Landmine Detectors Report

8/6/2019 Landmine Detectors Report

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A SEMINAR REORT ON

LANDMINE DETECTORS

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULLFILMENT FOR

AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY:-YOGENDRA KUMAR KATIYAR

ROLL NO: 0816431107

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTONICS ANDCOMMUNICATION

PRANVEER SINGH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY


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DE L T

I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the Major Project entitled

L DMIN E DETE T in partial fulfilment for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of

Technology in Electronics and Communication affiliated to Gautam Buddh Tec hni cal

Univ ers ity and submitted to the Department of Electronics and Communication of Pr anv eer

Singh In stitut e of Tec hnology, Kanpu r , is an authentic record of my own work carried out

during a period from eb 2011 to Ma rc h 2011 . The matter represented in this report has not been

submitted by me for award of any other degree of this or any other institute/university.

Dat e 12-04-2011

MR. A B ISH E K SINGH RA T HOUR

(SE MINAR INCHARG E)

MR. D.S.KUSHWAHA

(HOD, E C E DE P TT .)


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ABSTRACT

Landm ines are one of t e b i est prob lems in t e terror ist and revo lts coun tr ies caus ing a b igdamage to t e human life and wea lth. Landm ine de tectors are the on l way to overcome thisdisas trous crea tion of man. Landm ine de tectors he l ps in loca ting the ac tual pos ition of the bur iedlandm ines and a lso to unders tand the techno logy used in the landm ine for the safe ly d iffus ion andremov ing of landm ines. In itially these techn iques were no t very effec tive and usefu l but increasein the use of landm ines br ings ou t a boom in the deve lopmen t of the landm ine de tectors sc ience1975.

The kerne l of this repor t dea ls abou t an implemen tation of LANDMINE DETECTORS .


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wou ld like to express my sense of gra titude and my s incere thanks to the fo llowing persons who

have made the comp letion of this S m i r R po r poss i ble:

MM rr AA hh iisshh k k SS ii hh R R aa tt hh oouu rr , Sem inar Incharge for h is v ital encouragemen t, suppor t, cons tant

rem inders and much needed mo tivation.

MM rr DD..SS..K K uu sshh ww aa hh aa ,, HOD, Depar tmen t of E lectron ics & Commun ication Eng ineer ing for h is

unders tand ing and ass istance.

Grea t dea ls apprec iated go to the con tr i bution of my Facu lty member of E lectron ics and

Commun ication depar tmen t for ass isting in the co llection of the topic for sem inar and for

extend ing a he l ping a t every juncture of need.

Las t but not leas t I wou ld like to thank my fam ily and y fr iends for their co-opera tion and

sugges tion for this sem inar repor t.

YOGENDRA KUMAR KATIYAR

0816431107

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

(6 th SEMESTER)


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CONTENTS

Introduc tion ....................................................................... ......................... ..... 6

Techno logy used for landm ine de tection .........................................................7

Impu lse ground pene trating radar sys tem ..........................................................7

y Hardware d iscr i ption ...............................................................................8

Impu lse genera tor ...............................................................................8

Antenna sys tem ........................................................................... ...... .9

Pulse Ex tender .................................................... ............................... .9

D/A conver ter ................................................................................ .....9

Processor .............................................................................................9

V isual display ....................................................................... ............. 10

y Sensors Emp loyed ................................................................ ................... 11

y Ground Pene trating Radar ....................................................................... 11

y Overv iew of the Sys tem ............................................................. ............. 12

A-Scan ........................................................ ......................... ............... 13

B-Scan............................................................................................... ... 14

y Tes ting and eva luation ............15 X-Ray backsca tter techno logy............................................................................. 15

y Pr inci ple Of Work ing. 15

y Hardware descr i ption. 16 y Overv iew of the sys tem.. 17

Conc lusionRefrences.


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INTRODUCTION

Landm in s and un xp lod d o r dnan (UXO a re a le a y of wa r insurrec t ion, and gu erill aact i ity.

Landm ines k ill and ma im approx imately 26,000 peop le annua lly. In Cambod ia, who le areas of arab le land canno t be farmed due to the threa t of landm ines. Un ited Na tions re lief opera tions aremade more d iff icult and dangerous due to the m ining of roads and unfor tuna tely our coun try isalso fac ing same prob lem in mo ists dom inated reg ions.Curren t dem ining techn iques are heav ily re lian t on me tal detectors and prodders.


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Techno logies a re used fo r landm ine detec tion a re :

y M eta l detecto rs :->Capab le of f inding even low-me tal content mines in

Minera lized so ils.y Nu cle ar magn et ic res onan ce :->

Fas t neutron ac tivation and therma l neutron are used for de tection.

y Th er ma l imag ing and elec tr o-opt ical sensors :->Detect evidence of bur ied ob jects.

y Biological sensors :-> Such as dogs, p igs, bees and b irds.

y Ch emical sensors :->Such as therma l f luorescence--- de tect airborne and

waterborne presence of exp losive vapors.

There are bas ically two mos t eff icient landm ine de tectors are ava ilable in todaysera

y

Impu lse ground pene trating radar sys temy X-ray backsca tter techo logy

Impulse ground penetrating radar system :->It is used w idely around the wor ld for the landm ine de tection wh ich works by de tecting the me tal

con tainer of the landm ines con tains explosive ma ter ials.It works on a s tra ight line pa th w ithmovemen ts con trolled by s tepper mo tors and a who le sys tem w ith de tection and a larm ing dev ices.


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HARDWAR E DESCRIP TION

The impulse GP R system developed in the International R esearch Centre for Telecommunications-transmission and R adar (I RC TR . Impulse GP R system comprises a Impulse

generator, Transmitter, R eceiver, Pulse extender, A/D converter, Processor and Visual display.

IMPU L SE G E NE RA T OR

The pulse generator delivered by SATIS Co. produces 0.8 ns monocycle pulses. The uni uefeature of this generator is its small trailing oscillations, which are below 2.4% of maximumamplitude during the first 2 ns and below 0.5% afterwards. The advantage of a monocycle incomparison with a mono pulse is that the fre uency spectrum of the first one decreases to ero atlow fre uencies, which cannot be efficiently transmitted via the antenna system, while the

fre uency spectrum of the second one has a global maximum there. As a result, the magnitude of the field radiated by an antenna system fed by a monocycle is considerably larger than themagnitude of the field radiated by the antenna system fed by a monopulse with the samemagnitude. The generator spectrum covers a wide fre uency band from 500 M z till 2GH z on3dB level. At fre uencies below 1GH z, attenuation losses in the ground are small andconsiderable penetration depth can be achieved.


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out put signa l from the 0.8ns genera tor

However, landm ines de tection re quires down-range reso lution of the order of severa l cen timeters,which can be ach ieved us ing fre quenc ies above 1GH z. It was found exper imen tally that the 0.8nsmonocyc le sa tisf ies pene tration and reso lution re quiremen ts. Th is ou t put signa l from 0.8nsgenera tor is shown in f igure. The spec trum of this pu lse has a max imum a t fre quenc ies where theattenua tion losses in the ground s tar t to increase. So the spec tra l con tent of the monocyc le belowthis max imum pene trates deep into the ground and the spec tra l con tent above this max imum

prov ides suff icient down-range reso lution.

ANTENNA SYSTEM

The an tenna sys tem is one of the mos t cr itical par ts of GPR sys tem, because its performance depends s trong ly on the an tenna sys tem. The an tenna sys tem shou ld sa tisfy a number of demands. The an tenna sys tem con tains transm itter and rece iver.


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The transmit antenna should:-> Rad iate shor t ultra-w ide band (UWB) pu lse w ith sma ll r inging. Rad iate electro magne tic energy w ithin a narrow cone in order to f ilter ou t undes irab le

back sca tter ing from surround ing ob jects. Produce an op timal foot pr int on the ground surface and be low it. The waveform of the rad iated f ield on the surface and in the groundshou ld be the same. The waveform of the rad iated f ield in the ground shou ld no t depend ontype of the ground.

The receiver antenna should:->

Allow time w indow ing to isolate the d irec t air wave from the ground ref lection. Prov ide suff icient sens itivity in order to rece ive very weak f ields. Rece ive the f ield in a loca l point; effec tive aper ture shou ld no t be larger than 1cm 2. Be e leva ted a t least 10cm above the ground surface. Add itiona lly a poss i bilit y to measure

simultaneous ly backsca ttered f ield in two or thogona l polar izations is des irab le.

Pu lse ext end er

Pulse ex tender w ill amp lify the ground ref lection s igna l up to the max imum leve l acquired by A /Dconver ter.

A/D Conv er ter

The transm itter sends ou t a ser ies of e lectromagne tic pu lses then listens w ith the rece iver

connec ted to h igh speed samp ler wh ich in turn feeds A /D Conver ter. A d ielectr ic anoma ly in thesoil may cause the s igna l to be ref lected back to a separa te rece iver an tenna. Th is informa tion isconver ted from nanoseconds to m illiseconds so tha t it may be d igitiz ed by a conven tiona l A/Dconver ter for process ing and d isplay. The cen ter fre quency and band w idth of the transm itted

pulse can be var ied by chang ing the an tenna and are chosen w ith respec t to the re quired dep th of pene tration, so il type and s ize of the ob ject to be de tected. In this exper imen t, we used an tennaswith a cen ter fre quency 1.4GH z and 80% band w idth. The prec ision of samp ling conver ter issuff iciently h igh to do accura te measuremen ts of sca ttered trans ient f ield. Th is A/D conver ter 12

bit accuracy. Th is prov ides 66 dB linear dynam ic ranges. A /D conver ter conver ts the s igna l intodigital signa l which passes to the processor

PROCESSOR

A/D conver ter conver ts the s igna l into digital signa l which passes to the processor. Processor f ilters the s igna l. Th is s igna l shows presence or absence of surroga te mine in the so il. Processor allows pass ing the presence of m ine de tecting s ignal. Processor se lects the m ine de tecting s igna l and passes to the v isua l display


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VISUAL DISPLAY

V isua l display he l ps to see the range of targe ts. I t displays the exac t pos ition of landm ine.

SENSORS EMPLOYED

If a ll mines were cased or had subs tantial metallic con tent, a ll that wou ld be re quired for de tectionare me tal detectors. The w idespread use of p lastic landm ines necess itates deve lopmen t anddeploymen t of add itiona l detection techno logies. Because there is no such thing as a p lastic

detector, o ther sensors a ttemp t to exp loit anc illary d isturbances in the background, such astherma l, chem ica l, or d ielectr ic.

GROUND PENETRATING RADAR Because of the d iff iculty de tecting the tiny amoun ts of me tal in a p lastic landm ine w ith a me tal detector, techno logy deve lopmen t has been funded in other areas. Ground pene trating radar (GPR)has been used for near ly 70 years for a var iety of geophys ica l subsurface imag ing app lications


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including u tilit y mapp ing and ha zardous was te con tainer loca tion and has been ac tively app lied tothe prob lem of landm ine de tection for near ly 20 years. When parame ters such as fre quency range,antenna s ize, an tenna separa tion, and sys tem timing are op timized for de tection of m ine-s izedob jects in the near subsurface, GPR is quite effec tive in de tecting bo th me tal and p las tic landm inesin a var iety of so ils. The dep th of pene tration is a func tion of bo th the fre quency range producedand the so il attenua tion. Lower fre quency componen ts pene trate fur ther, bu t it is a h igher-frequency componen t that is necessary to image and reso lve sma ller targe ts. Bo th impulse- basedand swep t frequency GPR sys tems have been emp loyed in Army-sponsored research programs.Genera lly a sys tem w ith a bandw idth of rough ly 1 to 4GH z is effec tive for de tection of landm ines.

Ultimately, GPR images the d ielectr ic proper ties of the so ils, and any d iscon tinuitiesappear as a s igna l. If so il were perfec tly homogeneous, a d iscon tinuity caused by a land m inewou ld s tand ou t as an anoma ly aga inst the background. Unfor tuna tely, even under near- idea l test track cond itions, so il itself is a remarkab ly inhomogeneous med ium, and fa lse a larms areeas ilygenera ted from the background itself .

Because of this, au toma tic targe t recogn ition (ATR) a lgor ithms emp loyed by impulse- based GPR sys tems typica lly ca lculate and remove background and try to de tect the hyperbo licsigna tures that arecharac ter istic in size and shape of landm ine targe ts in GEO-CENTERS 400Ser ies energy in focus ing ground pene trating radar (EFGPR), we emp loy a fu zzy logic-basedalgor ithm that use pro totypes, or fea ture se ts, for landm ines, and pro totypes than to c lutter. A t each loca tion in a da ta se t, we look inside a ne ighborhood of ad jacen t points, ex trac t a fea ture se t,and ca lculate if the fea tures se t is c loser to the m ine pro totypes .The ou t put is a p lan v iew of theconf idence, a t each po int along a test lane, that there is a lade m ine .A b lob de tector then runs onthis conf idence p lane v iew, ou t putting targe t repor ts when a b lob is of an appropr iate s ize andshape.

Although GPR has been shown to be effec tive on the test track aga inst a var iety of landmines in a range of so il cond itions, it is techno logically comp lex . The we ight and power requiremen ts are no t overwhe lming, bu t they make GPR mos t eas ily dep loyed on a veh icular

platform .Through N V ESD a t For t Belvoir, the U.S Army is dep loying GPR in a var iety of handheld and veh icular land m ine de tection techno logy deve lopmen t programs .

OVERVIEW OF THE SYSTEM

A ser ies of measuremen ts has been taken us ing a se t of targe ts bur ied in the var ious types of so il.An FR-127-MSCB impulse ground pene trating radar (ImGPR) sys tem deve loped by theCommonwea lth Sc ientif ic and Indus tr ial Research Organ ization (CSIRO), Aus tralia, has

been used for these measuremen ts. The sys tem co llects 127 re turns, or surround ings, per second,each composed of 512 samp les w ith 12 b it accuracy. The sound ing range may vary from 4 ns to32ns. The GPR sys tem uses b istatic bow- tie an tennas wh ich transm it wideband, u ltrashor t dura tion pu lses.


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The GPR un it is suspended above the ground surface a t a he ight of be tween 0.5 to 2cm. I tsmotion is con trolled by a s tepper mo tor un it runn ing a long a track a t a cons tant velocity as shownin f ig.4. S ince the mo tion of the GPR is con trolled by a s tepper mo tor, w ith cons tant speed,runn ing on a s traight track, these samp les corresponds to distances from s tar ting po int of the run.

GPR images the d ielectr ic proper ties of the so il and any d iscon tinuities appear as a s igna l.If the so il were perfec tly homogeneous a d iscon tinuity caused by a land m ine wou ld stand ou t as

an anoma ly aga inst the background. Au toma tic targe ts recogn ition (ATR) a lgor ithms emp loyed by impulse based GPR sys tem.

The measuremen ts form a two d imens iona l matr ix, referred to as a radargram or B scanand A scan are used for v isua l inspec tion of da ta on the ac quisition compu ter and in labora toryana lysis.

A SCAN

Impu lse GPR produces measuremen ts of e lectromagne tic f ield sca ttered from the subsurface. Th isis de tecting the graph as shown in f igure. A scan is a me thod for de tecting the presence andabsence of surroga te mine in c lay so il. The e lectromagne tic f ield is sca ttered by the GPR.Sca tter ing pu lses are de tecting by the graph. Th is graph is Amp litude V s T ime. Th is graph ishel pfu l to f ind the landm ine and is used for v isua l inspec tion. The norma l pulses are show ing theabsence of m ines. The amp litude of the pu lses are large as compared to o ther area. Th is shows the

presence of m ine. So we can de tect the presence of m ine in that clay so il.


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Fig:-> A scans in the presence (dashed) and absence (so lid) of a surroga te mine in c lay so il

B SCAN

A scan shows the presence of m ine bu t we canno t expec t the exac t targe t. Th is prob lem issolving in B scan. B scan or Radargram is used to v isua lize the targe t of surroga te m ine. A samp leradargram is shown in f igure. Th is show ing the targe ts a t approx imately 55 cm and 100 cm. Bscan ca lculating the d istance from the so il to the m ine. In this samp le radargram show ing the exac t

pos ition.

A scan and B scan is used for labora tory ana lysis. A re turn a t a cer tain pos ition a long thedistance ax is is ca lled an A scan. B scan is a graph wh ich is T ime de lay V s D istance. So B scanhel ps to ca lculate the pene tration length. Th is graph he l ps to ca lculate the d istance from ground

to the m ine.


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TESTING AND EVALUATION

The U.S Army performs ob jective b lind and scored testing a t their testing fac iliti es, wh ichinclude carefu lly cons truc ted m ine lines. In this testing and eva luation env ironmen t, land m inesare live (f iled w ith exp losive) because cer tain de tection techno logies such as Quadrop leResonance re ly on de tection of the ac tual explosive charge. However, on this test lines, the m inesare unfused and thus do no t detona te if they are run over by de tection sys tem. D ir t and grave l lanes are ma intained. Typ ica lly, the lanes are very smoo th, large ly free of bumps and d itches that wou ld cause the sensor arrays to ma intain an incons istent sensor he ight that wou ld subs tantiallyaffec t data quality. Off-road lanes are a lso used. They are no t as pr istine as d ir t or grave l lanes bu t are s till a subs tantially more con trolled env ironmen t than a Jeep tra in through the Khyber Pass.

Each lane has an assoc iated ca li bra tion lanes where the ground truth is known andcon tactors may run and rerun their sys tem to itera tively op timize de tection performance. GPR sys tems typica lly need ca li bra tion or timing a lignmen t, and infrared cameras genera lly need boresighting. The fea ture ex trac tion and ATR a lgor ithms on the individua l sensor subsys tems usua llyneed to be tweaked to max imize the de tection ra te and m inimize the fa lse a larm ra te for the

par ticular env ironmen t. Th is can en tail ad justing de tection thresho lds or de term ining op timum blob s izes. When accep table performance is ach ieved on the ca li bra tion lane, the con trac tor isready to run the b lind, scored sec tion of the lane.

X-RAY BACKSCATTER TECHNOLOGY

P rinciple Of Working:->

X-ray Backsca tter Techno logy works on the Comp ton sca tter ing pr inci ple. As a resu lt when the x-ray ge t ref lected from the ground a ttenua tion, sca tter ing and ref lection occurs in wh ichsca tter ing cause max imum loss of s treng th of the x-ray wh ich is ana lyzed for the presence of landm ines

Compton scatt eri ng is a type of sca tter ing in wh ich Xraysand gamma rays undergo in ma tter. The inelastic sca tter ing of pho tons in ma tter resu lts in adecrease in energy( increase in wave length) of an X-ray or gamma ray pho ton, wh ich is known as


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Compton eff ect.A part of the energy of the X-ray is transferred to a scattering electron, which recoils and is

ejected from its atom (which becomes ioni zed) and the rest of the energy is taken by the scattered,"degraded" photon

HARDWAR E DE SCRIP T ION

Ro boti c base

X- r ay d etec to r system mine X-r ay tu be

X-ray backscatter prototype is consist of a high flux 450 kV X-ray tube and a multi-channel X-ray detector system mounted on a robotic base.


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Ov er view of Op er at ion

As this is a new techno logy, it is no t widely used. Hence, its pro totype resu lt for d ifferen t minesare as fo llows

R esults on anti-personnel mines:-> As long as the an ti persona l mines are on ground the danger is some way limited. Bu t, A largefrac tion of such landm ines are bur ied in the ground. XBT prov ides two layers Out put images .

L ayer 1 image:-> This picture is show ing mos t common ly Used an ti-persona l mine of 12 cm d iame terBur ied a t depth of 2 to 4cm in the ground .Th is image prov ides top v iew of the m ine bu t since it can be a

resemb ling s tone or ob ject we a lso re quire second layer image to ver ify its presence .

S econd layer image:->

This image prov ide the conf irma tion for the presence of the exp losive ma ter ial TNT in the f irst

layer image iden tif ied ob ject. Any image d ifferen t from this shows the presence of resemb lingob jects wh ich are no t dangerous.


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R esults on anti-tank mines:->

Since the an ti tank m ines are bur ied deep in the ground hence there de tection is d iff icult. Here,f irst and second layer images for the an ti tank m ines shows the presence of m ine of 35 cmdiame ter a t two d ifferen t depths 6 and 10 cm in the ground.


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CONCLUSION

Impulse Ground P enetrating R adar S ystem is a quiet eff icient sys tem and used a ll aroundthe wor ld bu t prov ide fa lse a larms when an uneven concen tration of so il or resemb ling ob jects likestones or scraps of me tals are presen t resu lting into a huge amoun t and time was tage in debugg ingthe resu lts in m ines affec ted areas.

From the resu lts of XBT it has been proven that direc t imag ing of bur ied landm ines of a ll types is no t only poss i ble, bu t it can a lso revea l a broad range of de tails inside m ines. Thus, w ithXBT a techno logy has been found that prov ides a h igh po tential for identif ication of m ines. Agood iden tif ication c lear ly he l ps to de termine the appropr iate me thod for subse quen t mineremova l or des truc tion ac tions


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REFERENCE

www.w ik i ped ia.com

www.goog le.com

www.yx lon.com

www.w ik i ped ia.org

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