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Africa- Shaped by its History


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Section 1- African beginnings Key Terms

Domesticate- to adapt wild plants and animals and

breed them for human use Civilization- a society that has cities, a central

government, and social classes and usually has writing,art, and architecture

Migrate- to move from one place to settle in another Ethnic group- a group of people who share the same

ancestors, culture, language, or religion.


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Survival skillsy What skills did earlyhumans need to survive?

y Food

y Watery Shelter

y Hunting & Gathering

y early humans were

hunters and gathersy They would hunt for

wild game

y They would gatherberries and othereatable herbs & plants


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y Farming in Africa probably began in North Africa

y Domesticating plants and animals allowed

y People to have better control in their food supplyy People to settle in one place

y people to store surplus items


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Civilizations on the NileEgyptian Civilization Nubian Civilization

The Nile used to flood each

summer leaving fertile siltdeposits

Egyptians began farmingalong the Nile about 5000B.C.

Ancient Egypt was ruled byPharaohs and Queens

Hieroglyphs- picture writingsymbols

y Nubia


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Bantu Migrationsy One of the largest migrations that has ever taken place

y Migrate-to move from one place to settle in another

y Bantu migrations mainly spread across Central andSouth Africa

yAs Bantu speaking Africans spread across the regiontheir language also spread


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Section 2- Kingdoms, City-States, &

Empiresy Key Terms

y Swahili- Bantu language spoken in much of East Africa;

a mixture of Arab and African languages; also an ethnicgroup

y City-states- a city that is also an independent state, withits own traditions, government, and laws

y

Pilgrimage- a religious journey


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East African Trading Civilizationsy East African civilizations used trade with

y East Asia

y Arabiay India

y The Red Sea & the Indian Ocean helped with traderoutes


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Aksum Kingdom Aksum- African kingdom located in what is now

Ethiopia and Eritrea

African & Arab traders began to settle along the RedSea and over time Aksum controlled the Red Sea area

Ideas and goods were shared along these trade routes

People became Christians

Early Ethiopian Christian Church started here


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Cities of Tradey Used seasonal winds to plan trading

y Brought Muslim religion of Islam to Africa

y African traders took, ivory, gold, other metals & animalskins

y Traders brought back cotton, silk, and porcelain

y Swahili language- combined African & Arab languages

y Most widely spoken Bantu language


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City-States

y Bantu Kingdoms city-states began along these tradingcities

yCity-states usually control much of the surroundingland

y Malindi, Mombasa, Great Zimbabwe, & Kilwa werepowerful East African city-states


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North African Tradey The Sahara Desert and the Mediterranean Coastline

are the boundries

yCarthage (Tunisia) became rich with the trade oftextiles, metals, slaves and food products

y May have been the wealthiest city in the world at thattime

y

Carthage fell to the Roman Empire in 146 B.C.


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More North Africay Romans ruled North Africa until its collapse in 476

A.D. Bringing Christianity into the region

yArabs took control of Egypt in 600 A.D. and continuedwest, spreading Islam


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West African Kingdomsy West Africa Kingdoms

y Ghana

y

Maliy Songhai

y West needed salt in hotclimates

y Had plenty of gold

y North Africa

y Plenty of salt in the

Saharay No other resources to

trade


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Mansa Musay King of Mali in about 1312

yMansa means emperor

y Mansa Musa traveled to the holy city of Meccay Pilgrimage- (religious journey)Musa took about

60,000 Muslims and 80 camels with 300 pounds ofgold on each one. He set up new routes for trade


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Section 3- European Conquest of

Africay Key terms

y Cape of Good Hope- the point of land at the southern

tip of Africay Plantation- a large farm where cash crops are grown

y Colonize- to settle an area and take control of itsgovernment


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European Tradey Europeans traded for gold from the empires of Mali

and Ghana.

yWhy do you think the first contacts with Africans tookplace in North Africa?


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European/African TradeEuropeans Traded Africans Traded

y Copper

y Brassy Clothing

y Corn

y Cassava

y

yams

Gold

Cotton

Ivory

Animal skins

Metals

Pepper Okra

Watermelon

Rice from Asia


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Portuguese Tradersy The Portuguese traders sailed south around the Cape

of Good Hope and then north along the eastern coast

of Africay They liked what they saw and came back later with

three ships to seize the riches

y The Portuguese ruled for over 100 years

y The English, French, & The Dutch all followed thePortuguese and set up settlements


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The Atlantic Slave tradey Slavery was a common part of African society long

before the Europeans came to their continent

y

The Europeans had established colonies in theAmericas and in the Caribbean.

y Slaves in Africa could usually win their freedom afterworking for a few years

y Europeans rarely released their slaves


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Competition between

Europeansy The race to colonize Africa led to the 1884 conference

in Berlin, Germany

y

They set rules for which countries could claim Africanland


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Critical ThinkingyAre there things that should not be sold?

y Did anything good come of the European slave trade?

y How did the slave trade affect Africa today?


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Writing Activityy Write two brief editorials about the 1884 European

conference;

y

One from the point of view of an African leaderreporting back to his people

y One from the point of view of an European leaderreporting back to his people


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Section 4- Independence and

its Challengesy Key Terms

y Nationalism- a feeling of pride in ones homeland

y

Pan-Africanism- the belief that all Africans should worktogether for their rights and freedoms

y boycott- a refusal to buy or use certain products orservices

y

Democracy- a government over which citizens exercisepoower


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Growth of Nationalismy Most European rulers did not view Africans as equals

y The new African nations needed to build pride in

being Africany Many ethnic groups were old rivals

y A spirit of unity had to be built

y Early Political Parties

y 1912- South African Native National Congress {todaycalled the African National Congress ANC}

y 1920- National Congress of British West Africa

y Both parties fought for the equal rights of Africans


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Africa and WWIIy WWII inspired many people in Africa to want their

own independence

y

Great Britain, France, & the U.S., formed a groupcalled the Allies.

yAllies fought against Germany, Italy, & Japan

y German and Italian forces invaded North Africa, which

was under British or French rule. Italian forces alsoinvaded Ethiopia


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Support from Africay Liberia and Belgian Congo supplies the allies with

rubber and other needed resources

y

Allied planes were allowed to use African airfields tomove supplies into Asia

y Many thousands of Africans fought and died in WWII

y About 170,000 West Africans & 280,000 East and

Southern Africans fought for the British ArmyyAfter the war they only wanted the freedom that others

shared


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Map exercise- page 60y The map indicates each countrys year of

independence

y Which country was the first to win its independence?

y South Africa 1910

y Which countries were never colonized?

y Ethiopia & Liberia

y

according to the legend, after what year did mostcountries gain their independence?

y 1959

y What was the last country to win its independence?

y Eritrea 1993


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Other effects ofWWII on

Independencey European allies were financially weakened by the war

y People began to speak out against colonialism

y (the practice of settling in an area and taking over itsgovernment)

y European countries began to give up African colonies

y Some were peaceful turnovers (Ghana from Britain)

y Some were violent (Algeria from France)


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Fight for Independencey Kwame Nkrumah organized protest against British

rule in the early 1950s. He was arrested several times

for holding peaceful strikes and boycotts. However,the boycotts continued and the country of Ghana wasborn. Nkrumah became its first president.

yAlgerians and the French people disagreed aboutwhether or not independence was necessary.

y The fought for 8 bloody years

y 10,000 French

y 100,000 Alegerians

y Algeria won its independence in 1962


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Challengesy Most African countries had been under European rule

for a very long time, therefore they had no real

understanding of how to run a government.y New leaders were not prepared to govern

y Governments were very unstable

y Some military leaders took control by force


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Section 5-Africa todayy Key terms

y Commercial farming- a large-scale production of crops

for saley Hybrid- a plant that is created by breeding different

types of the same plant.

y Literate- able to read and write

y L

ife expectancy- the average length of time a person isexpected to live.


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Economic IssuesyAfrica has very limited manufactured goods.

y Farming is the most important economic activity in

Africa.yAbout 60% of African workers are farmers.

y Subsistence and commercial farming are the two typesof farming practiced in Africa

y Cash crops grown in Africay Coffee

y Cacao

y Bananas


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Mining Exportsy Many African nations have rich mineral resources;

y Nigeria- oil & coal

y

Democratic Republic of the Congo- coppery Zambia- copper

y South Africa- gold & diamonds

y Because South Africa produces about half of all thegold mined in the world why then are African nationsso poor?


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Economic ChallengesyA specialized economy is one in which the country

depends on exporting one or two products.

y

Gambia- peanutsy Zambia- copper

yAfrican nations are especially sensitive to the rise andfall of the world prices.

y

A sudden drop in prices may hurt the economydepending on the sale of one crop or mineral.

y African nations are now trying to diversify theireconomies. (add variety)


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Farming Improvementsy Development of hybrid plants

yAfrican rice & Asian rice are being combined to create

more rice forWest Africa


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Social Issuesy Education

y Education is very importantto many Africans, but somechildren are expected to work

y Many schools areovercrowded and there isstanding room only.

y There is a vast different fromcountry to country as to the

literacy rate. There havebeen great improvements inliteracy in many Africancountries.

y Healthy Life expectancy is the average

length of time a person canexpect to live.

y The life expectancy variesfrom country to country.y Morocco= 67-72 yrs

y Southern Africa=less than50 yrs

y Botswana= 32 yrsy Childhood diseases are the

main reason for early deathy HIV AIDS Malaria


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The Environmenty Soil problems

y Wind and rain without cover to prevent soil erosion

y

Without enough farmland, many Africans facestarvation

y Scientific solutions

y Irrigation improvements

y

Hybridsy Plants that hold water in the ground

y Planting yams and trees that hold the soil in place inNigeria

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