LAND LAW AND SURVEY REGULATION (SGHU...

LAND LAW AND SURVEY REGULATION (SGHU 3313)

WEEK 1-INTRODUCTION

SR DR. TAN LIAT CHOON07-5530844

016-4975551

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OUTLINE

• History of Land Law

• Land matters in Malaysia Constitution

• Registration of Titles

• Kanun Tanah Negara 1965

• States Land Rules

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HISTORY OF LAND LAW

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Land Tenure System Before the National Land Code 1965 (Act 56)

Federated Malay States(Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan and Pahang)

Unfederated Malay States(Kedah, Perlis, Kelantan, Terengganu and Johore)

Straits Settlements(Penang, Melacca and Singapore)

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Before British rule was established in Penang and Melacca, thecustomary land tenure followed the same pattern as in Sarawak,Borneo, Burma and parts of India and Ceylon. When the Britishtook over the administration of Penang, it was virtually anuninhabited island with no settled law, much less a recognised landsystem.

Historical records showed that before the arrival of the Englishtraders in 1786, the year that Ruler of Kedah ceded the PenangIsland to the East India Company, Malaya was already governed byIslamic Law and Malay Customary Law. It can be seen from somehistorical records that laws existed such as Malacca Laws of 1523,the Pahang Laws of 1596, the Kedah Laws of 1605, the Johore Lawsof 1789, the Perak Code and the Ninety Nine Laws of Perak 1765.

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Besides, the Malay States were never ceded by the British,so, there is no question of English Law or the Deeds Systembeing introduced into the Malay States before the MalayStates accepted British protection. The only law at that timeapplicable to the Malay was Mohammedan Law modifiedby local custom.

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The early English Law that was introduced into Penangwas known as the Deeds System, which recorded landtransactions in the form of deeds or indentures.

The Deeds System was introduced in Penang properly asearly as 1807 and in Singapore in 1819, and later extendedto Malacca in 1826.

The land law in Penang remained the same with theDeeds System even after the Torrens System wasintroduced in the Malay States on 31st December 1965.

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Malacca was different from Penang in terms of theirrespective historical laws. Prior to the arrival of the English,Malacca had a long history of self-rule under the MalaySultanates before being occupied by the Portuguese, Dutchand English. Over time, the Malacca land tenure systemevolved into a combination of traditional Malay CustomaryLaw, Islamic Law, and Portuguese and Dutch Laws.

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The Malay Customary Tenure endured and continued tobe influential in Malacca until late 1886 when the EnglishDeeds System became fully implemented.

As was the case in Penang, the Deeds System lasted inMalacca until the passing of the National Land Code(Penang and Malacca Titles) Act 1963 which came into forcesimultaneously with the National Land Code 1965 (Act 56)on 1st January 1966.

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The Torrens System was introduced in four Malayan Statesafter they were united in 1896 to form the Federated MalayStates when they accepted the Residency System.

These were the States of Pahang in 1887, and Perak, NegeriSembilan and Selangor in 1874. The first land tenure enactment,named the General Code of Regulations Regarding Land (Perak),was enacted on 28th February 1879, followed by the SelangorGeneral Land Regulations No. 2 of 1882, Negeri Sembilan LandRegulations of State Council Minutes on 8th April 1887 andPahang General Land Regulations in 1889.

The land tenure and enactment of the 1890s of each of thefour Federated Malay States was repealed and re-enacted in1903.

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Later, in 1911, the first united land enactments of theFederated Malay States, named the Land Enactment No. 11of 1911 (Federated Malay States) and the Regulation ofTitles Enactment No. 13 of 1911 (Federated Malay States)were passed.

These two Federated Malay States enactments of 1911remained in force until their amendment by the Land Code1926 (Cap 138), effective on 1st January 1928, whichunified the land law held on Registry Title and MukimRegistry until it was in turn repealed by the National LandCode 1965 (Act 56) on 1st January 1966.

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The National Land Code 1965 (Act 56) came into force in1st January 1966 to administer all land matters inPeninsular Malaysia and Federal Territory of Labuan whileSabah and Sarawak continued to use their own landordinance.

For Sabah, there are the Sabah Land Ordinance 1930(Cap. 69), Land (Subsidiary Title) Enactment 1972, and LandAcquisition Ordinance (Cap. 69) while for Sarawak, thereare the Sarawak Land Code 1958 (Cap. 81), MiningOrdinance 1985 (Cap. 83), Land Control of SubdivisionOrdinance (Cap. 82), and Strata Titles Ordinance 1957.

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The National Land Code 1965 (Act 56) was formulatedbased on existing practices in the 1950s until the pre-1965era before it came into effect on 1st January 1966.

Before this, all land dealings were governed by theFederated Malay States (Cap 138) Land Code 1926 thatcame into effect on 1st January 1928. Also being enforcedat the time were five separate State legislations in each ofthe five Unfederated Malay States as well as the EnglishDeeds System in the former Straits Settlements of Malaccaand Penang.

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Deeds System

The maintenance of a public register in which documentsaffecting interests in land are copied or abstracted isgenerally known as ‘registration of deeds’.

In deeds registration, a public repository is maintainedfor registering documents associated with propertytransactions, for example deeds, mortgages, survey plansand so on. A deeds register should ensure that no materialfactor has been overlooked in tracing the chain of title, thussaving both in time and cost whilst providing a substantialmeasure of security and protection to the future purchaserof the land.

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Deeds System

There are three basic elements in deeds registration,namely the logging of the entry time of a propertydocument, the indexing of the document, and the archivingof the document.

Deeds registration has several weaknesses. For example,(i) the deeds merely prove the fact that a transaction tookplace, without guaranteeing that the intended changes didreally occur, (ii) it is not compulsory to register all changesof ownership, so that a correct impression at one momentmay become erroneous later on, and (iii) the object thedeed refers to is not very well described.

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Deeds System Deeds registration is a system for registering legal documents,rather than for registering title to land. In other words, a deed, initself, does not prove title. It shows that a transaction took placebut does not prove that the parties are legally entitled to carry outthe transaction.

Nevertheless, deeds registration systems can be improvedthrough the use of better standard procedures such as theimprovement of basic records management, standardised formsand procedures, improved physical storage facilities and greaterflexibility in survey standards and procedures. These improvementscan facilitate the process of title registration. Many of theweaknesses in deeds-based systems which are currently inoperation can be resolved by changing to a system whereby titlesare registered. 16

Sistem Surat Ikatan

Sistem Surat Ikatan atau Sistem Deeds di Pulau Pinangsebelum Kanun Tanah Negera:

i. Dokumen hakmilik tidak digunakan untuk urusantanah;

ii. Dokumen hakmilik hanya menunjukkan nama tuantanah asal;

iii. Penjualan dijalankan melalui ikatan pindah milik;iv. Pembeli tidak dapat menentukan pemilik tanah dengan

hanya melihat dokumen hakmilik; danv. Siasatan atau carian yang panjang perlu dilakukan bagi

menentukan pemilik tanah yang sah.

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Torrens System

A register of title is an authoritative record, kept in apublic office, of the rights to clearly defined units of land asvested for the time being in some particular person or body.

The best known title registration system is the Torrensregistration system which is introduced by Sir RobertTorrens from Australia in the 1850’s.

It is based on the Mirror Principle, the Curtain Principleand the Insurance Principle.

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Torrens System

Title registration was designed to overcome the defectsof deeds registration and to simplify the process ofexecuting property transactions.

The registration of title is the registration to the landparcel, not the deed. Each parcel is identified on a cadastralmap that is cross-referenced to the register that lists thename of the owner, the nature of the tenure, and otherancillary information.

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Torrens System

The registers must be kept up to date at all times and bea reflection of the legal position on the ground. It is thenonly necessary to consult the current entry on theproprietorship register to find the name of the owner.

Under most systems of title registration, the informationon the registers is guaranteed so that, in the unlikely eventof fraud or error, anyone inadvertently suffering from theincorrectness of the information will be compensated.

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Sistem Torrens

Sistem tanah Malaysia adalah berasaskan Sistem Torrens.Ciri-ciri tertentu yang berkaitan pegangan tanah di dalamsistem ini:

i. Memperakui hakmilik tanah tidak boleh disangkal–seksyen 92 dan 340 Kanun Tanah Negara 1965;

ii. Memudahkan segala urusan tanah; dan

iii. Mengurangkan perbelanjaan bagi urusan mengenaitanah.

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Sistem Torrens

Ciri-ciri tersebut perlu disokong oleh satu sistem yangkomprehensif dan konkrit. Keperluan tertentu yang perludiadakan:

i. Mewujudkan sistem dokumen hakmilik yang jelas dandifailkan di Pejabat Pendaftar dan mempunyai perihalsempadan yang tepat yang boleh mengelakkankeraguan dan pertikaian, dan

ii. Segala jualan dan urusan tanah didaftarkan di dalamdokumen hakmilik tersebut.

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Sistem Torrens

Kelebihan Sistem Torrens:

i. Pemilik akan mempunyai dokumen hakmilik yang jelasdan dijamin oleh kerajaan;

ii. Tanah boleh diniagakan dengan mudah tanpa perlucarian yang rumit dan mahal; dan

iii. Hakmilik yang dikeluarkan itu dijamin dan tidak bolehdisangkal.

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Sistem Torrens

Kelebihan Sistem Torrens perlu dipelihara di mana pihakyang terlibat melaksanakannya perlu memainkan perananmasing-masing dengan berkesan dan penuh komitmen:

i. Cepat di dalam mendaftarkan hakmilik tanah;ii. Jabatan Tanah, Jabatan Ukur dan Juruukur Berlesen

menunaikan tugas dengan cekap; daniii. Tidak berlaku kelambatan atau kesilapan di dalam

pengukuran atau pendaftaran tanah

Kegagalan menunaikan tanggungjawab yang dinyatakanboleh menggagalkan sistem ini.

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LAND MATTERS IN MALAYSIA CONSTITUTION

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Federal Constitution 1957

In the Malaysian land registration, the process of recordingrights in land is via the registration of the land title.According to the Federal Constitution 1957, land mattersare under the jurisdiction of State governments and arehandled by the respective State Registry or District LandOffice, depending on where the Document of Title isformerly registered and is guaranteed by the FederalConstitution 1957 as stated under Article 13 (rights toproperty). Once an ownership has been registered, theowner’s title and interest are indefeasible except where itinvolves fraud or misrepresentation.

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Article 83 - Acquisition of Land for Federal Purposes

(1) If the Federal Government is satisfied that land in aState, not being alienated land, is needed for federalpurposes, that Government may, after consultation withthe State Government, require the State Government, andit shall then be the duty of that Government, to cause to bemade to the Federation, or to such public authority as theFederal Government may direct, such grant of the land asthe Federal Government may direct:

Provided that the Federal Government shall not require thegrant of any land reserved for a State purpose unless it issatisfied that it is in the national interest so to do.

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(2) Federal Government requires the State Government to cause to bemade a grant of land in perpetuity, the grant shall be made withoutrestrictions as to the use of the land but shall be subject to the paymentannually of an appropriate quit rent and the Federation shall pay to theState a premium equal to the market value for the grant; and where theFederal Government so requires the State Government to cause to begranted any other interest in land, the Federation shall pay to the Statethe just annual rent and such premium, if any is required by the StateGovernment, as may be just:

Provided that if the value of the land has been increased by means of anyimprovement made (otherwise than at the expense of the State) whilethe land was reserved for federal purposes, the increase shall not betaken into consideration in determining the market value, rent orpremium for the purposes of this Clause.

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(3) Where a requirement is made in respect of any landwhich, at the date of the requirement, was intended for anyState purpose, then if:

(a) other land is acquired by the State for that purpose insubstitution for the first-mentioned land; and

(b) the cost of the land so acquired exceeds the amountpaid by the Federation (otherwise than as rent) in respectof the interest granted to the Federation, the Federationshall pay to the State such sum as may be just in respect ofthe excess.

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(4) Where a further grant is made in pursuance of thisArticle in respect of land an interest in which is vested inthe Federation or any public authority, any sums payable byway of premium in respect of the further grant shall bereduced by an amount equal to the market value of anyimprovements made (otherwise than at the expense of theState) since that interest became vested as aforesaid.

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(5) This Article [except Clause (3)] shall apply in relation toalienated land as they apply in relation to land not beingalienated land, but subject to the following modifications:

(a) in Clause (1), the words “after consultation with theState Government” shall be omitted;

(b) where a requirement is made under that Clause, it shallbe the duty of the State Government to cause to beacquired by agreement or compulsorily such interest in theland as may be necessary for complying with therequirement;

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(c) any expenses incurred by the State in or in connectionwith the acquisition of land shall be repaid by theFederation, except that if the acquisition is by agreementthe Federation shall not, unless it is party to the agreement,be liable to pay more than it would have paid on acompulsory acquisition;

(d) any sums paid by the Federation to the State shall betaken into consideration in determining the market value,the appropriate quit rent or the just annual rent, and shallbe deducted from any premium to be paid by theFederation.

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(6) Where a grant is made to the Federation in respect ofland which, or an interest in which, was acquired by theState Government at the expense of the Government of theFederation of Malaya before Merdeka Day, paragraph (d) ofClause (5) shall apply to the sums paid in respect of theacquisition by the Government of the Federation of Malayaas if they were sums paid by the Federation shall not applyto any such land.

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(7) Nothing in this Article shall prevent the reservation ofland in a State for federal purposes on such terms andconditions as may be agreed between the FederalGovernment and the Government of the State, or affect thepower of the appropriate authority in a State to acquire inaccordance with any law for the time being in force anyalienated land for federal purposes without a requirementby the Federal Government under this Article.

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(8) Nothing in this Article shall prevent the making of agrant of land in a State to the Federation, on such termsand conditions as may be agreed between the FederalGovernment and the Government of the State, without arequirement by the Federal Government under this Article.

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Article 85 - Grant to Federation of Land Reserved for Federal Purposes

(1) Where any land in a State is reserved for any federalpurposes, the Federal Government may require the StateGovernment, and it shall then be the duty of thatGovernment, to cause to be made to the Federation a grantof the land in perpetuity without restrictions as to the useof the land, but subject to the payment of a premium to bedetermined and to the payment annually of an appropriatequit rent.

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(2) The premium shall be equal to the market value of theland reduced by:

(a) the market value of any improvements made (otherwisethan at the expense of the State) while the land was in usefor federal purposes; and

(b) the amount, if any, paid by the Federation, or paidbefore Merdeka Day by the Government of the Federationof Malaya, in respect of the cost of acquisition of anyinterest in the land by the State Government.

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(3) Where any land in a State is reserved for any federalpurposes, the Federal Government may offer to release theland to the State on condition that the State pays to theFederation the market value and if the State Governmentaccepts the offer the reservation shall cease.

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(4) Except as provided by this Article, land in a State which is reservedfor federal purposes shall not cease to be so reserved, and all land soreserved shall be controlled and managed by or on behalf of theFederal Government, and the Federal Government may grant any rightof occupation, control or management, or a tenancy or lease, of thewhole or any part of such land, to any person:

(a) for the use of the land by such person for any duration for thefederal purpose for which it is reserved, or for any purpose ancillary orincidental; or(b) where the Federal Government is unable for any reason to use theland for the time being for the federal purpose for which it is reserved,for its use by such person for any purpose other than a federalpurpose, for such duration and on such terms and conditions as theFederal Government may determine. 39


(5) In this Article the reference to land in a State reservedfor federal purposes includes:

(a) any land which was reserved before Merdeka Day inaccordance with the provisions of any law then in force inthe State for any purpose which has become a federalpurpose after Merdeka Day;(b) any land reserved for any federal purpose after MerdekaDay in accordance with the provisions of any law for thetime being in force in a State;(d) any land in a State reserved for federal purposes.

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Article 86- Disposition of Land Vested in the Federation

(1) Where any interest in land is vested in the Federation, orin a public authority, for any purpose, the Federation or thepublic authority may dispose of that interest or any smallerinterest in the land to any person as it deems fit.

(2) Where any interest in land in a State is disposed of by orto the Federation or any public authority in pursuance ofthis Article or of Article 85, it shall be the duty of theGovernment of that State to register the transactionaccordingly.

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Article 87 - Determination of Disputes as to Land Values

(1) Where any dispute arises between the FederalGovernment and a State Government as to the making ofany payment by or to the Federation under the foregoingArticles of this Chapter, or as to the amount of any suchpayment, the dispute shall be referred, at the instanceeither of the Federal Government or of the StateGovernment, to the Lands Tribunal appointed in accordancewith this Article.

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(2) The Lands Tribunal shall consist of:

(a) a chairman, who shall be appointed by the Chief or bequalified to be a judge of the Federal Court, the Court ofAppeal or a High Court, or shall before Malaysia Day havebeen a judge of the Supreme Court;

(b) a member who shall be appointed by the FederalGovernment; and

(c) a member who shall be appointed by the StateGovernment.

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(3) The practice and procedure of the Lands Tribunal shallbe regulated by rules of court framed by the RulesCommittee or other authority having power under writtenlaw to make rules or orders regulating the practice andprocedure of the Federal Court.

(4) An appeal shall lie from the Lands Tribunal to theFederal Court on any question of law.

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Article 88-Application of Articles 83 to 87 to States not having a Ruler

In their application to any of the States not having aRuler, Articles 83 to 87 shall have effect:

(a) subject to such adaptations (if any) as Parliament may bylaw provide, being adaptations required to secure that theyapply (as nearly as practicable having regard to differencesin the system of land tenure) in the same manner as theyapply to other States; and

(b) in the case of the States of Sabah and Sarawak with theomission in paragraph (a) of Clause (5) of Article 83.

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Article 89 - Malay reservations

(1) Any land in a State which immediately before MerdekaDay was a Malay reservation in accordance with the existinglaw may continue as a Malay reservation in accordancewith that law until otherwise provided by an Enactment ofthe Legislature of that State, being an Enactment:

(a) passed by a majority of the total number of members ofthe Legislative Assembly and by the votes of not less thantwo-thirds of the members present and voting; and

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(b) approved by resolution of each House of Parliament passedby a majority of the total number of members of that House andby the votes of not less than two-thirds of the members voting.

(1A) Any law made providing for the forfeiture or reversal to theState Authority, or for the deprivation, of the ownership of anyMalay reservation, or of any right or interest therein, on accountof any person, or any corporation, company or other body(whether corporate or unincorporate) holding the same ceasingto be qualified or competent under the relevant law relating toMalay reservations to hold the same, shall not be invalid on theground of inconsistency with Article 13.

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(2) Any land in a State which is not for the time being a Malayreservation in accordance with the existing law and has not beendeveloped or cultivated may be declared as a Malay reservationin accordance with that law:Provided that:(a) where any land in a State is declared a Malay reservationunder this Clause, an equal area of land in that State which hasnot been developed or cultivated shall be made available forgeneral alienation; and(b) the total area of land in a State for the time being declared asa Malay reservation under this Clause shall not at any timeexceed the total area of land in that State which has been madeavailable for general.

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(3) The Government of any State may, in accordance with theexisting law, declare as a Malay reservation:

(a) any land acquired by that Government by agreement for thatpurpose;

(b) on the application of the proprietor, and with the consent ofevery person having a right or interest therein, any other land,and shall, in accordance with the existing law, immediatelydeclare as a Malay reservation, in a case where any land ceasesto be a Malay reservation, any other land of a similar characterand of an area not exceeding the area of that land.

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(4) Nothing in this Article shall authorize the declaration asa Malay reservation of any land which at the time of thedeclaration is owned or occupied by a person who is not aMalay or in or over which such a person has then any rightor interest.

(5) The Government of any State may, in accordance withlaw, acquire land for the settlement of Malays or othercommunities, and establish trusts for that purpose.

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(6) In this Article “Malay reservation” means land reservedfor alienation to Malays or to natives of the State in which itlies; and “Malay” includes any person who, under the law ofthe State in which he is resident, is treated as a Malay forthe purposes of the reservation of land.

(7) Subject to Article 161A, this Article shall have effectnotwithstanding any other provision of this Constitution;but (without prejudice to any such other provision) no landshall be retained or declared as a Malay reservation exceptas provided by this Article and Article 90.

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(8) The provisions of this Article shall apply to the FederalTerritories of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya in the like manner thatthey apply to a State, save that Clause (1) in its application to theFederal Territories of Kuala Lumpur and Purtrajaya shall bemodified to read that any land in the Federal Territory of KualaLumpur or the Federal Territory of Putrajaya which immediatelybefore Merdeka Day was a Malay reservation in accordance withthe existing law may continue as a Malay reservation inaccordance with that law until otherwise provided by an Act ofParliament passed by a majority of the total number of membersof each House of Parliament and by the votes of not less thantwo-thirds of the members present and voting in each House.

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Article 90 - Special provisions relating to customary land in Negeri Sembilan and Malacca,

and Malay holdings in Terengganu

(1) Nothing in this Constitution shall affect the validity ofany restrictions imposed by law on the transfer or lease ofcustomary land in the State of Negeri Sembilan or the Stateof Malacca, or of any interest in such land.

(1A) For the purpose of Clause (1):(a) “transfer” includes any charge, transmission or vesting,or creation of any lien or trust, or entry of any caveat, orany other form of dealing or disposal of whateverdescription or nature; and(b) “lease” includes any tenancy of whatever form orduration. 53

Article 90 - Special provisions relating to customary land in Negeri Sembilan and

Malacca, and Malay holdings in Terengganu

(2) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, theexisting law in the State of Terengganu with respect toMalay holdings shall continue in force until otherwiseprovided by an Enactment of the Legislature of that Statepassed and approved.

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Article 90 - Special provisions relating to customary land in Negeri Sembilan and

Malacca, and Malay holdings in Terengganu

(3) Any such Enactment of the Legislature of the State ofTerengganu may make provision for Malay reservationscorresponding with the existing law in force in any other State ofa Ruler subject to the following modifications, that is to say:(a) for the reference to land which immediately before MerdekaDay was a Malay reservation in accordance with the existing law,there shall be substituted a reference to land which, immediatelybefore the passing of the said Enactment, was a Malay holding;and(b) subject as aforesaid, any reference to the existing law shall beconstrued as a reference to the said Enactment.

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Article 91 - National Land Council

Article 91 of the Federal Constitution 1957 provides forestablishment of the National Land Council, or better known asMajlis Tanah Negara (MTN). The Prime Minister chairs theCouncil which has a representative from each State, usually theChief Minister or Menteri Besar, and a maximum of tenrepresentatives from the federal government. The duty of theNational Land Council is to formulate a national policy for thepromotion and control of the utilisation of land throughout theFederation. This exercise is carried out from time to time inconsultation with the federal and State governments and theNational Finance Council. It is mandatory for both the federaland State governments to follow the policies formulated by theNational Land Council.

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REGISTRATION OF TITLES (S77, S85, S176, S189)

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Land Registration System A land register is a set of records of rights of a person or group ofpersons entitled to land parcels through deeds or titles. It is a landregistration in which ownership of rights to the land is recorded.

Land registration provides the framework and means forrecognising formalised land ownership rights and for regulating thetransfer of these rights (Dale and McLaughlin).

Land registration to the documentation of certain interests inthe land and the provision of documentary evidence for resolvingproperty disputes as well as information for a wide variety of publicfunctions.

Land registration is to provide a safe and certain foundation forthe acquisition, enjoyment and disposal of rights in land.

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Land Registration System

Land registration systems are organised in different waysthroughout the world, especially with regard to the landregistration component.

Deeds System- only the transaction is recorded Title System- the title itself is recorded and secured

The Deeds System is a register of owners focusing on‘who owns what’ while the Title System is a register ofproperties presenting ‘what is owned by whom’.

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Land Registration System

In order to create sustainable development, there must be a secure and complete documentation or representation of

legal and physical land objects

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Deeds Registration

A public repository is maintained for registeringdocuments associated with property transactions, forexample deeds, mortgages and survey plans.

Deeds registration is a system for registering legaldocuments, rather than for registering title to land.

A deed, in itself, does not prove title. It shows that atransaction took place but does not prove that the partiesare legally entitled to carry out the transaction.

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Weaknesses of Deeds Registration

The deeds merely prove the fact that a transaction tookplace, without guaranteeing that the intended changes didreally occur;

It is not compulsory to register all changes of ownership,so that a correct impression at one moment may becomeerroneous later on; and

The object the deed refers to is not very well described.

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Title Registration

A register of title is an authoritative record, kept in apublic office, of the rights to clearly defined units of land asvested for the time being in some particular person or body.

The best known title registration system is the Torrensregistration system which is introduced by Sir RobertTorrens from Australia in the 1850’s. It is based on theMirror Principle, the Curtain Principle and the InsurancePrinciple.

63

Title Registration

The registration of title is the registration to the land parcel,not the deed.

Each parcel is identified on a cadastral map that is cross-referenced to the register that lists the name of the owner, thenature of the tenure, and other ancillary information.

The registers must be kept up to date at all times and be areflection of the legal position on the ground.

It is then only necessary to consult the current entry on theproprietorship register to find the name of the owner.

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Type of Title in Malaysia

Qualified title

Registry title

Land Office title

Others

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Titles Before National Land Code 1965

For land title that issued before National Land Code1965, continue in use until it have been continued into orreplaced other register under National Land Code 1965(S160).

Example:

Registrar Office: Certified of Title (CT), Grant, State Lease,Lease for Agriculture Land.Land Office: Entry of The Mukim Register (EMR).

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Qualified Title

The purposes of qualified title are:

• To enable land to be alienated in advance of survey;• To enable title to be issued in advance of survey:

to the individual portions into which any alienated land isto be sub-divided or partitioned.

to the combined area to be formed by the amalgamationof any such lands.

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Qualified Title Qualified title shall confer on the proprietor the like rights inevery respect as those conferred by final title, save that:

• The boundaries of the land shown on the document of titlethereto shall be provisional only except so far as any of themmay have been established by any earlier survey;

• Unless otherwise provided for under this Act, the land shall notbe capable of being sub-divided or partitioned, or included inany amalgamation, nor shall any building thereon be capable ofsubdivisions.

Where any land held under qualified title has been dulysurveyed (Final Survey) in accordance with the provisions of section396, final title may be issued in continuation of the qualified title.

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Registry Title

Registry title means title evidenced by a grant or Statelease, or by any document of title registered in a Registryunder the provisions of any previous land law. It register bythe Registrar.

Registry title shall be appropriate in the case of:

i. Town (bandar) or village (pekan) land;

ii. any lot of country land exceeding four hectares inarea; and

iii. any part of the foreshore or sea-bed.

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Land Office Title Land Office title means title evidenced by a Mukim grant or Mukimlease, or by any document of title registered in a Land Office under theprovisions of any previous land law. It register by the LandAdministrator.

Land Office title shall be appropriate in the case of any lot of country land, not exceeding four hectares in area.

Provided that:• State Authority may if it thinks fit, on approving the alienation of any country land, direct that the land shall ultimately be held under Registry title notwithstanding that its area does not exceed four hectares.

• Under the Land (Group Settlement Areas) Act, 1960, under which Land Office title is required to be issued. 70

Hakmilik Tetap dan Hakmilik Sementara

Hakmilik Sementara memberi hak yang sama (seperti disebutdalam seksyen 92 Kanun Tanah Negara 1965) seperti Hakmilik Tetapkecuali tanah yang dipegang di bawahnya tidak boleh dipecahsempadan, dipecah bahagi dan disatukan dengan tanah lain.

Pecah bahagi bangunan juga tidak dibolehkan sekiranya ia terletakdi atas tanah yang dipegang di bawah Hakmilik Sementaramelainkan tanah itu telah diukur dengan sempurnanya dan pelanakui berkenaan dengannya telah diluluskan oleh Pengarah Ukur danPemetaan Negeri.

Sempadan tanah bagi tanah di bawah Hakmilik Sementara adalahsementara melainkan telah ditetapkan dengan pengukuranterdahulu.

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Tujuan di adalan Hakmilik Sementara ialah untuk membolehkantanah berimilik sebelum diukur atau untuk membolehkanhakmilik dikeluarkan sebelum pengukuran bagi tiap-tiapbahagian tanah apabila dipecah sempadan atau dipecah bahagiatau bagi tanah yang disatukan qpabila penyatuan tanah dibuat.

Pengeluaran hakmilik kepada pemohon yang telah mendapatkelulusan permohonan tanah (dalam kes pemberimilikan) dantuan punya-tuan punya tiap-tiap umpukan tanah yang dipecahsempadan atau dipecah bahagi atau tuan punya tanah yangdisatukan ialah untuk membolehkan mereka membuatpindamilik, gadaian atau pajakan sebelum kerka ukurdiselesaikan.

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Dahulunya Kanun Tanah Negara 1965 menghendaki pemohonyang dululuskan pemberimilikan tanah membuat permohonanHakmilik Sementara sebelum Hakmilik Sementara bolehdidaftarkan.

Sekarang tuan punya tanah tidak lagi dikehendaki berbuatdemikian kerana pindaan kepada Kanun Tanah Negara 1965menghendaki supaya Hakmilik Sementara didaftarkan sebaiksahaja semua hasil tanah yang kena bayar telah dibayar.

Hakmilik Tetap dan Hakmilik Sementara terbahagi kapadahakmilik Pejabat Pendaftar dan hakmilik Pejabat Tanah.

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Hakmilik Pejabat Pendaftar & Hakmilik Pejabat Tanah

Hakmilik Tetap boleh jadi hakmilik Pejabat Pendaftar atauhakmilik Pejabat Tanah.

Hakmilik Pejabat Pendaftar didaftarkan oleh Pendaftar Hakmilikdi Pejabat Pendaftaran Hakmilik (satu di setiap negeri-ibu negeri)dan hakmilik Pejabat Tanah didaftarkan oleh Pentadbir Tanah diPejabat Tanah bagi satu-satu daerah (satu di setiap daerah ataudaerah kecil)

Menurut seksyen 77(3) Kanun Tanah Negara, hakmilik PejabatPendaftar adalah bersesuaian bagi tanah bandar atau pekan ataumna-mana lot tanah desa yang luasannya melebihi 4 hektar ataumana-mana bahagian pantai pasang surut atau dasar laut.

74

Hakmilik Pejabat Pendaftar & Hakmilik Pejabat Tanah

Hakmilik Pejabat Tanah bersesuaian bagi mana-mana lot tanahdesa yang luasnya tidak melebihi 4 hektar.

Pihak Berkuasan Negeri boleh jika ia berpandangan sesuai,samada meluluskan pemberimilikan mana-mana tanah desa,tanpa menghiraukan bahawa luasnya kurang daripada 4 hektar,membuat arahan bahawa tanah tersebut hendaklah akhirnyadipegang di bawah hakmilik Pejabat Pendaftar.

Hakmilik Pejabat Tanah hendaklah didaftarkan bagi semuapegangan di bawah Akta Tanah (Kawasan PenempatanBerkelompok) 1960.

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Document of Title

Document of Title in relation to any alienated land,means both the Register Document of Title and the IssueDocument of Title.

In the case of land held under qualified title in respect ofwhich no application for an issue document of title hasbeen made by the proprietor.

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Register Document of Title and Issue Document of Title

Register Document of Title means any documentregistered, or prepared for registration, under this Act andevidencing or, as the case may be, intended to evidencetitle to land, and any document evidencing title to landregistered before the commencement of this Act under theprovisions of any previous land law.

Issue Document of Title means any document preparedfor issue to the proprietor of any land (whether under thisAct or under the provisions of any previous land law), beinga copy of, or an extract from, the register document of title.

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Continuation of Title (S166)

Final Title:

• Where Registrar or Land Administrator decides withrespect to the register document of title that there isinsufficient space for the making of further entries or itsphysical condition no longer be used.

• Where the issue document of title has been lost orwholly or partially destroyed or is being improperly orwrongfully withheld.

• Where partial surrender of land or on the re-survey of anatural boundary under section 202 or under section354.

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Final Title:

• Where any alienated land has been partially affected byencroachment by sea or any river.

• Where a document of title relates to more than one lot.• Where only part of piece of land has been acquired by

the State and the part left un-acquired has beenresurveyed.

• Where the Registrar or Land Administrator decides that amulti-leaf title is required to be issued.

• Where there is a boundaries of new district happeninvolve the respected document of title.

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Qualified Title:

• Where Registrar or Land Administrator decides with respectto the register document of title that there is insufficientspace for the making of further entries or its physicalcondition no longer be used.

• Where the issue document of title has been lost or wholly orpartially destroyed or is being improperly or wrongfullywithheld.

• Where the Registrar or Land Administrator decides that amulti-leaf title is required to be issued.

• Where there is a boundaries of new district happen involvethe respected document of title.

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Duplicate Issue Document of Title (S175)

By land owner:

• Where issue document of title that there is insufficientspace for the making of further entries or its physicalcondition no longer be used.


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Replacement of Register Document of Title (S175A-F & S187A)

By Registrar or Land Administrator:

• Where issue document of title that there is insufficientspace for the making of further entries or its physicalcondition no longer be used.


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Sample of Titles

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KANUN TANAH NEGARA 1965

109

Rasional dan Skop Kanun Tanah Negara

Kanun Tanah Negara (KTN) telah dikanunkan mengikutPerkara 76(4) Perlembagaan Persekutuan pada 18 Sepstember1965. Ia mula berkuatkuasa pada 1hb Januari 1966 (melalui L.N.474/1965) dalam semua Negeri di Semenanjung Malaysia.Tujuannya ialah untuk mengadakan suatu sistem pemegangandan urusan tanah yang seragam di semua sebelas Negeri diSemenanjung Malaysia.

Sebelum 1hb Januari 1966, Negeri-Negeri di SemenanjungMalaysia ini mempunyai 2 sistem pemegangan tanah yangberbeza. Negeri Pulau Pinang dan Melaka mengamalkan sistemyang khusus bagi Negeri-Negeri Selat dahulu (yang diasaskankepada undang-undang harta dan pemindah hak Inggeris) dimana surat ikatan yang disempurnakan secara persendirianmerupakan asas kepada hakmilik tanah.

110


Sebaliknya sembilan Negeri yang lain di Semenanjungmengamalkan sustu sistem yang berasaskan prinsip hakpersendirian ke atas tanah hanya dapat diperolehi melaluidua cara. Pertamanya melalui pemberian secara nyata olehKerajaan Negeri atau keduanya melalui pendaftaran yangdilakukan oleh Kerajaan ke atas urusan seterusnya yangdibenarkan menurut undang-undang.

Kanun Tanah Negara (KTN) telah digubal berdasarkan(Land Code) (NMB Bab 138) iaitu undang-undang yangberkuatkuasa di Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Perak danSelangor sebelum 1 januari 1966.

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Bagi menyelaraskan sistem yang terpakai di Pulau Pinang danMelaka, Akta Kanun Tanah Negara (Hakmilik Pulau Pinang danMelaka) telah dikanunkan pada tahun 1963 dan dikuatkuasakanpada 1hb Januari 1966 (melalui L.N. 475/1965).

Justeru dengan wujudnya Kanun Tanah Negara (KTN) dan AktaKanun Tanah Negara (Hakmilik Pulau Pinang dan Melaka)(sekarang Akta 518), kesemua sebelas Negeri di SemenanjungMalaysiamempunyai sistem pemegangan dan urusan tanah yangtunggal bermula 1hb Januari 1966. Ini juga bererti bahawa mulaidari tarikh ini kesemua sebelas Negeri di Semenanjung Malaysiamemakai Sistem Torrens.

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Ciri-Ciri Tanah Sebagaimana Yang Diamalkan

Sistem Torrens menetapkan dan memperakui, di bawahkuasa kerajaan, kepunyaan, hakmilik tanah yang tidak bolehdisangkal dan memudahkan, mempercepatkan danmerendahkan perbelanjaan segala urusan tanah. TujuanSistem Torrens ialah untuk memberi jaminan dankesenangan kepada segala urusan tanah. Hakmilik adalahbukti muktamad bahawa orang yang disebutkan didalamnya adalah tuan punya tanah yang dinyatakan didalamnya.

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Hakmilik-hakmilik tanah yang sah memerlukan perihalsempadan-sempadan yang tepat. Ini bererti bahawapengukuran tanah yang cekap mestilah dibuat. Suatuhakmilik boleh dikeluarkan dari tanah dengan apa-apaperihal sempadan yang munasabah, tetapi jika sempadan-sempadan itu tidak tepat sedangkan hakmilik itu masih lagitidak boleh disangkal. Ia mungkin akan terdedah kepadapertikaian mengenai sempadan. Dengan pengukuran yangtepat kemungkinan berlakunya apa-apa pertikaiansempadan adalah terhapas dan dengan yang demikianhakmilik itu sebenarnya menjadi tidak boleh disangkal darisegala segi.

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Daripada apa yang disebutkan di atas maka bolehdisumpulkan bahawa ciri-ciri utama Sistem Torrens adalahseperti berikut:

Dokumen hakmilik yang dengan jelas menentukan tanahitu difailkan di Pejaba Tanah atau Pejabat Pendaftar.

Di dalam hakmilik itu didaftarkan segala jualan danurusan yang kemudian atas tanah itu.

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Pemeriksaan pada bila-bila masa di Pejabat Tanah atauPejabat Pendaftar menunjukkan bukan sahaja butiran mengenaisysrat-syarat hakmilik asal tetapi juga nama-nama tuanpunyapada masa ini dan semua orang lain yang ada kepentingan atastanah seperti pajakan atau gadaian.

Hendaklah diperhatikan bahawa Sistem Torrens berasal dariAustralia Selatan. Sistem ini dinamakan dengan mengambilsempena nama Sir Robert Torrens yang memperkenalkannya diAustralia Selatan dalam tahun 1858. Kemudiannya iaberkembang ke seluruh Australia dan bahagian-bahagian lain didunia.

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Antara kebaikan-kebaikan Sistem Torrens adalah seperti berikut:

Tiap-tiap orang yang memiliki tanah akan memegang suatudokumen hakmilik yang kelas, dijamin oleh kerajaan,membentangkan bukan sahaja untuk pengetahuannya segalasyarat-syarat dan kepentingan-kepentingan lain yang melibatkantanah itu.

Tiap-tiap orang boleh memperniagakan tanah secarapendaftaran dengan mudah tanda memerlukan carian yangrumit dan mahal menerusi dokumen-dokumen yang dahulu.

Hakmilik bagi tanah itu dan hak-hak semua orang yangmemegang pajakan atau gadaian akan tidak boleh disangkal.

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Sistem Tanah Di Pulau Pinang dan Melaka Sebelum 1hb Januari 1966

Asas hakmilik tanah ialah pemberian oleh Kerajaan.Tetapi dokumen hakmilik tidak pernah digunakan sebagaidaftar urusan-urusan yang kemudian dan maklumat yangboleh diperolehi daripadanya hanyalah nama tuanpunyaasal. Urusan mengenai tanah adalah sangat rumit.

Sebagai contoh, dalam jualan tanah, pemberi menerimadaripada penjual suatu surat ikatan pindah hak yang adalahmerupakan rekod tunggal bahawa penjualan telahdilakukan dan bukti tunggal bahawa pembeli yang baruadalah tuanpunya.

118


Bagi tiap-tiap jualan yang kemudain, proses yang samadiulangi supaya selepas beberapa urusan, akan terdapatkeseluruhan rangkaian pindah hak itu (atau surat ikatanhakmilik sebagaimana yang pindah hak itu dipanggil) yangdengannya tuanpunya-tuanpunya yang berturut-turut telahmenerima hakmilik daripadatuanpunya-tuanpunya yangterdahulu sebelum sahaja daripada mereka itu.

119


Untuk memastikan bahawa tuanpunya tanah pada masa itumempunyai hakmilik yang sah, tiap-tiap hubungan dalamrangkaian ini mesti diperiksa. Pemeriksaan kebelakangandari seorang penjual ke seorang penjual (yang menurutundang-undang mesti dibawa kembali 30 tahun ke belakangatau lebih) memerlukan perkhidmatan peguam pindah hakyang layak tetapi hanya selepas ianya dibuat barulah adabukti yang memuaskan bahawa mana-mana tuanpunyamempunyai hakmilik yang sah.

120


Ringkasannya di Pulau Pinang dan Melaka sebelum 1hbJanuari 1966, segala pertalian di antara tuanpunya sekarangdan hakmilik asal telah tertutup sepenuhnya dan buktihakmilik adalah terletak, bukan dalam dokumen hakmilikyang dikeluarkan oleh kerajaan dan bukan dalam daftarurusan rasmi tetapi terletak semata-mata kepadaketerangan dari rangkaian dokumen-dokumen persendirian.

121


Hendaklah diperhatikan bahawa sistem yang dihuraikan diatas adalah juga dikenali sebagai Sistem Pendaftaran SuratIkatan. Ianya dikenali sedemikian oleh sebab di bawahOrdinan-Ordinan yang terpakai kepada Pulau Pinang danMelaka ketika itu, tiada sebarang surat ikatan yangmelibatkan tanah boleh diterima sebagai sah oleh pegawaiawam atau mahkamah melainkan jika surat ikatan itu telahdidaftarkan di Pejabat Pendaftaran Surat Ikatan di PulauPinang dan Melaka.

122

Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Kejayaan Sistem Tanah Sekarang

Kejayaan sistem tanah sekarang sangat-sangat bergantungkepada kecepatan mendaftarkan hakmilik-hakmilik tanah.Ini pula bergantung kepada kecekapan Jabatan Ukur danPejabat Tanah. Jika pengukuran tanah tidak dilakukandengan tepat dan secepatnya dan sekiranya Pejabat Tanahmengambil masa yang panjang untuk menulis danmendaftarkan hakmilik, maka sistem ini tidak akan berjaya.

123

Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Kejayaan Sistem Tanah Sekarang

Berkenaan urusan mengenai tanah, untuk memastikankejayaan sistem ini, maka tidak sepatutnya berlakukelambatan dan kesilapan dalam pendaftaran. Kesemua inimenunjukkan betapa perlunya pengawasan yang amattegas pihak pegawai-pegawai kanan di Pejabat Tanah keatas kekitangan bawahan mereka. Adalah tidak mungkinbagi mereka untuk berbuat demikian tanpa pengetahuandan kemahiran yang perlu, masa yang cukup dan doronganyang sepatutnya.

124

Undang-Undang Tanah Sebelum Kanun Tanah Negara 1965

Sebelum wujudnya Kanun anah Negara 1965, Negeri-Negeri diSemananjung Malaysia menggunakan undang-undang tanahNegeri masing-masing.

Pahang, Negeri Sembilan, Selangor dan Perak – land Code(Cap 138) Pulau Pinang dan Melaka – Land Ordinance (Cap 113) Johor – Land Enactment (No.1) Kedah – Land Enactment (No.56) Kelantan – Land Enactment 1938 Perlis – Land Enactment 1356 Terengganu – Land Enactment 1357

125

Kuasa Membuat Undang-Undang

Di dalam Perkara 74 Perlembagaan Persekutuan,bidangkuasa-bidangkuasa Kerajaan Persekutuan danKerajaan Negeri telah dibahagikan dengan jelasnya, iaitumengikut perkara-perkara yang disenaraikan dalam JadualKe Sembilan.

126


Kerajaan Persekutuan Hal Ehwal Luar Negeri Pertahanan Pelajaran Pengangkutan Kesihatan

Kerajaan Negeri Hal Ehwal Agama Islam Perhutanan Tanah Pertanian

127


Kuasa untuk membuat undang-undang hendaklah mengikutbidang kuasa masing-masing, iaitu bagi perkara-perkara dibawah bidang kuasa Kerajaan Persekutuan, hanya Parlimenboleh membuat undang-undang mengenainya dan bagiperkara-perkara di bawah bidang kuasa Kerajaan Negeri,hanya Badan Perundangan Negeri (Dewan UndanganNegeri) boleh membuat undang-undang mengenainya(melainkan dalam keadaan-keadaan tertentu).

128


Tanah adalah perkara di bawah bidang kuasa KerajaanNegeri. Maka undang-undang tnah seharusnya dibuat olehBadan Perundangan Negeri. Walau bagaimanapun, KanunTanah Negara adalah sebuah undang-undang tanah yangdibuat oleh Parlimen, iaitu Akta Parlimen No. 56 tahun1965. Ini boleh dilakukan oleh Parlimen di bawah kuasayang dikurniakan oleh Perkara 76(4), di mana dinyatakanbahawa bagi maksud hanya menentukan persamaanundang-undang dan dasar, Parlimen boleh membuatundang-undang mengenai perkara-perkara tertentuberkaitan dengan tanah.

129

Batasan Kuasa Kanun Tanah Negara 1965

Sungguhpun Kanun Tanah Negara 1965 merupakan undang-undang tanah yang utama, namum ianya tidak boleh mengatasibeberapa undang-undang tanah yang lain iaitu:

i) Terengganu Settlement Enactment 1356;ii) Akta Penanam Padi (Mengawal Sewa dan Menjamin

Pemegangan) 1967;iii) Ordinan Penyelesaian Tanah Kelantan 1955;iv) Akta Tanah (Kawasan Penempatan Berkelompok) 1960; danv) Mana-mana undang-undang mengenai pengecualian

daripada pembayaran hasil tanah.

130

Batasan Kuasa Kanun Tanah Negara 1965

Selain daripada itu, peruntukan-peruntukan Kanun TanahNegara 1965 tidak boleh digunakan jika ianya bercanggahdengan peruntukan-peruntukan mana-mana undang-undang mengenai:

i) Tanah Pemegang Adat;ii) Tanah Rizab Melayu/Pemegangan Melayu;iii) Tanah lombong;iv) Tanah Kesultanan; danv) Tanah wakaf atau baitulmal.

131

Perundangan Subsidiari Di Bawah Kanun Tanah Negara 1965

Kanun Tanah Negara 1965 memberikan kuasa kepadabeberapa pihak, Yang di-Pertua Agong, Menteri dan PihakBerkuasa Negeri untuk membuat perundangan subsidiariseperti perintah, peraturan dan kaedah. Bagi pemakaiannyadi Pulau Pinang dan Melaka, Kanun Tanah Negara 1965telah diubahsuai seperti yang terkandung dalam Perintahkanun Tanah Negara (Pulau Pinang dan Melaka) 1965,Perintah Kanun Tanah Negara (Melaka) 1967 dan PerintahKanun Tanah Negara (Pulau Pinang dan Melaka) 1968.

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Perundangan Subsidiari Di Bawah Kanun Tanah Negara 1965

Perintah-perintah ini dibuat oleh Yang di-Pertua Agongmenurut Seksyen 439 Kanun Tanah Negara 1965. Suatucontoh perundangan subsidiari di bawah Kanun TanahNegara 1965 yang dibuat oleh Menteri ialah Perintah KanunTanah Negara (Bayaran-Bayaran Ukur) 1965. Pihak BerkuasaNegeri bagi setiap Negeri di Semenanjung Malaysia telahmengadakan Kaedah-Kaedah Tanah yang terpakai bagiNegeri masing-masing.

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Pemakain KTN 1965 Di Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur

Bagi pemakaian di Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur,Kanun Tanah Negara 1965 telah diubahsuai oleh PerintahWilayah Persekutuan (Pengubahsuaian Kanun TanahNegara) 1974 (P.U.(A) 56/1974). Perintah ini dibuatmengikut Seksyen 5(3) Akta Perlembagaan (Pindaan) (No.2)1973 (Akta A206).

Menurut Perintah ini, kuasa Pihak Berkuasa Negeridalam Kanun Tanah Negara 1965 diberikan sama adakepada Kerajaan Persekutuan atau Menteri yangbertanggungjawab bagi tanah di Wilayah Persekutuan.

134

Pemakain KTN 1965 Di Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur

Selaras dengan perintah ini juga, jawatan Pengarah Tanah danGalian Gegeri digantikan dengan Jawatankuasa Kerja Tanah.Jawatankuasa ini mempunyai kuasa Pengarah Tanah dan Galian.Tambahan pula, jawatankuasa ini juga diberikan kuasa olehKerajaan Persekutuan secara perwakilan menurut Seksyen 13Kanun Tanah Negara 1965 (melalui P.U.(B) 597/1974).

Setiap tindakan atau perkara yang dilakukan olehJawatankuasa ini yang tidak ditampung dalam pewartaan initelah disahkan melalui Akta Kanun Tanah Negara (Pengesahan)2003 (Akta 625). Perwakilan Kuasa yang baru telah diwartakanmelalui P.U.(B) 108/2003. Namun begitu, jawatan PendaftaranHakmilik dan Pentadbiran Tanah masih wujud dan dipegang olehorang yang sama. 135

Kuasa Pentadbiran Tanah

Sebagaimana yang termaktub di dalam PerlembagaanPersekutuan, segala hal ehwal berkaitan denganpentadbiran tanah di dalam sesuatu Negeri adalah di bawahbidang kuasa Kerajaan Negeri berkenaan. Di dalam KanunTanah Negara 1965, kuasa ini disebut sebagai PihakBerkuasa Negeri (PBN), yang ditakrifkan sebagai Raja/Sultanatau Yang di-Pertua Negeri.

136

Kawasan Pentadbiran

Di bawah Seksyen 11 Kanun Tanah Negara 1965, PihakBerkuasa Negeri boleh melalui pemberitahuan di dalamwarta kerajaan:

i) Membahagikan Negeri kepada Daerah-Daerah;ii) Membahagikan mana-mana Daerah kepada Daerah-

Daerah kecil;iii) Membahagikan mana-mana Daerah atau Daerah kecil

kepada Mukim-Mukim;iv) Mengubah sempadan mana-mana Daerah. Dareah kecil,

Mukim, Bandar atau Pekan; danv) Mengisytiharkan mana-mana kawasan dalam Negeri

sebagai suatu Bandar atau Pekan. 137

Kawasan Pentadbiran

Sempadan perairan laut sesebuah Negeri ada dinyatakandi bawah Seksyen 5 Kanun Tanah Negara 1965 iaitu denganmerujuk kepada Seksyen kecil 2 kepada Seksyen 4Emergency (Essential Powers) Ordinance, No.7/1969,P.U.(A)307A/69.

Sempadan ini ditakrifkan sebagai kawasan yangbersempadan dengan persisiran pantai dan tidak melebihi12 batu notika yang dikira dari tikas paras surut) (perairanwilayar, terrestrial water).

138

Pelantikan Pegawai

Selain daripada kuasa-kuasa yang diberikan kepada PihakBerkuasa Negeri, Kanun Tanah Negara 1965 jugamemperuntukan kuasa-kuasa tertentu kepada pegawai-pegawai seperti Pengarah Tanah dan Galian Negeri,Pendaftar Hakmilik, Pentadbir Tanah dan lain-lain.

139

Pelantikan PegawaiUntuk melaksanakan peruntukan-peruntukan Kanun TanahNegara 1965 dengan teratur dan sempurna, Seksyen 12memberikan kuasa kepada Pihak Berkuasa Negeri melantikbagi Negerinya:

i) Seorang Pengarah Tanah dan Galian;ii) Seorang Pendaftar Hakmilik;iii) Seorang Pengarah Ukur dan Pemetaan; daniv) Beberapa ramai Timbalan Pejabat Tanah dan Galian,

Penolong Pejabat Tanah dan Galian, Timbalan Pendaftarhakmilik, Pentadbir Tanah, Pegawai Ukur dan Pemetaan,Pegawai Penempatan dan lain-lain pegawai yangdifikirkan perlu bagi maksud Kanun Tanah Negara 1965.

140

Perwakilan Kuasa Di bawah Seksyen 13, Pihak Berkuasa Negeri boleh mewakilkankuasa-kuasanya kepada Pejabat Tanah Galian, Pendaftar, mana-manaPentadbir Tanah atau lain-lain pegawai yang dilantik di bawah Seksyen12 Kanun Tanah Negara 1965. Perwakilan ini hendaklah disiarkan didalam Warta Kerajaan.

PBN tidak boleh mewakilkan mana-mana kuasanya:i) Untuk membuat Kaedah Tanah; danii) Untuk melupuskan mana-mana tanah dalam lingkungan 50 meter

dari tebing sungai, tasik, ampangan yang diwartakan atau dipinggir laut.

Walaupun Pihak Berkuasa Negeri telah mewakilkan mana-manakuasanya kepada pihak yang lain, ianya tidak menghalang penggunaankuasa-kuasa itu oleh Pihak Berkuasa Negeri sendiri, jika padapandangannya perlakuan tersebut lebih baik. 141

Harta Dalam Tanah

Seksyen 40 Kanun Tanah Negara 1965 menisytiharkanbahawa:

i) Semua tanah dalam Tanah Kerajaan; danii) Semua galian dan bahan batuan yang terkandung di

dalam atau di atas mana-mana tanah (kecuali jika hak-hak ke atasnya telah dilupuskan oleh Pihak BerkuasaNegeri) adalah terletak hak hanya kepada PihakBerkuasa Negeri.

142

Kuasa Pelupusan

Di bawah Seksyen 41 Kanun Tanah Negara 1965, PihakBerkuasa Negeri mempunyai kuasa pelupusan sepenuhnyayang dikurniakan oleh Seksyen 42 Kanun Tanah Negara1965 berhubung dengan:

i) Harta yang terletak hak kepadanya di bawah Seksyen40;

ii) Tanah rizab; daniii) Tanah lombong.

Kuasa-kuasa ini hendaklah dijalankan mengikut cara-caradan setakat mana yang diberikan oleh Kanun Tanah Negara1965 dan tidak selainnya.

143

Kuasa Pelupusan

Kuasa-kuasa pelupusan yang dikurniakan oleh Kanun TanahNegara 1965 kepada Pihak Berkuasa Negeri meliputi:

i) Berimilik iaitu memberimilik Tanah Kerajaan;ii) Rizab iaitu merizabkan Tanah Kerajaan dan memberi pajak

tanah rizab;iii) Lesen iaitu mengeluarkan Lesen Pendudukan Sementara

atas Tanah Kerajaan, tanah rizab dan tanah lombong;iv) Permit Bahan Batuan iaitu mengeluarkan permit mengambil

dan mengalih bahan-bahan batuan daripada mana-manatanah selain daripada tanah rizab hutan; dan

v) Permit Ruang Udara iaitu mengeluarkan permit penggunaanruang udara atas Tanah Kerajaan atau tanah rizab.

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Hak Kuasa Pelupusan

Di sebalik kuasa-kuasa pelupusan yang dikurniakan, KanunTanah Negara1965 juga menghadkan kuasa-kuasa PBN sepertiberikut:i) Tidak boleh melupuskan mana-mana tanah bagi maksud

melombong;ii) Tidak boleh membenarkan pengambilan atau pengalihan

bahan batuan daripada mana-mana tanah bagi maksudmendapatkan logam atau galian daripadanya;

iii) Tidak boleh melupuskan mana-mana tanah bagi maksudpengalihan hasil hutan daripadanya; dan

iv) Tidak boleh memberimilik tanah pertanian yang akanmengakibatkan keluasan kurang daripada 2/5 hektardipegang oleh lebih daripada satu orang atau badan kecualidalam keadaan-kedaan yang luar biasa.

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Tegahan Atas Pegawai

Menyimpan Rahsia (Seksyen 9 Kanun Tanah Negara 1965).Tiap-tiap pegawai yang dilantik di bawah Seksyen 6 atau 12Kanun Tanah Negara 1965 dan tiap-tiap orang yang berkhidmatdalam mana-mana Pejabat Ukur dan Pemetaan, Pejabat Tanahatau Pejabat Pendaftar Hakmilik:

i) Hendaklah menjaga dan membantu menjaga kerahsiaansemua perkara yang sampai ke pengetahuannya dalammelaksanakan kewajipannya; dan

ii) Janganlah hendaknya menyampai atau membocorkan, ataumembantu membocorkan apa-apa perkara sedemikiankepada sesiapa pun, melainkan bagi maksud melaksanakanperuntukan-peruntukan Kanun Tanah Negara 1965.

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Tegahan Atas Pegawaiiii) Membeli Tanah (Seksyen 20 Kanun Tanah Negara 1965). Bilamana-mana tanah atau kepentingan di dalamnya ditawarkanuntuk jualan menurut mana-mana peruntukan Kanun TanahNegara 1965, tiada siapa pun pada orang-orang yang berikutboleh memperolehinya untuk dirinya sendiri, sama ada secaralangsung atau sebaliknya:

a) Pegarah tanah dan Galian Negeri, Pendaftar dan PengarahUkur dan Pemetaan Negeri di mana tanah itu terletak.

b) Mana-mana Pentadbir Tanah, pegawai Daerah, PegawaiPenempatan atau Pegawai Ukur dan Pemetaan yangmempunyai bidang kuasa dalam daerah atau daerah kecil dimana tanah atau kepentingan itu terletak.

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Tegahan Atas Pegawai

c) Mana-mana orang yang berkhidmat di bawah mana-mana pegawai yang disebut di atas.

d) Mana-mana orang yang mempunyai tugas berkaitandengan penjualan itu.

Mengalih Dokumen (Seksyen 375 Kanun Tanah Negara1965). Tiada siapa pun boleh mengalih apa-apa daftar,suratcara, buku atau rekod yang disimpan di manapendaftar bertanggungjawab ke atasnya dari PejabatPendaftar Hakmilik atau Pejabat Tanah kecuali menurutsuatu perintah Mahkamah atau seorang Hakim ataudenganarahan bertulis daripada PBN atau Pengarah Tanahdan Galian Negeri.

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Hukuman

Mana-mana orang yang melanggar mana-mana peruntukanadalah dianggap melakukan satu kesalahan, dan jika disabitboleh dikenakan dengan tidak melebihi RM1000 ataupenjara tidak melebihi dari 6 bulan.

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Perlindungan Atas Pegawai (Seksyen 33)

Tiada seorang pegawai jua yang dilantik di bawah Seksyen 6atau Seksyen 12 boleh didakwa dalam mana-manamahkamah sivil kerana apa-apa perbuatan atau perkarayang dilakukan atau diperintah untuk dilakukan, atauditegah dari melakukan olehnya dengan sucihati denganniat untuk menjalankan apa-apa kuasa atau kewajipan yangdiberi atau dikenakan ke atasnya oleh atau di bawah KanunTanah Negara 1965.

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Penguatkuasaan

Merupakan salah satu daripada tugas dan tanggungjawab yangmesti dilaksanakan oleh anggota pentadbiran tanah sebagaimana yangdinyatakan dalam Kanun Tanah Negara 1965.

Seksyen 425(1) Kanun Tanah Negara 1965 menyatakan bahawamana-mana orang yang tanpa kuasa yang sah:i) Menduduki atau membina apa-apa bangunan di atas mana-mana

tanah kerajaan, tanah rizab atau perlombongan;ii) Membersih, membajak, menggali, mengepungi atau menanami

mana-mana tanah sedemikian atau bahagian daripadanya;iii) Memotong atau mengalih apa-apa kayuan atau hasil atas atau

dari tanah demikian.

adalah melakukan satu kesalahan dan boleh jika disabitkan kesalahanboleh dikenakan denda tidak melebihi dari RM10,000 atau penjaratidak melebihi 1 tahun atau kedua-duanya sekali.

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Penguatkuasaan

Jika mana-mana orang juga didapati bersuhabat akandikenakan hukuman yang sama di bawah Seksyen 425(1A).

Seksyen 425A menyatakan mana-mana orang tanpakuasa yang sah mengguna atau menduduki ruang udarayang terdapat di atas tanah kerajaan atau tanah rizabdengan cara mendirikan, menyelenggara atau mendudukibumbung, pepayung, jambatan atau mana-mana binaanlainnya adalah melakukan suatu kesalahan dan jikadisabitkan boleh dikenakan denda tidak melebihi dariRM10,000 atau penjara tidak melebihi dari 1 tahun ataukedua-duanya sekali.

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Penguatkuasaan

Seksyen 426(1A) menyatakan bahawa mana-mana orangtanpa kuasa yang sah mengeluarkan, mengalih ataumengangkut atau membenarkan pengeluaran, pengalihanatau pengangkutan bahan batuan dari mana-mana tanahadalah melakukan satu kesalahan dan boleh jika disabitkandikenakan denda denda tidak melebihi dari RM10,000 ataupenjara tidak melebihi dari 1 tahun atau kedua-duanyasekali.

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Kuasa Menahan dan MerampasSeksyen 426A menyatakan mana-mana pegawai polis yang tidakrendah dari pangkat Inspektor, Pendaftar, Pentadbir Tanah, PegawaiPenempatan atau lain-lain pegawai yang diwibawakan dengansempurna oleh Pihak Berkuasa Negeri bolehlah tanpa waran:

i) Menahan mana-mana orang yang didapati melakukan atau cubamelakukan atau bersuhabat untuk melakukan suatu kesalahan dibawah Seksyen 425 atau 426;

ii) Merampas apa-apa kenderaan, traktor, alat pertanian atau apa-apa benda lain sekalipun yang dipercayainya telah digunakan atausedang digunakan di dalam melaksanakan suatu kesalahan dibawah seksyen 426A; dan

iii) Memusnahkan, membinasa atau mengalih mana-mana bangunanatau mengambil milik atas nama PBN apa-apa bangunan atautanaman yang dibina atau ditanam di atas mana-mana tanahsebagai pelanggaran terhadapnya. 154

Kuasa Menahan dan Merampas

Pendaftar, Pentadbir Tanah, Pegawai Penempatan atau lain-lain pegawai yang diwibawakan boleh:

i) Meminta mana-mana pegawai polis membantu di dalammenjalankan kuasa yang diberi; dan

ii) Di dalam membuat penahanan tidak perlu membawa orangyang di tahan tanpa kelewatan kepada pegawai polis atau kebalai polis.

Pegawai yang merampas hendaklah memberi notis bertuliskepada pemilik benda tentang rampasan serta alasan mengapaianya dirampas kepada pemilik harta tersebut sama ada melaluipos atau menghantar ke tempat tinggal beliau.

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Penyitaan Benda-Benda yang Dirampas (S426C)

Segala barang yang dirampas dalam menjalankan kuasa-kuasa yang diberi hendaklah boleh dikenakan penyitaan.

Benda yang dirampas atas budi bicara mengembalikanbuat sementara apa-apa benda kepada pemilik benda ituapabila jaminan yang memuaskan diberi bahawa benda ituhendaklah diserahkan kepadanya atas permintaan atauuntuk mengemukakannya di hadapan Mahkamah yanglayak bidang kuasanya.

Perintah penyitaan atau melepaskan hendaklah dibuatoleh Mahkamah.

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Jika tidak ada dakwaan sekalipun dalam tempoh satu bulan daritarikh rampasan ianya disifatkan sebagai disita selepas itumelainkan:

i) Tuntutan dari pemilik benda tersebut sama ada secarapersendirian atau melalui ejen memberi notis bertulismenuntut benda tersebut;

ii) Pihak yang menyita hendaklah merujukkan tuntutantersebut kepada Hakim Mahkamah Sesyen untuk keputusan;dan

iii) Hakim mengeluarkan saman untuk hadir di hadapannya danmeneruskan pemeriksaan sama ada ianya terbuktimelakukan kesalahan atau tidak. Jika bersalah boleh disita,jika tidak, perlu ada bukti untuk melepaskannya. 157


Semua barang yang dilucut hak hendaklah diserahkankepada Pentadbir Tanah dan hendaklah dilupuskan menikutarahan:

i) Pengarah Tanah dan Galian Negeri;ii) Pengarah Jabatan Ketua Pengarah Tanah dan Galian

Negeri jika tanah dipegang oleh kerajaan Persekutuan;dan

iii) Pihak berkuasa yang berkenaan jika tanah dipegangoleh Pihak Berkuasa Tempatan atau suatu pihakberkuasa berkanun yang menjalankan kuasa yangterletak hak padanya oleh undang-undang Persekutuanatau Negeri. 158


Jika benda yang dirampas berbentuk boleh binasa ataumelibatkan perbelanjaan yang tidak munasabah danmenyukarkan, pihak berkuasa berkenaan bolehlahmengarakan supaya benda itu dijual pada bila-bila masadan hasil jualan itu dipegang menanti keputusan apa-apadakwaan atau tuntutan di bawah seksyen ini.

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Kos/Kerosakan dari Pampasan (S426D)

Tiada sesiapa pun boleh dalam mana-mana pembicaraandihadapan mana-mana Mahkamah mengenai perampasanapa-apa benda yang dirampas dalam menjalankan kuasayang diberi di bawah Seksyen 426A, berhak kepada kospembicaraan sedemikian atau tertakluk kepada Seksyen426C kepada apa-apa kerosakan atau lain pelepasanmelainkan perampasan itu dibuat tanpa sebab yangmunasabah atau mungkin.

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Peragutan Haiwan yang Menyalahi Undang-Undang (S427)

Tiada sesiapa yang boleh membenarkan sebaranghaiwan meragut di mana-mana tanah kerajaan atau tanahrizab kecuali menurut peruntukan-peruntukan suatu permitselaku demikian yang dilekuarkan oleh Pentadbir Tanahatau alam hal tanah rizab pula ialah pegawai yang padamasa itu mempunyai kawalan ke atasnya.

Mana-mana orang yang melanggar peruntukan-peruntukan di atas atau apa-apa permit yang dikeluarkan dibawahnya adalah melakukan satu kesalahan dan jikadisabitkan boleh dikenakan denda yang tidak melebihiRM100.

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Halangan Kepada Hak Lalu Lalang Pentadbir Tanah, Jalan dan lain-lain

Tempat Awam Jika halangan atau langgaran sempadan di atas mana-mana hak lalulalang Pentadbir tanah atau mana-mana jalan atau jalan laut awamatau tempat lain yang mana orang awam berhak keluar masuk, iabolehlah membuat suatu perintah kepada orang yangbertanggungjawab ke atasnya mengalih halangan atau langgaransempadan tersebut.

Denda menghalang atau melanggar sempadan adalah tidakmelebihi RM2000 atau penjara tidak melebihi 6 bulan atau kedua-duanya sekali.

Orang yang disabitkan kesalahan juga di samping denda, diperintahsupaya membayar kos mengalih halangan dan pelanggaran sempadan.

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Penerimaan Salah Apa-Apa Maklumat (S428A)

Jika mana-mana orang menerima apa-apa maklumatmengenai perkara yang diketahui atau dia mempunyaialasan yang munasabah untuk mempercayai pada masa iamenerima maklumat, maklumat itu telah diberitahu sataudizahirkan kepadanya bertentangan dengan Seksyen 19Kanun Tanah Negara 1965 (maklumat hendaklahdirahsiakan), ia hendaklah melainkan ia membuktikanbahawa maklumat itu telah diberitahu atau dizahirkankepadanya berlawanan dengan kehendaknya adalahmelakukan suatu kesalahan dan boleh didenda tidakmelebihi RM1000 atau penjara tidak melebihi 6 bulan ataukedua-duanya sekali.

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Kuasa untuk Menjalankan Pendakwaan (S429A)

Pendakwaan dijalankan oleh Pengarah Tanah dan GalianNegeri, Pentadbir Tanah atau mana-mana pegawai lain yangdiberikan kuasa secara bertulis:

Pemdakwaan mengenai: Seksyen 400 (Notis untukmemastikan kehadiran bagi maksud menunjukkansempadan-sempadan dan lain-lain) dan Seksyen 403(Penalti kerana gangguan pada tanda-tanda rujukan ukur)boleh dijalankan oleh Pengarah Ukur dan Pemetaan Negeri.

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Kuasa untuk Mengkompaun (S429B)

Pengarah Tanah dan Galian Negeri atau Pentadbir Tanahbolehlah mengkompaun mana-mana kesalahan yang telahditetapkan sebagai kesalahan daripada orang yang disyakisejumlah wang tidak melebihi RM500.

Setelah membayar, jika ditahan hendaklah dilepaskandan prosiding selanjutnya tidak boleh diambil kepada orangtersebut.

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STATES LAND RULES

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States Land Rules

Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur Land Rules 1995. Federal Territory of Putrajaya Land Rules 2002. Johore Land Rules 1966.Kedah Land Rules 1966.Kelantan Land Rules 1966.Kelantan Quarry Rules 1977.Malacca Land Rules 1966. Land Titles Rules (Malacca) 1965.

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States Land Rules

The Negeri Sembilan Land Rules 1966.Pahang Land Rules 1992.Penang Land Rules 1965.Perak Land Rules 1966.Perak Quarry Rules 1992.Perlis Land Rules 1987. Sabah Land Rules 1930. Sarawak Land Rules (Sarawak Cap. 81). Selangor Land Rules 1966.Terengganu Land Rules 1966.

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T H A N K YO U

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