl gt fl ., 4>63)
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Y.
FLF] MFH DFBFH
7.6 Flft
6. Dftfho ^ghofmuj
4.
Oglfs Je`ef
3. Bat ^lftg / ^g`fhfs Glgjtrej
=. Hgrfcf Fhfletes
7.
^fhce Stfehlgss Stggl
9. Spftulf
?.
_fmfb plfstej
7.4
Dfbfh
7.4.6 Mgtgrogh ^awmgr
Iar`ulfse W`u` (Dfses 6 jo pramuj)
6. Hf-LFS (]gxfpbah) ; 67> orf`
4.
Hftreu` jfrdahft ; 47> orf`
3. Sameu` Sulift ; =57 orf`
=. S]^^ ; 4>> orf`
7.
C@S ; 7 orf`
9. ADF ; 6,7 orf`
?. ^friu` ; sgcujuphyf
7.4.4 Sfduh ]fhofh Cfer
Iar`ulfse W`u` (Dfses 6 jo pramuj)
6. Surifjtfh (Sameu`/ F`aheu` Lfuryl Sulift) ; ?7 orf`
4.
^glg`dut (Cfd-3> mfh olycgreh) ; => orf`
3. ^ghofwgt (@gtbyl-pfrfdgh) ; 6 orf`
=.
^ghoa`plgj (GM]F) ; 6 orf`
7. ^gwfhoe (^friu`) ; sgcujuphyf
9. ^ghoftur jgjghtflfh (HfCl) ; sgcujuphyf
?.
^ghoftur pB (Fsf` setrft) ; sgcujuphyf
2. Mg`eh wftgr ; sf`pfe 6 L
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YE.
^TASGMWT
9.6 Mgtgrogh ^awmgr
Dfbfh-dfbfh sgpgrte C@S sgdfhyfj 7 orf`, ADF 6,7 orf`,
samf fsb 47> orf`, samf LFS 7> orf`, sameu` sulift =57 orf` mfh
S]]^ 4>> orf` mete`dfho mghofh `ghoouhfjfh te`dfhofh. Sgtglfb
mete`dfho, dfbfh-dfbfh tgrsgdut me`fsujjfh mflf` wfmfb yfho tglfb
mesgmefjfh. Dfbfh-dfbfh yfho tglfb me`fsujjfh jg mflf` wfmfb,
mefmuj sf`pfe rftf. Sgtglfb sg`uf dfbfh tgrcf`pur mghofh rftf, sgcfrf
pglfh-pglfh pfriu` metf`dfbjfh jg mflf` cf`purfh dfbfh tgrsgdut.
Lflu mefmuj jg`dfle. Sgtglfb etu, pramuj kfme me`fsujjfh jg mflf`
jg`fsfh plfstej, lflu meduhojus yfho rfpft mfh medgre lfdgl.
9.4 Sfduh ]fhofh
Sgdfhyfj ?7 orf` sameu` lfuryl sulift mete`dfho jg`umefh
melfrutjfh mflf` 7>>`l fer mg`ehgrfl mflf` sgdufb rgfjtar (pfhce
stfehlgss-stggl). Cf`purfh mflf` rgfjtar tgrsgdut jg`umefh mepfhfsjfh
meftfs ja`par lestrej (pg`fhfs), mefmuj behoof cf`purfh tgrcf`pur
dfej. Cf`purfh mefhojft mfh metf`dfb mghofh CFD-3> sgdfhyfj =>
orf`, mefmuj jg`dfle behoof lfrut mghofh dfej. Sglfhkuthyf cf`purfh
metf`dfb mghofh 7> orf` olesgreh, 6 orf` pghofwgt (@gtel ^frfdgh),
mfh pgwfrhf bekfu sgcujuphyf mesgrtfe pghofmujfh fofr sglurub zft
yfho metf`dfbjfh mfpft tgrlfrut mfh tgrcf`pur mghofh dfej. Sgdfhyfj 6
orf` GM]F mete`dfho mfh me lfrutjfh mflf` 7>`l fer jg`umefh
metufhojfh jgmflf` rgfjtar dgrese cf`purfh dfbfh sgdglu`hyf. Sgtglfb
cf`purfh me fmuj rftf, pB cf`purfh me cgj `ghoouhfjfh ehmejftaruhevgrsfl. Jg`umefh pB meftur fofr lfrutfh sfduh tfhofh cfer hgtrfl
(pB0?) mghofh pghf`dfbfh fsf` setrft. Lfhojfb tgrfjber fmflfb
`ghoftur jgjghtflfh lfrutfh sfduh tfhofh cfer mghofh `ghf`dfbjfh
ofrf` mfpur (hftreu` jlaremf) sgcujuphyf.
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YEE. MF]F ^GHOF@F]FH MFH ^GTBE]WHOFH
?.6 ]fdgl ^ghof`ftfh
?.6.6 ^g`duftfh Mgtgrkgh ^awmgr
[ft ^grlfjufh Bfsel
Sameu` LFS
Samf Fsb
Sameu` Sulift
S]^^
C@S
ADF
Mete`dfho 7> orf`
Mete`dfho 47> orf`
Mete`dfho =57 orf`
Mete`dfho 4>> orf`
Mete`dfho 7 orf`
Mete`dfho 6,7 orf`
Sglurub dfbfh tglfb
mete`dfho
Dfbfh-dfbfh yfho tglfb
mete`dfho
Me`fsujjfh mflf`
wfmfb plfstej
Mecf`purjfh mghofh
`grftf
Sg`uf dfbfh tgrcf`pur
^friu` Metf`dfbjfh Mgtgrkgh tglfb kfme
Mgtgrkgh duduj bfsel
pramujse
Me`fsujjfh mflf`
jfhtuho plfstej
Mesgogl mfh medgre
lfdgl
?.6.4 ^g`duftfh Sfduh ]fhofh Cfer
[ft ^grlfjufh Bfsel
Surifjtfh (]gxfpbahg) Mete`dfho ?7 orf`
Me`fsujjfh mflf`
pfhce
Melfrutjfh mflf` 7>>
`L fjufmgs
Lfrutfh mepfhfsjfh
Surifjtfh lfrut, tgrdghtuj
dusf
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Cacamef`ehg Mete`dfho 3> orf`
Me`fsujjfh mflf`
lfrutfh surifjtfh
Cf`purfh mefmuj Cf`purfh lfrutfh
CFD-3> Mete`dfho => orf`
Me`fsujjfh mflf`
cf`purfh lfrutfh Sg`uf dfbfh tgrcf`pur
Olesgreh Mete`dfho 7> orf`
Me`fsujjfh mflf`
cf`purfh lfrutfh
Cf`purfh mefmuj Sg`uf dfbfh tgrcf`pur
^gwfrhf Metf`dfbjfh Lfrutfh dgrwfrhf bekfu
Cf`purfh lfrutfh sfduh
cfer
Meuke pB mghofh
ehmejftar uhevgrsfl
Meftur pB fofr hgtrfl
mghofh fsf` setrft
sgcujuphyf Meuke lfoe pB sgtglfb
pghf`dfbfh setrft
Metf`dfb HfCl fofr
jghtfl
Lfrutfh memehoehjfh
pB lfrutfh ~ 5
pB lfrutfh ~ ?
Sfduh tfhofh cfer kfme
Sfduh tfhofh cfer bfsel
pramujse
Me`fsujjfh mflf`
jfhtuho plfstej Mesgogl mfh medgre
lfdgl
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?.4 ^grbetuhofh
?.4.6 Defyf Ehvgstfse
@amfl ]gtfp;
]e`dfhofh ; Tp =4>.>>>,- (jfpfsetfs 6>> jo)
Tgfjtar (mru` dgjfs 6>> L) ; Tp ?7.>>>,-
@atar pghofmuj ; Tp 9.7>>.>>>,- (jfpfsetfs 6> jo)
Sestg` pg`fhfs & jahtral ; Tp 64.>>>.>>>,-
_fmfb-wfmfb ; Tp 4>>.>>>,-
^grlghojfpfh lfehhyf ; Tp 67>.>>>,- +
]atfl @amfl ]gtfp ; Tp 65.3=7.>>>,-
@amfl Jgrkf
^grsgmeffh dfbfh dfju mfh jg`fsfh ; Tp 7=>.>>>,-
^grsgmeffh dfbfh kfme ; Tp 6.437.>>>,- +
]atfl @amfl Jgrkf ; Tp 6.??7.>>>,-
?.4.4 ]atfl Ehvgstfse
]atfl @amfl 0 @amfl ]gtfp + @amfl Jgrkf
0 Tp (65.3=7.>>>,-) + (6.??7.>>>,-)
0 Tp 46.64>.>>>,-
?.4.3 Defyf Apgrfseahfl, B^^, DG^ mfh ^D^ uhtuj Mgtgrogh ^awmgr
Defyf Apgrfseahfl (uhtuj Mgtgrogh ^awmgr )
Defyf dfbfh dfju mfh jg`fsfh ;
a
Sam. Lfurel Sulift ; Tp 46.>>>,- (pgr jo)
a Samf Fsb ; Tp 3.7>>,- (pgr jo)
a Sam. Sulift ; Tp 4.>>>,- (pgr jo)
a S]^^ ; Tp =.47>,- (pgr jo)
a C@S ; Tp 3>.>>>,- (pgr jo)
a ADF ; Tp 76.?7>,- (pgr jo)
a ^friu` ; Tp 67>.>>>,- (pgr jo) +
]atfl Defyf Dfbfh Dfju ; Tp 494.7>>,-
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^ghyusutfh pgrflftfh (mgprgsefse flft) ; Tp 66.>5>.>>>,-
Defyf apgrfseahfl pghkuflfh ; Tp 7.6>3.>>>,- +
]atfl Defyf Apgrfseahfl ; Tp 69.=77.7>>,-
^grbetuhofh B^^ Mgtgrogh ^awmgr
Bfrof pajaj dfbfh dfju
a Sam. LFS >,67>jo x 46.>>>/jo ; Tp 3.67>,-
a Sam. Fsb >,47>jo x 3.7>>/jo ; Tp 2?7,-
a Sameu` Sulift >,=57jo x 4.>>>/jo ; Tp 55>,-
a S]^^ >,4jo x =.47>/jo ; Tp 27>,-
a
C@S >,>>7jo x 3>.>>>/jo ; Tp 67>,-
a ADF >,>>67jo x 76.?7>/jo ; Tp ?2,-
a ^friu` >,>>3jo x 67>.>>>/jo ; Tp =7>,- +
]atfl B^^/jo pramuj ; Tp 9.7=3,-
Defyf B^^/jo pramuj ; Tp 9.7=3,-
Fpfdelf pramuj tgrsgdut mekufl pgr uhet Tp 6>.>>>,- `fjf ;
Jguhtuhofh/ jo 0 B^^/ jo – Bfrof ^ajaj ^ghkuflfh/jo
0 Tp 6>.>>>,- - Tp 97=3,- 0 Tp 3=7?,-
Jguhtuhofh/ bfre 0 Jguhtuhofh/ jo x Jfpfsetfs ^ramujse/ bfre
0 Tp 3=7?,- x 7>> jo/bfre
0 Tp 6.?42.7>>,-/ bfre
^grbetuhofh Drgfj Gvgh ̂ aeht (D^^) Mgtgrogh ^awmgr
DG^ 0 Defyf apgrfseahfl/ dulfh ; bfrof kufl
0 Tp 69.=77.7>>,- ; Tp 6>.>>>,-
0 6.9=9 dufb
DG^/ bfre 0 DG^ ; 47 bfre 0 6.9=9 dufb ; 47 bfre 0 99 dufb/bfre
^grbetuhofh ^fy Dfcj ̂ gream (^D^) Mgtgrogh ^awmgr
^D^ 0 Z(]atfl Ehvgstfse) ; Z(]frogt ^ghkuflfh/bfre – DG^/bfre) x jguhtuhofh/
jo x bfre jgrkf/dlhP P
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0 Z(Tp 46.64>.>>>,-) ; Z (6>> dufb/bfre – 99 dufb/bfre) x Tp 3=7?,-/jo x
47 bfre)P P
0 Z(Tp 46.64>.>>>,-) ; (4.532.=7>)P
0 2 dulfh
?.4.= Defyf Apgrfseahfl, B^^, DG^ mfh ^D^ uhtuj Sfduh ]fhofh Cfer
Defyf Apgrfseahfl (uhtuj Sfduh ]fhofh Cfer)
Defyf dfbfh dfju mfh jg`fsfh ;
a Surifjtfh ; Tp 36.>>>,-
a CFD- 3> ; Tp 67.>>>,-
a
Olycgreh ; Tp 47.>>>,-
a @gtel ^frfdgh ; Tp 66>.>>>,-
a GM]F ; Tp 7>.>>>,-
a ^friu` ; Tp 4>>.>>>,-
a Hftreu` Jlaremf ; Tp 4.>>>,-
a Fsf` Setrft ; Tp 6>.>>>,-
a Mg`eh wftgr ; Tp 7>>,>> +
]atfl Defyf Dfbfh Dfju ; Tp ==3.7>>,-
^ghyusutfh pgrflftfh (mgprgsefse flft) ; Tp 66.>5>.>>>,-
Defyf apgrfseahfl pghkuflfh ; Tp 7.6>3.>>>,- +
]atfl Defyf Apgrfseahfl ; Tp 69.939.7>>,-
^grbetuhofh B^^ Mgtgrogh ^awmgr
Bfrof pajaj dfbfh dfju
a
Surifjtfh >,>?7% x Tp 36.>>>,>>/ jo ; Tp 4.347,>>
a CFD- 3> >,>=>% x Tp 67.>>>,>>/ jo ; Tp 9>>,>>
a Olycgreh >,>7>% x Tp 47.>>>,>>/ jo ; Tp 6.47>,>>
a @gtel ^frfdgh >,>>6% x Tp 66>.>>>,>>/ jo ; Tp 66>,>>
a GM]F >,>>6% x Tp 7>.>>>,>>/ jo ; Tp 7>,>>
a ^friu` >,>>3% x Tp 4>>.>>>,>>/ jo ; Tp 9>>,>>
a Hftreu` Jlaremf >,>>7% x Tp 4.>>>,>>/ jo ; Tp 6>,>>
a
Fsf` Setrft >,>>6% x Tp 6>.>>>,>>/ jo ; Tp 6>,>>
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a Mg`eh wftgr 6 x Tp 7>>,>>/ letgr ; Tp 7>>,>> +
]atfl B^^/jo pramuj ; Tp 7=77,-
Defyf B^^/jo pramuj ; Tp 7=77,-
Fpfdelf pramuj tgrsgdut mekufl pgr uhet Tp 6>.>>>,- `fjf ;
Jguhtuhofh/ jo 0 B^^/ jo – Bfrof ^ajaj ^ghkuflfh/jo
0 Tp 6>.>>>,- - Tp 7=77,- 0 Tp =7=7,-
Jguhtuhofh/ bfre 0 Jguhtuhofh/ jo x Jfpfsetfs ^ramujse/ bfre
0 Tp =7=7,- x 7>> jo/bfre
0 Tp 4.4?4.7>>,-/ bfre
^grbetuhofh Drgfj Gvgh ̂ aeht (D^^) Sfduh Cfer
DG^ 0 Defyf apgrfseahfl/ dulfh ; bfrof kufl
0 Tp 69.939.7>>,- ; Tp 6>.>>>,-
0 6.99= dufb
DG^/ bfre 0 DG^ ; 47 bfre 0 6.99= dufb ; 47 bfre 0 9? dufb/bfre
^grbetuhofh ^fy Dfcj ̂ gream (^D^) Sfduh Cfer
^D^ 0 Z(]atfl Ehvgstfse) ; Z(]frogt ^ghkuflfh/bfre – DG^/bfre) x jguhtuhofh/
jo x bfre jgrkf/dlhP P
0 Z(Tp 46.64>.>>>,-) ; Z (6>> dufb/bfre – 9? dufb/bfre) x Tp =7=7,-/jo x
47 bfre)P P
0 Z(Tp 46.64>.>>>,-) ; (3.?=5.947)P
0 9 dulfh
YEEE. ^G@DFBFSFH
2.6 Sfduh ]fhofh Cfer
^grcadffh jfle ehe dgrtukufh uhtuj `g`pglfkfre mfh `g`prfjtgjfh
prasgs pg`duftfh mgtgroght pawmgr, `ghobetuho jglfyfjfh gjaha`e
pg`duftfh mgtgroght pawmgr B^^, defyf pramujse, apgrfseahfl, jguhtuhofh,
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DG^, ^D^, mfh `f`pu `grfhcfho prasgs pg`duftfh mgtgroght pawmgr sjflf
sg`e ja`grsefl.
Iar`ulfse mgtgroght cujup sgmgrbfhf yfetu Hftreu` LFS, Hftreu`
jfrdahft, Sameu` sulift, S]^^, C@S (Cfrdaxyl @gtbyl Cgllulasg), ADF
(Aptecfl Dretbgheho Foght ), mfh pfriu`. Dgoetu puh mghofh cfrf
pg`duftfhhyf. ]fbfp fwfl, me`ulfe mghofh `g`pgrsefpjfh dfbfh-dfbfh
dfju sgsufe mghofh iar`ulf ftfu mgtgroght pawmgr yfho fjfh meduft. Dfbfh-
dfbfh dfju sumfb tgruke jufletfshyf, temfj pulf cfcft ftfu rusfj dfej iesej
`fupuh je`ef (yfho metfhmfe mghofh fmfhyf pgrudfbfh dfu, wfrhf, dghtuj,
ftfu jgjghtflfh pfmf dfbfh tgrsgdut). @ghoujur dfbfh yfho fjfh meprasgs,
desf melfjujfh mghofh cfrf `ghe`dfho dgrfthyf ftfu `ghoujur valu`ghyf,
tgrofhtuho mghofh dfses fpf yfho meouhfjfh mflf` iar`ulf ftfu rgsgphyf.
Jgtgletefh mfh jgfjurftfh pghe`dfhofh `grupfjfh ifjtar pghteho tgrbfmfp
bfsel fjber pg`duftfh mgtgroght pawmgr.
Sg`uf dfbfh mecf`purjfh mghofh cfrf pghf`dfbfh sftu pgr sftu
tefp dfbfh, lflu mejacaj sf`pfe ba`aogh. Dfbfh utf`f pg`dghtuj mgtgrogh
fmflfb surifjtfh. Surifjtfh yfho meouhfjfh fmflfb Hf-LFS (Hftreu` Lfury
Suliahftg). ]gxfpbah fmflfb sflfb sftu `grgj mfofho mfre Sameu` LFS
yfho `grupfjfh suftu surifjtfh.
Of`dfr 7, Strujtur Hftreu` Lfurel Suliahft.
Surifjtfh (Surifcg Fctevg Foghts) `grupfjfh dfbfh yfho mfpft
`ghuruhjfh tgofhqfh pgr`ujffh suftu cferfh mfh pfmf dfoefh fhtfr`ujf
ifsf (dfej cfer-ofs `fupuh cfer-cfer) sgbehoof `g`pgr`umfb pghygdfrfh
mfh pg`grftffh. Suifjtfh `grupfjfh dfbfh fjtei mfre mgtgroght yfho
dgriuhose uhtuj `ghehojftjfh mfyf dgrseb. Cere mfre jgfjteifhhyf fmflfb
jgdgrfmffh dusf kejf melfrutjfh mflf` fer. LFS `g`eleje iuhose sgdfofe
dfbfh fjtei pgr`ujffh yfho fjfh dgrpgrfh mflf` pghcucefh. LFS `g`eleje
seift bemraiadej mfh seift bemraielej yfho dgriuhose uhtuj `ghog`ulsejfh
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jatarfh mghofh lfutfh cuce sgbehoof mfpft tgrfhojft mflf` prasgs
pghcucefh.
Sgtglfb etu, metf`dfbjfh Hftreu` jfrdahft yfho dgriuhose uhtuj
`ghehojftjfh mfyf dgrseb. Hftreu` jfrdahft mesgdut kuof samf fsb, yfho
sgcfrf iesej dgrdghtuj jrestfleh mghofh jg`urhefh 55% . Samf fsb
`grupfjfh sghyfwf ofrf` dfsf yfho dgrpgrfh mflf` pghoghmfpfh eah-eah
laof` yfho `ghoofhou prasgs pghcucefh sgpgrte Cf4+ mfh @o4+ . Samf fsb
`glfrut mflf` fer mghofh `glgpfsjfh jflar sgbehoof fjfh `g`dgrejfh gigj
pfhfs metfhofh delf zft tgtsgdut tgrjfhmuho mflf` jahsghtrfse dgrlgdeb.
Hftreu` jfrdahft yfho metf`dfbjfh temfj dalgb tgrlflu dfhyfj, jfrghf mfpft
`ghygdfjfh pfhfs me julet jgtejf meouhfjfh pfmf wfjtu `ghcuce. Dfbfh ehe
bfhyf `grupfjfh dfbfh pghuhkfho mflf` pg`duftfh mgtgroght.
Sglfhkuthyf metf`dfbjfh Sameu` sulift yfho `grupfjfh dfbfh
pghoese (Iellgr). Sameu` sulift dgrdghtuj pawmgr dgrwfrhf puteb mghofh
mghsetfs cujup dgsfr sgjetfr 6>>> o/L mfh `umfb lfrut mflf` fer. Dfbfh ehe
dgriuhose uhtuj `ghoese sglurub cf`purfh dfbfh dfju yfho sgcfrf temfj
lfhosuho temfj `g`dgrejfh gigj tgrbfmfp mfyf cuce mgtgrogh. ^ghf`dfbfh
dfbfh ehe `ghcfpfe bf`per 7>% pfmf sgtefp ia`ulfse mgtgroght. Bfl ehe
dgrtukufh uhtuj `ghf`dfb `fssf mfre pramuj mgtgrogh supfyf `ghkfme lgdeb
dfhyfj. Jfrghf jgdgrfmffhhyf mflf` mgtgroght bfhyf metehkfu mfre sese
gjaha`es. Sglfeh etu hftreu` sulift kuof `g`puhyfe jg`f`pufh yfho cujup
dfej uhtuj `glfrut mflf` fer, mfh jfrghf mghsetfshyf sfhoft dgsfr sgbehoof
temfj `g`pghofrube pB lfrutfh. Jg`urhefh hftreu` sulift yfho
mepgrmfofhojfh fmflfb 55% mfh sesfhyf fmflfb fer.
Jg`umefh metf`dfbjfh S]]^ (Sameu` ]repalypbaspbftg) yfho dgrupf jrestfleh dgrwfrhf puteb mghofh mghsetfr 2>> o/L mfh dgrdghtuj
sgmejet jfsfr ftfu orfhulf. S]]^ dgriuhose sgdfofe dfbfh pghuhkfho uhtuj
`ghehojftjfh mfyf dgrseb mgtgrogh. S]]^ `g`dfhtu mfyf cuce mgtgrogh
mflf` jahmese fer sfmfb sgbehoof surifjtfh kghes hah eahej fjfh `ghoghmfp
fjedft dgrgfjse mghofh Cf4+ mfh @o4+ sgbehoof iuhose mfre surifjtfh
`ghuruh.
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Of`dfr 9, Strujtur Hftreu` ]repaleiasift (S]]^).
Dfbfh tf`dfbfh lfehyf fmflfb C@S mfh ADF. Jgmuf dfbfh ehe
`grupfjfh dfbfh tf`dfbfh, sgbehoof jgdgrfmffhhyf temfj bfrus sglflu fmf
mflf` iar`ulfse mgtgroght. C@S (Cfrdaxyl @gtbyl Cgllulasg) dgrdghtuj
pawmgr dgrwfrhf puteb yfho `g`eleje seift jghtfl kejf melfrutjfh mflf` fer.Dfbfh ehe dgriuhose fofr jatarfh temfj `ghg`pgl lfoe pfmf jfeh. C@S temfj
tfbfh dfjtgre sgbehoof lfrutfh ehe fjfh dgrfra`f dusuj kejf tgrlflu lfl`f
mese`pfh. Sgmfhojfh ADF (Aptecfl Dretbgheho Foght ) yfho dgrdghtuj
sgrduj jgjuheho-juhehofh dgriuhose uhtuj `g`utebjfh jfeh. Dfbfh ehe
tgrsusuh ftfs sghyfwf arofhej yfho `g`eleje seift iluargscghsg yfho
`gh`duft dfbfh yfho mecuce `ghkfme lgdeb cgrfb mfh dgrseb. Bfsel
pghcucefh `ghoouhfjfh ADF fjfh tgradsgrvfse mghofh dfej `ghoouhfjfh
lf`pu ultfvealgt me`fhf dfbfh yfho `ghofhmuho ADF fjfh cg`grlfho
sgmfhofjfh yfho temfj `g`fjfe ADF fjfh tgrlebft jusf`.
Sg`uf dfbfh yfho tglfb metf`dfbjfh bfrus tgrcf`pur sg`uf sf`pfe
ba`aogh mfh sg`uf dfbfh tgrmestreduse `grftf. Lfhojfb tgrfjber fmflfb
pghf`dfbfh dfbfh pgwfhoe yfetu pfriu`. Dfbfh ehe `grupfjfh dfbfh
tf`dfbfh mflf` iar`ulfse mgtgroght, tgtfpe jgdgrfmffhhyf `grupfjfh sflfb
sftu bfl yfho pghteho. ^friu` mesg`pratjfh jg mflf` mgtgroght. Bfl ehe
melfjujfh fofr pfriu` mfpft tgrmestreduse sgcfrf `grftf pfmf tefp dfoefh
mgtgroght. Jfrghf jgtejf mesg`pratjfh mfh melfjujfh pghofmujjfh tgrbfmfp
mgtgroght tgrsgdut, `fjf pfriu` fjfh lgdeb `umfb tgrmestreduse jfrghf lgdeb
rehofh. Mgtgrogh duduj yfho tglfb kfme lflu me`fsujjfh mflf` jfhtuho
plfstej, mesgogl mfh medgre lfdgl.
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2.4 Sfduh ]fhofh Cfer
^grcadfffh jfle ehe dgrtukufh uhtuj `g`pglfkfre mfh `g`prfjtgjfh
prasgs pramujse sfduh tfhofh cfer, `ghobetuho jglfyfjfh gjaha`e
pg`duftfh sfduh tfhofh cfer B^^, defyf pramujse, apgrfseahfl, jguhtuhofh,
DG^, ^D^, mfh `f`pu `grfhcfho prasgs pramujse pg`duftfh sfduh tfhofh
cfer sjflf sg`e ja`grsefl.
^rasgs pg`duftfh sfduh ehe me`ulfe mghofh `g`pgrsefpjfh dfbfh
yfho fjfh meouhfjfh sgdfofe dfbfh dfju sgsufe mghofh mfitfr iar`ulf ftfu
rgsgp sfduh tfhofh cfer yfho fjfh meduft. Dfbfh-dfbfh yfho fjfh meouhfjfh
mflf` pgrcadffh ehe bfrus tglfb tgruke jufletfshyf, temfj jgmfluwfrsf mfh
temfj pulf cfcft ftfu rusfj dfej iesej `fupuh je`ef (yfho metfhmfe mghofh
fmfhyf pgrudfbfh dfu, wfrhf, dghtuj, ftfu jgjghtflfh pfmf dfbfh tgrsgdut).
^grtf`f-tf`f Sameu` Lfuryl Sulift ftfu yfho defsf mesgdut mghofh
SLS melfrutjfh mflf` fquf mg`eh sgdfhyfj ¶ 7>> `L. SLS dgriuhose
sgdfofe surifjtfh. Surifjtfh ftfu surifcg fctevg foght `grupfjfh suftu
`algjul f`pbepftec ftfu f`pbepbelec yfho `ghofhmuho ouous bemraielej mfh
lepaielej mflf` sftu `algjul yfho sf`f. Sgcfrf u`u` jgouhffh surifjtfh
fmflfb uhtuj `ghuruhjfh tgofhofh pgr`ujffh, tgofhofh fhtfr`ujf,
`ghehojftjfh jgstfdelfh pfrtejgl yfho tgrmespgrse mfh `ghoahtral kghes
iar`fse g`ulse, yfetu `esflhyf ael eh wftgr (A/_) ftfu wftgr eh ael (_/A).
Of`dfr ?, @gjfhes`g Jgrkf Surifjtfh (Surifcg Fctevg Foghts).
Lfrutfh mepfhfsjfh mfh sf`del sgjfle-sgjfle mefmuj behoof SLS
`glfrut, jg`umefh mefhojft. ^g`fhfsfh mfh pghofmujfh dgrtukufh uhtuj
`gpgrcgpft jglfrutfh cf`purfh. Mghofh fmfhyf pg`fhfsfh mfh pghofmujfh
fjfh `ghehojftjfh ghgroe jehgtej `algjul-`algjul me mflf` lfrutfh mfh
`ghobfseljfh irgjughse tu`dujjfh fhtfr `algjul `ghehojft sgbehoof
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lfrutfh mfpft `g`pgrcgpft pghoba`aoghfh lfrutfh. Fjfh tgtfpe pghofmujfh
temfj dalgb melfjujfh tgrlflu juft mfh sgreho jfrghf SLS yfho meouhfjfh
dgrseift surifjtfh, sgbehoof delf pghofmujfh tgrlflu juft ftfu sgreho
mejbfwfterjfh te`dulhyf dusf yfho mfpft `ghoofhoou prasgs sglfhkuthyf.
Sgtglfb lfrutfh SLS tgrdghtuj, Cfd-3> metf`dfbjfh mfh mefmuj
behoof `grftf. Cfd-3> mesehe dgriuhose sgdfofe pglg`dut. Jg`umefh
metf`dfbjfh cacamef`emg yfho `grupfjfh dfbfh pg`dghtuj dusf.
Sglfhkuthyf metf`dfbjfh olysgreh mfh jg`umefh mesusul mghofh
pghf`dfbfh @gtbylpfrfdgh mfh pgwfrhf bekfu, jg`umefh sglurubhyf mefmuj
behoof `grftf. Olycgreh metf`dfbjfh sgdfofe pglg`dut. Sgmfhojfh
@gtbylpfrfdgh dgrtehmfj sgdfofe pghofwgt.
@gtbylpfrfdgh fmflfb sflfb sftu mfre pfrfdghs yfho `g`eleje
strujtur `algjul CB3(C9B=(AB)CAA). @gtbylpfrfdgh `grupfjfh `gtbyl
gstgr mfre fsf` p-bemrajsedghzaft. @gtbylpfrfdgh `grupfjfh pghofwgt
uhtuj `fjfhfh mfh jas`gtej.
Of`dfr 2, Strujtur @gtel ^frfdgh
Sgtglfb etu, GM]F metf`dfbjfh jg mflf` lfrutfh yfho dgrwfrhf
juheho. Hf`uh sgdglu`hyf GM]F melfrutjfh tgrlgdeb mfbulu mflf` fer
sgdfhyfj 7> `L. GM]F dgriuhose sgdfofe zft pghoa`plgjs, me `fhf GM]F
fjfh `ghoa`plgjsjfh eah Cf4+ mfh @o4+. bfl tgrsgdut dgrtukufh uhtuj
`ghourfhoe jgsfmfbfh fer.
Of`dfr 5, Strujtur Gtelghmef`eh ]gtrffsgtft (GM]F).
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Sgtglfb etu, pB lfrutfh meftur mghofh pfhf`dfbfh fsf` setrft
dgrjfmfr 7>% behoof `ghcfpfe pB hgtrfl ftfu pB ? mghofh `ghoouhfjfh
jgrtfs lfj`us. Kejf lfrutfh medefrjfh mflf` jahmese fsf`, `fjf fjfh
dgrfjedft `ghe`duljfh jgoftflfh pfmf julet.
Fsf` setrft `grupfjfh fsf` arofhej lg`fb yfho metg`ujfh pfmf
mfuh mfh dufb tu`dubfh oghus Cetrus (kgruj-kgrujfh). Sghyfwf ehe
`grupfjfh dfbfh pghofwgt yfho dfej mfh flf`e, sglfeh meouhfjfh sgdfofe
pghf`dfb rfsf `fsf` pfmf `fjfhfh mfh `ehu`fh rehofh. Jgfsf`fh fsf`
setrft memfpftjfh mfre teof ouous jfrdajsel CAAB yfho mfpft `glgpfs pratah
mflf` lfrutfh. Kejf bfl ehe tgrkfme, eah yfho mebfseljfh fmflfb eah setrft. Setrft
sfhoft dfej meouhfjfh mflf` lfrutfh pghyfhoof uhtuj `ghoghmflejfh pB
lfrutfh.
Of`dfr 6>, Strujtur Fsf` Setrft.
Jg`f`pufh fsf` setrft uhtuj `ghojbglft laof` `ghkfmejfhhyf
dgrouhf sgdfofe dfbfh sfduh mfh mgtgrkgh. Mghofh `gho-jglft laof` pfmf
fer sfmfb, fsf` setrft `g`uhojehjfh sfduh mfh mgtgrkgh `g`dghtuj dusf
mfh dgriuhose mghofh dfej tfhpf pghf`dfbfh zft pghobelfho jgsfmfbfh.
Mg`ejefh pulf, fsf` setrft meouhfjfh uhtuj `g`ulebjfh dfbfh pghujfr eah
yfho meouhfjfh pfmf flft pghobelfho jgsfmfbfh mghofh `ghobelfhojfh eah-
eah laof` yfho tgrfju`ulfse pfmf dfbfh pghujfr eah tgrsgdut sgdfofe
ja`plgjs setrft.
Jgjghtflfh sfduh meftur mghofh `ghf`dfbjfh pfmftfh ofrf`
hftreu` jlaremf, HfCl kghub. HfCl mfpft `ghehojftjfh jgjghtflfh mfre
sfduh cfer jfrghf me mflf` HfCl tgrjfhmuho eah Hf+ yfho mfpft `ghoejft
fer. Mflf` ku`lfb sgmejet HfCl mfpft `ghehojftjfh jglfrutfh fjfh tgtfpe
mflf` ku`lfb yfho cujup dfhyfj HfCl mfpft `ghoghtfljfh, prasgs ehe
sgreho mesgdut mghofh sflteho-aut . Sgtglfb jgjghtflfh sfduh tgrcfpfe, sfduh
cfer lflu me`fsujjfh mflf` jfhtuho plfstej, mesgogl mfh medgre lfdgl.
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ER.
JGSE@^WLFH
5.6 Sfduh ]fhofh Cfer
6. ^rasgs pramujse sfduh tfhofh cfer mfpft mepglfkfre mfh meprfjtgjjfh.
4.
Jglfyfjfh gjaha`e pg`duftfh sfduh tfhofh cfer sg`e ja`grsefl fhtfrf
lfeh;
B^^ ; Tp 7.=77/jo
Apgrfseahfl ; Tp 69.939.7>>
Jguhtuhofh ; Tp 4.4?4.7>>/bfre
DG^ ; 9? dufb/ bfre
^D^ ; 2 dulfh
3.
^rasgs pramujse pg`duftfh sfduh tfhofh cfer mflf` sjflf sg`e ja`grsefl
mfpft merfhcfho.
5.4 Mgtgrogh ̂ awmgr
6. ^rasgs pramujse mgtgrogh pawmgr mfpft mepglfkfre mfh meprfjtgjjfh.
4.
Jglfyfjfh gjaha`e pg`duftfh mgtgrogh pawmgr sg`e ja`grsefl fhtfrf
lfeh;
B^^ ; Tp 9.7=3/jo
Apgrfseahfl ; Tp 69.=77.7>>/dlh
Jguhtuhofh ; Tp 6.?42.7>>/bfre
DG^ ; 99 dufb/bfre
^D^ ; 9 dulfh
3.
^rasgs pramujse pg`duftfh mgtgrogh pawmgr mflf` sjflf sg`e ja`grsefl
mfpft merfhcfho.
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MFI]FT ^WS]FJF
Flgxfhmgr K., Sberrtah, Swgrh M., Harres I.F., & @febl J.I., 659=, Dfelgy―s
Ehmustrefl Ael fhm Ift ^ramuct , 3rm Gm. Kabh _elgy & Sahs. Hgw Uarj.
Dfbl, F., Dfbl, D.S. & ]ule, O.M. 4>63. Gssghtefls ai ^bysecfl Cbg`estry,
@ultecalaur Gmeteah. S. Cbfhm Le`etgm, Jbft`fhmu.
Clfymgh, K., Orggvgs, H. & _frrgh, S., 4>64. Arofhec Cbg`estry. 4hm gmeteah.
Lahmah; Axiarm Whevgrsety ^rgss.
^frf`etf, Y. & Frtfte, U., 4>>3, “^g`fhifftfh Fdu Sfdut Jglfpf Sgdfofe
Sudstetuse Dfsf mflf` ^rasgs Sfpaheiejfse‐, Lfparfh ^ghgletefh Kurusfh
]gjhej Je`ef, Ifjultfs ]gjhej, Whevgrsetfs Mepahgoara.
Sala`ahs, ]. & Ibrylg, C., 4>66. Arofhec Cbg`estry. 6>tb gmeteah. Hgw Uarj;
Kabh _elgy fhm Sahs, Ehc..