Labor+2+finals+reviewer

8/21/2019 Labor+2+finals+reviewer

1/102

Labor Law IIbroken up into little sandwiches

2ndsemester, AY 2006-2007Prof. D. Disini

This reviewer was made with much love, care, and sleep deprivation by the LABOR team of UP Law 2!B"Headingsfor some cases as well as #brac$eted te%t& were merely invented for your studyin' convenience"

(ases which )ir * sin'led out for discussion in his +nte'ration classes are indicated with a star -"All such inventions are without pre.udice and merely supplementary to the blac$/letter te%t of the law and .urisprudence"

)hould you, dear bloc$mate, find any mista$es or oversi'hts in this te%t, please considerthat the hardwor$in' and mildly obsessive/compulsive LABOR team probably replicated those very same mista$es and

oversi'htsin their own e%ams much to their own dama'e and pre.udice, and for'ive them"

)uch contin'encies notwithstandin'""" BON APPETIT!

I. Labor Relations Law Private Sector

Part One Introductory Materials

1.2 Definitions

1.2.1Employer and Employee Signifiane of !"eans# and !$nl%des#

A broad meaning. $n defining t&e term 'employer' t&e At %ses t&e (ord 'inl%des', (&i& it also %sed indefining 'employee' and 'representati)e'* and not t&e (ord 'means' (&i& t&e At %ses in defining +many of t&eot&er terms. &is met&odial )ariation in terminology is manifest and annot e pres%med to &a)e een t&einonse/%ential prod%t of an o)ersig&t* rat&er, it m%st &a)e een t&e res%lt of a delierate and p%rposef%l at.ongress did not intend to gi)e a omplete definition of 'employer', %t rat&er t&at s%& definition s&o%ld e

omplementary to (&at is ommonly %nderstood as employer. ongress intended t&e term to e %nderstood in aroad meaning ea%se, firstly, t&e stat%tory definition inl%des not only 'a prinipal employer %t also a personating in t&e interest of t&e employer'* and seondly, t&e At itself speifially en%merates t&ose (&o are notinl%ded in t&e term 'employer', namely 13 a laor organi4ation ot&er(ise t&an (&en ating as an employer3, 23anyone ating in t&e apaity of offier or agent of s%& laor organi4ation, and 53 t&e o)ernment and anypolitial s%di)ision or instr%mentality t&ereof insofar as t&e rig&t to strie for t&e p%rpose of se%ring &anges ormodifiations in t&e terms and onditions of employment is onerned. Among t&ese stat%tory e8emptions,ed%ational instit%tions are not inl%ded* &ene, t&ey an e inl%ded in t&e term 'employer'. FEATI Universityv a!tista, 19663

Part T"ree abor Organiation

5.6 :nion-"emer ;elations

5.6.2$ss%es

5.6.2.D D%e Proess ;%les

#oodbye d!e $rocess% "ello damages.


2/102

Assistant@s appellate ?%risdition. Ge (as rig&t in adopting a &ands-off attit%de in &is first resol%tion. Paci)ican*ing v +lave, 19H3

5.7 :nion Affiliation >oal and Parent :nion ;elations

5.7.2S%per)isor-;an-and-=ile :nion Affiliation

;%le Affiliation

A))iliation o*ay. +A s%per)isorCs %nion may affiliate (it& a federation (it& (&i& %nions of ran and-fileemployees of t&e same employer are also affiliated. &e inl%sion of ==I in t&e registration of t&e loal%nions is merely to stress t&at t&ey are its affiliates at t&e time of registration. $t does not mean t&at saidloal %nions annot stand on t&eir o(n. Jeit&er an it e onstr%ed t&at t&eir personalities are so merged

(it& t&e mot&er federation t&at for one differene or anot&er t&ey annot p%rs%e t&eir o(n (ays,independently of t&e federation. >oals are separate and distint %nits primarily designed to se%re andmaintain t&e e/%ality of argaining po(er et(een t&e employer and t&eir employee-memer in t&eeonomi str%ggle for t&e fr%its of t&e ?oint prod%ti)e effort of laor and apital. >oals remain t&e asi%nits of assoiation* free to ser)e t&eir o(n and t&e ommon-interest of all.

AKAS%p and t&e AKA Salesmen Ass@n ==I3 &a)e t&eir o(n respeti)e . &ey are separately andindependently registered of ea& ot&er. aor ;elations s&o%ld adiate, delegate, and relin/%is& &is aritrational prerogati)es

>A


3/102

in fa)or of a pri)ate person or entity or to a federation of trade %nions. S%& s%rrender of offiialf%ntions is an anomalo%s, deplorale and ens%rale ren%niation of t&e Diretor@s ad?%diatory

?%risdition in representation ases.

Artile 226 pro)ides in peremptory terms t&at t&e ; and t&e laor relations di)isions in t&e regionaloffies of t&e "inistry of >aor !s&all &a)e original and e8l%si)e a%t&ority to at, at t&eir o(n initiati)eor %pon re/%est of eit&er or ot& parties, on all inter-%nion and intra-%nion onflits, and all disp%tes,grie)anes or prolems arising from or affeting laor management relations in all (orplaes (&et&eragri%lt%ral or nonagri%lt%ral, e8ept t&ose arising from t&e implementation or interpretation ofolleti)e argaining agreements (&i& s&all e t&e s%?et of grie)ane proed%re andor )ol%ntaryaritration.#

&ere is anot&er aspet of t&is ase (&i& s&o%ld e %ndersored. And t&at is t&at t&e >aor ode ne)er

intended t&at t&e original reord of a laor ase, an offiial p%li reord, s&o%ld e remo)ed from t&elegitimate %stodian t&ereof and entr%sted to a pri)ate person or entity. &e Diretor of >aor ;elationsin impr%dently and illegally deli)ering to t&e :P t&e reord of t&e ertifiation eletion ase instead ofa transript t&ereof3 plaed &imself in t&e pitiale, lamentale and ridi%lo%s sit%ation of &a)ing to egt&e :P for t&e ret%rn of t&e reord and t&en to as for a o%rt order to ompel its ret%rn sine t&e :P&as a)alierly not &eeded its re/%est. Ilaw at !*lod ng 'anggagawa v 4irector o) LR, 19793

+erti)ication election still t"e best way o) ascertaining ma(ority stat!s. A letter from t&epresident of respondent %nion re)eals t&e present state of affairs of t&e employees (&erein t&ey aredepri)ed of t&e enefits of a olleti)e argaining agreement, for management ref%sed to argain (it&t&e %nion. $f t&is sit%ation ontin%es, t&e employees (o%ld stand to lose and (it& t&e present set-%p, aertifiation eletion is (arranted. ime and again, Ie &a)e r%led in a long-line of ases t&at t&e(orersC (elfare an e promoted t&ro%g& t&e argaining proess. ertifiation eletion is t&e fairestand most effeti)e (ay of determining (&i& laor organi4ation an tr%ly represent t&e (oring fore.$t is a f%ndamental post%late t&at t&e (ill of t&e ma?ority if gi)en e8pression in an &onest eletion (it&freedom on t&e part of t&e )oters to mae t&eir &oie, is ontrolling. Protetion to laor and freedom

of peaef%l assemly and assoiation are g%aranteed y t&e onstit%tion. PLU' Federation v5oriel, 19H23

(b) Posting +of Jotie Iai)er

Esto$$el a$$lies. &ere is no merit in t&e petitionerCs ontention t&at t&e non-posting of t&e notie of t&eertifiation eletion as presried y Setion 1, ;%le Q$, ist and Qoters

Qoting >ist

o!nd by earlier agreement. &e laor %nions agreed, not only to t&e &olding of t&e eletion, %t,also, to t&e %se of t&e ompany payroll as t&e asis for determining (&o are /%alified to )ote s%?etto t&e appro)al of t&e lo(er o%rt. ompany presented its payroll to said o%rt and stated t&at t&elaor %nions &ad een f%rnis&ed opy at least 5 days efore. Said laor %nions (ere gi)en anopport%nity to mae t&eir omments and oser)ations on t&e list of (orers ontained in t&e payrolland to as or s%ggest t&e inl%sion or e8l%sion of names t&erein or t&erefrom. PetitionerCsrepresentati)e t&en stated t&at it (o%ld aide y (&ate)er r%ling t&e o%rt may mae on t&e matter ofinl%sion and e8l%sion of )oters. &e o%rt iss%ed t&e order for t&e &olding of t&e eletion and itsr%ling on t&e /%estion as to (&o (ere /%alified to )ote, and petitioner did not mo)e for areonsideration alt&o%g& 2 ot&er >aor :nions and t&at ompany did so, and t&eir motions forreonsideration (ere denied. Gene, petitioner may no longer ontest t&e a%ray of t&eaforementioned )oters list. Aco(e 7or*ers Union v 5A'A7U, 19653

Em$loyer "as no standing to 8!estion t"e e-cl!sion o) $robationary and s!bstit!te

em$loyees )rom t"e 8!ali)ied voters list. :nless it filed a petition for a ertifiation eletionp%rs%ant to Artile 2NH, t&e employer &as no standing to /%estion t&e eletion, (&i& is t&e soleonern of t&e (orers. $t did not and (ill not s%stain diret in?%ry as a res%lt of t&e non-inl%sion ofsome of its employees. Bnly t&e employees t&emsel)es, eing t&e real parties-in-interest, may/%estion t&eir remo)al from t&e )oters@ list. 5otre 4ame o) #reater 'anila v Lag!esma, 2003

Eligible voters 9 em$loyees in t"e bargaining !nit so!g"t to be re$resented. &e memersof Sama&ang "anggaga(a are employees in t&e andang Sora amp%s. :nder its onstit%tion and y-la(s, Sama&ang "anggaga(a sees to represent t&e motor pool, onstr%tion and transportationemployees of t&e andang Sora amp%s. &%s, t&e omp%tation of t&e /%or%m s&o%ld e ased on t&eran and file motor pool, onstr%tion and transportation employees of t&e andang Sora amp%s andnot on all t&e employees in St. Rames@ fi)e amp%ses. &e motor pool, onstr%tion and transportationemployees of t&e andang Sora amp%s &ad 19 /%alified )oters at t&e time of t&e ertifiationeletion. Gene, t&e 19 /%alified )oters s&o%ld e %sed to determine t&e e8istene of a /%or%m.

>A


4/102

Sine a ma?ority or H o%t of t&e 19 /%alified )oters ast t&eir )otes, a /%or%m e8isted in t&eertifiation eletion.

&e list s%mitted y t&e s&ool onsisted of its administrati)e, tea&ing and offie personnel. &eseadministrati)e, tea&ing and offie personnel (ere not memers of Sama&ang "anggaga(a. &ey didnot elong to t&e argaining %nit t&at Sama&ang "anggaga(a sees to represent. Gene, t&e lists%mitted y St. Rames may not e %sed as asis to determine t&e memers of Sama&ang "anggaga(a.St. 6ames Sc"ool v Sama"ang 'anggagawa, 200N3

Qoters All Employees

As long as t"ey:re in t"e rig"t bargaining !nit. &e o?eti)es of t&e $nd%strial Peae At (o%ld

e sooner attained if at t&e earliest opport%nity t&e employees, all of t&em, in an appropriateargaining %nit e pooled to determine (&i& laor organi4ation s&o%ld e its e8l%si)e representati)e.$n a ertifiation eletion all ran-and-file employees in t&e appropriate argaining %nit are entitled to)ote. olleti)e argaining o)ers all aspets of t&e employment relation and t&e res%ltant


5/102

Em$loyee wit" a $resent% !nabandoned rig"t to or e-$ectation o) reem$loyment can vote.; ransport@s ontention t&at t&e employment stat%s of t&e striing memers of >BP m%st eresol)ed first efore ertifiation eletion an e ond%ted is (rong. 'Employees (&o &a)e eenimproperly laid off %t (&o &a)e a present, %naandoned rig&t to or e8petation of reemployment, areeligile to )ote in ertifiation eletions. &%s, and to repeat, if t&e dismissal is %nder /%estion, as int&e ase no( at ar (&erey a ase of il legal dismissal andor %nfair laor pratie (as filed, t&eemployees o%ld still /%alify to )ote in t&e eletions.' &erefore, t&e employees of petitioner (&opartiipated in t&e strie legally remain as s%&, %ntil eit&er t&e motion to delare t&eir employmentstat%s legally terminated or t&eir omplaint for illegal dismissal is resol)ed y t&e J>;. R Trans$ortv Lag!esma, 19953

Effet +of Jon-Partiipation +in Pre)io%s Eletion

5o e))ect. &e ontention t&at petitioners s&o%ld e denied t&e rig&t to )ote ea%se t&ey 'did notpartiipate in pre)io%s ertifiation eletions in t&e ompany for t&e reason t&at t&eir religio%s eliefs donot allo( t&em to form, ?oin or assist laor organi4ations,' is %naeptale. Jo la(, administrati)e r%le orpreedent presries forfeit%re of t&e rig&t to )ote y reason of neglet to e8erise t&e rig&t in pastertifiation eletions. Reyes v Tra(ano, 19923

Qoting Day

Election "eld on a valid voting day des$ite stri*e. Setion 2, ;%le Q$, aor e)enattested t&at t&e eletion (as peaef%l and orderly and none of t&e parties registered any protest on anymatter onerning t&e eletion proeedings. &ere is t&%s, no )alid reason to ann%l t&e ertifiation

eletion. Asian 4esign , ')g. v +alle(a, 19H93

d3 Qalidity

'a(ority vote< basis )or determining total n!mber o) eligible voters. &e E s&o%ld not edelared n%ll and )oid.

13 E)en t&o%g& only 62 o%t of an alleged 150 employees partiipated in t&e E, (&at Art. 2N6 > re/%iresfor a )alid eletion is t&e partiipation of at least a ma?ority of all eligile )oters in t&e argaining %nit. 62o%t of 9H eligile )oters in t&e SSS list of employees ast t&eir )otes )alidity.

23 $t s&o%ld ideally e t&e payroll (&i& s&o%ld &a)e een %sed for t&e p%rpose of t&e eletion, as asis fodetermining t&e total n%mer of eligile )oters in t&e argaining %nit. Sama&an laims t&at, aording tot&e $mplementing ;%les, t&e asis for t&e list of eligile )oters s&o%ld &a)e een t&e payroll 5 mont&spreeding t&e filing of t&e petition for ertifiation eletion and t&at if t&is (as done t&e 62 )otes ast(o%ld e s&ort of t&e re/%ired ma?ority. Go(e)er, t&e %n?%stified ref%sal of a ompany to s%mit t&e payrolin its %stody, despite efforts to mae it prod%e it, ompelled resort to t&e SSS list as t&e ne8t est so%re

of information. After all, t&e SSS list is a p%li reord (&ose reg%larity is pres%med.

Jo ostale m%st e plaed to t&e &olding of ertifiation eletions, for it is a stat%tory poliy t&at s&o%ldnot e ir%m)ented. (&ene)er t&ere is do%t as to (&et&er a parti%lar %nion represents t&e ma?ority oft&e ran and file employees, in t&e asene of a legal impediment, t&e &olding of a ertifiation eletion ist&e most demorati met&od of determining t&e employeesC &oie of t&eir argaining representati)e. $t ist&e appropriate means (&erey ontro)ersies and disp%tes on representation may e laid to rest, y t&e%ne/%i)oal )ote of t&e employees t&emsel)es. $ndeed, it is t&e eystone of ind%strial demoray.

$nsistene on t&e appliation of t&e Bmni%s $mplementing ;%les o%ld defeat t&is poliy. Iorse, it o%ldfailitate fra%d y employers (&o an easily s%ppress t&e payroll to pre)ent ertifiation eletions fromeing &eld. I&ere it onerns t&e (eig&t to e aorded to t&e (is&es of t&e ma?ority as e8pressed in aneletion ond%ted fairly and &onestly, ertain pro)isions t&at may e onsidered mandatory efore t&e)oting taes plae eome t&ereafter merely diretory in order t&at t&e (is&es of t&e eletorate pre)ail.Sama"an ng 'anggagawa sa Paci)ic Plastic v Lag!esma, 19973

e3 ProtestPeriod

Pro$er time to ma*e ob(ections to elections. :nder t&e $mplementing ;%les, protests againsteletions s&o%ld e formali4ed efore t&e "ed-Ariter (it&in N days from t&e lose of t&e eletionproeedings and m%st e deided y t&e latter (it&in 20 (oring days. $n t&is ase, t&e protestagainst t&e eletion (as presented to t&e med-ariter only after t&e lapse of almost 2 years after it(as &eld, And in t&at inter)al, no informal protest, oral or (ritten, (as e)er presented against t&eeletion. $ndeed, t&ere (as tait aeptane of t&e reg%larity of t&e eletions and t&e res%lts t&ereof,for d%ring t&at period, ertain signifiant e)ents too plae (it&o%t dem%r or o?etion of any sort ont&e part of pri)ate respondents and t&e rest of t&e memers of t&e Tapisanan. Timb!ngco v+astro, 19903

0=day $eriod )or $rotest not to be strictly a$$lied. :nder Setion 15 of t&e ;%les $mplementing, t&e eletion offier@s a%t&ority to ertify t&e res%lts of t&e eletion is limited to

>A


6/102

sit%ations in (&i& t&ere &as een no protest filed* or if t&ere &as een any, it &as not een perfetedor formali4ed (it&in fi)e days from t&e lose of t&e eletion proeedings.

=%rt&er, Setion 1 of t&e same ;%les pro)ides t&at (&en a protest &as een perfeted, only t&e med-ariter an prolaim and ertify t&e (inner. learly, t&is r%le is ased on t&e eletion offier@s f%ntion,(&i& is merely to ond%t and s%per)ise ertifiation eletions. $t is t&e med-ariter (&o is a%t&ori4ed to&ear and deide representation ases. onse/%ently, t&e deision (&et&er to ertify t&e res%lts of aneletion or to set t&em aside d%e to inidents o%rring d%ring t&e ampaign is (it&in t&e med-ariter@sdisretion.

I&en t&e med-ariter admitted and ga)e d%e o%rse to respondent@s Petition for n%llifiation of t&eeletion proeedings, t&e eletion offier s&o%ld &a)e deferred iss%ing t&e ertifiation of t&e res%ltst&ereof. Setion 15 of t&e $mplementing ;%les annot stritly e applied to t&e present ase.

Ie are not easily pers%aded y t&e arg%ment of petitioner t&at t&e employees &ad s%ffiient timeet(een t&e misrepresentation and t&e eletion to &e t&e tr%t& of its laims. &ey o%ld &ardly ee8peted to )erify t&e a%ray of any statement regarding petitioner, made to t&em y its offiers. Joless t&an its president stated t&at it (as an independent %nion. At t&e time, t&e employees &ad noreason to do%t &im. 4>L P"ils. United Ran* , File Ass:n v !*lod ng 'anggagawa ng 4>LP"ils., 2003

f3 Appeal

T"e $eriods )or a$$eal. Setions 5 and , ;%le Q$,


7/102

informed of petitions of s%& nat%re, t&ey s&o%ld not, &o(e)er, e onsidered parties t&ereto (it& aninalienale rig&t to oppose it. S'+ @!arry 7or*ers Union v Titan 'egabags Ind:l, 2003

g3 Ann%lment

Allegations ro%nds

+om$any domination 9 ULP 9 $re(!dicial 8!estion. &e instit%tion of olleti)e argaining is aprime manifestation of ind%strial demoray at (or. &e t(o parties to t&e relations&ip, laor andmanagement, mae t&eir o(n r%les y oming to terms. &at is to go)ern t&emsel)es in matters t&atreally o%nt. As laor, &o(e)er, is omposed of a n%mer of indi)id%als, it is indispensale t&at t&ey erepresented y a laor organi4ation of t&eir &oie. &%s may e diserned &o( r%ial is a ertifiation

eletion.A omplaint for %nfair laor pratie may e onsidered a pre?%diial /%estion in a proeeding forertifiation eletion (&en it is &arged t&erein t&at one or more laor %nions partiipating in t&e eletionare eing aided, or are ontrolled, y t&e ompany or employer. &e reason is t&at t&e ertifiationeletion may lead to t&e seletion of an employer-dominated or ompany %nion as t&e employeesCargaining representati)e, and (&en t&e o%rt finds t&at said %nion is employer-dominated in t&e %nfairlaor pratie ase, t&e %nion seleted (o%ld e deertified and t&e (&ole eletion proeedings (o%ld erendered %seless and n%gatory.

L P"ils. United Ran* , File Ass:n v !*lod ng 'anggagawa ng 4>LP"ils., 2003

$rreg%larities

>A


8/102

Irreg!larities in cond!ct o) certi)ication election render it invalid. Ie &old t&at t&eertifiation eletion is in)alid ea%se of ertain irreg%larities s%& as t&at 13 t&e (orers on t&e nig&ts&ift 10pm 6am3 and some of t&ose in t&e afternoon s&ift (ere not ale to )ote, so m%& so t&at o%tof 1,010 )oters only 692 )oted and ao%t 51H failed to )ote* 23 t&e serey of t&e allot (as notsafeg%arded* 53 t&e eletion s%per)isors (ere remiss in t&eir d%ties and (ere apparently 'intimidated'y a %nion representati)e and 3 t&e partiipating %nions (ere o)er4ealo%s in (ooing t&e employeesto )ote in t&eir fa)or y resorting to s%& tatis as gi)ing free triyle rides and -s&irts.

&e p%rpose of a ertifiation eletion is to gi)e t&e employees 'tr%e representation in t&eir olleti)eargaining (it& an employer'. &at p%rpose (as not a&ie)ed in t&e r%n-off eletion ea%se manyemployees or %nion memers (ere not ale to )ote and t&e employer, t&ro%g& apat&y or delierateintent, did not render assistane in t&e &olding of t&e eletion. +on)ederation o) +iti;ens: Labor

Unions v 5oriel, 19H23Irreg!larities did not a))ect t"e election. $t does not appear t&at t&e dispensing (it& ertainte&nial re/%irements or formalities i.e. no B"E>E and no tally s&eet3in t&e eletion &ad res%ltedin t&e depri)ation of any s%stantial rig&t or prerogati)e of anyone, or a%sed t&e perpetration of afra%d or ot&er serio%s anomaly, or prel%ded t&at e8pression and asertainment of t&e pop%lar (ill int&e &oie of offiers. Timb!ngco v +astro, 19903

6.N ertifiation of Designated "a?ority :nion

Art. /00. 3%clusive bar'ainin' representation and wor$ers4 participation in policy and decision/ma$in'"&elaor organi4ation designated or seleted y t&e ma?ority of t&e employees in an appropriate olleti)eargaining %nit s&all e t&e e8l%si)e representati)e of t&e employees in s%& %nit for t&e p%rpose ofolleti)e argaining. Go(e)er, an indi)id%al employee or gro%p of employees s&all &a)e t&e rig&t at anytime to present grie)anes to t&eir employer.

Any pro)ision of la( to t&e ontrary not(it&standing, (orers s&all &a)e t&e rig&t, s%?et to s%& r%les andreg%lations as t&e Seretary of >aor and Employment may prom%lgate, to partiipate in poliy and deision-maing proesses of t&e estalis&ment (&ere t&ey are employed insofar as said proesses (ill diretly affett&eir rig&ts, enefits and (elfare. =or t&is p%rpose, (orers and employers may form laor-managemento%nils Pro)ided, &at t&e representati)es of t&e (orers in s%& laor-management o%nils s&all eeleted y at least t&e ma?ority of all employees in said estalis&ment. As amended y Setion 22, ;ep%li At Jo. 671N, "ar& 21,19H93

Art. /01. Representation issue in or'ani0ed establishments"$n organi4ed estalis&ments, (&en a )erifiedpetition /%estioning t&e ma?ority stat%s of t&e in%ment argaining agent is filed efore t&e Department of>aor and Employment (it&in t&e si8ty-day period efore t&e e8piration of t&e olleti)e argainingagreement, t&e "ed-Ariter s&all a%tomatially order an eletion y seret allot (&en t&e )erified petition iss%pported y t&e (ritten onsent of at least t(enty-fi)e perent 2NO3 of all t&e employees in t&e argaining%nit to asertain t&e (ill of t&e employees in t&e appropriate argaining %nit. o &a)e a )alid eletion, atleast a ma?ority of all eligile )oters in t&e %nit m%st &a)e ast t&eir )otes. &e laor %nion reei)ing t&ema?ority of t&e )alid )otes ast s&all e ertified as t&e e8l%si)e argaining agent of all t&e (orers in t&e%nit. I&en an eletion (&i& pro)ides for t&ree or more &oies res%lts in no &oie reei)ing a ma?ority oft&e )alid )otes ast, a r%n-off eletion s&all e ond%ted et(een t&e laor %nions reei)ing t&e t(o &ig&estn%mer of )otes Pro)ided, t&at t&e total n%mer of )otes for all ontending %nions is at least fifty perentN0O3 of t&e n%mer of )otes ast.

At t&e e8piration of t&e freedom period, t&e employer s&all ontin%e to reogni4e t&e ma?ority stat%s of t&ein%ment argaining agent (&ere no petition for ertifiation eletion is filed. As amended y Setion 25, ;ep%li At Jo. 671N,"ar& 21, 19H93

ILO +onvention 5o. B01or$er5s Representatives (onvention concernin' Protection and 6acilities to be Afforded to 1or$ers5Representatives in the Underta$in'

Article *IorersC representati)es in t&e %ndertaing s&all en?oy effeti)e protetion against any at pre?%diial to t&em,inl%ding dismissal, ased on t&eir stat%s or ati)ities as a (orersC representati)e or on %nion memers&ip orpartiipation in %nion ati)ities, in so far as t&ey at in onformity (it& e8isting la(s or olleti)e agreementsor ot&er ?ointly agreed arrangements.

Article "1. S%& failities in t&e %ndertaing s&all e afforded to (orersC representati)es as may e appropriate inorder to enale t&em to arry o%t t&eir f%ntions promptly and effiiently.

2. $n t&is onnetion ao%nt s&all e taen of t&e &arateristis of t&e ind%strial relations system of t&eo%ntry and t&e needs si4e and apailities of t&e %ndertaing onerned.

5. &e granting of s%& failities s&all not impair t&e effiient operation of t&e %ndertaing onerned.

Article +=or t&e p%rpose of t&is on)ention t&e term (orersC representati)es means persons (&o are reognised ass%& %nder national la( or pratie, (&et&er t&ey are--

a3 trade %nion representati)es, namely, representati)es designated or eleted y trade %nions or y memersof s%& %nions* or

>A


9/102

3 eleted representati)es, namely, representati)es (&o are freely eleted y t&e (orers of t&e %ndertaingin aordane (it& pro)isions of national la(s or reg%lations or of olleti)e agreements and (&ose f%ntionsdo not inl%de ati)ities (&i& are reognised as t&e e8l%si)e prerogati)e of trade %nions in t&e o%ntryonerned.

Article ,Jational la(s or reg%lations, olleti)e agreements, aritration a(ards or o%rt deisions may determine t&etype or types of (orersC representati)es (&i& s&all e entitled to t&e protetion and failities pro)ided for int&is on)ention.

Article -I&ere t&ere e8ist in t&e same %ndertaing ot& trade %nion representati)es and eleted representati)es,

appropriate meas%res s&all e taen, (&ere)er neessary, to ens%re t&at t&e e8istene of eletedrepresentati)es is not %sed to %ndermine t&e position of t&e trade %nions onerned or t&eir representati)esand to eno%rage o-operation on all rele)ant matters et(een t&e eleted representati)es and t&e trade%nions onerned and t&eir representati)es.

Article .Effet may e gi)en to t&is on)ention t&ro%g& national la(s or reg%lations or olleti)e agreements, or in anyot&er manner onsistent (it& national pratie.

"a?ority :nion

T"e !nion re$resents all t"e R,F em$loyees% not (!st its members% even w"en )iling cases.&e :nion (as already ertified in fat more t&an a year after (inning t&e onsent eletion3 as t&ee8l%si)e argaining agent of all t&e ran and file employees of respondent ompany. &e effet of s%& aertifiation ro%g&t ao%t t&e legal mandate t&at &enefort&, t&e :nion (o%ld e t&e !e8l%si)erepresentati)e# Art. 2NN3 of all t&e ran and file employees tae note, not ?%st t&e %nion memers3 of t&e

ompany, not only for t&e p%rpose of entering into a B president for and in e&alf of all t&e (orers andemployees of t&e olden a8i o. t&%s is inding %pon all ran and file employees of ompany e8l%si)elyrepresented y t&e %nion. 'ilitante v 5LR+, 199N3

An e-isting and d!ly registered +A% or a certi)ication o) a designated ma(ority !nion% barsany $etition 8!estioning t"e stat!s o) t"e designated ma(ority !nion and t"e "olding o) a cert.eletion. &e ertifiation of $>B-PG$>S. 'as t&e sole and e8l%si)e argaining agent of t&e ran-and-file(orers of rans%nion-lass(are Di)ision,' means it s&all remain as s%& d%ring t&e e8istene of t&e


10/102

argaining %nit s&all e t&e e8l%si)e representati)e of all t&e employees in s%& %nit for t&e p%rpose ofolleti)e argaining in respet to rates of pay, (ages, &o%rs of employment, or ot&er onditions ofemployment.' 5ational rewery , Allied Ind!stries Labor Union v San 'ig!el +or$., 20023

6.6 A


11/102

argaining proposals is f%rt&er onfirmed y t&e fat t&at :nion o%nd itself to s%mit a ne( set of proposals&e o%rt is not inlined to r%le t&at t&ere &as een a deadlo or an impasse in t&e olleti)e argainingproess. &ere &as not een a 'reasonale effort at good fait& argaining' on t&e part of t&e :ni)ersity. &%s(&ile t&e o%rt reogni4es t&at te&nially, t&e :ni)ersity &as t&e rig&t to file t&e petition for ertifiationeletion as t&ere (as no argaining deadlo to spea of, to grant its prayer t&at t&e assailed Brders eann%lled (o%ld p%t an %n?%stified premi%m on ad fait& argaining.


12/102

!&e stat%te itself e8pressly reogni4es one e8eption, (&i& is (&en a ertifiation eletion &ad o%rred(it&in one year. And t&e ?%diial administrati)e agenies &a)e fo%nd t(o e8eptions 13 (&ere t&ere is an%ne8pired argaining agreement not e8eeding t(o years and 23 (&en t&ere is a pending &arge ofompany domination of one of t&e laor %nions intending to partiipate in t&e eletion.'

=rom t&e ases deided y t&e J>;< of t&e :nited States and o%r o(n ases, t&e S &as arri)ed at t&eonl%sion t&at (&ere t&e argaining ontrat is to r%n for more t&an t(o years, t&e priniple ofs%stit%tion may (ell e adopted and enfored y t&e $; to t&e effet t&at after t(o years of t&e life ofargaining agreement, a ertifiation eletion may e allo(ed y t&e $;* t&at if a argaining agent ot&ert&an t&e %nion or organi4ation t&at e8e%ted t&e ontrat, is eleted, said ne( agent (o%ld &a)e to respetsaid ontrat, %t t&at it may argain (it& t&e management for t&e s&ortening of t&e life of t&e ontrat ifit onsiders it too long, or ref%se to rene( t&e ontrat p%rs%ant to an a%tomati rene(al la%se. #en:l

'aritime Stevedores v So!t" Sea S"i$$ing Lines, 1963Ad(!st as needed. &e $; en?oys a readt& of disretion in determining (&et&er or not a ertifiationeletion (o%ld e &eld. &e o)ermastering re/%irement is 'to ins%re t&e fair and free &oie ofargaining representati)es y employees.' :nless t&e at%ation of t&e $;, &ere t&e J>;, o%ld es&o(n to de)iate from t&at asi norm, a plea for t&e re)ersal of t&e order omplained of (o%ld emared y f%tility. &is ri%nal &as (isely reogni4ed a latit%de of disretion in t&e $;, t&e ageny(&i& is in a etter position to see to it t&at t&e ertifiation eletion is properly ond%ted.

$t is in t&at perspeti)e t&at t&e in)oation y petitioners of t&e ontrat ar r%le s&o%ld e )ie(ed. :nderertain ir%mstanes (&ile t&e rig&t to free and %nfettered &oie y employees of t&eir e8l%si)eargaining representati)e s&o%ld e respeted, t&ere are ir%mstanes, (&i& in t&e interest of staility oflaor relations, all for a rela8ation in its oser)ane. As a statement of a norm, it &as somet&ing in itsfa)or. $t s&o%ld not lend itself &o(e)er to denigrating t&e f%ndamental rig&t of an appropriate argaining%nit to determine (&o s&o%ld spea for it. &at is of t&e essene of ind%strial demoray. "oreo)er, it is ag%arantee t&at laor organi4ations (ill e)er e on t&e alert to otain t&e most fa)orale terms ofemployment. &at may e8plain (&y t&e ontrat ar ne)er otained a se%re foot&old in t&e P&ilippines.

&ere &as een no fi8ed or rigid form%lation of t&e ontrat ar r%le as it is reogni4ed in t&e :nited States.&e pratie follo(ed &as not ad&ered to a single onept. &e approa& &as een (a)ering. $f identified(it& a line, it is far from straig&t and at times &as een l%rred. =rom its earliest days t&e J>;< +in t&e :S(as onfronted (it& t&e /%estion (&et&er t&e e8istene of a olleti)e agreement (it& one %nion (o%ldar anot&er %nion from petitioning for an eletion and eing ertified as t&e e8l%si)e representati)e. (oompeting )al%es las&ed. &e stat%te g%arantees employees t&e rig&t to argain t&ro%g& representati)esof t&eir o(n &oosing, and t&is freedom of e8isting representati)e pro)es %nsatisfatory.


13/102

$t is not eno%g& t&at a %nion &as t&e s%pport of t&e ma?ority of t&e employees. $t is e/%ally importantt&at e)eryone in t&e argaining %nit e gi)en t&e opport%nity to e8press &imself. &is is espeially soea%se, in t&is ase, t&e reognition gi)en to t&e %nion ame arely 10 mont&s after t&e employees &ad)oted 'no %nion' in t&e ertifiation eletion ond%ted in t&e ompany. As pointed o%t y t&e Seretaryof >aor in &is deision, t&ere an e no determination of a argaining representati)e (it&in a year of t&eprolamation of t&e res%lts of t&e ertifiation eletion. Gere t&e res%lts, (&i& s&o(ed t&at 61O of t&eemployees )oted for 'no %nion,' (ere ertified only on =er%ary 2N, 1991 %t on Deemer 1, 1991Perme8 Prod%er already reogni4ed t&e %nion and entered into a


14/102

t&e (orers. Any staility t&at does not estalis& t&e type of ind%strial peae ontemplated y t&e la( m%ste s%ordinated to t&e employeesC freedom to &oose t&eir real representati)e.

Setion , ;%le Q, A


15/102

allo(ed to lend itself as a means, (&et&er intended or not, to pre)ent a tr%ly free e8pression of t&e (ill oft&e laor gro%p as to t&e organi4ation t&at (ill represent it. $t is not only t&e loss of time in)ol)ed, in itselfnot liely to en&ane t&e prospet of respondent-%nions, %t also t&e fear engendered in t&e mind of anordinary employee t&at management &as many (eapons in its arsenal to ring t&e f%ll fore of its%ndeniale po(er against t&ose of its employees dissatisfied (it& t&ings as t&ey are. &ere is no )alidreason t&en for t&e postponement so%g&t. &is is one instane t&at alls for t&e appliation of t&e ma8im,le% dilationes semper e%horret""oreo)er, is t&ere not in t&e post%re taen y petitioner a ontra)ention of(&at is e8pressly set fort& in t&e $nd%strial Peae At, (&i& speas of t&e laor organi4ations 'designatedor seleted for t&e p%rpose of olleti)e argaining y t&e ma?ority of t&e employees in an appropriateolleti)e argaining %nit +e t&e e8l%si)e representati)e of all t&e employees in s%& %nit for t&ep%rpose of olleti)e argaining.' &e la( learly ontemplates all t&e employees, not only some of t&em.

As m%& as possile t&en, t&ere is to e no %n(arranted red%tion in t&e n%mer of t&ose taing part in aertifiation eletion, e)en %nder t&e g%ise t&at in t&e mean(&ile, (&i& may tae some time, some oft&ose (&o are employees o%ld possily lose s%& stat%s, y )irt%e of a pending %nfair laor pratie ase.F #oodric" v F #oodric" +on)idential and Salaried Em$loyees Union, 19753

R!le and Rationale. &e pendeny of a formal &arge of ompany domination is a pre?%diial /%estiont&at, %ntil deided, ars proeedings for a ertifiation eletion, t&e reason eing t&at t&e )otes of t&ememers of t&e dominated %nion (o%ld not e free. &e :>P ase (as filed efore t&e ertifiation ase.

&e pendeny of t&e &arge (as no(n to t&e "ed Ariter, and t&ere (as no allegation made t&at t&e :>Pase (as instit%ted in ad fait& to forestall t&e ertifiation ase. +&e =eele "ind of t&e Digester post%lates soparang e8eption* general r%le pendeny of a formal &arge of ompany domination, l ie t&e :>P ase in t&is ase, ars t&e&olding of a ertifiation eletion. e8ept (&en t&e ase (as instit%ted in ad fait& to forestalls%spend t&e E"

'&ere is no assertion t&at s%& omplaint (as flimsy, or made in ad fait& or filed p%rposely to forestall t&eertifiation eletion. So, no reason e8isted for t&e $nd%strial o%rt to depart from its estalis&ed pratie ofs%spending t&e eletion proeeding. And t&is seems to e aepted r%le in t&e la( of laor relations, t&ereason eing, !if t&ere is a %nion dominated y t&e ompany, to (&i& some of t&e (orers elong, an

eletion among (orers and employees of t&e ompany (o%ld not reflet t&e tr%e sentiment and (is&es oft&e said (orers and employees ea%se t&e )otes of t&e memers of t&e dominated %nion (o%ld not efree.#

S%& &arge of ompany domination is a pre?%diial /%estion t&at %ntil deided, s&all s%spend or arproeedings for ertifiation eletion.

$f an eletion (o%ld e &eld despite t&e pendeny of s%& omplaint, and t&en t&e :nion (o%ld e dissol)edd%e to t&e fa)orale ation on s%& a omplaint, t&en t&e &olding of t&e eletion s&all (aste energy andmoney of all t&e parties in)ol)ed. United +'+ Te-tile 7or*ers Union v LR, 19H3

Party and $ss%e

7"at mig"t wor* )or an em$loyee mig"t not wor* )or t"e em$loyer. A pending ertifiationeletion proeeding may not e dismissed or &eld in aeyane, t&ere eing a motion alleging a :>P againstone of t&e ontending parties. !$f it (ere a laor organi4ation o?eting to t&e partiipation in aertifiation eletion of a ompany dominated %nion, as a res%lt of (&i& a omplaint for an %nfair laor

pratie ase against t&e employer (as filed, t&e stat%s of t&e latter %nion m%st e first leared in s%& aproeeding efore s%& )oting o%ld tae plae.#

&e sit%ation &ere is e8atly t&e re)erse. $t is management t&at (o%ld &a)e a :>P ase filed y it for illegalstrie engaged in y some of its employees onl%ded, efore it (o%ld agree to t&e &olding of a ertifiationeletion. $f %nder t&e ir%mstanes dislosed, management is allo(ed to &a)e its (ay, t&e res%lt mig&t eto dil%te or fritter a(ay t&e strengt& of an org ent on a more 4ealo%s defense of laorCs prerogati)es. &ereis no )alid reason t&en for t&e postponement so%g&t. &is is one instane t&at alls for t&e appliation of t&ema8im, le% dilationes semper e%horret +t&e la( al(ays a&ors delay. arrera v +IR, 19H13

7"o and 7"at:s t"e 'atter wit" It. A omplaint for :>P may e onsidered a pre?%diial /%estion in aproeeding for ertifiation eletion (&en it is &arged t&erein t&at one or more laor %nions partiipatingin t&e eletion are eing aided, or are ontrolled, y t&e ompany or employer. &e reason is t&at t&eertifiation eletion may lead to t&e seletion of an employer-dominated or ompany %nion as t&eemployeesC argaining representati)e, and (&en t&e o%rt finds t&at said %nion is employer-denominatedin t&e :>P ase, t&e %nion seleted (o%ld e deertified and t&e (&ole eletion proeedings s&o%ld erendered %seless and n%gatory.

Bnly a formal &arge of ompany domination may ser)e as a ar to and stop a ertifiation eletion, t&ereason eing t&at if t&ere is a %nion dominated y t&e ompany, to (&i& some of t&e (orers elong, aneletion among t&e (orers and employees of t&e ompany (o%ld not reflet t&e tr%e sentiment and (is&esof t&e said (orers and employees from t&e standpoint of t&eir (elfare and interest, ea%se as to t&ememers of t&e ompany dominated %nion, t&e )ote of t&e latter in t&e eletion (o%ld not e free. $t ise/%ally tr%e, &o(e)er, t&at t&e opposition to t&e &olding of a ertifiation eletion d%e to a &arge ofompany domination an only e filed and maintained y t&e laor organi4ation (&i& made t&e &arge ofompany domination, ea%se it is t&e entity t&at stands to lose and s%ffer pre?%die y t&e ertifiationeletion,C t&e reason eing t&at its memers mig&t e o)er(&elmed in t&e )oting y t&e ot&er memersontrolled and dominated y t&e ompanyC. United +'+ Te-tile 7or*ers Union v LR, 19H3

6.H Effet +of Pending Petition +for anellation +of rade :nion ;egistration

Art. /B. 9rounds for cancellation of union re'istration"&e follo(ing s&all onstit%te gro%nds for anellation

>A


16/102

%nion registration

a. "isrepresentation, false statement or fra%d in onnetion (it& t&e adoption or ratifiation of t&e onstit%tioand y-la(s or amendments t&ereto, t&e min%tes of ratifiation and t&e list of memers (&o too part in t&ratifiation*

. =ail%re to s%mit t&e do%ments mentioned in t&e preeding paragrap& (it&in t&irty 503 days from adoptioratifiation of t&e onstit%tion and y-la(s or amendments t&ereto*

. "isrepresentation, false statements or fra%d in onnetion (it& t&e eletion of offiers, min%tes of t&e eleof offiers, t&e list of )oters, or fail%re to s%mit t&ese do%ments toget&er (it& t&e list of t&e ne(lyeletedappointed offiers and t&eir postal addresses (it&in t&irty 503 days from eletion*

d. =ail%re to s%mit t&e ann%al finanial report to t&e


17/102

f. o ens%re a stale %t dynami and ?%st ind%strial peae* and

g. o ens%re t&e partiipation of (orers in deision and poliy-maing proesses affeting t&eir rig&ts, d%tiesand (elfare.

G32+% Art. HIII% Section B.

&e State s&all afford f%ll protetion to laor, loal and o)erseas, organi4ed and %norgani4ed, and promote f%llemployment and e/%ality of employment opport%nities for all.

$t s&all g%arantee t&e rig&ts of all (orers to self-organi4ation, olleti)e argaining and negotiations, and peaef%lonerted ati)ities, inl%ding t&e rig&t to strie in aordane (it& la(. &ey s&all e entitled to se%rity of ten%re,&%mane onditions of (or, and a li)ing (age. &ey s&all also partiipate in poliy and deision-maing proesses

affeting t&eir rig&ts and enefits as may e pro)ided y la(.

&e State s&all promote t&e priniple of s&ared responsiility et(een (orers and employers and t&e preferential%se of )ol%ntary modes in settling disp%tes, inl%ding oniliation, and s&all enfore t&eir m%t%al omplianet&ere(it& to foster ind%strial peae.

&e State s&all reg%late t&e relations et(een (orers and employers, reogni4ing t&e rig&t of laor to its ?%st s&arein t&e fr%its of prod%tion and t&e rig&t of enterprises to reasonale ret%rns to in)estments, and to e8pansion andgro(t&.

+ollective argaining% 4e)inition. olleti)e argaining (&i& is defined as negotiations to(ards aolleti)e agreement, is one of t&e demorati frame(ors %nder t&e Je( >aor ode, designed to staili4et&e relation et(een laor and management and to reate a limate of so%nd and stale ind%strial peae. $tis a m%t%al responsiility of t&e employer and t&e :nion and is &arateri4ed as a legal oligation. So m%&so t&at Artile 29, par. g3 of t&e >aor ode maes it an %nfair laor pratie for an employer to ref%se 'tomeet and on)ene promptly and e8peditio%sly in good fait& for t&e p%rpose of negotiating an agreement

(it& respet to (ages, &o%rs of (or, and all ot&er terms and onditions of employment inl%ding proposalsfor ad?%sting any grie)ane or /%estion arising %nder s%& an agreement and e8e%ting a ontratinorporating s%& agreement, if re/%ested y eit&er party.# &io* Loy v 5LR+, 19H63

7.1.2Jat%re and P%rpose

eca!se t"ey can:t allcome to t"e meetings. &e instit%tion of olleti)e argaining is a primemanifestation of ind%strial demoray at (or. &e t(o parties to t&e relations&ip, laor and management,mae t&eir o(n r%les y oming to terms. &at is to go)ern t&emsel)es in matters t&at really o%nt. Aslaor, &o(e)er, is omposed of a n%mer of indi)id%als, it is indispensale t&at t&ey e represented y alaor organi4ation of t&eir &oie. &%s may e diserned &o( r%ial is a ertifiation eletion. UnitedEm$loyees Union o) #elmart Ind!stries v 5oriel, 197N3

7.1.5Iai)er

7aiver not o) t"e rig"t% b!t o) t"e time $eriods wit"in w"ic" to e-ercise it. &e assailed PA>-PA>EA agreement (as t&e res%lt of )ol%ntary olleti)e argaining negotiations %ndertaen in t&e lig&t of t&e

se)ere finanial sit%ation faed y t&e employer, (it& t&e pe%liar and %ni/%e intention of not merelypromoting ind%strial peae at PA>, %t pre)enting t&e latter@s los%re. &ere is no onflit et(een saidagreement and Artile 2N5-A. Artile 2N5-A &as a t(o-fold p%rpose. Bne is to promote ind%strial staility andpreditaility. $nasm%& as t&e agreement so%g&t to promote ind%strial peae at PA> d%ring itsre&ailitation, said agreement satisfies t&e first p%rpose of Artile 2N5-A. &e ot&er is to assign speifitimetales (&erein negotiations eome a matter of rig&t and re/%irement. Jot&ing in Artile 2N5-A pro&iitst&e parties from (ai)ing or s%spending t&e mandatory timetales and agreeing on t&e remedies to enforet&e same.

$n t&e instant ase, it (as PA>EA, as t&e e8l%si)e argaining agent of PA>@s gro%nd employees,t&at)ol%ntarily entered into t&e . $t (as also PA>EA t&at )ol%ntarily opted for t&e 10-years%spension of t&e A


18/102

. S&o%ld differenes arise on t&e asis of s%& notie and reply, eit&er party may re/%est for a onferene (&i&s&all egin not later t&an ten 103 alendar days from t&e date of re/%est.

. $f t&e disp%te is not settled, t&e in all t&e stores of AI rading, $n. it &ad eomeimpossile to omply (it& t&e posting re/%irement in so far as t&e reali4ation of its p%rpose is onerned ast&ere (ere no impartial memers of t&e %nit (&o o%ld e appraised of t&e


19/102

t&e simple fat t&at t&e seretary adopted largely t&e proposals of alte8. $t s&o%ld e %nderstood t&atargaining is not e/%i)alent to an ad)ersarial litigation (&ere rig&ts and oligations are delineated andremedies applied. I&en parties agree to s%mit %nresol)ed iss%es to t&e seretary, t&ey s&o%ld note8pet t&eir positions to e adopted in toto. $t is %nderstood t&at t&ey defer to &is (isdom ando?eti)ity, and %nless t&ey an learly demonstrate ias, aritrariness, apriio%sness or personal&ostility, t&e S (ill not interfere. &is is parti%larly tr%e in t&e resol%tion of ontro)ersies in


20/102

initiati)e and immediately all t&e parties to oniliation meetings. &e 3 is t&e re/%irement on ot&parties of t&e performane of t&e m%t%al oligation to meet and on)ene promptly and e8peditio%sly ingood fait& for t&e p%rpose of negotiating an agreement. :ndo%tedly, t&e %nion li)ed %p to t&is re/%isite(&en it presented its proposals for t&e aor ode* 23 proofof ma?ority representation* and 53 a demand to argain %nder Artile 2N1a3. &io* Loy v 5LR+, 19H63

+ollective bargaining does not end wit" t"e e-ec!tion o) an agreement. $t is a ontin%o%sproess. &e d%ty to argain imposes on t&e parties d%ring t&e term of t&eir agreement t&e m%t%al

>A


21/102

oligation !to meet and on)eneU# and a )iolation of t&is oligation is an :>P. Re$!blic Savings an*v +IR, 19673

Deadlo

4e)inition% etc. ;%le XX$$, Setion $, of t&e ;%les and ;eg%lations $mplementing


22/102

a ar to t&e ongoing negotiation. +olegio de San 6!an de Letran v Ass:n o) Em$loyees and Fac!lty,20003

7.4


23/102

ontrat%al ommitment t&ereon (as e)er made. &e fail%re to rea& an agreement after negotiationsontin%ed for a reasonale period does not estalis& a la of good fait&.

'&e /%estion as to (&at are mandatory and (&at are merely permissi)e s%?ets of olleti)e argaining isof signifiane on t&e rig&t of a party to insist on &is position to t&e point of stalemate. A party may ref%se toenter into a olleti)e argaining ontrat %nless it inl%des a desired pro)ision as to a matter (&i& is amandatory s%?et of olleti)e argaining* %t a ref%sal to ontrat %nless t&e agreement o)ers a matter(&i& is not a mandatory s%?et is in s%stane a ref%sal to argain ao%t matters (&i& are mandatorys%?ets of olleti)e argaining* and it is no ans(er to t&e &arge of ref%sal to argain in good fait& t&at t&einsistene on t&e disp%ted la%se (as not t&e sole a%se of t&e fail%re to agree or t&at agreement (as notrea&ed (it& respet to ot&er disp%ted la%ses.'

Bn ao%nt of t&e importane of t&e eonomi iss%e proposed y t&e %nion, it o%ld &a)e ref%sed to argain

and to enter into a


24/102

en?oined to omply (it& t&e direti)e of t&e Seretary to negotiate a ne( olleti)e


25/102

interpretation or implementation of t&e


26/102

maing proesses of t&e estalis&ment (&ere t&ey are employed insofar as said proesses (ill diretly affet t&eirrig&ts, enefits and (elfare. =or t&is p%rpose, (orers and employers may form laor-management o%nilsPro)ided, &at t&e representati)es of t&e (orers in s%& laor-management o%nils s&all e eleted y at leastt&e ma?ority of all employees in said estalis&ment. As amended y Setion 22, ;ep%li At Jo. 671N, "ar& 21, 19H93

Even t"e non=member em$loyees are entitled to t"e bene)its o) t"e contract.o aord its enefitsonly to memers of t&e %nion (it&o%t any )alid reason (o%ld onstit%te %nd%e disrimination againstnonmemers. A laorer an e)en laim enefits from a


27/102

antiipate or address all f%t%re prolems, gaps may e left to e filled in y referene to t&e praties oft&e ind%stry, and t&e step (&i& is e/%ally a part of t&e


28/102

#rievance Proced!re to be observed even i) division "ead is Jon leave.K &e employeespresented t&eir grie)ane %t t&e di)ision &ead (as !on-lea)e#, t&%s maing t&e EEs elie)e t&at t&egrie)ane (as resol)ed in t&eir fa)or. aor ;elations At is a 5rdparty enefiiary to t&e olleti)e trade

agreement. &e indi)id%al ontrat is only s%sidiary to t&is trade agreement, and s%& ontrat may not(ai)e, not e treated as a (ai)er y t&e employee if &e signs, any of t&e enefits of t&e latter.

&o%g& allo(ed, and sometimes e)en neessary in some ir%mstanes lie (&en negotiation isdeadloed or delayed* or (&en onditions for olleti)e argaining are ine8istent, et3, s%& indi)id%alontrats may not e a)ailed of to defeat or delay t&e proed%res presried y t&e la( for olleti)eargaining. &ey annot e %sed to e8l%de t&e employee from an appropriate argaining %nit, or toforestall argaining, or to limitondition t&e terms of a olleti)e agreement.6.I. +ase v 5LR, 193

7.N.N. ontrat $nfirmity

&e me&anis of aor ode* 23 proof of ma?orityrepresentation* and 53 a demand to argain %nder Art 2N1. $n t&e present ase, t&e standing of petitioneras an e8l%si)e argaining representati)e is d%io%s, to say t&e least. &e only e8press reognition of A>:

as said EEsC argaining representati)e is in t&e :. E)en if ">E diretly ertified t&e %nion as t&e argainingrepresentati)e, t&e o%rt an )oid s%& ertifiation (&ere t&ere (as a fail%re to properly determine (it&legal ertainty (&et&er t&e %nion en?oyed a ma?ority representation. &e &olding of a ertifiation eletionat a proper time (o%ld not neessarily e a mere formality as t&ere (as a ompelling reason not to diretlyand %nilaterally ertify a %nion. An additional infirmity of t&e A


29/102

/%estion (as allegedly e8plained does not %re t&e defet. &e ontrat is intended for all employees andnot only for t&e memers of t&e p%rported representati)e alone. $t may e)en e said t&e need to inform t&enon-memers of t&e terms t&ereof is more e8igent and ompelling sine, in all lie&ood, t&eir ontat (it&t&e persons (&o are s%pposed to represent t&em is limited.

Anot&er potent reason for ann%lling t&e


30/102

Go(e)er, alt&o%g& t&e p%r&aser of t&e assets or enterprise is not legally o%nd to asor t&e employersof t&e seller, t&e parties are liale to t&e employees if t&e transation et(een t&e parties is olored orlot&ed (it& ad fait&. &ere (as no ad fait& in t&is ase, t&%s, t&e asorption of t&e employees of"a%&ay may not e imposed on petitioner. S!ndowner 4evt v 4rilon, 19H93

&e sale or disposition m%st e moti)ated y good fait& as an element of e8emption from liaility.$ndeed, an innoent transferee of a %siness estalis&ment &as no liaility to t&e employees of t&etransfer or to ontin%e employing t&em. Jor is t&e transferee liale for past :>P of t&e pre)io%s o(ner,e8ept, (&en t&e liaility t&erefor is ass%med y t&e ne( employer %nder t&e ontrat of sale, or (&enliaility arises ea%se of t&e ne( o(nerCs partiipation in t&(arting or defeating t&e rig&ts of t&eemployees. I&ere s%& transfer of o(ners&ip is in good fait&, t&e transferee is %nder no legal d%ty toasor t&e transferor employees as t&ere is no la( ompelling s%& asorption. &e most t&at t&e

transferee may do, for reasons of p%li poliy and soial ?%stie, is to gi)e preferene to t&e /%alifiedseparated employees in t&e filling of )aanies in t&e failities of t&e p%r&aser. Sine t&e petitioners(ere effeti)ely separated from (or d%e to a ona fide &ange of o(ners&ip and t&ey (ereaordingly paid t&eir separation pay, (&i& t&ey freely and )ol%ntarily aepted, t&e pri)aterespondent orporation (as %nder no oligation to employ t&em* it may, &o(e)er, gi)e t&empreferene in t&e &iring. &e pri)ate respondent in fat &ired, %t on proationary asis, all t&epetitioners, e8ept ;osario %arto. &e non-&iring of %arto (as legally permissile.&e &iring ofemployees on a proationary asis is an e8l%si)e management prerogati)e. &e employer &as t&erig&t or pri)ilege to &oose (&o (ill e &ired and (&o (ill e denied employment. $t is (it&in t&ee8erise of t&is rig&t t&at t&e employers may set or fi8 a proationary period (it&in (&i& it may testand oser)e t&e employeeCs ond%t efore &iring &im permanently. 'anlimos v 5LR+, 199N3

7.N.N.7 aor :nion-JA=>:, onsisting of employeesand memers of t&e loal %nion (as t&e prinipal party to t&e agreement. JA=>: as t&e 'mot&er' inpartiipating in t&e e8e%tion of t&e argaining agreement (it& respondent ompany ated merely asagent of t&e loal %nion, (&i& remained t&e asi %nit of t&e assoiation e8isting prinipally and freely toser)e t&e ommon interest of all its memers, inl%ding t&e freedom to disaffiliate.

orollary, t&e 's%stit%tion' dotrine lie(ise f%lly s%pports EE> t&e %nion3. EE>, to (&om t&e employeeso(e t&eir allegiane &as from t&e eginning e8pressly a)o(ed t&at it does not intend to &ange andoramend t&e pro)isions of t&e present A


31/102

Art. //. *efinitions"D* ':nfair laor pratie' means any %nfair laor pratie as e8pressly defined y t&e ode.

Art. /C2.(oncept of unfair labor practice and procedure for prosecution thereof":nfair laor praties )iolatet&e onstit%tional rig&t of (orers and employees to self-organi4ation, are inimial to t&e legitimate interests ofot& laor and management, inl%ding t&eir rig&t to argain olleti)ely and ot&er(ise deal (it& ea& ot&er in anatmosp&ere of freedom and m%t%al respet, disr%pt ind%strial peae and &inder t&e promotion of &ealt&y andstale laor-management relations.

onse/%ently, %nfair laor praties are not only )iolations of t&e i)il rig&ts of ot& laor and management %tare also riminal offenses against t&e State (&i& s&all e s%?et to prose%tion and p%nis&ment as &erein

pro)ided.

S%?et to t&e e8erise y t&e President or y t&e Seretary of >aor and Employment of t&e po(ers )ested int&em y Artiles 265 and 26 of t&is ode, t&e i)il aspets of all ases in)ol)ing %nfair laor praties, (&i&may inl%de laims for at%al, moral, e8emplary and ot&er forms of damages, attorney@s fees and ot&eraffirmati)e relief, s&all e %nder t&e ?%risdition of t&e >aor Ariters. &e >aor Ariters s&all gi)e %tmost priorityto t&e &earing and resol%tion of all ases in)ol)ing %nfair laor praties. &ey s&all resol)e s%& ases (it&int&irty 503 alendar days from t&e time t&ey are s%mitted for deision.

;eo)ery of i)il liaility in t&e administrati)e proeedings s&all ar reo)ery %nder t&e i)il ode.

Jo riminal prose%tion %nder t&is itle may e instit%ted (it&o%t a final ?%dgment finding t&at an %nfair laorpratie (as ommitted, &a)ing een first otained in t&e preeding paragrap&. D%ring t&e pendeny of s%&administrati)e proeeding, t&e r%nning of t&e period of presription of t&e riminal offense &erein penali4ed s&alle onsidered interr%pted Pro)ided, &o(e)er, t&at t&e final ?%dgment in t&e administrati)e proeedings s&all note inding in t&e riminal ase nor e onsidered as e)idene of g%ilt %t merely as proof of ompliane of t&ere/%irements t&erein set fort&. As amended y


32/102

ompany against ati)e %nionists after t&e strie f%rnis& f%rt&er e)idene t&at t&e ompany ommitted%nfair laor praties as &arged. &e disrimination onsisted in t&e ompanyCs preferring non-memers of t&e Assoiation in promotions to &ig&er positions and &%miliating ati)e %nionists y eit&erpromoting ?%nior s%per)isors o)er t&em or y red%tion of t&eir a%t&ority ompared to t&at assigned tot&em efore t&e strie, or ot&er(ise do(ngrading t&eir positions. &en, t&e ompany terminated t&eemployment of t&e %nion President and Qie-President. Ie perei)e in t&is parti%lar ation of t&eompany its anti-%nion post%re and attit%de.

P%rs%ant to t&e mandate of Art. 2 of t&e i)il ode t&at o%rts m%st e )igilant for t&e protetion of one ata disad)antageWand &ere t&e Assoiation appears to e at a disad)antage in its relations (it& t&eompany as t&e reords s&o(Wade/%ate affirmati)e relief, inl%ding a(ages, m%st e a(arded to t&estriers. $t is &ig& time and imperati)e t&at in order to attain t&e la%dale o?eti)es of ;A H7N al%lated to

safeg%ard t&e rig&ts of employees, t&e pro)isions t&ereof s&o%ld e lierally onstr%ed in fa)or ofemployees and stritly against t&e employer, %nless ot&er(ise intended y or patent from t&e lang%age oft&e stat%te itself. +alte- Fili$ino 'anagers and S!$ervisors Ass:n v +IR, 19723

En!meration o) ULPs in L+ not e-cl!sive. Jeessarily, a determination of t&e )alidity of t&e aor ode does not %ndertae t&e impossiletas of speifying in preise and %nmistaale lang%age ea& inident (&i& onstit%tes an %nfair laorpratie. ;at&er, it lea)es to t&e o%rt t&e (or of applying t&e la(Cs general pro&iitory lang%age in lig&tof infinite ominations of e)ents (&i& may e &arged as )iolati)e of its terms. >S+ Em$loyeesUnion v 5LR+, 19973

H.1.>a( Jomenlat%re and $nterrelations of Ats of :>P

Art. //. *efinitions"D* ':nfair laor pratie' means any %nfair laor pratie as e8pressly defined y t&e ode.

Art. /C3. Unfair labor practices of employers"$t s&all e %nla(f%l for an employer to ommit any of t&e follo(ing%nfair laor pratie

Da o interfere (it&, restrain or oere employees in t&e e8erise of t&eir rig&t to self-organi4ation*

Db o re/%ire as a ondition of employment t&at a person or an employee s&all not ?oin a laor organi4ation ors&all (it&dra( from one to (&i& &e elongs*

Dc o ontrat o%t ser)ies or f%ntions eing performed y %nion memers (&en s%& (ill interfere (it&,restrain or oere employees in t&e e8erise of t&eir rig&ts to self-organi4ation*

Dd o initiate, dominate, assist or ot&er(ise interfere (it& t&e formation or administration of any laororgani4ation, inl%ding t&e gi)ing of finanial or ot&er s%pport to it or its organi4ers or s%pporters*

De o disriminate in regard to (ages, &o%rs of (or and ot&er terms and onditions of employment in order toeno%rage or diso%rage memers&ip in any laor organi4ation. Jot&ing in t&is ode or in any ot&er la( s&allstop t&e parties from re/%iring memers&ip in a reogni4ed olleti)e argaining agent as a ondition foremployment, e8ept t&ose employees (&o are already memers of anot&er %nion at t&e time of t&e signing oft&e olleti)e argaining agreement. Employees of an appropriate argaining %nit (&o are not memers of t&ereogni4ed olleti)e argaining agent may e assessed a reasonale fee e/%i)alent to t&e d%es and ot&er feespaid y memers of t&e reogni4ed olleti)e argaining agent, if s%& non-%nion memers aept t&e enefits%nder t&e olleti)e argaining agreement Pro)ided, t&at t&e indi)id%al a%t&ori4ation re/%ired %nder Artile 22,paragrap& o3 of t&is ode s&all not apply to t&e non-memers of t&e reogni4ed olleti)e argaining agent*

D) o dismiss, dis&arge or ot&er(ise pre?%die or disriminate against an employee for &a)ing gi)en or eingao%t to gi)e testimony %nder t&is ode*

Dg o )iolate t&e d%ty to argain olleti)ely as presried y t&is ode*

D" o pay negotiation or attorney@s fees to t&e %nion or its offiers or agents as part of t&e settlement of anyiss%e in olleti)e argaining or any ot&er disp%te* or

Dio )iolate a olleti)e argaining agreement.&e pro)isions of t&e preeding paragrap& not(it&standing, only t&e offiers and agents of orporations,assoiations or partners&ips (&o &a)e at%ally partiipated in, a%t&ori4ed or ratified %nfair laor praties s&alle &eld riminally liale. As amended y


33/102

Dc o )iolate t&e d%ty, or ref%se to argain olleti)ely (it& t&e employer, pro)ided it is t&e representati)e of t&eemployees*

Dd o a%se or attempt to a%se an employer to pay or deli)er or agree to pay or deli)er any money or ot&ert&ings of )al%e, in t&e nat%re of an e8ation, for ser)ies (&i& are not performed or not to e performed,inl%ding t&e demand for fee for %nion negotiations*

De o as for or aept negotiation or attorney@s fees from employers as part of t&e settlement of any iss%e inolleti)e argaining or any ot&er disp%te* or

D) o )iolate a olleti)e argaining agreement.

&e pro)isions of t&e preeding paragrap& not(it&standing, only t&e offiers, memers of go)erning oards,representati)es or agents or memers of laor assoiations or organi4ations (&o &a)e at%ally partiipated in,a%t&ori4ed or ratified %nfair laor praties s&all e &eld riminally liale. As amended y aor ode re/%ires, send a (ritten re/%est for t&e iss%ane ofa opy of t&e data ao%t t&e aor Pratie Employer and >aor Brgani4ation Ats Qiolating ;ig&t of Self-Brgani4ation

+&e test of (&et&er an employer &as interfered (it& and oered employees (it&in t&e meaning of s%setiona3 13 is (&et&er t&e employer &as engaged in ond%t (&i& it may reasonaly e said tends to interfere (it&

>A


34/102

t&e free e8erise of employeesC rig&ts %nder setion 5 of t&e At, and it is not neessary t&at t&ere e direte)idene t&at any employee (as in fat intimidated or oered y statements of t&reats of t&e employer ift&ere is a reasonale inferene t&at anti-%nion ond%t of t&e employer does &a)e an ad)erse effet on self-organi4ation and olleti)e argaining. Ins!lar Li)e Ass!rance Em$loyees Ass:n v Ins!lar Li)eAss!rance +o., 19713 not in t&e sylla%s at t&is point %t emp&asi4ed y Sir and don@t no( (&ere else to p%t it

:>P and "anagement =%ntions

4es$ite t"e em$loyees rig"t to sel)=organi;ation% t"e em$loyer still retains "is in"erent rig"tto disci$line "is em$loyees. ompany not g%ilty of :>P in dismissing employee (&o filed &argesagainst t&e manager (&i& (ere not onneted (it& or neessarily arising from %nion ati)ities. &e

stat%te goes no f%rt&er t&an to safeg%ard t&e rig&t of employees to self-organi4ation and to seletrepresentati)es of t&eir o(n &oosing (it&o%t restraint or oerion y t&eir employer. &e protetion of(orersC rig&t to self-organi4ation in no (ay interferes (it& employerCs freedom to enfore s%& r%les andorders as are neessary to proper ond%t of &is %siness, so long as employerCs s%per)ision is not for t&ep%rpose of intimidating or oering &is employees (it& respet to t&eir self-organi4ation andrepresentation. &e pro&iition is direted only against t&e %se of t&e rig&t to employ or dis&arge as aninstr%ment of disrimination, interferene or oppression ea%se of oneCs laor or %nion ati)ities. RoyalInter=Ocean Lines, 19603

&e deision of respondent ;EPA>$=E to onsider t&e top offiers of petitioner :J$BJ as %nfit forreinstatement is not essentially disriminatory and onstit%ti)e of an %nla(f%l laor pratie of E;s.Disriminating in t&e onte8t of t&e ode in)ol)es eit&er eno%raging memers&ip in any >B or is made onao%nt of t&e employee@s &a)ing gi)en or eing ao%t to gi)e testimony %nder t&e >aor ode. &ese&a)e not een pro)ed in t&e ase at ar. &ere an e no disrimination (&ere t&e employees onernedare not similarly sit%ated. A %nion offier &as larger and &ea)ier responsiilities t&an a %nion memer.:nion offiers are d%ty o%nd to respet t&e la( and to e8&ort and g%ide t&eir memers to do t&e same*

t&eir position mandates t&em to lead y e8ample. aor ode is to ens%re a stale %t dynamiand ?%st ind%strial peae, t&e dismissal of %ndesirale laor leaders s&o%ld e %p&eld. #rePaLi)eEm$loyees Union v #rePaLi)e Ass!rance, 19993

H.2.1$nterferene, ;estraint, and oerion

Art. /C3.Unfair labor practices of employers"$t s&all e %nla(f%l for an employer to ommit any of t&e follo(ing%nfair laor pratieDao interfere (it&, restrain or oere employees in t&e e8erise of t&eir rig&t to self-organi4ation*

Art. /C.Unfair labor practices of labor or'ani0ations"$t s&all e %nfair laor pratie for a laor organi4ation, itsoffiers, agents or representati)esDa o restrain or oere employees in t&e e8erise of t&eir rig&t to self-organi4ation. Go(e)er, a laororgani4ation s&all &a)e t&e rig&t to presrie its o(n r%les (it& respet to t&e a/%isition or retention of

memers&ip*

Art. /00.3%clusive bar'ainin' representation and wor$ers4 participation in policy and decision/ma$in'"&e laororgani4ation designated or seleted y t&e ma?ority of t&e employees in an appropriate olleti)e argaining %nits&all e t&e e8l%si)e representati)e of t&e employees in s%& %nit for t&e p%rpose of olleti)e argaining.Go(e)er, an indi)id%al employee or gro%p of employees s&all &a)e t&e rig&t at any time to present grie)anes tot&eir employer.

Any pro)ision of la( to t&e ontrary not(it&standing, (orers s&all &a)e t&e rig&t, s%?et to s%& r%les andreg%lations as t&e Seretary of >aor and Employment may prom%lgate, to partiipate in poliy and deision-maing proesses of t&e estalis&ment (&ere t&ey are employed insofar as said proesses (ill diretly affett&eir rig&ts, enefits and (elfare. =or t&is p%rpose, (orers and employers may form laor-management o%nilsPro)ided, &at t&e representati)es of t&e (orers in s%& laor-management o%nils s&all e eleted y at leastt&e ma?ority of all employees in said estalis&ment. As amended y Setion 22, ;ep%li At Jo. 671N, "ar& 21, 19H93

Art. /22.


35/102

Article I1. Iorers s&all en?oy ade/%ate protetion against ats of anti-%nion disrimination in respet of t&eiremployment.

2. S%& protetion s&all apply more parti%larly in respet of ats al%lated to

a3 "ae t&e employment of a (orer s%?et to t&e ondition t&at &e s&all not ?oin a %nion or s&all relin/%is&trade %nion memers&ip*

3 a%se t&e dismissal of or ot&er(ise pre?%die a (orer y reason of %nion memers&ip or ea%se ofpartiipation in %nion ati)ities o%tside (oring &o%rs or, (it& t&e onsent of t&e employer, (it&in (oring &o%rs.

Article /

1. IorersC and employersC organisations s&all en?oy ade/%ate protetion against any ats of interferene y ea&ot&er or ea& ot&erCs agents or memers in t&eir estalis&ment, f%ntioning or administration.

2. $n parti%lar, ats (&i& are designed to promote t&e estalis&ment of (orersC organisations %nder t&edomination of employers or employersC organisations, or to s%pport (orersC organisations y finanial or ot&ermeans, (it& t&e o?et of plaing s%& organisations %nder t&e ontrol of employers or employersC organisations,s&all e deemed to onstit%te ats of interferene (it&in t&e meaning of t&is artile.

H.2.2Jo-:nion "emers&ip, or Iit&dra(al from "emers&ip as ondition +for Employment

Art. /C3. Unfair labor practices of employers"$t s&all e %nla(f%l for an employer to ommit any of t&e follo(ing%nfair laor pratieDb o re/%ire as a ondition of employment t&at a person or an employee s&all not ?oin a laor organi4ation ors&all (it&dra( from one to (&i& &e elongs*

H.2.5ontrating B%t to Diso%rage :nionism

Art. /C3. Unfair labor practices of employers"$t s&all e %nla(f%l for an employer to ommit any of t&e follo(ing%nfair laor pratieDc o ontrat o%t ser)ies or f%ntions eing performed y %nion memers (&en s%& (ill interfere (it&,restrain or oere employees in t&e e8erise of t&eir rig&ts to self-organi4ation*

Art. 1. (ontractor or subcontractor"I&ene)er an employer enters into a ontrat (it& anot&er person for t&eperformane of t&e former@s (or, t&e employees of t&e ontrator and of t&e latter@s s%ontrator, if any, s&alle paid in aordane (it& t&e pro)isions of t&is ode.

$n t&e e)ent t&at t&e ontrator or s%ontrator fails to pay t&e (ages of &is employees in aordane (it& t&isode, t&e employer s&all e ?ointly and se)erally liale (it& &is ontrator or s%ontrator to s%& employees tot&e e8tent of t&e (or performed %nder t&e ontrat, in t&e same manner and e8tent t&at &e is liale toemployees diretly employed y &im.

&e Seretary of >aor and Employment may, y appropriate reg%lations, restrit or pro&iit t&e ontrating-o%t

of laor to protet t&e rig&ts of (orers estalis&ed %nder t&is ode. $n so pro&iiting or restriting, &e may maeappropriate distintions et(een laor-only ontrating and ?o ontrating as (ell as differentiations (it&int&ese types of ontrating and determine (&o among t&e parties in)ol)ed s&all e onsidered t&e employer forp%rposes of t&is ode, to pre)ent any )iolation or ir%m)ention of any pro)ision of t&is ode.

&ere is 'laor-only' ontrating (&ere t&e person s%pplying (orers to an employer does not &a)e s%stantialapital or in)estment in t&e form of tools, e/%ipment, ma&ineries, (or premises, among ot&ers, and t&e(orers rer%ited and plaed y s%& person are performing ati)ities (&i& are diretly related to t&e prinipal%siness of s%& employer. $n s%& ases, t&e person or intermediary s&all e onsidered merely as an agent oft&e employer (&o s&all e responsile to t&e (orers in t&e same manner and e8tent as if t&e latter (ere diretlyemployed y &im.

H.2.ompany-Dominat+ed :nion

Art. /C3. Unfair labor practices of employers"$t s&all e %nla(f%l for an employer to ommit any of t&e follo(ing%nfair laor pratie

Dd o initiate, dominate, assist or ot&er(ise interfere (it& t&e formation or administration of any laororgani4ation, inl%ding t&e gi)ing of finanial or ot&er s%pport to it or its organi4ers or s%pporters*

H.2.NDisrimination +to Eno%rage Diso%rage :nionism

Art. /C3. Unfair labor practices of employers"$t s&all e %nla(f%l for an employer to ommit any of t&e follo(ing%nfair laor pratieDe o disriminate in regard to (ages, &o%rs of (or and ot&er terms and onditions of employment in order toeno%rage or diso%rage memers&ip in any laor organi4ation. Jot&ing in t&is ode or in any ot&er la( s&allstop t&e parties from re/%iring memers&ip in a reogni4ed olleti)e argaining agent as a ondition foremployment, e8ept t&ose employees (&o are already memers of anot&er %nion at t&e time of t&e signing oft&e olleti)e argaining agreement. Employees of an appropriate argaining %nit (&o are not memers of t&ereogni4ed olleti)e argaining agent may e assessed a reasonale fee e/%i)alent to t&e d%es and ot&er feespaid y memers of t&e reogni4ed olleti)e argaining agent, if s%& non-%nion memers aept t&e enefits

>A


36/102

%nder t&e olleti)e argaining agreement Pro)ided, t&at t&e indi)id%al a%t&ori4ation re/%ired %nder Artile 22,paragrap& o3 of t&is ode s&all not apply to t&e non-memers of t&e reogni4ed olleti)e argaining agent*

Art. /C. Unfair labor practices of labor or'ani0ations"$t s&all e %nfair laor pratie for a laor organi4ation, itsoffiers, agents or representati)esDb o a%se or attempt to a%se an employer to disriminate against an employee, inl%ding disriminationagainst an employee (it& respet to (&om memers&ip in s%& organi4ation &as een denied or to terminate anemployee on any gro%nd ot&er t&an t&e %s%al terms and onditions %nder (&i& memers&ip or ontin%ation ofmemers&ip is made a)ailale to ot&er memers*

H.2.6;etaliation +for estimony against Employer

Art. /C3. Unfair labor practices of employers"$t s&all e %nla(f%l for an employer to ommit any of t&e follo(ing%nfair laor pratieD) o dismiss, dis&arge or ot&er(ise pre?%die or disriminate against an employee for &a)ing gi)en or eingao%t to gi)e testimony %nder t&is ode*

H.2.7E8ation =eat&eredding

Art. /C. Unfair labor practices of labor or'ani0ations"$t s&all e %nfair laor pratie for a laor organi4ation, itsoffiers, agents or representati)esDb o a%se or attempt to a%se an employer to disriminate against an employee, inl%ding disriminationagainst an employee (it& respet to (&om memers&ip in s%& organi4ation &as een denied or to terminate anemployee on any gro%nd ot&er t&an t&e %s%al terms and onditions %nder (&i& memers&ip or ontin%ation ofmemers&ip is made a)ailale to ot&er memers*

Jat%re of At

Un)air labor $ractices relate only to violations o) Jt"e constit!tional rig"t o) wor*ers andem$loyees to sel)=organi;ationK and are limited to t"e acts en!merated in Article /C3. Jone oft&e ats applies to t&e present ase. &ere is no e)idene t&at alanida too part in forming a %nion, ore)en t&at a %nion e8isted in Allied


37/102

asertainment of %nion stat%s, or e)en t&e desire of t&e employees (it& respet to a ontrat (it& t&e%nion. O$erating Engineers Local C v 5LR, 196N3

5. Spee&

Letters "ere% not o*ay. &e said letters (ere direted to t&e striing employees indi)id%ally - yregistered speial deli)ery mail at t&at - (it&o%t eing o%rsed t&ro%g& t&e :nions (&i& (ererepresenting t&e employees in t&e olleti)e argaining.

$ndeed, it is a :>P for an employer operating %nder a P e8isted. &e toolroom episode (as %t an integral part of a long plantontro)ersy. I&at &appened from t&e time t&e employees started soliiting till t&e signing of t&elosed-s&op ontrat annot properly e di)ored from t&e e)ents immediately preeding andfollo(ing. &e ati)e opposition of t&e employer to :.A.I. t&ro%g&o%t t&e (&ole ontro)ersy &as adiret earing on t&e e)ents d%ring t&at intermediate period. Tno(n &ostility to one %nion and leardisrimination against it may indeed mae seemingly tri)ial intimations of preferene for anot&er %nionpo(erf%l assistane for it. Slig&t s%ggestions as to t&e employerCs &oie et(een %nions may &a)etelling effet among men (&o no( t&e onse/%enes of in%rring t&at employerCs strong displeas%re.

&e freedom of ati)ity permitted one gro%p and t&e lose s%r)eillane gi)en anot&er may e morepo(erf%l s%pport for t&e former t&an ampaign %tteranes.

o e s%re, it does not appear t&at t&e employer instigated t&e introd%tion of petitioner into t&e plant.


38/102

S$eci)ic statements made by an em$loyer to "is em$loyees may constit!te an election=voiding ULP and )all o!tside t"e $rotection o) t"e First Amendment. An employerCs freespee& rig&t to omm%niate &is )ie(s ao%t %nionism or ao%t a parti%lar %nion to &is employees isfirmly estalis&ed and annot e infringed y a %nion or t&e P. CJot&ing is more al%lated to interfere (it&, restrain and oere employees in t&e e8eriseof t&eir rig&t to self-organi4ation t&an s%& ati)ity e)en (&ere no dis&arges res%lt. &e informationotained y means of espionage is in)al%ale to t&e employer and an e %sed in a )ariety of ases torea a %nion.C &e :>P is ommitted (&et&er t&e espionage is arried on y a professional laor spy ordeteti)e, y offiials or s%per)isory employees of t&e employer, or y fello( employees ating at t&ere/%est or diretion of t&e employer, or an e8-employee. Ins!lar Li)e Ass!rance Em$loyees Ass:n vIns!lar Li)e Ass!rance +o., 19713

N. Eonomi oerion and $nd%ement

Stri*e=brea*ing or !nion=b!sting. I&en t&e respondents offered reinstatement and attempted to'rie' t&e striers (it& 'omfortale ots,' 'free offee and oasional mo)ies,' 'o)ertime' pay for

'(or performed in e8ess of eig&t &o%rs,' and 'arrangements' for t&eir families, so t&ey (o%ldaandon t&e strie and ret%rn to (or, t&ey (ere g%ilty of strie-reaing andor %nion-%sting and,onse/%ently, of :>P. $t is e/%i)alent to an attempt to rea a strie for an employer to offerreinstatement to striing employees indi)id%ally, (&en t&ey are represented y a %nion, sine t&eemployees t&%s offered reinstatement are %nale to determine (&at t&e onse/%enes of ret%rning to(or (o%ld e.

>ie(ise )iolati)e of t&e rig&t to organi4e, form and ?oin laor organi4ations are t&e follo(ing ats t&eoffer of a &ristmas on%s to all 'loyal' employees of a ompany s&ortly after t&e maing of a re/%est yt&e %nion to argain* (age inreases gi)en for t&e p%rpose of mollifying employees after t&e employer&as ref%sed to argain (it& t&e %nion, or for t&e p%rpose of ind%ing striing employees to ret%rn to(or* t&e employerCs promises of enefits in ret%rn for t&e striersC aandonment of t&eir strie ins%pport of t&eir %nion* and t&e employerCs statement, made ao%t 6 (ees after t&e strie started, to agro%p of striers in a resta%rant to t&e effet t&at if t&e striers ret%rned to (or, t&ey (o%ld reei)e ne(enefits in t&e form of &ospitali4ation, aident ins%rane, profit-s&aring, and a ne( %ilding to (or in.Ins!lar Li)e Ass!rance Em$loyees Ass:n v Ins!lar Li)e Ass!rance +o., 19713

T"e "and t"at )eeds yo!. &e road p%rpose of t&e la( is to estalis& 't&e rig&t of employees toorgani4e for m%t%al aid (it&o%t employer interferene.' $t pro&iits not only intr%si)e t&reats andpromises %t also ond%t immediately fa)orale to employees (&i& is %ndertaen (it& t&e e8pressp%rpose of impinging %pon t&eir freedom of &oie for or against %nioni4ation and is reasonalyal%lated to &a)e t&at effet. &e ation of employees (it& respet to t&e &oie of t&eir argainingagents may e ind%ed y fa)ors esto(ed y t&e employer as (ell as y &is t&reats or domination.

&e danger in&erent in (ell-timed inreases in enefits is t&e s%ggestion of a fist inside t&e )el)et glo)e.Employees are not liely to miss t&e inferene t&at t&e so%re of enefits no( onferred is also t&eso%re from (&i& f%t%re enefits m%st flo( and (&i& may dry %p if it is not oliged. &e danger maye diminis&ed if, as in t&is ase, t&e enefits are onferred permanently and %nonditionally.


39/102

+om$any r!les against solicitation Dd!ring em$loyee:s own time 9 inter)erence wit"em$loyees: rig"t to organi;e. Jot only &as t&e P. &e oinidene of t&eseir%mstanes does not )iolate t&e At. Bne m%st onsider t&e (ay in (&i& t&e parti%lar ontro)ersyarose and (&et&er t&e employer@s ond%t to any onsiderale degree reated an imalane in t&eopport%nities for org@l omm%niation. Bne m%st aref%lly appraise t&e interests of ot& sides of laormanagement ontro)ersy in t&e di)erse ir%mstanes of parti%lar ases and in lig&t of t&e


40/102

s&aring enefits to t&e employees o%tside t&e 'argaining %nit' falls %nder t&e amit of managerialprerogati)e. $t appears to &a)e een done in good fait& and (it&o%t %lterior moti)e. "ore so (&en as int&is ase t&ere is a la%se in t&e ine, t&e employees filed a notie of strie (&i&greatly alarmed t&e %stomers of omple8 and t&is led to t&e p%ll-o%t of t&eir e/%ipment, ma&inery andmaterials from omple8. &%s omple8 (as %nale to ontin%e its %siness. $t (as left (it& no ot&er&oie e8ept to s&%t do(n t&e entire %siness. Jonet&eless, (&et&er or not omple8 (as in%rring greatlosses, it still one of t&e managementCs prerogati)e to lose do(n its %siness as long as it is done in goodfait&. +om$le- Electronics Em$loyees Ass:n v 5LR+, 19993

H.5 :nfair >aor Pratie Employer and >aor Brgani4ation Ats Qiolati)e of ;ig&t to olleti)e A


41/102

proposals for ad?%sting any grie)anes or /%estions arising %nder s%& agreement and e8e%ting a ontratinorporating s%& agreements if re/%ested y eit&er party %t s%& d%ty does not ompel any party to agree toa proposal or to mae any onession.

Art. /0B. *uty to bar'ain collectively when there e%ists a collective bar'ainin' a'reement"I&en t&ere is aolleti)e argaining agreement, t&e d%ty to argain olleti)ely s&all also mean t&at neit&er party s&allterminate nor modify s%& agreement d%ring its lifetime. Go(e)er, eit&er party an ser)e a (ritten notie toterminate or modify t&e agreement at least si8ty 603 days prior to its e8piration date. $t s&all e t&e d%ty of ot&parties to eep t&e stat%s /%o and to ontin%e in f%ll fore and effet t&e terms and onditions of t&e e8istingagreement d%ring t&e 60-day period andor %ntil a ne( agreement is rea&ed y t&e parties.

o!lwareism a.*.a. ta*e=it or leave=it bargaining 9 ULP. &e ompany@s poliy of !P. $ns%rane is ordinarily amandatory s%?et for olleti)e argaining and E )iolates t&e Jational >aor ;elations At for ref%singto argain o)er it. $n %nilaterally &anging t&e onditions and terms of employment, E ommitted :>P.E ommitted :>P in ref%sing to ans(er /%estions of %nion as to osts per employee of proposedins%rane enefits and proposed pension

Labor+2+finals+reviewer

Documents

Transcript of Labor+2+finals+reviewer