APPROVAL SHEET

The complete report of animal ecology experiment with the title “Taxis

response to the animal mobile” Created by:

Name : Lokita purnamasari

Reg.no : 081404156

Group : IV

Class : D/ ICP BIOLOGY

Have been checked and consulted by Assistan and Assistant Coordinator and this

report is accepted.

Makassar, April 2011

Assistant coordinator Assistant

( Nunung Rahayu Anas ) ( Titin Mutmainna ) Reg. no: 071404151 Reg no.: 071404190

Know by

Lecturer of resposibility

( Drs. Jutje S. Lahay ) NIP: 130 504 158

CHEPTER IINTRODUCTION

A. Background

The response to the stimulus is one of the defining features of life so that

in the presence of these cirri organism capable of providing a response or

responses against various environmental factors and changes in the surrounding.

Movement the movement of animals in their environment was not random but

rather a response - a response to a wide - range of stimuli in the environment,

either directly or indirectly. One form of response is taxis the form of migratory

movement is directly oriented toward a stimulus.

Generally taxis response found in invertebrate animals. Animals that

inhabit the habitat will be concentrated in places - places. With the most suitable

conditions of eligibility of his life each. Thus can be said that every animal has

different microhabitat accordance with their needs - each.

Various environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and

sunlight is a factor that is required by animals, but sometimes - sometimes it can

also as a factor for the few animals to move with a distance of a couple of meters

from its original place, and there are also animals that are not able to do that

because exist that affect the tolerance limit for responding to a changing

environment. Based on the above, lab work was done to investigate how

responses are shown in dark place to live life to the stimulus of light and to find

out how the response of animals shown in the light of the stimulus in the form of

light.

B. Purpose

The Purpose of this practicum is to know the response shown a dark

place to live to the stimulus in the form of light. And the animals in the light of

the stimulus in the form of light.

C. Benefit

The Benefit of this practicum provides feedback to the author that the

invertebrate animals such as weaver ants and black ants are sensitive to stimuli in

the form of light.

CHEPTER IIPREVIEW OF LITERATURE

A taxis is an innate behavioral response by an organism to a directional

stimulus or gradient of stimulus intensity. A taxis differs from a tropism (turning

response, often growth towards or away from a stimulus) in that the organism has

motility and demonstrates guided movement towards or away from the stimulus

source. It is sometimes distinguished from a kinesis, a non-directional change in

activity in response to a stimulus For example, flagellate protozoan’s of the genus

Euglena move towards a light source. Here the directional stimulus is light, and the

orientation movement is towards the light. This reaction or behavior is a positive one

to light and specifically termed "positive phototaxis", since phototaxis is a response to

a light stimulus, and the organism is moving towards the stimulus. If the organism

moves away from the stimulus, then the taxis is negative. Many types of taxis have

been identified and named using prefixes to specify the stimulus that elicits the

response (Anonyma, 2011).

The response to the stimulus is one of the main characteristics of life so that in

the presence of this trait of organisms able to respond (responses) to various

environmental factors and changes in the surrounding environmental factors and

changes in the vicinity. Movements of animals in their environment is not random but

rather responses to various stimuli in their environment, either slim or indirectly

Various environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and sunlight is a factor

that is required by animals, but sometimes it can also operate as one limiting factor.

For example sun light for the animals that live in a protected area can be considered

as another stimulus that can cause the animal to respond to avoidance of light and

vice versa ((Lahay, 2011).

The interaction of orientation directional response to a stimulus with

locomotor response to a stimulus yields a taxis. In biology a taxis is a movement that

is directed with respect to a stimulus, such as an object, a light, or an odor source.

Simultaneous or sequential comparisons of stimulus strength can be used to establish

the direction of movement. While many organism display simple positive and

negative taxes, such as an insect moving directly to a light, more complex navigation

like that which occurs in homing and migration direct can require the ability it keep

the stimulus at the a fixed angle somewhere between o degree and 180 degree away

from the stimulus (Breed, 2008).

The angle of the turn is directly determined by the one between the

longitudinal axis of the animals body and the different types of orienting mechanism

are derived primarily from their most common function, just as that of the phobic

response, which he also called phobotaxis, in the first edition of his book, later he

reserved the term taxis for topical responses. Some of the terms he chose also

suggested physiological explanations (Lorenz, 1978).

The taxis response is made by sensing the direction of the light, which is

achieved by different techniques in different species. It requires only the most

elementary kind of sensory information. The animal does not need to know anything

about the light source, only that it is light and where it is coming from. More of the

behavior patterns that we can see animals performing are controlled also by the

pattern of the stimulus in the environment (Ridley, 1995).

Animal behavior is not only a set of simple responses to various environment

situation, but we can make some points about how an animal uses its sensory

information without implying that it is all there is to behavior. All sense organs their

knowledge in coded form to the central nervous system by means of sensory neuron.

Different sensory neurons are stimulated by different properties of the environment.

Light sensitive neurons for instance, contain a light sensitive pigment, which, when

illuminated, changes its chemical form and causes the neuron to burst into action

(Sarkar, 2003).

The simplest kind of sensory information is used in the responses called

kinesis and taxis, in a kinetic response, the animal alters its rate of movement, in a

random direction, according to the intensity of the stimulus. When the stimulus,

which might be light, is of the right intensity is slows down and thus spends more of

its time under those conditions, woodlice show a kinetic response to moisture. They

move faster where is is drier, and, therefore spend more time where it is moist

(Sarkar, 2003).

In addition to the hands on experience, you should learn a few ecological

terms while completing this lab. The first two terms deal with how animals react to

stimuli. If an organism react directly in response to the direction from which the

stimulus originates, it is called taxis. When isopods into light and dark chambers, they

reach to the light by moving away and toward the dark This is an example of taxis.

The other term is kinesis, is when there is reaction to a stimulus, but the reaction is

random in regard to the stimulus ( Kaplan, 2009).

Phototaxis is a kind of taxis, or locomotory movement, that occurs when a

whole organism moves in response to the stimulus of light. This is advantageous for

phototrophic organisms as they can orient themselves most efficiently to receive light

for photosynthesis. Phototaxis is called positive if the movement is in the direction of

increasing light intensity and negative if the direction is opposite. Two types of

positive phototaxis are observed in prokaryotes. The first is called scotophobotaxis

(from the word "scotophobia"), which is observed only under a microscope. This

occurs when a bacterium swims by chance out of the area illuminated by the

microscope. Entering darkness signals the cell to reverse flagella rotation direction

and reenter the light. The second type of phototaxis is true phototaxis, which is a

directed movement up a gradient to an increasing amount of light. This is analogous

to positive chemotaxis except that the attractant is light rather than a chemical

(Anonymb, 2011).

CHAPTER IIIEXPERIMENT METHOD

A. Time and place

Day / date : Sunday/ April 21th 2011

Time : At 02.00 pm until 04.00 pm

Place : Home Laboratory of Biological 2nd floor west FMIPA UNM

B. Tools and materials

1. Tools :

a. Box experiment of phototaxis

b. Lux meter

c. Thermometer

d. Stopwatch

2. Materials :

a.

B. Work procedure

CHEPTER IVRESULT AND DISCCUSSION

A. Observation result

1. a. Shade (red ant)

Minutes Area Temperature Intensity

+ intermediate _

2

4

6

8

10

2

3

4

3

4

3

2

2

1

2

5

5

4

6

4

340C 115

b. Shade (black ant)

Minutes Area Temperature Intensity

+ intermediate _

2

4

6

8

10

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

2

0

9

10

10

8

9

330C 115

2. a. The light (red ant)

Minutes Area Temperature Intensity

+ intermediate _

2

4

6

8

10

1

2

1

1

2

5

1

2

5

4

4

7

7

4

4

370C 220

b. The light (black ant)

Minutes Area Temperature Intensity

+ intermediate _

2

4

6

8

10

0

0

0

0

0

4

1

0

0

1

6

9

10

10

9

360C 205

B. Discussion

Based on observation data obtained for the light which has an average

temperature of 37oC temperature, and light intensity of 220 Candella, this was

done in the red ant to study the response to their environment is to do Phototoxis

weaver ants and most negative in areas that are not exposed to light then the

intermediate area of the transitional space between the bright and dark room, and

to place or room that is free of light (Phototoxis negative) is less. Means

sunshine for the red ants provide a stimulus to move apart so that the color on a

transparent weaver ants because adaptation to the habitat that place of light that

is affected by light intensity.

While observations on black ants on the area bright with the temperature

36o C and light intensity 205 Candella to study the response to its environment

the ants are doing Phototoxis and most negative in areas unaffected by bright

light and then in the intermediate area of the transitional space between the

bright and dark room , and to place or room that is free of negative Phototoxis

light does not exist.

For observations of red ants in the shade with a temperature of 34oC and

light intensity of 115 responses to its environment that is aware of red ants that

do Phototoxis s and most widely in the negative region, then to a place or room

that is free of light (Phototoxis negative) are not exposed to bright light then the

intermediate area of the transitional space between the bright and dark room a

little more.

As for the observation of black ants in the shade with a temperature of

33oC and intensity of the 115 Candella do Phototoxis and most negative in areas

not exposed to bright light and then in the intermediate area of the transitional

space between the bright and dark room, and to place or room which is free of

negative Phototoxis only one light.

In theory according Lahay (2010), while the oriented response to light

can be categorized as follows:

1. Positive phototoxis, if the animal found in the room that bears the

bright light.

2. Negative phototoxis, if an animal found in a room that is free of light

(dark).

3. Intermediates phototoxis, namely animals found in the transitional

space between a bright room with dark room.

CHAPTER VCONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

Based on the results of discussion can be concluded that:

The response of animals that live in the light of red ants (Oecophylla

smaragdigna) oriented at a positive photo taxis, temperature and light factors

that affect the stimulus animal, other than that adaptation the lighter body color

due to the influence of light. While the black ant (Dolichoderus bituberculatus)

oriented at a negative photo taxis is because adaptation of the animal habitats

that are influenced by light and temperature factors.

B. Suggestion

1. Practicing to be more careful in making observations and measurements so

that the results obtained more accurate and appropriate theory.

2. Assistant, for wearing a lab attribute as an assistant and on time in guiding

the course of practical work.

3. Laboratory, in order to provide enough material for the entire group and

provide quality tools so that data obtained lab results more accurately.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Anonyma. 2011. Taxis. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxis. Accessed on 26th April 26, 2011.

Anonyma. 2011. Phototaxis. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T Phototaxis. Accessed on 26th April 26, 2011.

Breed, Mechael. 2008. Animal Behavior. Academic Library of Congress.USA. New York

Lahay. 2011. Penuntun Praktikum Ekologi Hewan. Jurusan Biologi. FMIPA. UNM. Makassar.

Kaplan. 2009. AP Biology. Publishing Liberty Plaza. USA. New York

Lorenz. 1978. The Fondamental of Enthology. Library of Congress. Austria.

Ridley, MARK. 1995. Animal Behavior. Department Of Anthropology And Biology Emory University. Georgia.

Sarkar, Amita. 2003. Fundamental of Animal Behavior. Discovery Publishing House. New Delhi.

Phototaxis

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Phototaxis is a kind of taxis, or locomotory movement, that occurs when a whole organism moves in response to the stimulus of light.[1] This is advantageous for phototrophic organisms as they can orient themselves most efficiently to receive light for photosynthesis. Phototaxis is called positive if the movement is in the direction of increasing light intensity and negative if the direction is opposite.[2]

Two types of positive phototaxis are observed in prokaryotes. The first is called scotophobotaxis (from the word "scotophobia"), which is observed only under a microscope. This occurs when a bacterium swims by chance out of the area illuminated by the microscope. Entering darkness signals the cell to reverse flagella rotation direction and reenter the light. The second type of phototaxis is true phototaxis, which is a directed movement up a gradient to an increasing amount of light. This is analogous to positive chemotaxis except that the attractant is light rather than a chemical.

Phototactic responses are observed in many organisms such as Serratia marcescens, Tetrahymena, and Euglena. Each organism has its own specific biological cause for a phototactic response, many of which are unintended and serve no end purpose.

Taxis

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the behavioural response. For the vehicle, see Taxicab. For aircraft movement, see Taxiing.

A taxis (plural taxes, /ˈtæksiːz/) is an innate behavioral response by an organism to a directional stimulus or gradient of stimulus intensity. A taxis differs from a tropism (turning response, often growth towards or away from a stimulus) in that the organism has motility and demonstrates guided movement towards or away from the stimulus source .[1][2] It is sometimes distinguished from a kinesis, a non-directional change in activity in response to a stimulus.

For example, flagellate protozoans of the genus Euglena move towards a light source. Here the directional stimulus is light, and the orientation movement is towards the light. This reaction or behaviour is a positive one to light and specifically termed "positive phototaxis", since phototaxis is a response to a light stimulus, and the organism is moving towards the stimulus. If the organism moves away from the stimulus, then the taxis is negative. Many types of taxis have been identified and named using prefixes to specify the stimulus that elicits the response. These include aerotaxis (stimulation by oxygen) anemotaxis (wind), barotaxis (pressure), chemotaxis (chemicals), galvanotaxis (electrical current), geotaxis (gravity), hydrotaxis (moisture), magnetotaxis (magnetic field), phototaxis (light), rheotaxis (fluid flow), thermotaxis (temperature changes) and thigmotaxis (physical contact).

Depending on the type of sensory organs present, taxes can be classified as klinotaxes, where an organism continuously samples the environment to determine the direction of a stimulus, tropotaxes, where bilateral sense organs are used to determine the stimulus direction, and telotaxes, which are similar to tropotaxes but where a single organ suffices to establish the orientation

Time and Place

Day / Date: Sunday / 4 April 2010

Time: at 13.00 s. d 15:30 pm

Place: Home Laboratory of Biological Science Faculty UNM West

Second Floor

B. Tools and Materials

a. Tools:

1. Box experiment fototaksis

2. Lux meter

3. Thermometer

4. Jam jar

b. Material:

1. Cotton

2. Weaver ants (Oecophylla smaragdigna)

3. Black ants (Dolichoderus bituberculatus)

C. Working Procedure

Carefully insert 10 individuals weaver ants and black ants in turn into the tube, first do so in the light then in the shade. Replacing the glass tube well to mark the limit. Then attach the box to mark a third glass tube subjected to light. Experimental animals acclimatized for 5 minutes in his new environment. The air temperature inside the box and measuring the light intensity above the glass tube that is open, then registrars are next to the box by not doing movements that may affect the response of animals observed. With intervals of 2 minutes, then cover the box is removed and counted the number of animals found in the room who got the light (positive space) and space that is

not exposed to light negative space and the space between them. Leaving the lid of the box to its original position immediately after each calculation, calculate dive 5 kalli, changed the position of the lid to the tube that was not shining into the open medium that had been subjected to light to be closed. With the same time interval as the previous observations, calculations performed till the tenth observation. Record the results on data sheets prepared yan g. Observing animals in the glass tube.