Landforms or What goes up must come down
description
Transcript of Landforms or What goes up must come down
![Page 1: Landforms or What goes up must come down](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062310/56815d71550346895dcb7aa9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Landformsor
What goes up must come down
![Page 2: Landforms or What goes up must come down](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062310/56815d71550346895dcb7aa9/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Today’s class
• "The summit of Mt. Everest is marine limestone."
• Tectonic forces– Earthquakes, volcanoes– Diastrophism
• Gradational processes– Weathering, mass wasting– Erosion/deposition: water, waves, wind
• Examples from CA, SW Asia, Oceania
![Page 3: Landforms or What goes up must come down](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062310/56815d71550346895dcb7aa9/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Rock cycle
• Your responsibility!
• Differences between igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic
• Examples of each
![Page 4: Landforms or What goes up must come down](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062310/56815d71550346895dcb7aa9/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Plate tectonics
• Theorized in 1912; proven after WWII
• 12 large plates (lithosphere) float on liquid rock (asthenosphere)
• 200 million years ago, all one continent (Pangaea)
![Page 5: Landforms or What goes up must come down](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062310/56815d71550346895dcb7aa9/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Landforms or What goes up must come down](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062310/56815d71550346895dcb7aa9/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Landforms or What goes up must come down](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062310/56815d71550346895dcb7aa9/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Plate tectonics
• Divergent boundaries– Generally mid-ocean– Underwater volcanoes, few quakes
• Convergent boundaries– Usually near continental edges– Violent volcanoes near ocean, strong
quakes
• Transform boundaries– No volcanoes, mild to strong quakes
![Page 8: Landforms or What goes up must come down](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062310/56815d71550346895dcb7aa9/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Landforms or What goes up must come down](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062310/56815d71550346895dcb7aa9/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Landforms or What goes up must come down](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062310/56815d71550346895dcb7aa9/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Earthquakes
• Stress relief via crust movement
• 500,000 per year; 800 felt
• Seismic waves of energy– P-waves or primary waves (Slinky)– S-waves or secondary waves (up and
down)
• Earthquakes don't kill people, buildings (and gas mains) do
![Page 11: Landforms or What goes up must come down](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062310/56815d71550346895dcb7aa9/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Bam, Iran 12/26/2003
![Page 12: Landforms or What goes up must come down](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062310/56815d71550346895dcb7aa9/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Diastrophism
• Your responsibility!
• Folding vs. faulting
• Escarpment, rift valley, fault-block mountain (Sierra Nevada)
![Page 13: Landforms or What goes up must come down](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062310/56815d71550346895dcb7aa9/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Volcanism
• Pressure on molten rock
• Composite volcanoes– Violent and explosive– Along subduction zones– Relatively hard to predict
• Shield volcanoes– More calm and constant– Along divergent boundaries or at hot
spots– Relatively less dangerous
![Page 14: Landforms or What goes up must come down](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062310/56815d71550346895dcb7aa9/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Mt. St. Helens 5/18/1980
![Page 15: Landforms or What goes up must come down](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062310/56815d71550346895dcb7aa9/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Mt. St. Helens 5/18/1980
![Page 16: Landforms or What goes up must come down](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062310/56815d71550346895dcb7aa9/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Mt. St. Helens 5/18/1980
![Page 17: Landforms or What goes up must come down](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062310/56815d71550346895dcb7aa9/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Krakatoa, Indonesia 8/26/1883
![Page 18: Landforms or What goes up must come down](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062310/56815d71550346895dcb7aa9/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Krakatoa, Indonesia 8/26/1883
![Page 19: Landforms or What goes up must come down](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062310/56815d71550346895dcb7aa9/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Gradational processes
• Weathering – Chemical vs. physical
• Mass movement
• Erosion/deposition– Water (rivers, oceans)– Ice (glaciers)– Wind
![Page 20: Landforms or What goes up must come down](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062310/56815d71550346895dcb7aa9/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Weathering
• Most mountains are going down faster than they’re going up
• Mechanical weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces– Frost action– Salt crystals– Roots– Exfoliation
• Rock chemistry does not change
![Page 21: Landforms or What goes up must come down](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062310/56815d71550346895dcb7aa9/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Frost action
![Page 22: Landforms or What goes up must come down](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062310/56815d71550346895dcb7aa9/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Landforms or What goes up must come down](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062310/56815d71550346895dcb7aa9/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Weathering
• Chemical weathering changes the chemistry of rocks– Oxidation (exposure to oxygen)– Hydrolysis (exposure to water)– Carbonation (exposure to carbon dioxide)
• Warmth and water encourage chemical reactions
• Weathering loosens rock particles, creates soil
![Page 24: Landforms or What goes up must come down](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062310/56815d71550346895dcb7aa9/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Oxidation
![Page 25: Landforms or What goes up must come down](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062310/56815d71550346895dcb7aa9/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Carbonation
![Page 26: Landforms or What goes up must come down](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062310/56815d71550346895dcb7aa9/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Carbonation: Karst
![Page 27: Landforms or What goes up must come down](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062310/56815d71550346895dcb7aa9/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Carbonation: Sinkholes
![Page 28: Landforms or What goes up must come down](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062310/56815d71550346895dcb7aa9/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Carbonation: Sinkholes
![Page 29: Landforms or What goes up must come down](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062310/56815d71550346895dcb7aa9/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Erosion and deposition
• Erosion carries particles away
• Deposition deposits them
• Running water– Constant water, floods– Most important landform agent in deserts– Floodplains, levees, and deltas– Arroyos and alluvial fans
![Page 30: Landforms or What goes up must come down](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062310/56815d71550346895dcb7aa9/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Floodplain
Delta
Levee
![Page 31: Landforms or What goes up must come down](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062310/56815d71550346895dcb7aa9/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
IL
MO
![Page 32: Landforms or What goes up must come down](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062310/56815d71550346895dcb7aa9/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Alluvial fan
![Page 33: Landforms or What goes up must come down](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062310/56815d71550346895dcb7aa9/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Arroyo (TX)
Wadi (Oman)
![Page 34: Landforms or What goes up must come down](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062310/56815d71550346895dcb7aa9/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Glaciers
• Rivers of ice
• Carve out landforms from mountains– Glacial troughs– Fjords– Cirques
• And deposit material when they leave– Outwash plain– Moraines
![Page 35: Landforms or What goes up must come down](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062310/56815d71550346895dcb7aa9/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Glacial landforms
Tajikistan
Kyrgyzstan
![Page 36: Landforms or What goes up must come down](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062310/56815d71550346895dcb7aa9/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Glacial landforms: California
![Page 37: Landforms or What goes up must come down](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062310/56815d71550346895dcb7aa9/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Glacial landforms: Iowa
![Page 38: Landforms or What goes up must come down](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062310/56815d71550346895dcb7aa9/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Waves and coastlines
• Waves transfer energy, don’t move water
• Energy moves particles down the coast (longshore current)
• Newer coastline=erosion
• Older coastline=deposition
• Barrier reef: only organically formed landform
![Page 39: Landforms or What goes up must come down](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062310/56815d71550346895dcb7aa9/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Longshore current
Pacific Palisades
![Page 40: Landforms or What goes up must come down](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062310/56815d71550346895dcb7aa9/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Erosion vs. deposition
Acapulco
Cancún
![Page 41: Landforms or What goes up must come down](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062310/56815d71550346895dcb7aa9/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Great Barrier Reef
![Page 42: Landforms or What goes up must come down](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062310/56815d71550346895dcb7aa9/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Great Barrier Reef