Labour Market Profile 2012 - Kenya Web

7/28/2019 Labour Market Profile 2012 - Kenya Web

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KenyaLabourMarketProfile2012

ExecutiveSummary

MainIssuesontheLabourMarket

- In Kenya the government has been rushing tomeet the deadline for tabling and adopting

legislative reforms to implement the new

constitution.

- The timetable for the next general electionsfor president, parliament and 47 new regional

councilshasbeenhighontheagenda.Election

datewasfirstshiftedfromAugusttoDecember

2012.Later

on

the

date

was

set

to

be

4

th

March

2013. Everybody in Kenya has been very much

concerned ifthere isgoingtobetribalism,riots

andviolenceinconnectionwiththeelections,as

werethecaseafterthe2007elections.

- The economic development of Kenya is goodrelative to most of Africa, with a relative high

educational level, a larger and more diverse

export sector, fewer working poor and a

growing middleclass. However, growth is low,

corruption is high and rising world oil prices

have caused a surge in inflation undermining

livingwages.

Demonstrations

in

2011

demanded

actions from the government to act on price

increases on consumer products and shortages

of food. During 2012 Kenya has succeeded to

improve the economic situation, halting price

increasesandstabilizingcurrencyrates.

- The potential for exploiting rich oil and gasreserveshasraisedhighhopesofnewsourcesof

income and potential significant future

economicdevelopment.Howeveritisaconcern

ifandhowthegovernmentcansecureanequal

distributionofthisnewwealthtothebenefitof

thepeople.

- Though Kenya is one of the highest developedAfrican nations, agriculture and the informal

economystilldominatestheeconomy,with61%

of workers employed in agriculture and a non

agricultural informal employment at 82% in

2011. Recently the two contributory social

protectionsschemestheNSSF&NHIFhasbeen

opened for informal sector workers and many

people join the schemes. The NHIF was

restructured in 2012 following a major fraud

scandal.

LabourMarketDevelopments

- COTU is the only trade union federation inKenya, and it is one of the strongest in Africa.

This is due to its large membership, long

organisational history and nationwide

infrastructure. Tripartism is common in Kenya,

andthereareseveralwellestablished tripartite

institutions. The labour market is mostly

governed by laws from 2007 and the

constitution

from

2010

has

several

references

to

workersrights.

- COTU in 2011 has been involved in tripartitediscussiononemploymentpolicy includinghow

to improve the industrial relations in Kenya. A

tripartite commission was also established to

have a closer look on salaries and minimum

wages in Kenya. The wages boards were not

properlyfunctioningforsomeyearsbutthishas

changed and minimum wages for the private

sectorhavebeenrevisedin2011and2012.

- There have been several industrial strikes inKenya in 2011 and 2012. Medical Doctors and

nurses as well as teachers and university staffcalled for strikes demanding for improved

salariesandworkconditionsaswellasimproved

termsofconditionofservices.Thesituationhas

been partly resolves through agreements with

governmentonsalaryincreasesandpromisesto

recruit and permanently employ 20,000 more

teachers.

- As part of the implementation of the newconstitutionareformoftheIndustrialCourthas

been passed. Industrial Courts are now being

established in the new decentralized structure,

so

far

in

5

of

47

regions

and

newjudges

have

been vetted. The court capacity is low and a

large number of cases are pending. COTU has

been engaged in building the capacity of the

courts by training paralegals and familiarizing

the courts and trade unions as well as

employersrepresentativeswitheachothers.


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Contents

TradeUnions............................................................................................................................................. 3

TradeUnionsinKenya...................................................................................................................................4

EmployersOrganisations.......................................................................................................................... 5

CentralTripartiteStructures...................................................................................................................... 6

NationalLabourLegislation....................................................................................................................... 7

ILOConventions........................................................................................................................................ 8

TradeUnionRightsViolations................................................................................................................... 9

WorkingConditions

..................................................................................................................................

9

Workforce............................................................................................................................................... 11

Unemployment............................................................................................................................................11

SectoralEmployment..................................................................................................................................12

Migration.....................................................................................................................................................13

InformalEconomy.......................................................................................................................................13

ChildLabour.................................................................................................................................................14

Gender.........................................................................................................................................................

14

CharacteristicsoftheWorkingAgePopulation........................................................................................ 15

SocialProtection..................................................................................................................................... 17

GeneralEconomicPerformance.............................................................................................................. 18

Trade...................................................................................................................................................... 19

Tradeagreements.......................................................................................................................................20

ExportProcessingZones(EPZ).....................................................................................................................20

References.............................................................................................................................................. 21


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TradeUnions

Kenyas trade unions are sector based, with a few

general

unions

that

cover

several

industries,

such

as

the Kenya Union of Commercial, Food and Allied

Workersthatrepresentsworkersinvariedsectorslike

banking,food,retailandfinancial.1

TradeunionsinKenya

(2008)

Numberoftradeunions 40

Due(median) N/A

Membersoftradeunions 1.5million

Tradeunionmembersshareoflabourforce 9.2%

Tradeunionmemberstowagedworkers 30.4%

Femalemembershareoftradeunions N/A

NumberofCBAs N/A

WorkerscoveredbyCBAs N/A

ShareofworkerscoveredbyCBA N/A

Labourforce2 16.5million

COTU(CentralOrganisationofTradeUnions)3

COTU is the only trade union federation in Kenya.

COTUwas

established

in

1965

and

represents

34

of

39

registered trade unions in Kenya, with around 1.3

millionmembers.

COTU isoneof thestrongest tradeunion federations

in Africa, due to its large member share of Kenyan

workers,itslongorganizationalhistoryandnationwide

infrastructure.Accordingly,COTUisawellestablished

politicalactoronlabourmarketissuesinKenya.COTU

lobbied the 2010 constitution, comments on labour

legislation and are represented in many bi/tripartite

organsdealingwithlabourpoliciesandlegislation.

The COTU mission is to promote the creation of

productive

and

sustainable

employment

opportunities, facilitate achievement of workers

rights,enhancesocialprotectionandprovideeffective

representationtoKenyanworkers.

COTUs secretariat is structured into six main

departments,one

of

which

is

administrative

while

the

restaretechnical.

COTU is governed by the Governing Council that

determines the policy thrust of the union, provides

general direction on the working of the union and

reviewsthepastworkandactivitiesofthecentre.The

Governing Council is held once every five years, and

composed of the COTU office bearers, principal

officers of the affiliate unions and ordinary members

of affiliate unions, elected during the unions

quinquennial(delegates)conference.

TheExecutive

Board

is

responsible

for

management

of

the affairs of the union, it consists of COTU office

bearers and at most 20 ordinary members elected

among the members of the Governing Council. The

ExecutiveBoardmeetsonceeveryquarter.

COTUs secretariat is structured into six main

departments,oneofwhichisadministrationwhilethe

restaretechnical.

In 2011 the General Secretary of COTU, Mr. Francis

Atwoli and the rest of the management were re

elected. COTU have also decided to increase gender

equality by having 30% women of the COTU trade

unionleaders.

COTUorganisationalchart

GoverningGoverning councilcouncil

ExecutiveExecutive BoardBoard

QuinquennialQuinquennial conferenceconference

Coop-

erative

Admi ni-strationChild labour,

HIV/AIDS Education&training

Gender

&equality

Industrial relations,

Economics&research

SecretariatSecretariat

DepartDepart--

mentsments


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TradeUnionsinKenya

Members,Dues,CollectiveBargainingAgreements(CBA)andOccupationalSafetyandHealthcommittees

TradeUnion/

TradeUnion

Centre

Affiliation

Tonational

tradeunion

centre

Total

Members

(2008)

Female

Members

DuesNumber

ofCBAs

Workers

covered

byCBAs

Numberof

OSHcom

mitteesat

workplaces

COTUCentralOrganisationofTrade

Unions1,316,000

AmalgamatedUnionofKenyaMetal

Workers

COTU30,000

KenyaPetroleumOilWorkersUnion COTU 20,000

Bakery,ConfectioneryManufacturing&

AlliedWorkersUnion

COTU30,000

DockWorkersUnion COTU 15,000

KenyaBuilding,construction,Timber,

Furniture&AlliedTradesEmployees

Union

COTU

30,000

KenyaChemical&AlliedWorkersUnion COTU 25,000

KenyaEngineeringWorkersUnion COTU 30,000

KenyaGame

Hunting

&

Safari

Workers

UnionCOTU

20,000

KenyaUnionofPrinting,Publishing,

PaperManufacturing&AlliedWorkers

COTU25,000

KenyaPlantation&AgriculturalWorkers

Union

COTU250,000

KenyaScientific,Research,International,

Technical&AlliedInstitutions

COTU25,000

BankingInsurance&FinanceUnion COTU 35,000

CommunicationsWorkersUnion COTU27,000

2%of

salary4

RailwayWorkersUnion COTU 26,000

Tailors&TextilesWorkersUnion COTU 32,000

Transport&AlliedWorkersUnion COTU 20,000

KenyaUnionofEntertainment&Music

IndustryEmployees

COTU14,000

KenyaUnionofDomestic,Hotels,

EducationalInstitutions,Hospitals&

AlliedWorkers

COTU

80,000

KenyaUnionofSugarPlantation

Workers

COTU50,000

KenyaLocalGovernmentWorkersUnion COTU 70,000

KenyaShipping,Clearing&Warehouses COTU 25,000

SeafarersWorkersUnion COTU 18,000

KenyaQuarry&MineWorkersUnion COTU 27,000

KenyaElectricalTradesAlliedWorkers

Union

COTU45,000

KenyaShoe&LeatherWorkersUnion COTU 35,000

KenyaJockey,BettingWorkersUnion COTU 35,000

Unionof

National,

Research

Institutes COTU

27,000

KenyaNationalPrivateSecurityWorkers

Union

COTU28,000

UASUUniversityAcademicStaffUnion COTU 32,000

KenyaHotels&AlliedWorkersUnion COTU 55,000

KenyaUnionofCommercial,Food&

AlliedWorkers

COTU80,000

KenyaAviationandAlliedWorkers

Union

COTUN/A

KenyaUnionofJournalists COTU 25,000

KenyaLongDistanceTruckDriversand

AlliedWorkersUnion

COTU30,000


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KNUTKenyaNationalUnionofTeachers None200,000

2%ofbasic

salary

UnionofKenyaCivilServants None N/A

KUPPETKenyaUnionofPostPrimary

EducationTeachers

NoneN/A

NationalNursesAssociationofKenya None

N/A

Kshs.500/

P.A5

KenyaAirlinePilotsAssociation None N/A

EmployersOrganisations

FKE(FederationofEmployersinKenya)6

FKE was established in 1959 and as of 2000, had a

membership

of

2541

enterprises.7

As

comparison

Kenya is estimated to have 35,000 large or medium

sized enterprises, constituting 2% Kenyas 1.7 million

enterprises.8

FKE has three branches Coast, Rift Valley and

WesternRegions,withtheheadquarters inNairobi. It

is independent of both government and political

parties. FKEs is headed by Executive Director Mrs.

JacquelineMugo.

The overall objectives of FKE are to maintain good

industrial relations, promote sound management

practicesandfairemploymentconditions.

FKErepresentemployersinKenyaandfunctionsasthe

equal social partner visavis COTU. FKE is therefore

represented at most important bi/tripartite organs

dealingwith labourpolicies,andcommentson labour

legislation.

Maintaining industrial relations are the core function

of FKE, but it also provides business development

assistancetomembers.

FKE often lead negotiations of collective bargaining

agreements on behalf of its member enterprises at

company,industrialorsectorallevel.

In

addition,

FKE

has

been

or

are

involved

in

programmes such as capacity building, developing

smallscaleenterprise,informaleconomy,childlabour,

micro finance,youthunemployment,HIV/AIDS at the

workplaceandexpandingsocialprotection.

As of 2002, FKE maintained the secretariat on behalf

ofeighttradeassociations:

AssociationofLocalGovernmentEmployers(ALGE) KenyaAssociationofBuildingandCivilEngineering

Contractors(KABCEC)

Distributorship and Allied Trades Association(DATA)

SisalGrowersandEmployersAssociation(SGEA) TimberIndustryEmployersAssociation(TIEA) Motor Trade and Allied Industries Employers

Association(MTAIEA)

AgriculturalEmployersAssociation(AEA) KenyaCoffeeGrowersandEmployersAssociation

(KCGEA)

In addition, seven affiliates of FKE had their own

secretariat:

KenyaTeaGrowersAssociation(KTGA) Kenya Association of Hotel Keepers and Caterers

(KAHKC)

KenyaBankers(Employers)Association(KBEA) KenyaPetroleumDealersAssociation(KPDA)

Kenya

Vehicle

Manufacturers

Association

(KVMA)

Kenya National Chamber of Commerce andIndustry(KNCCI)

KenyaAssociationofAirOperators(KAAO)


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7

NationalLabourLegislation

InternationalstandardsandespeciallyILOConventions

ratified

by

Kenya

are

used

by

the

government

and

courtsasguidelines,eventhoughtheyarenotbinding.

Convention 138 and 182 were mainstreamed into

employmentlawin2007.

Constitution9

The Constitution of 2010, enshrines several labour

rights including the freedom of association,

independenceof social partners,a fair remuneration,

reasonableworkingconditionsandtherighttostrike.

TheEmployment

Act10

TheEmploymentActof2007regulatesvariousaspects

of employment, including rights at work, working

hours,sickandmaternityleave,discrimination,sexual

harassment, forced and child labour, protection of

wages, termination of employment and dispute

settlementprocedure.

LabourInstitutionsAct11

Labour

Institutions

Act

of

2007

establishes

and

regulates the National Labour Board, the Industrial

Court, Committee of Inquiry, Labour Administration

and Inspection, Wage Councils and Employment

Agencies.

LabourRelationsAct12

The Labour Relations Act of 2007 regulates trade

unions and employers organizations, collective

bargaining, strikes and lockouts, trade dispute

resolution and also recognizes the freedom of

association.

OccupationalHealthandSafetyAct13

Occupational Health and Safety Act of 2007 deals

withsafety, health and welfare of persons employed

atworkplaces

Severalotherlegislationsandactsexistwhichregulate

and set standards and restrictions for the labour

market.14


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8

ILOConventions

RatifiedILOConventions15

Subjectand/orright ConventionRatification

date

FundamentalConventions

Freedomofassociation

andcollectivebargaining

C087 FreedomofAssociationandProtectionoftheRighttoOrganise,1948 1964

C098 RighttoOrganiseandCollectiveBargainingConvention,1949 Notratified

Eliminationofallforms

offorcedlabour

C029 ForcedLabourConvention,1930 1964

C105 AbolitionofForcedLabourConvention,1957 1964

Effectiveabolitionof

childlabour

C138 MinimumAgeConvention,1973 1979

C182 WorstFormsofChildLabourConvention,1999 2001

Eliminationofdiscri

minationinemployment

C100 EqualRemunerationConvention,1951 2001

C111 Discrimination(EmploymentandOccupation)Convention,1958 2001

GovernanceConventions

Labourinspection C081 LabourInspectionConvention,1947 1964

C129 LabourInspection(Agriculture)Convention,1969 1979

Employmentpolicy C122 EmploymentPolicyConvention,1964 Notratified

Tripartism C144 TripartiteConsultation(InternationalLabourStandards)Convention,1976 1990

UptodateConventions

Workingtime C014 WeeklyRest(Industry)Convention,1921 1964

Wages C094 LabourClauses(PublicContracts)Convention,1949 1964

C131 MinimumWageFixingConvention,1970 1979

Migrant

workers

C097

Migration

for

Employment

Convention

(Revised),

1949

1965

C143 MigrantWorkers(SupplementaryProvisions)Convention,1975 1979

Socialsecurity C118 EqualityofTreatment(SocialSecurity)Convention,1962 1971

Ruralworkersand

industrialrelations

C135 Workers'RepresentativesConvention,1971 1979

C141 RuralWorkers'OrganisationsConvention,1975 1979

Vocationalguidanceand

training

C140 PaidEducationalLeaveConvention,1974 1979

C142 HumanResourcesDevelopmentConvention,1975 1979

Seafarers C146 Seafarers'AnnualLeavewithPayConvention,1976 1990

Specificcategoriesof

workers

C149 NursingPersonnelConvention,1977 1990

FundamentalConventionsaretheeightmostimportantILOconventionsthatcoverfourfundamentalprinciplesandrightsatwork.Equivalent

tobasichumanrightsatwork.

GovernanceConventionsarefourconventionsthattheILOhasdesignatedasimportanttobuildingnationalinstitutionsandcapacitiesthat

servetopromoteemployment.Inotherwords,conventionsthatpromotesawellregulatedandwellfunctioninglabourmarket.

Inaddition,thereare71conventions,whichILOconsidersuptodate"andactivelypromotes.


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9

TradeUnionRightsViolations

According to ITUC,16

mass dismissals were a common

tacticby

employers

for

punishing

workers

for

striking

action or joining a union. ITUC had documented 2

arrests and 819 dismissals due to strike action or

union activity. Workers dismissed forjoining a union

includedover100truckdrivers,50textileworkersand

19 oil workers. Nearly 600 postal workers received

dismissal notices for taking part in a strike, but were

laterreinstated,asdid50flowerworkers.

Legally, all workers are free to join unions of their

choice,andsevenormoreworkers inafirmhavethe

right to form a union. Every trade union, employers

organizationandemployerhavetherighttocollective

bargaining.

Thenewconstitution,whichtookeffecton27August

2010,allowstradeunionstoundertaketheiractivities

without government interference, and the

constitution recognises and reaffirms fundamental

trade union rights. The government have also voiced

itssupportforunionrights.

According to the U.S. Annual Human Rights Report,1

freedom

of

association

and

the

right

to

collective

bargaining are generally respected in practice. Trade

unions are independent of the government and

politicalparties,andcivilservantsareactivemembers

ofworkersorganizations

Security forces cannot bargain collectively, they are

prohibited from striking, but in the 2010 constitution

they are no longer explicitly prohibited fromjoining

unions.However,veryfewhavesodoneso,although

the Central Organization of Trade Unions (COTU)

continued to advocate on their behalf for this right.1Workers in the health sector, cannot bargain

collectively

either,

but

have

associations

which

negotiatewagesandconditions.

Workers in collective bargaining disputes are allowed

to strike, with seven days notice. The Ministry of

Labour typically referred disputes to mediation, fact

finding, or binding arbitration at the Industrial Court.

During mediation, any strike is illegal. According to

ITUC, COTU has criticised the Industrial Court for

waiting until the seven days notice period ended,

thendeclaredthestrike illegal,allowingemployersto

orderemployeesbacktowork,ratherthanintervening

duringthesevendayperiod.

WorkingConditions

The labour laws apply to all groups of workers,

however according to the U.S. Annual Human Rights

Report

1

,

legal

protection

were

less

effective

for

groups

such as migrant workers, domestic workers and

commercialsexworkers.

The government raised the minimum wage by 12.5%

in May 2011. Many industries workers werepaid the

legal minimum wage, and unions had demanded a

60% increase, as the wages were far outpaced by

sharp rises in the cost of living.16

There have been

severaldemonstrations in2011,withdemandstothe

government to deal with the increased consumer

prices and shortage of food.3 Likewise, the real

minimumwage

had

been

declining

for

years

with

an

average of 4.2% decline from 200609. The large

segmentofKenyans inthe informaleconomywas,by

that

fact,

not

legally

covered

by

the

minimum

wages.

A survey conducted in February 2012 by

WageIndicator.org showed a medium wage of 9,338

shillings.17

The median wage in 2012 was not

considerably higher than the lowest legal minimum

wage and almost the same as the average minimum

wage. The average wages was much higher than the

median, indicating an unequal distribution of income

in Kenya. An ordinary Kenyan therefore appears to

earn a little more than $100 per month. The survey

alsoshowed thatthemedianwage ishigher in larger

firms, lower in informal economy, higher for workers

with

longer

education

and

notably,

with

very

little


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10

gender difference. On average 58% were paid above

theminimumwageoftheirprofessionand42%below,

with younger as well as more informal workers

tendingtobepaidbelowtheminimumwage.

According

to

the

U.S.

Annual

Human

Rights

Report,

1

There is a trend of permanent positions being

crowdedoutbycasualorcontractlabour,especiallyin

the EPZ, agricultural, and manufacturing sectors.

The

lowsalariesmadethe labour inspectorsvulnerableto

bribes, and employers in all sectors routinely bribe

labour inspectors to prevent them from reporting

infractionsortoavoidpenaltiesforlabourviolations.

The workweek is legally limited to 52 hours, 60 for

nightworkersandagriculturalworkershavenolimits.1

However, WageIndicator.org reported the average

working week at be 64 hours, with average 5.9

workingdays

per

week.

17

According

to

the

U.S.

Annual

Human Rights Report,1 Workweek and overtime

violationsareoftenviolated,withworkersparticularly

intheExportProcessingZonesandroadconstruction,

havingtoworkextrahourswithoutovertimepay.

HIV/AIDSatworkplaces isaconcerninKenyaandthe

ILOsDecentWorkCountryProgramme18

recognisesit

as a priority area, promoting access to antiretroviral

treatment through Occupational Safety and Health

services. Unemployed and marginalised youth are

mentioned as a particular vulnerable group to

HIV/AIDS. Children orphaned due to parents having

contracted

HIV/AIDS

are

also

more

likely

to

be

engagedinchildlabour.

The flower export industry in northern Kenya, has

attracted international attention for its working

conditions.Theunorganisedflowernurseriesaremore

prone to have low Occupational Safety and Health

standards due to working environments with

dangerous chemicals, low wages and as 65% of

workers are women, sexual harassment. However

according to COTU this is not a general problem

anymoreasmostof the flowernurseriesarecovered

byCollectiveBargainingAgreements.3

Wagesandearnings

Monthlyaverageandlegalminimumwages

SourceCurrent

Shilling

2011US

Dollar

Averagewages

(2010)

GlobalWage

Report19

32,736 428

Medianwage

(2012)WageIndicator

17 9,338 108

Averageminimum

wage(2010)

GlobalWage

Report19

10,606 138

Lowestlegalurban

minimumwage

(2011) U.S.Human

RightsReport1

7,586 85

Lowest

agricultural

minimumwagefor

unskilledworkers

(2011)

3,765 42

%minimumwageto

valueaddedper

worker(2012)

Doing

Business20

8.9%

WageShare

Unadjusted

(2007)

GlobalWage

Report19

35%

Growthofreal

minimumwage

(20002010)

3.6%

Growthofreal

averagewage

(2002

2010)

8.38%

%ofminimumwagetovalueaddedperworkerdenotesthe

minimumwageshareoflabourproductivity.Reportedasratioof

minimumwagetovalueaddedperworkerintheDoingBusiness

Report.20

TheWageShareistheshareofGDPthatgoestowagesandother

formsoflabourcompensation.Itisnotadjustedfortheself

employed,andcanthereforeunderestimatetheamountofGDP

thatgoestoworkers,iftherearemanyselfemployedinthe

economy.19


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11

Workforce

Itisratherconsistentwithnomajordifferencesinthe

shareofworkingpoordependingonageandsex,that

1417%ofworkingKenyansliveforunder$1.25aday

and3136%forunder$2.The latestdataonKenya is

from2005,which issubstantially lowerthantheSub

Saharanaverage.

Kenyahasmanagedtosubstantiallydecreaseworking

povertycomparedto itsSubSaharanneighbours,and

the middle class in Kenya are growing and is larger

than in SubSaharan Africa. In 2010, 28% of Kenyans

lived

for

$24

a

day

and

17%

for

$420

a

day,

compared to SubSaharan Africa where 14% lived for

$24adayand10%for$420aday.21

Kenyas middle class did not either get pushed back

into poverty due to the Financial Crisis of 2008, but

continuedtogrow,whichisindeedthecaseformany

othersocalledemergingmarketcountriesthatKenya

is considered a part of. The high inflation could

undermine the middle class growth, so hopefully the

forecastoflowerinflationholdstruthforKenya.

Unemployment

No estimates for unemployment are available, but

youth unemployment is increasing in Kenya, with

youth unemployment constituting 70% of total

unemployment in Kenya, according to the 2005/06

household survey.22

Unemployment stood at 25% for

the age group 1519 24.2% for 2024yearolds, 15.7

for thoseaged 2529and 7.5% for theagegroup30

34.This ismainlyduetoyoungKenyansmovingfrom

rural tourban areas in large numbers, and the urban

areasarenotabletogeneratejobstoabsorbthem.A

lot of thesejobseekers therefore also end up in the

informaleconomy.

Interpretation of the open unemployment and

employment rates as indicators of a wellfunctioning

labourmarket isproblematic indevelopingcountries.

Whenunemploymentisnotanoptionwhereaperson

cansurvive,workofsomesorthastobefound,often

casual and informal work. Unemployment should

thereforebeunderstoodinrelationtothestrengthof

social safety nets, the prevalence of informal

employment and how much of informal employment

is underemployment due to few formal employment

possibilities.

See

Kucera

&

Roncolate

(2008)

for

a

discussion on unemployment and informal

employmentindevelopingcountries.23

Employmentrates(2011)1

Ageand

Sex

distribution

Sex AgeEmployment

rate

Male&

female

Total 15+ 60%

Youth 1524 33%

Adult 25+ 76%

Male Total 15+ 66%

Youth 1524 36%

Adult 25+ 82%

Female Total 15+ 55%

Youth 1524 29%

Adult

25+

70%

WorkingPoor(2005)1

Age15+,SexandRegion

Shareofworkers

intotalemployment

Region Sex1.25USD

aday

2USD

aday

Kenya

Male&

female15% 34%

Male 15% 32%

Female 16% 35%

SubSaharan

Africa(2005)49% 71%

SubSaharan

Africa(2011)44% 67%

Workingpoormeasuresemployedpeoplelivingforlessthan

US$1.25andUS$2aday,asproportionoftotalemployment

inthatgroup

0% 20% 40% 60% 80%

15+

1524

25+

Male&female Female Male


12/22

12

SectoralEmployment

Thegraphaboveshowsconsiderablecontrastsinthe

amount of GDP generated in different industries

compared to the number of people employed in

theseindustries.Thesectorsthataremaledominated

also have higher contribution to GDP, relative the

numberof

workers

in

these

sectors.

Whether

these

sectorsalsohavethebestpaidworkers,dependson

the sectors capital intensity and the distribution of

wages.

Strikingly,whatthegraphdoesnotcaptureisthatthe

agricultural sector employs 61% of Kenyas

workforce,butonlycontributeswith26%to itsGDP.

Agriculture is therefore both the largest sector in

Kenya, employs the majority of Kenyas workforce

and is the sectorwith the least contribution toGDP

perworker,i.e.labourproductivity.

Inthe

last

decade,

Kenya

has

experienced

sectoral

shifts.Withadiminishingsharefromagriculturefrom

32% in 2000 to 23% in 2011, and industry and

serviceswithincreasingfrom20002011with1719%

and5158%respectively.

StillKenyahasoneofthesmallestagriculturalsectors

inSubSaharanAfricaandKenya isreported tohave

bothabetterdevelopedindustrysectorthanitsEast

African neighbours and a more skilled workforce.

However,Kenyasworkforce isalsoreportedtohave

limitedspecialisedskills.3

SectorShareofGDP24

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Services

Industry

Agriculture

Employment(2005)1&GDPshare(2010)22Sector&Sexdistribution(GraphwithoutAgriculture)

Sector

Maleemployment

Femaleemployment

GDPshare

persector

Miningandquarrying 872 255 0.8%

Manufacturing 330,653 118,183 11%

Electricity,gasandwater 18,581 3,440 2.7%

Construction 295,390 5,697 4.9%

Trade,restaurantsand

hotels796,359 937,188 14%

Transportand

communications360,430 36,545 11%

Finance,real

estate

and

businessservices95,338

42,148

12

%

Publicadministrationand

Services992,656 806,564 18%

Agriculture 3,535,092 4,169,458 26%

0% 4% 8% 12% 16% 20%

0 500,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 2, 000,000 2,500, 000

Male Female GDPsharebySector


13/22

13

Migration

KenyareceivesmoreremittancesthantherestofSub

Saharan Africa. This trend in remittances is reflected

by the number of migrant per inhabitants in the 5

years from 200610, where 1 out of 1,017 Kenyans

migratedperyear,doubletheamountofSubSaharan

Africa.Thisshowsanationwhere labourmigration is

common.

Though remittances contribute to a notable share of

Kenyas GDP, labour migration also leads to brain

drains.Manyphysiciansandotherhealthcareworkers

do for example, migrate to developed countries,

leading to a shortage of skilled workers in this

sectors.25

TheEACcommitsKenyatoadoptmeasurestothefree

movementofpersonsand labour from theother five

memberstates.

For

migrants

from

other

countries

an

entrypermitisgrantediftheforeignerisofbenefitto

Kenya, and an employer who employs a foreigner

mustsubmitareporttotheauthorities.

InformalEconomy

79% of total nonagricultural employment is in the

informal sector.1 Otherdata from2011 suggests 82%

of Kenyas workforce is in the informal sector, with

12% in formal private employment and 6% in formal

publicemployment.17

AswithmanyotherSubSaharan

AfricancountriestheinformalsectorinKenyaprovides

the vast majority of employment. Most newjobs are

created in the informal sector, crowding outjobs in

the

formal

sector.

The

informal

sector

also

absorbs

many of the young, where unemployment is not an

option.Thoughthe latestdata forSubSaharanAfrica

isfrom2001itisatacomparablelevel.

AsurveybyWageIndicator.orgconducted inFebruary

201217

ratedworkersonaninformalityscalefrom15,

with 1 being workers not entitled to social benefits,

who do not contribute to social security and with no

contract. It shows 44% in the two most informal

categories and 23% in the most formal category. The

survey also showed that the informality index

correlates age, with more young people in informal

employment,

and

also

correlates

wages,

with

more

than double the median wage at very formal

employmentcomparedtoveryinformal.

Migration24

Netmigration

(20062010)Kenya 189,330

Netmigrationto

averagepopulation

peryear(20062010)

Kenya 1:1,017

inhabitants

SubSaharanAfrica 1:2,048

inhabitants

Personaltransfersi.e.

remittancesreceived,

%

of

GDP

(2011)

Kenya 2.8%

SubSaharanAfrica 2.6%

Employmentintheinformaleconomy1

(2011)

Personsemployedin

thenonagricultural

informalsector

Kenya(2007) 7.5million

Shareofpersons

employedinthe

nonagricultural

informalsector

Kenya(2007) 79%

SubSaharanAfrica(2001)

78%

5=Very

formal

4

3

2

1=Very

informal

Employment

statuson

informalityindex


14/22

14

ChildLabour

The data on child labour are not consistent due to

differentmethodologiesandtimeperiods,butitcould

indicateadrop inchild labour.Thelatestdata isfrom

the 2006 with Kenya Integrated Household Budget

Survey Child Labour Analytical Report, revealing 1.01

million or 5.3% children in employment. On the

contrary the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey

revealed 26% of children engaged in labour in 2000.

Twolaterstudiesshow14.2%childlaboursinKenyas

Eastern Province in 2008 and 6.4 % in Mombasa in

2009, but that is not necessarily representative of all

Kenya.

There are other reasons to believe that child labour

has dropped. Kenya reintroduced free and

compulsory primary education in 2003, which are

reported

to

successfully

combat

child

labour,

26

and

according to the KIHBS children in employment aged

518 has declined from 1.9 million in 1999 to 1.01

millionin2006.

Inanycase,KenyahasfewerchildlabourersthanSub

SaharanAfricaandgoesagainstthetrend,whereSub

Sahara Africa has seen an increase in children in

employment.

Workingchildren

Proportionof allchildrenaged514

RegionSource/

MethodologyYear Type Proportion

Kenya

MICS27

2000 Childlabourers

26%

Eastern

Province2008

Child

labourers14.2%

Mombasa 2009Child

labourers6.4%

Kenya KIHBS28

2006Childrenin

employment5.3%

Sub

Saharan

Africa

SIMPOC29

2004Childrenin

employment26%

2008

Childrenin

employment28%

Child

labourers25.4%

Hazardous

work

12.7%

(MICS)UNICEF MultipleIndicatorClusterSurvey

(KIHBS)KNBS KenyaIntegratedHouseholdBudgetSurvey

(SIMPOC)ILO StatisticalInformationandMonitoringProgramme

onChildLabour

Childreninemploymentincludesallchildrenwhoconductsome

kindofwork,whereaschildlabourersisanarrowertermwithout

mildformsofwork.Hazardousworkistheworstfromofchild

labourasdefinedinILOC182.

Gender

Asnotedelsewhere inthisreport:54%ofagricultural

workers are women. Sectors which are maledominatedhavehighercontributionstoGDP,suchas

Manufacturing, Transport & Communication and

Finance,RealEstate&BusinessServices.Netprimary

schoolenrolmentishigherforgirlsthanboys,butnet

secondaryandgrosstertiaryschoolenrolmentislower

for girls, though only slightly for secondary school.

Women ingeneralhave lesseducationthanmen,but

withasmallerdifferencethanneighbouringcountries,

and women have higher average years of schooling

thanmeninanyofthefourneighbouringcountriesin

theEastAfricanCommunity.

According to the ILO,30

womens lower levels of

education are a barrier to running their own farms.

Lowerlevelsofeducationarealsoabarriertowomen

obtaining betterpaidjobs on commercial farms and

women working on agricultural estates are almostalways thepickers andpackersandveryrarelyattain

managementpositions.

ILOs Decent Work Country Programme for Kenya,18

mentionsaneedfor increasedgenderequity intrade

union membership and leadership levels, and

strengthening inclusion in social partners is a priority

area.

COTU has set the goal of having 30% female trade

union leaders. COTU is collaborating with the trade

union confederation for the East African Community

EATUC, to promote gender equality, both within thelabourmovementandinKenya.

31


15/22

15

CharacteristicsoftheWorkingAgePopulation

Thepopulation inKenyahaveanaverageofalmost7

yearsofschooling.VeryfewKenyanshavecompleted

secondary school or university. The graph above

shows the educational attainment of all Kenyans

above25years,thereforegivesaglanceofthehuman

capitalofthelabourforce.

Women ingeneralhave lesseducation than the total

population,butmorewomenhavecompletedprimary

education.Morefemaleshavenoschoolingandfewer

femaleshavereachedsecondaryortertiaryeducation.

EnrolmentinPrimarySecondaryandTertiaryschools(20002010)24

TotalandFemale,KenyaandSubSaharanAfrica

Netenrolmentistheratioofchildrenofofficialschoolage, whoareenrolled inschooltothepopulationofthecorrespondingofficialschoolage.Grossenrolmentistheratiooftotalenrolment,regardlessofage,tothepopulationofthecorrespondingofficialschoolage.Grossenrolmentcanthereforebehigherthan100%,butwithtertiaryoruniversityeducation,theageofthepupilsismorediverse.

Though there are some missing data in the

educational data for Kenya and SubSaharan Africa,

therearestillnotabletrends.

Kenya has successfully implemented free and

compulsoryprimaryeducation throughage13,which

is reflected by higher net primary school enrolment

ratethan

the

rest

of

Sub

Saharan

Africa,

and

very

little

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Netprimaryschool

enrolment

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Netsecondaryschool

enrolment

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

GrosstertiarySchoolenrolment

Kenya,

Total

enrolment

Kenya,

Female

enrolment

SSA,

Total

enrolment

SSA,

Female

enrolment

Highestlevelattainedandyearsofschoolinginthepopulation(2010)32

Population25+,

Total

and

Female

HighestLevelAttained Total Female

NoSchooling 16.2% 20.5%

Primary Begun 4.5% 5.5%

Completed 50% 53.9%

Secondary Begun 25.6% 17.8%

Completed 0.6% 0.4%

Tertiary Begun 1.2% 0.7%

Completed 2% 1.2%

Averageyearoftotalschooling 6.95years 6.21years

EducationalGini

Coefficient

0.28

0.30

Primary,secondaryandtertiaryistheinternationallydefineddistinctionofeducation.InDenmarkthesecorrespondstogrundskole,gymnasium&university.TheeducationalGiniCoefficientissimilartotheGiniCoefficient,butinsteadofmeasuringthedistributionofincomeinapopulation,itmeasuresthedistributionofeducationmeasuredasyearsofschoolingamongthepopulation.33

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Total

Female

NoSchooling Primary Begun Primary Completed

Secondary

Begun Secondary

C ompleted Tertiar y

BegunTertiary Completed


16/22

16

gender difference in Kenya. The data for enrolment

rates reflect the same pattern as with years of

schooling,whereslightlymorefemalesare inprimary

schools,but fewer in highereducation.Rural families

were more reluctant to invest in educating girls than

boys,particularly

at

higher

levels.

Between

the

ages

of

12 and 14, girls generally dropped out of school at a

higher rate than boys due to the lack of sanitary

facilitiesatschoolsandageneralfamilypreferenceto

focuslimitedresourcesontheeducationofsons.1

Kenyas free primary education is constrained by

insufficient school infrastructure, overcrowding in

schools, late or nondisbursement of funds by some

development partners, regional enrolment disparities

andthedevastatingimpact,whichHIVhashadonthe

sector.34

Kenya

also

has

a

considerable

higher

enrolment

in

secondary education than the rest of SubSaharan

Africa, but few of the pupils in secondary education

are in vocational training. Almost 6 times fewer

Kenyansattheageof1524are invocationaltraining

than in SubSaharan Africa. This is a problem for the

quality of the labour force, and especially for youth

unemployment, which has become a major problem

after the 2008 financial crisis. Many developing

countries indicate lack of vocational training as a

structuralreason

for

high

youth

unemployment.

The low share of vocational training is not

counterbalanced by higher tertiary education, in fact

Kenyahasfewerstudentsenrollinginuniversitiesthan

inSubSaharanAfrica.

VocationalTraining24

Pupilsinvocationaltraining

(2009)

Kenya 15,672

Ratio ofpupilsinvocational

studenttoallpupilsin

secondaryeducation

(Average2005

2009)

Kenya 0.80 %

SubSaharan

Africa

7.16 %

Ratio ofpupilsin

vocationaltrainingoutof

1524yearolds

(Average20052009)

Kenya 0.27%

SubSaharan

Africa

1.72 %


17/22

17

SocialProtection

In20103%ofKenyasGDPwenttosocialprotection,

ofthis

43%

came

from

the

government,

38%

from

multilateral and bilateral development partners and

18% fromcontributoryprogrammes (NSSF&NHIF) in

Kenya.35

Government spending was largely directed to Civil

Service Pensions, which all government employees

with retirement age at 60 can claim. Funding from

developmentpartnerswententirelytosafetynets,the

majority of which went to relief and recovery

programmes. The relief and recovery programmes

weremainlyaresponsetothedroughtin2008.

Kenyahas

two

contributory

programmes:

the

National

SocialSecurityFund (NSSF)and theNationalHospital

Insurance Fund (NHIF). NHIF provides hospital cover

for members and their dependants, and it has 3.3

millionmembers as of 2010,with about 7.5million

dependants.NHIF is compulsory for salariedworkers

and can be joined voluntarily by informal workers,

withabout700,000informalsectormemberscovered

by NHIF. Financially, the NHIF are challenged by

former investments in real estate that has yielded

little returns, and rising payout due to increase in

informalmembersyetunchangedcontributionlevels.

NSSFprotects

members

both

from

the

formal

and

informalsectoragainstpovertyandvulnerabilityat

old age, and has 4.6 million active and inactive

members as of 2010, covering 1.1 million salaried

employees, 100,000 employers and 57,000 self

employed.MeaningNSSFhasmanynoncontributing

membersandfewmembersfromtheinformalsector.

NSSF has been criticised for giving low retirement

benefits and for 77% of funds being absorbed by

administration costs, giving both employers and

employees incentive to stay out of theNSSF.35

Both

NSSF and NHIF are undergoing reform for efficiency

andto

provide

better

cover

of

informal

workers,

and

memberships are increasing in both. It is a recent

developmentthat informalworkerscanjointheNSSF

andNHIF.

Safetynetsprogrammesareimplementedbydifferent

public,privateorNGOagenciesandtendtohavefew

beneficiaries, with a median size of 120,000

beneficiaries per programme. Safety nets cover a

maximumof27%livingbelowtheKenyanpovertyline.

Theothertypesofsafetynetsthanreliefandrecovery,

areprogrammesandprojectswithspecified targeted

beneficiaries, in the domains social cash transfer,

health,education

and

agriculture.

TheILOconvention183onmaternityleaveprotection

hasnotbeen ratified.Following theEmploymentAct

of2007,maternityleaveissetat3monthsfullypaid.36

Spendingonsocialprotectionschemes37

(2010)

Total

spending

2010KenyaShilling 75billion

2011USD $974million

%ofGDP 2.93%

percapita $20.8

perworker $69.5

Publicsocial

protection

expenditure,

incl.health

(2010)

2010KenyaShilling 32billion

2011USD $422million

%ofGDP 1.27%

percapita $9

perworker $30

ofgovernmentrevenue 14%

Sourceof

funding

and

type

of

programme

for

spending

on

social

protection

schemes

37

(100%=75billionKenyaShillings)

CivilServicePension;

36%

Safetynets

andothers;

7.6%

Safetynetsandothers;

38% NSSF;

9.2%

NHIF;

9.1%

Government;

43%

ReliefandRecovery;

30%(1.4%Gov)

Developmentpartners;

38%

Contributory

programmes;

18%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Sourceof

funding

Typeof

programme


18/22

18

GeneralEconomicPerformance

KeyFacts

(2011)

GDP24

GDP

percapita

(PPP)24

GNI24

Human

Development

Index38

Gini

Coefficient

(2005)24

33.6

billion

USD

1718

USD33.7

billion

USD

0.509 0.48

171of201

countries

143of187

countries

124of156

countries

Doing

business39

Controlof

corruption40

Government

effectiveness40

RuleofLaw40

109of183

countries

0.92 0.54 1.01

173of212

countries

136of212

countries

179of212

countries

Thoughhavinga lowgrowth in2011, theeconomy is

settoreach5%growthin2012.Kenyaseconomyhas

indeed reached steady improvements after low

growth rates in the 90s. However, Kenyas growth is

below the SubSaharan Africa average expected to

grow at 5.3% in 2012 and 5.6% in 2013. It is even

further below that of the other four countries in the

freetradeareaoftheEastAfricanCommunity,which

isoneofthebestperformingregionsintheworldwith

6%

growth

in

2012.

41

Kenyas inflation has started to decline, due to lower

internationalfoodandenergyprices.It isexpectedto

remain below 10% during the second half of 2012.

Kenyas inflation isalsoexpectedtofallbelowthatof

therestofSubSaharanAfrica.Accordingtoastudyby

the African Development Bank42

the inflation surge is

mainly due rising world oil prices, with oil prices

explaining 20% of the short run inflation, monetary

expansion14%andrisingfoodprices11%.Withlower

inflation, interest rates may fall, which will allow the

exchange rate to return to more competitive levels

andoverall

spur

economic

activity.

41

In later years, Kenya has had lower GDP per capita

measured inPurchasingPowerParitythantherestof

SubSaharan Africa, a trend which is expected to

continue.Capitalformation inKenya issteadyat20%

in 2010, but have been lacking behind other Sub

SaharaAfricancountriesinlateryears.

GDP

per

capita

(PPP),

trend

and

forecast

43

Inflation,trend

and

forecast,

3year

averages43

Grossfixedcapitalformation(%ofGDP)24

Social disparities are vast but might also reflect

differences in economic opportunities. The latest

World Bank GINI coefficient from in Kenya is from

2005. At 0.48 Kenya ranks 124 out of 156 countries,

indicating an unequal society, where the majority do

not have a share in the otherwise well performing

economy.

The doing business indicator ranks Kenya 109 out of

183 countries. A high ranking means the regulatory

environment

is

more

conducive

to

the

startup

and

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

CurrentUSD

Kenya SubSaharanAfrica(excl.SouthAfrica)

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

#REFERENCE! #REFER ENCE!

10%

15%

20%

25%

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Kenya SubSaharan

Africa


19/22

19

operation of a local firm. Kenya scores low on Paying

Taxes, Trading Across Borders, Starting a Business, but

Kenya scores high at Getting Credit and Dealing with

Construction Permits. In the governance indicators

Control of Corruption and Rule of Law, Kenya ranks

rather low, considering its relative good economic and

development performance.

Kenyas inadequate and infrastructure of a poor

quality, is a major dampening of growth and also

decreases the already low productivity of enterprises.

The government do however, devotes large shares of

its revenue to infrastructure. Most transport is by road

and it is expected to increase heavily, putting the road

network under increased pressure, with a survey of

roads in 2004 showing that only 70% of the network is

in a serviceable/maintainable condition.44

41

High cost ofsupplied energy, and the even higher cost of back-up

diesel generation impacts firms, and unreliable

electricity was estimated in 2008 to lower sales

revenues of firms by 7%, and reduce GDP growth by

1.5% annually.

Trade

Kenya plays an important role in East Africa as it is aregional centre for trade and finance. Agricultural

products are the majority of the countrys export,

despite Kenya being one of the highest developed

nations in Africa. Kenya also has a low balance of

trade, with import being more than double the export.

This is mainly due to reduction of duties and quotas

pursued by Kenya in the 90s, which increased imports

more than exports.

Kenyas main export market is EU. The exported

products are mainly products which are different from

what EU produces, making Kenyas trade to EU based

on differences in factor endowments. However, Kenya

also exports a lot to its neighbours in the East African

Community.

The complexity of Kenyas exports is medium for the

world economies, ranking 73 out of the 128 countries,

which are in the Economic Complexity Index. In Sub-

Saharan Africa Kenya ranks 3 out of 26, making it one

of the better performing countries in the region.45

The complexity of the exports indicates how

vulnerable the country is to global changes in demand,

how different the know-how is and therefore the

countrys potential for growth.

Kenya's main export markets (2010)44

Trade and Foreign Direct Investment

Exports46

(2011)

Imports46

(2011)

FDI flow24

(average 2007-11)

FDI Stock46

(2011)

5.75

billion USD

14.81

billion USD

291

million USD

2.62

billion USD

17 % of GDP 39 % of GDP 0.8 % of GDP 7.5 % of GDP

Products share of exports (2010)47

EU; 26%

Uganda; 10%

Tanzania;

10%United

States; 6%

Congo, DRC;

4%

Others; 44%

Animal products Vegetable products Foodstuff

Mineral products Chemicals, etc. Plastics / RubbersLeather & Furs Textiles FootwearWood products Stone / Glass MetalsMachinery / Electrical Transportation MiscellaneousServices
http://atlas.media.mit.edu/explore/tree_map/export/ken/all/show/2010/


20/22

20

Trade agreements

Kenya is part of the East African Community (EAC),

which also includes Burundi, Rwanda, Tanzania &

Zanzibar and Uganda. The EAC free trade agreement

from 1999 contains a labour provision with

cooperation on employment and working conditions

with an emphasis on gender equality and

discriminatory law and practices. Likewise, the labour

provision of the COMESA agreement extends to

cooperation on employment conditions and labour

law.48

In 2005 the EAC established a customs union and in2010 the EAC agreed to establish full common market

with free movement for workers, goods, services and

capital.

Kenya is also part of the 2000 Cotonou

Agreement between EU and African, Caribbean and

Pacific (ACP) countries, which reaffirms commitment

to ILOs Fundamental Conventions and includes a

labour provision on cooperation on various labour and

social issues.

Freedom of association and collective bargaining is

enshrined in the EAC common market in the sense

that an EAC migrant worker has equal rights as a

national.49

The objective of the East African trade unionmovement is to safeguard workers interests in the

EAC, ensure that ILO standards are upheld and

member states labour policies are harmonized and

the tripartite model is institutionalized, while the free

movement of labour is promoted. The trade union

movement has reached observer status in the EAC in

2009, and along with employers organizations they

participate in ministerial summits, sectoral summits,

and other summits that involve labour market issues.

The free movement of labour within the

EAC opens up questions of how to achieve equal

opportunities and equal social and labour rights for

migrant workers, for example if workers can bring

pensions with them across borders. On the other

hand, the free movement of labour is also a source ofconcern in some of the EAC countries, as the countries

workforces have differences in productivity and

educational level (with Kenya enjoying a relatively

mobile, well-educated workforce and

entrepreneurship). However, the actual

implementation of the economic integration have

slowed down the last few years especially with regards

to lifting barriers to trade and free movement of

labour. Although formal tariffs are increasing

abolished, trade is still challenged by non-tariff

barriers and corruption.

Through the EAC, Kenya can export duty and quota

free to EU since 2008, and will have to gradually

remove duties and quotas from EU exports to Kenya

on most products, except the products deemed to

need protection from EU imports. These include

agricultural products, wines and spirits, chemicals,

plastics, wood based paper, textiles and clothing - the

products which dominates Kenyas exports to EU.

Since 2001, Kenya has benefitted from the United

States African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA),

which is a Generalised System of Preferences. It allowsduty and quota free access for some products. Kenya

can be removed from AGOA, if the United States

deems that Kenya among other human rights issues

do not seek to uphold the ILO Core Labour Standards

and have acceptable minimum wages, hours of work

and occupational safety and health.

Export Processing Zones (EPZ)

Kenya has 41 Export Processing Zones, with around

30,000 employees contributing with 7% of national

exports,50

mainly within the sectors of

apparel/garments manufacturing, pharmaceuticalsand processing of tea.

51

Labour standards are often worse in EPZs, even

though all Kenyan labour laws except the Factories Act

apply in EPZs. The Factories Act deals with the health,

safety and welfare of an employee, who works in a

factory. Notable examples are that many exemptions

to the labour law are made, for example with a law

that prevents women from working in industrial

activities at night. A number of garment producers in

the EPZs refused to recognize the Tailors and Textiles

Workers Union. Workers in EPZ are especially fired forunion activities. Violations of health and safety are

also routinely found in the EPZs.

54% of EPZ exports go to the

United States under the AGOA.

1


21/22

21

References

1U.S. Department of State, Annual Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, 2011

2ILO, Key Indicators of the Labour Market Database

3LO/FTF Council

4http://www.africaefuture.org/cowu/html/1495.html

5http://www.nnak.or.ke/our_operations.php

6http://www.fke-kenya.org

7ILO, DIALOGUE, National Labour Law Profile: Kenya, June 2011

8

DANIDA, Business Development Profile, Kenya, November 20119ILO, NATLEX, Kenya, The Constitution of the Republic of Kenya

10ILO, NATLEX, Kenya, The Employment Act (No. 11 of 2007)

11ILO, NATLEX, Kenya, The Labour Institutions Act (No. 12 of 2007)

12ILO, NATLEX, Kenya, The Labour Relations Act (No. 14 of 2007)

13ILO, NATLEX, Kenya, Occupational Safety and Health Act (No. 15 of 2007)

14ILO, NATLEX, Country Profile Kenya, Basic Laws

15ILO, NORMLEX

16ITUC, Annual Survey of violations of Trade Union Rights, 2012

17Tijdens & Wambugu, WageIndicator survey 2012, Wages in Kenya

18ILO, Decent Work Country Programme (2007-2011)

19ILO, Global Wage Report 2012/13

20

IFC, World Bank, Doing Business 2013, 10th

ed.21African Development Bank, The Middle of the Pyramid: Dynamics of the Middle Class in Africa, April 2010

22AfDB, OECD, UNDP, UNECA, African Economic Outlook 2012, Country Note Kenya

23Kucera D. & Roncolato L. (2008), Informal Employment: Two contested policy issues, International Labour Review,

Vol. 147 (2008). No. 424

World Bank, World dataBank25

International Organization for Migration, Kenya Mobility of Health Professionals, 201226

ILO, IPEC, An Inventory of ILO-IPECs Contribution to the fight against child labour in Kenya, 200927

UNICEF, Childinfo, Statistics by Area, Child Protection28

Kenya National Budget Survey, Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey, 2005/0629

ILO, Accelerating action against child labour, International Labour Conference, 99th

Session 201030

ILO, GPE Policy Brief, Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda, Gender and Employment Dimension of Poverty, 200431

EATUC, Gender Stategy , 201132Barro, Robert and Jong-Wha Lee, April 2010, "A New Data Set of Educational Attainment in the World, 1950-

2010." NBER Working Paper No. 1590233

Calculation from based onThomas, Wang & Fan (2001), with data sets from Barro-Lee (2010)andPsacharopoulos

and Arriagada (1986).34

European Commission, DG DEVCO, Kenya Country Strategy Paper, 2008-201335

Republic of Kenya, Ministry of State for Planning, Kenya Social Protection Sector Review, June 2012 36

ILO, TRAVAIL, legal database, 201137

Republic of Kenya, Ministry of State for Planning, Kenya Social Protection Sector Review, June 2012 &World Bank

World dataBank&ILO, Key Indicators of the Labour Market Database38

Human Development Report, Global Report, Statistical Annex, 201139

World Bank, Ease of Doing Business Index40

World Bank, Worldwide Governance Indicators41World Bank, Kenya Economic Update, June 2012, Edition No. 6
http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/http://www.ilo.org/empelm/what/WCMS_114240/lang--en/index.htmhttp://www.ilo.org/empelm/what/WCMS_114240/lang--en/index.htmhttp://www.ilo.org/empelm/what/WCMS_114240/lang--en/index.htmhttp://www.africaefuture.org/cowu/html/1495.htmlhttp://www.africaefuture.org/cowu/html/1495.htmlhttp://www.africaefuture.org/cowu/html/1495.htmlhttp://www.nnak.or.ke/our_operations.phphttp://www.nnak.or.ke/our_operations.phphttp://www.nnak.or.ke/our_operations.phphttp://www.fke-kenya.org/http://www.fke-kenya.org/http://www.fke-kenya.org/http://www.ilo.org/ifpdial/information-resources/national-labour-law-profiles/lang--en/index.htmhttp://www.ilo.org/ifpdial/information-resources/national-labour-law-profiles/lang--en/index.htmhttp://www.ilo.org/ifpdial/information-resources/national-labour-law-profiles/lang--en/index.htmhttp://kenya.um.dk/en/~/media/Kenya/Documents/KENYA%20BUSINESS%20DEVELOPMENT%20PROFILE%202011-12.ashxhttp://kenya.um.dk/en/~/media/Kenya/Documents/KENYA%20BUSINESS%20DEVELOPMENT%20PROFILE%202011-12.ashxhttp://kenya.um.dk/en/~/media/Kenya/Documents/KENYA%20BUSINESS%20DEVELOPMENT%20PROFILE%202011-12.ashxhttp://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/84786/94923/F2060046601/KEN84786.pdfhttp://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/84786/94923/F2060046601/KEN84786.pdfhttp://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/84786/94923/F2060046601/KEN84786.pdfhttp://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/SERIAL/77502/82172/F449952129/The%20Employment%20Act,%202007.pdfhttp://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/SERIAL/77502/82172/F449952129/The%20Employment%20Act,%202007.pdfhttp://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/SERIAL/77502/82172/F449952129/The%20Employment%20Act,%202007.pdfhttp://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/SERIAL/78260/83526/F359477310/KEN78260.pdfhttp://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/SERIAL/78260/83526/F359477310/KEN78260.pdfhttp://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/SERIAL/78260/83526/F359477310/KEN78260.pdfhttp://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/SERIAL/78265/83535/F2129763033/KEN78265.pdfhttp://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/SERIAL/78265/83535/F2129763033/KEN78265.pdfhttp://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/SERIAL/78265/83535/F2129763033/KEN78265.pdfhttp://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/SERIAL/78264/83534/F789589155/KEN78264.pdfhttp://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/SERIAL/78264/83534/F789589155/KEN78264.pdfhttp://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/SERIAL/78264/83534/F789589155/KEN78264.pdfhttp://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/country_profiles.nationalLaw?p_lang=en&p_country=KENhttp://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/country_profiles.nationalLaw?p_lang=en&p_country=KENhttp://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/country_profiles.nationalLaw?p_lang=en&p_country=KENhttp://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/http://survey.ituc-csi.org/?lang=enhttp://survey.ituc-csi.org/?lang=enhttp://survey.ituc-csi.org/?lang=enhttp://www.wageindicator.org/main/publications/2012http://www.wageindicator.org/main/publications/2012http://www.wageindicator.org/main/publications/2012http://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/program/dwcp/countries/index.htmhttp://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/program/dwcp/countries/index.htmhttp://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/program/dwcp/countries/index.htmhttp://www.ilo.org/global/research/global-reports/global-wage-report/2012/WCMS_194843/lang--en/index.htmhttp://www.ilo.org/global/research/global-reports/global-wage-report/2012/WCMS_194843/lang--en/index.htmhttp://www.ilo.org/global/research/global-reports/global-wage-report/2012/WCMS_194843/lang--en/index.htmhttp://www.doingbusiness.org/reports/global-reports/doing-business-2013http://www.doingbusiness.org/reports/global-reports/doing-business-2013http://www.doingbusiness.org/reports/global-reports/doing-business-2013http://www.doingbusiness.org/reports/global-reports/doing-business-2013http://www.doingbusiness.org/reports/global-reports/doing-business-2013http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/The%20Middle%20of%20the%20Pyramid_The%20Middle%20of%20the%20Pyramid.pdfhttp://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/The%20Middle%20of%20the%20Pyramid_The%20Middle%20of%20the%20Pyramid.pdfhttp://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/The%20Middle%20of%20the%20Pyramid_The%20Middle%20of%20the%20Pyramid.pdfhttp://www.afdb.org/en/countries/east-africa/kenya/http://www.afdb.org/en/countries/east-africa/kenya/http://www.afdb.org/en/countries/east-africa/kenya/http://databank.worldbank.org/http://databank.worldbank.org/http://databank.worldbank.org/http://www.mohprof.eu/LIVE/DATA/National_reports/national_report_Kenya.pdfhttp://www.mohprof.eu/LIVE/DATA/National_reports/national_report_Kenya.pdfhttp://www.mohprof.eu/LIVE/DATA/National_reports/national_report_Kenya.pdfhttp://www.ilo.org/ipecinfo/product/viewProduct.do;jsessionid=8805f9b22901ca3a92acf04b91f46762a52fa5beece3206040d86e0e0dac6b50.e3aTbhuLbNmSe3qOa40?productId=16055http://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42AfDB, February 2012, Inflation Dynamics in selected East African countries: Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda

43IMF, World Economic Outlook Databases

44European Commission, DG DEVCO, Kenya Country Strategy Paper, 2008-2013

45MIT, The Observatory of Economic complexity, Economic Complexity Rankings

46CIA, World Fact Book, 201147

MIT, The Observatory of Economic complexity, What does Kenya Export? 48

Ebert & Posthuma, ILO, IILS, 2010, Labour provisions in trade agreements: current trends and provisions49

EAC, Annex on the Free Movement of Workers, November 200950

Kenya, Export Processing Zones Authority, Annual Performance Report, 200951

ILO database on export processing zones (Revised), 2007
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