LABELLING AND CERTIFICATION GUIDE

PROVINCIA AUTONOMADI TRENTO

Provincia Autonoma di TrentoAgenzia Provinciale per l’Energia

Servizio pianificazione energetica e incentiviVia Gilli, 4 – 38121 Trento

tel. +39 0461 497325 – fax +39 0461 497301www.energia.provincia.tn.it – serv.pianienergia@provincia.tn.it

Gra

fica

e st

ampa

: Effe

e E

rre

- Tre

nto

ILETELABELLING AND CERTIFICATION GUIDE

PART A – EUROPEAN SCENARIO

3

PART A – EUROPEAN SCENARIO

1. SUMMARY OF EUROPEAN DIRECTIVES ABOUT ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN BUILDINGS 5

1.1Directive2002/91/EContheenergyperformance ofbuildings(EPBD) 5

1.1.1Objective 51.1.2Deadlineforadoption 51.1.3Energyperformanceofbuildings 51.1.4Methodologyofcalculationoftheenergyperformance 61.1.5Energyperformancecertificate 6

1.2Directive1992/42/EEConefficiencyrequirementsfornewhot-waterboilersfiredwithliquidorgaseousfuels6

1.2.1Objective 61.2.2Efficiencyrequirements 6

1.3OtherDirectives 7

2. OVERVIEW OF THE EUROPEAN STANDARDS DEALING WITH ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN BUILDINGS 8

2.1CENCommitteesinvolved 82.2Overviewoftherelationshipofthestandards withtheDirective2002/91/EC 82.3Methodologyforcalculatingenergyperformance 82.4Energyperformancecertificate 102.5Periodicinspectionsofbuildingsystems 10

3. THE ENERGY BALANCE OF A BUILDING 123.1Energybalanceofabuilding 12

3.1.1Energyuseforspaceheatingandcooling 123.1.2Energyusefordomestichotwaterpreparation 123.1.3Energyuseforlighting 12

3.2Understandingtheenergybalanceofabuilding 123.2.1Heattransfer 133.2.2Ventilation 133.2.3 Internalheatgains 133.2.4Solarheatgains 133.2.5Thermalcapacityofthebuildingstructure 143.2.6EnergyrequiredbyHVACsystems 143.2.7Domestichotwater 143.2.8Lighting 14

3.3Calculationmethodologies 143.4Theenergybalanceofabuildingasadesigntool 15

4. THE ENERGY LABEL OF A BUILDING 174.1PerformanceIndex 174.2Coverageofperformanceindex (whatisincludedinanenergylabel) 17

4.3Conventionalvalues 17

5. APPLICABLE BEST PRACTICES 185.1Envelopeperformance 185.2Renewableenergysystems 185.3Energyefficientsystems 195.4Certification 19

6. SOME EXAMPLES OF BEST PRACTICES 20BestPracticesExampleinFrance 20BestPracticesExampleinItaly 21BestPracticesExampleinPoland 23BestPracticeExampleinSpain 25BestPracticeExampleinRomania 26BestpracticesexampleinAustria 28BestPracticesExampleinGermany 30

PART B – LOCAL SCENARIO

OVERVIEW OF THE STANDARDS AND CODES REGARDING BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE

InItaly 37InFrance 43InAustria 51InRomania 55InGermany 61InPoland 67InSpain 75

TABLE OF CONTENTS

5

INTRODUCTIONThe problem of increasing energy efficiency in buildingshas been recognized by the European Community for along time, since buildings account for approximately 40%of the end users energy consumption in Europe. To thispurpose,theCouncilDirective93/76/EECof13September1993tolimitcarbondioxideemissionsbyimprovingenergyefficiency(SAVE)hadmanyprovisionsaboutbuildings,ex-plicitlyindicatingthenecessitytoimplementactionsinthefollowingfields:- energycertificationofbuildings,- thebillingofheating,air-conditioningandhotwatercosts

onthebasisofactualconsumption,- third-party financing for energy efficiency investments in

thepublicsector,- thermalinsulationofnewbuildings,- regularinspectionofboilers,- energyauditsofundertakingswithhighenergyconsump-

tion.

ThisDirectiveisnolongerinforcehavingbeenrepealedbyDirective2006/32/EC.Itscontentshavebeenlargelysuper-sededbynewlegislation(i.e.Dir.2002/91/EC),summarizedinthefollowingpoint.

1.1 DIRECTIVE 2002/91/EC ON THE ENERGY PERFORMANCE OF BUILDINGS (EPBD)AspointedoutinthepreambleoftheDirective,“CouncilDi-rective93/76/EECof13September1993tolimitcarbondiox-ideemissionsbyimprovingenergyefficiency(SAVE)”.....”isnowstartingtoshowsomeimportantbenefits.”“However,acomplementarylegalinstrumentisneededtolaydownmoreconcreteactionswithaviewtoachievingthegreatunrealizedpotentialforenergysavingsandreducingthelargedifferencesbetweenMemberStates’resultsinthissector.”

In other words, the implementation of the SAVE Directivewasnotcompletelysatisfying:inparticular,theenergycer-tification of buildings had a very limited application. Forthesereasons,theDirective2002/91/EChasbeenadopted.Themainpointsconsideredbythisdirectivearebrieflyout-linedinthefollowingparagraphs.

1. SUMMARY OF EUROPEAN DIRECTIVES ABOUT ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN BUILDINGS

1.1.1 ObjectiveAsclearlystatedinarticle1,“TheobjectiveofthisDirectiveistopromotetheimprovement of the energy performance of buildingswithintheCommunity,takingintoaccountoutdoorclimaticandlocalconditions,aswellasindoorclimaterequire-mentsandcost-effectiveness”

Thesamearticleaffirms:“ThisDirectivelaysdownrequirementsasregards:(a)thegeneralframeworkforamethodology of calculation

oftheintegratedenergyperformanceofbuildings;(b)theapplicationofminimum requirements on the energy

performance of new buildings;(c)theapplicationofminimum requirements on the energy

performance of large existing buildingsthataresubject to major renovation;

(d)energy certification of buildings;and(e)regular inspection of boilers and of air-conditioning sys-

temsinbuildingsandinadditionanassessmentoftheheat-inginstallationinwhichtheboilersaremorethan15yearsold.”

1.1.2 Deadline for adoptionThetimeframefortranspositionissetoutinarticle15thatstates:“MemberStatesshallbringintoforcethelaws,regula-tionsandadministrativeprovisionsnecessarytocomplywiththis Directive at the latest on 4 January 2006........” Unfortu-nately,itseemsthatthisprocesshastakenalongertimeformanycountries.

1.1.3 Energy performance of buildingsInarticle2oftheDirective,thefollowingdefinitionisgiven:“‘energy performance of a building’:theamountofenergyactuallyconsumedorestimatedtomeetthedifferentneedsas-sociated with a standardized use of the building, which mayinclude,interalias,heating,hotwaterheating,cooling,venti-lationandlighting.This amount shall be reflected in one or more numeric indi-catorswhichhavebeencalculated,takingintoaccountinsu-lation, technical and installation characteristics, design andpositioninginrelationtoclimaticaspects,solarexposureandinfluence of neighboring structures ,own-energy generationandotherfactors,includingindoorclimate,thatinfluencetheenergydemand;”

6

1.1.4 Methodology of calculation of the energy performanceTheDirective,inarticle3,makespro-visionsfortheadoptionofaharmo-nizedcalculationmethodologystat-ingthat:“MemberStatesshallapplyameth-odology,atnationalorregionallev-el,ofcalculationof theenergyper-formance of buildings on the basisofthegeneralframeworksetout…Thismethodologyshallbesetatna-tionalorregionallevel.Theenergyperformanceofabuild-ingshallbeexpressedinatransparentmannerandmayin-cludeaCO2emissionindicator”.

1.1.5 Energy performance certificate The energy performance certificate of a building is de-fined,inarticle2oftheDirective,as:“....acertificaterecognizedbytheMemberStateoralegalper-sondesignatedbyit,whichincludesthe energy performance of a building calculated according to a methodologybasedonthegeneralframework…”.Asspecifiedinarticle7:“Theenergyperformancecertificateforbuildingsshallincludereferencevaluessuchascurrentle-galstandardsandbenchmarksinordertomakeitpossibleforconsumerstocompareandassesstheenergyperformanceofthe building. The certificate shall be accompanied by recom-mendations for the cost-effective improvement of the energyperformance.”

Inthesamearticle7,thefollowingobligationsaresetforth:“Member States shall ensure that, when buildings are con-structed,soldorrentedout,anenergyperformancecertificateismadeavailabletotheownerorbytheownertotheprospec-tivebuyerortenant,asthecasemightbe.Thevalidityofthecertificateshallnotexceed10years.”and“MemberStatesshalltakemeasurestoensurethatforbuildingswithatotalusefulfloorareaover1000m2occupiedbypublicauthoritiesandbyinstitutionsprovidingpublicservicestoalargenumberofper-sonsandthereforefrequentlyvisitedbythesepersonsanener-gycertificate,notolderthan10years,isplacedinaprominentplaceclearlyvisibletothepublic.”Itisthereforeclearthat,accordingtothisDirective,theen-ergy certification of a buildinghasaspecialroleasamean

topromoteenergyefficientbuildingsandtheenergy per-formance certificate of a buildingisconsideredaveryim-portant instrument to communicate energy efficiency tothegeneralpublic.

1.2 DIRECTIVE 1992/42/EEC ON EFFICIENCY REqUIREMENTS FOR NEW HOT-WATER BOILERS FIRED WITH LIqUID OR GASEOUS FUELSTheEuropeanCommunityhastakenintoconsiderationnotonlytheperformanceofabuildingasawholebutalsotheefficiency of heating system components. In fact this di-rectiveaboutboilers,possiblyoneofthefirsttoaffectthebuilding sector, has been issued in order to improve“theefficiencyoffinalenergydemand”, toensurea“prudentandrational utilization of natural resources” and to eliminate“technicalbarriers”.Toachievethesegoals,ithasestablished(common)efficiencyrequirementsforboilerstobesoldandinstalled across Europe.This Directive has been amendedseveraltimes(byDirectives93/68/EEC,2004/8/EC,2005/32/ECand2008/28/EC)butthegeneralframeworkhaslargelyremainedthesame.

1.2.1 ObjectiveAsstatedinarticle1:“ThisDirective,whichcomesundertheSAVEprogramconcerningthepromotionofenergyefficiencyintheCommunity,determinestheefficiencyrequirementsap-plicabletonewhot-waterboilersfiredbyliquidorgaseousfu-elswitharatedoutputofnolessthan4kWandnomorethan400kW,hereinaftercalled‘boilers’”.

1.2.2 Efficiency requirementsThe minimum efficiency requirements for boilers, at rated

7

(maximum)outputandoperatingat30%partload,arees-tablishedinarticle5ofthedirective,asshowninthefollow-ingtable(takenfromthedirectiveitself ):

1.3 OTHER DIRECTIVESOther Directives affecting the building sector are men-tionedinthefollowinga) Directive 2004/8/EC of the European Parliament and

of the Council of 11 February 2004 on the promotionofcogenerationbasedonausefulheatdemand intheinternal energy market and amending Directive 92/42/EEC. This Directive promotes “high efficiency cogenera-tionofheatandpowerbasedonusefulheatdemandandprimaryenergysavings....”withexplicit referencetonewbuildingswithatotalusefulfloorareaover1000m2.Itmustbenotedthatcogeneration(alsocalledCHP,Com-binedHeatandPowergeneration)asasystemtoachieveenergyefficiencyforlargebuildingsiscitedinarticle5ofDirective2002/91/EC.Moreover,theDirectivealsotakesinto consideration micro-cogeneration units (i.e. unitswithamaximumelectricpowercapacitybelow50kWe)thatcanalsobeof interest forsmallandmediumsizedbuildings.

b)Directive 2006/32/ECoftheEuropeanParliamentandofthe Council of 5 April 2006 on energy end-use efficien-cy and energy services and repealing Council Directive93/76/EEC.Thisisa“blanket”Directiveaimedatenhanc-ing the cost-effective improvement of energy end-useefficiency in the Member States. Inside there are manyprovisions applicable to tertiaryand residential sectors.Article17repealsdirective93/76/EEC.

Referencesa) CouncilDirective92/42/EECof21May1992onefficiency

requirementsfornewhot-waterboilersfiredwithliquidorgaseousfuels

b)Council Directive 93/76/EEC of 13 September 1993 tolimitcarbondioxideemissionsby improvingenergyef-ficiency(SAVE)

c) Directive2002/91/ECoftheEuropeanParliamentandoftheCouncilof16December2002ontheenergyperform-anceofbuildings(EPBD)

d)Directive 2004/8/EC of the European Parliament and oftheCouncilof11February2004onthepromotionofco-generationbasedonausefulheatdemandintheinternalenergymarketandamendingDirective92/42/EEC

e) Directive2006/32/ECoftheEuropeanParliamentandofthe Council of 5 April 2006 on energy end-use efficien-cy and energy services and repealing Council Directive93/76/EEC.

8

INTRODUCTIONThe practical application of all the provisions of Directive2002/91/EC, especially the ones regarding the calculationmethodology to evaluate energy performance, requiretechnicalstandardsinordertoperformthesetasksinauni-formandconsistentway.Thisaspectisconsideredexpresslyin the Directive preamble which, in point 11, states: “TheCommission intendsfurthertodevelopstandardssuchasEN832andprEN13790,alsoincludingconsiderationofair-condi-tioningsystemsandlighting”In fact, the European Commission and the European FreeTradeAssociationhasmandatedtheCEN(MandateM/343-2004)toprepareaseriesofstandardsaimedatEuropeanharmonization of the methodology for the calculation ofthe energy performance of buildings in order to help theMember States to implement Directive 2002/91/EC in aconsistentway.FollowingmandateM343, theCENhasre-vised many existing standards and prepared several newones,resultinginmorethan40documentsaslistedinthe“Umbrella Document” (CEN/TR 15615:2008). These include28 new EN standards, 4 new EN ISO standards and morethan15revisedstandards.Acompletedescriptionofthesetof standards prepared can be found in document CEN/TR15615:2008 Explanation of the general relationship betweenvarious European standards and the Energy Performance ofBuildingsDirective(EPBD)-UmbrellaDocument.

2.1 CEN COMMITTEES INVOLVEDAs indicated inCEN/TR15615:2008: TheTechnicalCommit-teesofCENthatwereinvolvedinthepreparationofthestand-ardscomprise:– CEN/TC89Thermalperformanceofbuildingsandbuild-

ingcomponents;– CEN/TC156Ventilationforbuildings;– CEN/TC169Lightandlighting;– CEN/TC228Heatingsystemsinbuildings;– CEN/TC247Buildingautomation,controlsandbuilding

management.TheprocesshasbeenoverseenbyCEN/BTTF173,Energyper-formance of buildings project group, which coordinated theworksoastoensurethatstandardspreparedindifferentcom-mitteesinterfacewitheachotherinasuitableway.

2.2 OVERVIEW OF THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE STANDARDS WITH THE DIRECTIVE 2002/91/ECThe methodology for calculation of energy performances

2. OVERVIEW OF THE EUROPEAN STANDARDS DEALING WITH ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN BUILDINGS

ofbuildingsshouldfollowthegeneralframeworksetoutintheAnnextotheDirective2002/917EC.While several standards cover specific aspects of the cal-culation process, the standards listed in Table 2.1 grouptogether the various issues related to the four main areascoveredbytheEPBD.

InCEN/TR15615:2008itisexplainedthat:“ThemaingoalofthesestandardsistofacilitatetheimplementationoftheDirec-tiveinMemberStates............Itisuptonationalbodiestoselectoneormoreoftheoptionsgiven,dependingonthepurposeofthe calculation and the type and complexity of the buildingsandtheirservices.

ThefourmaincomponentssetoutintheDirectiverelateto:– calculationmethodology;– minimumenergyperformancerequirements;– energyperformancecertificate;– inspectionsofboilersandair-conditioning.”

EN number Content

EN15603

Energyuse,forspaceheating,cooling,ventilation,domestichotwaterandlighting,inclusiveofsys-temlossesandauxiliaryenergy;anddefinitionofenergyratings

EN15217

Ways of expressing energy performance (for theenergycertificate)andwaysofexpressingrequire-ments(forregulations);contentandformatofen-ergyperformancecertificate

EN15378 BoilerinspectionsEN15240 Air-conditioninginspections

ENISO13790Energyneedsforheatingandcooling(takingac-countoflossesandgains)

Table2.1–overviewofthe“highlevel”standards(fromCEN/TR15615:2008)

2.3 METHODOLOGY FOR CALCULATING ENERGY PERFORMANCE AsshowninFigure2.1,thecalculationprocessshouldstartwithanevaluationoftheenergyneededtofulfilltheuser’srequirementsforheating,cooling,andlighting[1],andpro-ceed to include the“natural” energy gains [2], and obtainthebuilding’senergyneed[3].Itisthenpossibletoestimatethedeliveredenergy, recordedseparately for eachenergycarrierandinclusiveofauxiliaryenergy[4],subtractthere-newableenergyproducedonthebuildingpremises[5],andaddthegeneratedenergy,producedonthepremisesandexportedtothemarket[6].

9

Figure2.1–schematicillustrationofthecalculationprocess(fromUmbrelladocumentversionV5).

Finally,theprimaryenergyusageortheCO2emissionsasso-ciatedwiththebuilding[7]canbeobtained,togetherwiththeprimaryenergyorCO2emissionsassociatedwithon-sitegeneration, which is used on-site [8], and the primary en-ergyorCO2savingsassociatedwithenergyexportedtothemarket [9], which is thus subtractedfrom[7].

In past years, the energy needs forheatingandcoolinghavebeencalcu-latedaccordingto:

EN832:1998“Thermalperformanceofbuildings- Calculation of energy useforheating-Residentialbuildings”(nolongerinforce).

ENISO13790:2004“Thermalperform-anceofbuildings-Calculationofener-gyuseforspaceheating”(supersededEN832–appliestoallbuildings)

Today, the data necessary for energycertification should be obtained ac-cordingto:ENISO13790:2008“Thermalperform-anceofbuildings-Calculationofener-gyuseforspaceheatingandcooling”(updated EN ISO 13790 – applies alsotocoolingneeds)

AsindicatedinCEN/TR15615:2008:ENISO13790allowsfordifferentlevelsofcomplexity,simplifiedmonthlyorseasonalcalculation;simplifiedhourlycalculation;detailedcalculation;

whichcanbechosenaccordingtorelevantcriteriarelatedtothepurposeofthecalculation,suchasneworexistingbuild-ingsortypeand/orcomplexityofthebuildinganditsservices.

Thecalculationsarebasedonspecifiedboundaryconditionsofindoorclimate(EN15251)andexternalclimate.ThesimplifiedcalculationmethodsarefullyspecifiedintheENISO13790.ThedetailedcalculationmethodsarenotfullyspecifiedinENISO13790,butanyimplementationneedstobevalidatedaccord-ingtothecriteriainEN15265andtheinputandboundarycon-ditionsaretobeconsistentwiththefullyspecifiedmethods.Zoningarrangements (applicable toallcalculationmethods)aredescribedinENISO13790.The characteristics of the technical building systems are in-cludedvia:– heatingsystems,EN15316-1,EN15316-2-1,EN– 15316-

Figure 2.2 – Methodology for calculating energy performance (from CEN/TR15615:2008).

10

Figure2.3–Exampleofcertificatewithindicatorsandclassifi-cation(fromEN15217:2007)

Figure 2.4 – Example of certificate with 1 indicator withoutclassification(fromEN15217:2007)

2-3,EN15316-4(variousparts)– andEN15377;– coolingsystems,EN15243;– domestichotwater,EN15316-3(variousparts);– ventilation,EN15241;– lighting,EN15193;– integratedbuildingautomationandcontrols,EN15232.

2.4 ENERGY PERFORMANCE CERTIFICATEAsillustratedinCEN/TR15615:2008:“Theindicativecontentof the energy performance certificate is set out in EN 15217.This standard also includes the definition of the energy per-formance indicator and different options for the energy per-formanceclassification.

EN15603providesratingstodefineenergyperformance.Thecategoriesforthepurposesofcertificationare:calculated rating, based on calculated energy use understandardizedoccupancyconditions;measuredrating,basedonmeteredenergy”

According to standard EN 15217, different certificate for-matscanbeused.Ifclassificationisused,AnnexBofstandardEN15217sug-gests to use seven classes (A-G) distributed in such a waythattheboundarybetweenClassBandClassCcorresponds

to the Energy Performance Regulation reference (i.e. theminimumperformancerequirementfornewbuildings)andtheboundarybetweenClassDandClassEcorrespondstothe Building Stock reference (i.e. the energy performancereachedbyabout50%oftheexistingbuildings).

Acoupleofcertificateexamples,takenfromAnnexCofthisstandardareshowninFigures2.3and2.4.

2.5 PERIODIC INSPECTIONS OF BUILDING SYSTEMSThestandardsdealingwithperiodicinspectionsare:– forheatingsystems(andboilers):EN15378– forairconditioningsystems:EN15240– forventilationsystems(notexplicitlyconsideredinEPBD)

EN15239

Referencesa) CEN/TR15615:2008,Explanationofthegeneralrelation-

shipbetweenvariousEuropeanstandardsandtheEner-gyPerformanceofBuildingsDirective(EPBD)-UmbrellaDocument

b)EN ISO 13790:2008, Energy performance of buildings -Calculationofenergyuseforspaceheatingandcooling)

c) EN 15193:2007, Energy performance of buildings - En-ergyrequirementsforlighting

d)EN15217:2007,Energyperformanceofbuildings-Meth-ods for expressing energy performance and for energy

11

certificationofbuildingse) EN 15232:2007, Energy performance of buildings - Im-

pactofBuildingAutomation,ControlsandBuildingMan-agement

f ) EN 15239:2007, Ventilation for buildings - Energy per-formanceofbuildings-Guidelinesforinspectionofven-tilationsystems

g)EN 15240:2007, Ventilation for buildings - Energy per-formanceofbuildings-Guidelinesfor inspectionofair-conditioningsystems

h)EN 15241:2007, Ventilation for buildings - Calculationmethodsforenergylossesduetoventilationandinfiltra-tionincommercialbuildings

i) EN15243:2007,Ventilationforbuildings-Calculationofroomtemperaturesandofloadandenergyforbuildingswithroomconditioningsystems

j) EN15251:2007, Indoorenvironmental inputparametersfor design and assessment of energy performance ofbuildingsaddressingindoorairquality,thermalenviron-ment,lightingandacoustics

k) EN 15265:2007, Energy performance of buildings - Cal-culationofenergyneedsforspaceheatingandcoolingusingdynamicmethods–Generalcriteriaandvalidationprocedures

l) EN15316-x-x :2007/2008,Heatingsystemsinbuildings-MethodforcalculationofsystemenergyrequirementsandsystemefficienciesVariousparts

m)EN15377-1,2,3:2007,Heatingsystemsinbuildings-De-signofembeddedwaterbasedsurfaceheatingandcool-ingsystemsParts1-3

n)EN15378:2007,Heatingsystemsinbuildings-Inspectionofboilersandheatingsystems

o)EN15603:2008,Energyperformanceofbuildings-Over-allenergyuseanddefinitionofenergyratings

12

INTRODUCTIONAspointedoutinthepreviouschapters,aconsequenceofDirective 2002/91/EC has been the preparation of a largenumberofstandardsbyCENdealingwiththecalculationoftheenergyperformanceofabuilding.Manypeoplecanbeannoyedbythedifficultiesinvolvedorseethecalculationsasonlymerebureaucraticpaperwork.Inreality,theenergybalancesheetofabuildingcanbeaveryusefultoolforthedesignofanewbuildingorwhenconsideringthebeststrat-egytoretrofitanexistingone.

3.1 ENERGY BALANCE OF A BUILDINGTheheatbalanceofabuildingincludesseveralterms.Theycanbebroadlydividedintothethreefollowingmainclass-es:1)energyusedforheating,coolingandventilation(std.ENISO13790:2008,13789:2007);2)energyusedfordomes-tic hot water preparation (std. EN 15316 part 3-1, 3-2 and3-3:2007);3)energyusedforlighting(std.EN15193:2007).The calculation procedure can follow simplified quasi-steady-statemethodstypicallycalculatingtheheatbalanceforeachmonth(orevenawholeseason)orbeperformedwithadetaileddynamicsimulation repeatedlycalculatingtheheatbalanceovershortperiodsandaccountingfortheheatstoredorreleasedbecauseofthethermalcapacityofthe building structures. The current national regulationsusually requireonly the (simplified,monthlybased)calcu-lationoftheenergyneededforwinterheating,and,some-times, for domestic hot water production, but this shouldchangeinthenextfewyears.

3.1.1 Energy use for space heating and coolingIncludesthefollowingterms(std.ENISO13790:2008).– Transmissionheattransferbetweenthe internal (condi-

tioned)spaceandtheexternalenvironment(std.ENISO13789:2007). It is controlled by the difference betweeninternal and external temperature.The components in-volvedaretheopaquepartoftheenvelope(walls,floors,roof etc. - std. EN ISO 6946:2007, 13370:2007) and theglazedpartoftheenvelope(windows-std.ENISO10077-1:2006, 10077-2:2003); in addition, also the thermalbridgesmustbeaccountedfor(std.ENISO10211:2007,14683:2007).

– Heat transfer between contiguous spaces (because oftransmissionandventilation).Itiscontrolledbythetem-perature difference between the internal (conditioned)space and the contiguous (possibly unheated/uncondi-

tioned)space.– Ventilation heat transfer (std. EN ISO 13789:2007): also

depends on the difference between internal and exter-nal temperature. Space ventilation can be obtained bynatural ventilation or through a mechanical ventilationsystem (std. EN 15241:2007), in that case, there are ad-ditionalenergyneedstobefulfilled(e.g.energyfor fanmotors).

– Internal heat gains due to appliances, lighting fixtures,people, lossesfromthespaceheatingand/orhotwatersystem etc. Can also include negative gains from heatsinkssuchascoolingsystemsetc.

– Solar heat gains direct through windows or indirectthroughopaquewalls.

– Heat stored in or released from the structures of thebuilding.

– Thebalanceisthenclosedbytheenergysuppliedbytheheatingsystem(EN15316 -x-x :2007/2008,15232:2007)inordertoreachthe internalsetpointwintertempera-ture (std. EN ISO 15251:2007) or by the energy extract-ed by the cooling system (EN, 15243:2007) in order tomaintainthesetpointsummertemperature(std.ENISO15251:2007),includingsystem(s)lossesandauxiliaryen-ergy,anddeducting locallycapturedrenewableenergy(e.g.solarpanels).

3.1.2 Energy use for domestic hot water preparationThisitemaccountsfortheenergyusedforthepreparationand distribution of domestic hot water, including systemlossesandauxiliaryenergy,anddeductinglocallycapturedrenewableenergy(e.g.solarpanels).

3.1.3 Energy use for lightingThistermaccountsfortheenergyusedforlighting(thatisafunctionofthedaylightsupply),includingparasiticenergy(std.ENISO15193:2007).

3.2 UNDERSTANDING THE ENERGY BALANCE OF A BUILDINGItisbeyondthescopeofthisshortguidelinetodelveintothe details of the preparation of the energy balance ofthe building, which involves specialized issues, for exam-ple,howtodealwithheatlossestowardterrainortowardunheated spaces, how to account for the various types ofthermalbridges,orhowtocomputetheenergyconversionlossesintheheatingsystem.Fortheseissuestheinterested

3. THE ENERGY BALANCE OF A BUILDING

13

reader is referred to the European standards.The focus ofthisreportistoprovideageneraloverviewofthebuildingenergybalance.

3.2.1 HEAT TRANSFERThe heat losses through the envelope (std. EN ISO13789:2007)takeplacealongthefollowingthreepaths.

– Heat transfer through opaque surfaces (e.g. walls, roof,floors):thisisthemostsimpletocontrolusinglowUval-ues(std.ENISO6946:2007),thatis,increasingthethick-ness of the insulation layers, and in new buildings it israrely a problem. Some difficulty can be encounteredwhen retrofitting existing buildings because of spaceconstraints;

– Heattransferthroughglazedelements(e.g.windows-std.EN ISO 10077-1:2006, 10077-2:2003): the widespreadavailabilityoflow-E(lowemissivity)glassallowsforUval-uesmuchlowerthaninthepast,forbothnewconstruc-tions and when retrofitting existing buildings. On theotherhand,low-EglazedsurfacesusuallyhaveaUvalueintherange1-1,5Wm-2K-1 ,morethan3timeshigherwithrespecttoopaquewalls(thatcaneasilyhaveUval-ueslowerthan0,3-0,4Wm-2K-1).Areasonablecompro-misemustthenbereachedbetweendaylightsupplyandwinter solar heat gains on one side and increased heatlosses and (unwanted) summer solar heat gains on theotherside.

– Heat transfer through thermal bridges (i.e. parts of thebuildingenvelopewhereheatflowislocallyincreasedbe-causeofshapeand/orchangeofthicknessand/orjunc-tionbetweendifferentmaterials-std.ENISO10211:2007,14683:2007): once a minor issue, the heat loss due tothermal bridges is now becoming a major problem. Infact,thetrendtodecreasetheUvaluesofwindowsandopaquewalls (andthen,theheattransferthroughsuchsurfaces) iscausingthermalbridgestobecomeamajorcauseofheatloss.Inordertoprepareareliableestima-tionofenergyconsumptiontheymustbeproperlyiden-tifiedandaccountedfor.

3.2.2 VentilationThelossesduetoventilation(std-ENISO13789:2007)arisefrom the necessity to heat/cool the external air in orderto raise/lower theair temperatureto thecomfortvalueassuggestedbystd.EN ISO15251:2007.Whenamechanical

ventilationsystemisused(std.EN15241:2007),thedesignairchangerateisknownwithreasonableaccuracy(std.EN13779:2004,15242:2007).Naturalventilation rates (i.e.ob-tained opening windows) can also be estimated (std. EN15242:2007). For residential buildings, natural ventilationheatlossesareusuallyevaluatedassumingaconventionalvaluefortheairchangeratearound0,5ach(airchangesperhour),establishedatthenationallevel.Whetherthisisare-alisticvalueornotisanissuefordebate.Dependingontheclimate,ventilationlossescanaccountforasizableamountofthetotalheatingenergydemandforanewlyconstructedbuilding(around20-30kWhm-2year-1).Toreducethislossitispossibletolimittheairchangerate,althoughthisisnotrecommended(airflowratesbelow0,3-0,4achcanleadtounacceptable IAQ - indoor air quality), or to perform heatrecovery from the exhausted air flow (quite easy if a me-chanicalventilationsystemisused).Apossiblestrategyistorenderthebuildingairtightandperformthespaceventila-tionwithamechanicalsystem,includingaheatexchangerbetweenexhaustandfreshsupplyair.Inthesummerseason,ventilationcanbeaneffectivewaytoremoveheatfromthebuildingduringtheperiodsofthedaywhentheexternalairtemperatureislowerthanthein-ternalone,asusuallyhappensduringthenightandintheearlymorning.

3.2.3 Internal heat gainsThe internal heat gains are usually generated by metabo-lismofpeoplelivinginsidethebuilding,electricappliancesand lighting. In addition, there can be heat dissipated byor absorbed from mechanical systems (heating, ventilat-ingandcooling),waterdistribution/collectionsystems(hotandmainswater,sewage),and,inindustrialandcommercialbuildings, processes and goods. For residential buildings,internalheatgainsareusuallyevaluatedassumingconven-tional values established at the national level, typically intherange2-5W/m2.Fornonresidentialbuildings,theycanbeevaluatedaccordingtostd.EN13779:2004.

3.2.4 Solar heat gainsThesolarheatgainsofabuildingtakeplacemainlythroughglazedelements(e.g.windows).Theyaretheresultofthera-diationavailable inthebuilding location,orientationofthecollectingsurfaces,shading,solartransmittanceoftheglazedelements,andofthethermalpropertiesoftheexposedareas.Duringthewinterseason,solarheatgainscancoveracon-

14

siderable fraction of the space heating energy needs if theglazedsurfacesareproperlydistributed(inaddition,daylightsupplyshouldalsobeconsidered).Inthesummerseason,ap-propriateshadingisusedtocontrolthe(usuallyunwanted)solarheatgainsthroughglazedelements.Thenetsolarheatgainsoftheopaqueportionoftheenve-lopeareusuallynegligibleduringthewinterseason.Theycan, instead, become an important factor in the summerperiod,affectingthermalcomfortandcoolingneeds,espe-ciallyasaresultofsolarheatgainsthroughtheroof.

3.2.5 Thermal capacity of the building structureThe building structures can act as storage (capacitance),whereheatcanbedynamicallystoredandreleasedalongtime. These capabilities are often called“dynamic thermalcharacteristics” or dynamic parameters” because they af-fect the behavior of a building in variable regime (std ENISO13786:2007,13789:2007)and notwhen thingsdonotchange,i.e.insteadystate.Sincethevastmajorityofbuild-ingcomponentshavealmostthesamevalueofspecificheatcapacity,approximately1000J/(kgK),theheatcapacityofbuilding structures is directly proportional to their mass.Thethermalcapacityofabuilding(sometimesreferredtoasthermalmass)isofmajorimportanceduetotwoissues:(1)theabilitytoexploitheatgainsinwinter(solarandinternal);and(2)theabilitytosmoothtemperaturepeaksinsummer.

3.2.6 Energy required by HVAC systemsTomaintain thecorrectcomfortconditions insideabuild-ing (std. EN ISO 15251:2007), the HVAC system can be re-quiredtosupplyenergytothebuildingduringtheheatingseasonortoremoveenergyduringthesummerperiod.Inaddition,ifthereisamechanicalventilationsystem,energyisrequiredforfansoperation.Theoverall(primary)energyrequired by the systems must be calculated consideringthe actual efficiency of the various components (e.g. boil-ers,chillers,etc)ofthesystem,i.e.includingauxiliaryenergyandsystemlosses(std.ENISO15603:2008,EN15241:2007,15243:2007,15316-x-x:2007/2008,).Locallycollectedsolarorwindenergyisnotconsideredintheenergybalanceofthebuilding(i.e.itisnotaddedwhencomputingthetotalprimaryenergydeliveredtoabuildingasfuelorelectricity).Tocontaintheprimaryenergydemandofabuildingthen,itisnotenoughtolimittheenergyneededforspaceheatingorcooling,buthighefficiencygenerationsystems(suchascondensingboilers),lowlossdistributionsystems(e.g.well

insulated piping) and on site renewable energy capturedarerequired.

3.2.7 Domestic hot waterThe energy necessary to prepare domestic hot water is afunctionofthevolumeofwaterneeded,ofthecoldwatersupplytemperatureandofthecharacteristicsofthegenera-tionanddistributionsystem(std.EN15316part3-1,3-2and3-3:2007).Forresidentialbuildings(e.g.singlefamilydwell-ings),thedomestichotwatervolumeisusuallyanassumedconventionalvaluebasedonthefloorareaorthenumberofoccupants,establishedatthenationallevel.Solarcollec-torscancoverasubstantial fractionoftheenergyneededfordomestichotwaterpreparation.

3.2.8 LightingTheenergyusedbyabuildingforlightingcanbecalculatedfromtheinstalledlightingpower(luminariesandparasitic),daylight availability and occupancy schedule (std. EN ISO15193:2007). The installed lighting fixtures (and thereforetheinstalledpower)shouldensureadequatelighttoenablepeopletoperformvisualtaskssafelyandefficiently(std.ENISO 15251:2007, EN 12464-1:2002). For existing buildings,direct metering of lighting circuits is recommended. Forresidential buildings, lighting energy needed calculationsareusuallynotrequired.

3.3 CALCULATION METHODOLOGIESAspointedoutearlier(3.1),therearetwobasiccalculationmethods:quasi-steady-methodsanddynamicmethods.Quasi-steady-methods calculate heat balance over longperiods (a month or a whole season) and take in account“dynamiceffects”(i.e.buildingthermalcapacity[see3.2.5])throughanempiricallyevaluatedutilization factor (whosesymbolisη).Inthewinterseason,theutilizationfactorforgainsaccountsforthefactthatheatgains(solarandinter-nal)onlyinpartreducetheenergyrequiredforheating:forexample, excess solar heat gain could lead to unwantedoverheatingofaroom.Asymmetricalapproachisusedforthermallossesthroughventilationandheattransferduringthesummerperiod(but,todate,thedeterminationoftheutilizationfactorforheatlosseshasnotbeenvalidatedinasatisfactorywayatthenationallevelconsideringthevariousclimateconditions).Thiskindofmethodhasbeeninuseforquitealongtime,andgivesreasonablyaccurateresultsforannualheatingenergyneeds.Std.ENISO13790:2008gives

15

acompletedescriptionofamonthlyquasi-steady-statecal-culation method (and gives the option to use a seasonalmethod).Thisistheapproachnormallyusedforevaluatingtheheatingenergyuseofaresidentialbuilding.Dynamic methods, instead, evaluate the energy balanceofabuildingoversmalltimesteps(typicallyonehour)andexplicitlyaccount for theeffectsof theheatstored inandreleasedfromthebuildingmassbecauseofitsthermalca-pacity.Dynamicmethodsmodelheattransmissionthroughtheenvelope,heat lossesduetoventilation,heatstorage/releaseinthebuildingstructure,andinternalandsolarheatgainsineachbuildingzone.Theapproachusedcanrangefromverydetailed,365dayssimulations, tosimplehourlyreferencedaymethods.Indicationsaboutperformancecri-teria and requisites for detailed dynamic methods can befound in std. EN 15265:2007. Standardized input and out-putdataandboundaryconditionsarespecifiedbystd.ENISO 13790:2008 to ensure compatibility and consistencybetweendifferentdynamicmethods.Moreover,std.ENISO13790:2008fullyspecifiesasimplehourlymethodmodelingeachbuildingzoneasafiveresistorsonecapacitor(5R1C)networkwiththree-nodes.Thechoiceof theappropriatemethodforthepreparationoftheenergybalancedependsonthebuildingconsidered(size, main destination, number of occupants, occupancyschedule, etc.). For residential buildings with minor or nosummercooling,quasi-steadymethodsforthecalculationsofheatinganddomestichotwaterenergyneedsareoften

appropriate. For large commercial buildings, with com-plicatedHVACplants,hugecooling loadsandmanyoccu-pants,adetaileddynamicsimulationisprobablyrequired.

3.4 THE ENERGY BALANCE OF A BUILDING AS A DESIGN TOOLThecalculationoftheenergybalanceofabuildingallowstheusertoknowtheoverallenergyuseand,thentoassessthe energy performance of the building. This should notonlybealegalrequirementforthepurposeofobtainingabuildingpermitand/oranenergyperformancecertificate,butalsoaveryusefultooltooptimizethedesignofanewbuildingortoplanaretrofit.To obtain this result, a close cooperation between theperson(s) preparing the energy balance and the designteam is required,since theenergybalanceshouldbepre-paredsimultaneouslywiththedesign.Itmaybehelpfultoestablish an energy efficiency target at the beginning ofa project, perhaps in terms of performance class as men-tionedinpoint2.4.The most important point is to start preparing the energybalanceearlyintheprocess,whenthedesignisinitsinitialphase: design changes prompted by energy performanceconsiderationhaveverylowornocostsassociatedwhentheyareimplementedintheinitialdesignphase,buttheaddition-alcostscangrowexponentiallyastheprojectprogresses.Once the layout of the building has been drafted, effortsshould be made to determine the optimal orientation in

Figure 3.1 – Schematic representation of the energy balanceof an existing (not “low energy”) building (it is assumed thattheaverageexternalairtemperatureandrelativehumidityinsummeraresuchthatthetransmissionandventilationloadsarenegative).

Figure3.2–Schematicrepresentationoftheenergybalanceofanew(“lowenergy”)building(itisassumedthattheaverageexternalairtemperatureandrelativehumidityinsummeraresuchthatthetransmissionandventilationloadsarenegative).

16

thelocalclimateconditions.Attentionshouldalsobepaidto optimize active solar energy collection (thermal and/orphotovoltaic):appropriateareas,withtherightorientationandslopemustbemadeavailable.Fenestration placement and size should be carefully opti-mizedconsideringheatlosses,heatgains(wantedinwinterandunwantedinsummer)anddaylighting.Theinfluenceofglazingtypeshouldalsobeanalyzed.The building envelope should also been designed withcareful consideration of all possible thermal bridges (cor-ners,windowframes,balconies,beams,etc.)andexaminingpossibleinsulationalternatives.The aforementioned activities should be iterated severaltimes,eachtimecheckingtheinfluenceofthedesignchoic-es on the overall energy performance, and analyzing theenergybalancebreakdowntounderstandthe relative im-portanceofthevariousitems(heatlossesthroughopaqueflat components of the envelope, thermal bridges, glazedsurfaces, heat gains, etc.), and decide what actions to un-dertake.When the energy need for space heating (and, if the caseforspacecooling) iswithinthedesiredtarget,theheating(or the HVAC) system and the domestic hot water systemcanbeoptimized(e.g.includingrenewableenergysources,such as solar and geothermal, and/or selecting high effi-ciency components).The systems optimization phase canalsorequiresomeiterations.

The same approach can obviously be applied for retrofitplanningandenergymanagementpurposes

Referencesa) ENISO6946:2007,Buildingcomponentsandbuildingel-

ements–Thermalresistanceandthermaltransmittance–Calculationmethod

b)ENISO10077-1:2006,Thermalperformanceofwindows,doorsandshutters-Calculationofthermaltransmittance-Part1:General

c) ENISO10077-2:2003,Thermalperformanceofwindows,doorsandshutters-Calculationofthermaltransmittance-Part2:Numericalmethodforframes

d)ENISO10211:2007,Thermalbridgesinbuildingconstruc-tion-Heatflowsandsurfacetemperatures-Detailedcal-culations

e) EN12464-1:2002,Lightandlighting—Lightingofworkplaces—Part1:Indoorworkplaces

f ) ENISO13370:2007,Thermalperformanceofbuildings-Heattransferviatheground-Calculationmethods

g)ENISO13779:2004,Ventilationfornon-residentialbuild-ings – Performance requirements for ventilation androom-conditioningsystems

h)EN ISO 13786:2007, Thermal performance of buildingcomponents—Dynamicthermalcharacteristics—Cal-culationmethods

i) ENISO13789:2007,Thermalperformanceofbuildings-Transmission and ventilation heat transfer coefficients -Calculationmethod

j) EN ISO 13790:2008, Energy performance of buildings -Calculationofenergyuseforspaceheatingandcooling)

k) ENISO14683:2007,Thermalbridgesinbuildingconstruc-tion-Linearthermaltransmittance-Simplifiedmethodsanddefaultvalues

l) EN 15193:2007, Energy performance of buildings - En-ergyrequirementsforlighting

m)EN 15232:2007, Energy performance of buildings - Im-pactofBuildingAutomation,ControlsandBuildingMan-agement

n)EN 15241:2007, Ventilation for buildings - Calculationmethodsforenergylossesduetoventilationandinfiltra-tionincommercialbuildings

o)EN 15242:2007, Ventilation for buildings - Calculationmethodsforthedeterminationofairflowratesinbuild-ingsincludinginfiltration

p)EN15243:2007,Ventilationforbuildings-Calculationofroomtemperaturesandofloadandenergyforbuildingswithroomconditioningsystems

q)EN15251:2007, Indoorenvironmental inputparametersfor design and assessment of energy performance ofbuildingsaddressingindoorairquality,thermalenviron-ment,lightingandacoustics

r) EN 15265:2007, Energy performance of buildings - Cal-culationofenergyneedsforspaceheatingandcoolingusingdynamicmethods–Generalcriteriaandvalidationprocedures

s) EN15316-x-x :2007/2008,Heatingsystemsinbuildings-Methodforcalculationofsystemenergyrequirementsandsystemefficiencies-Variousparts

t) EN15377-1,2,3:2007,Heatingsystemsinbuildings-De-signofembeddedwaterbasedsurfaceheatingandcool-ingsystemsParts1-3

u)EN15603:2008,Energyperformanceofbuildings-Overallenergyuseanddefinitionofenergyratings

17

IntroductionItcanbereasonablyexpectedthattheenergyperformancecertificationwillbeinwidespreaduseinthecomingyears.It’shighlyprobablethattheenergycertificatewillincludesomekindofenergyclassificationinordertoexpresstheratingofabuildinginaformeasytocommunicateandtounderstandevenforthelay-men.Thisisveryimportantinordertodrivethebuildingmarkettowardabetterquality.Thisissueiscriti-calbecausetheclassificationisinmanyrespectsacomplexprocessaimedatcommunicatingtotheendusertheenergyperformanceinasimpleandeffectiveway.

4.1 Performance indexToassesstheenergyperformanceofabuilding,thestartingpointistheenergybalancementionedpreviously;asanal-ternative,forexistingbuildings,actualenergyusagecanbemetered. However, in order to communicate it effectively,theperformanceofabuildingisusuallytranslatedinasin-gle (synthesis) index or in a very short list of indexes (theparametermostfrequentlyusedistheratioofenergyusedvs.floorareaoftenmeasuredinkWh/m2)(EN15217:2007).Thisindexisthencontextualizedinascale(sothatitisvisu-ally evident where the index lays between the minimumandmaximumperformancerange)orassignedtoasingleclassselectedwithina limitednumberofclasses(typicallyrangingfromAtoG).

4.2 Coverage of performance index (what is included in an energy label)Theevaluationoftheenergyperformanceisanevolution-aryprocess:thereisalongstandingpracticeforcomputingtheenergyuseforspaceheating,whileotherenergyusagetypes,suchascoolingandlightingenergyneeds,havenotbeenconsideredasmuchinpastyears.Forthesereasons,inmanycountries,thefirstinstanceofenergyclassificationwillincludeonlyasubsetofenergyneeds.Someexamplesinclude:energyconsumptionforspaceheatingbasedonenvelopeperformance(forheattransferandventilation);overallenergyconsumptionforspaceheatingbasedonpri-maryenergyinput(includinglossesintheheatingsystem);overallenergyconsumptionforspaceheatinganddomestichotwaterbasedonprimaryenergyinput(includinglossesintheheatingsystem);

Itmustbeclearthatthecomparisoncanbeperformedonly

between analogous indexes. For this reason, it should beclearly stated what is actually included in an energy labelandwhatisnot.

4.3 Conventional valuesThe performance of a building is evaluated in a standardclimatewithastandardpatternofuse. Inreality,therearemeteorologicaloscillationsandvaryingenduserbehaviors.Inthiscase,thecautionarywarningusedinthecarmarket“yourmileagemayvary”alsoappliesinthebuildingcontext.Therealvalueofenergyratingsisthepowerofcomparison:theendusercancomparesimilarbuildingsinasimilar lo-cationeasilyidentifyingtheonewiththebestrelativeper-formance.

References– EN15217:2007,Energyperformanceofbuildings-Meth-

ods for expressing energy performance and for energycertificationofbuildings

– EN15603:2008,Energyperformanceofbuildings-Over-allenergyuseanddefinitionofenergyratings

4. THE ENERGY LABEL OF A BUILDING

18

so to avoid thermal bridges. Special care must be paid toshutters(andtorollershutterboxes).Allwindowsmusthaveshadingstocontrolsummerheatgains,externallyplaced.Proper lighting design and practice must be followed tomake sure that at least a reasonable amount of daylightpenetrates inthespacesmeantforhumanoccupancy(EN15193 provides details of daylight availability and estima-tions).

Sinceventilationheatlossesareamajorfactor(inmanyEu-ropeanclimates,naturalventilationcanaccountupto20-30kWhm-2oftheheatingenergyneeds),theenvelopeshouldbe designed and built so that it is airtight and avoids un-wantedexternalairinfiltrations.Whiletheoccupantsmustalwayshavetheoptiontoopenwindows(becauseofwell-beingconsiderationsandalsobecauseinmildclimateperi-ods,naturalventilationcanstillbethemostefficientoption)theinstallationofacontrolledventilationsystemshouldbecarefullyevaluated.

5.2 RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMSWhendesigninganewbuilding,orretrofittinganexistingone,properconsiderationshouldbegiventorenewableen-ergysystem.Thermal solar collectors for domestic hot water prepara-tion have now reached a degree of product maturity andfinancialsustainabilitysuchthatit’shardlyjustifiablenotin-stallingthemineverynew/retrofittedbuilding.Dependingonlocallegislation,availablefinancialincentives,andelec-tricpowersale/buyingtariffs,theinstallationofPVpanelsshouldalsobecarefullyconsidered.Tomakeinstallationofsolarpanels(thermalandPV)actuallyfeasible,financiallyat-tractiveandaestheticallypleasantprovisionsmustbemadeforadequateavailablesurfaces(withpropersizeandorien-tation),possiblyontheroof.

For lowenergybuildings,heatpumpscanalsooftenbeaviableoption,this iseventruerifthewellsforgeothermalenergyexploitationarecarefullycoordinatedwithfounda-tionwallsandbeams.

Renewable energy systems must be coordinated with theother mechanical/electric systems found in the building(heating,ventilation,etc.)Forexample,heatpumps(andtoanextent,theexcessheatcomingformsolarthermalpanel)arebestmatchedwithlowtemperatureheatingsystems.

5. APPLICABLE BEST PRACTICES

IntroductionWhilebuildingbestpracticesarestronglydependentonthelocal context, some general indications applicable to thewholeEuropeancontextcanneverthelessbegiven.Theseindicationscanbegroupedinfourgeneralareas:highper-formanceenvelope,exploitationofrenewablesystemsandenergyefficientsystemsandcertification.

5.1 ENVELOPE PERFORMANCEA properly designed envelope is of fundamental impor-tancetoachieveahighlyefficientbuilding.Compactbuildings,withalowsurfacetovolumeratio,havebetterenergyperformance,butcompactnessshouldnotbestretchedtothepointofexcessivelydecreasingdaylightininternalareas,farawayfromwindows.

The insulation of opaque walls should be the best qualitypossible and, in any case, the U value should not exceed0,25Wm-2K-1.Wheneverpossible,theinsulationlayershouldbeplacedontheoutersideofthewall tominimizevaporcondensationrisksandto increase theavailabilityof ther-malmass.Everyattentionshouldbepaid toavoid localheatflux in-creases (thermal bridges) due to material inconsistenciesand/or shape. This requires extreme attention to detailsstarting from the design phase and ensuring the avail-abilityofskilledpeople intheconstructionyard.Aspecialchallengecomesfrombalconiesandotherprotrudingele-mentsbecauseofcantileveredbeams:cantileveredbeams,obviously,cannotbecuttoinsertthermalinsulationandsoexternalframessupportingbalconiesandotherappendixesshouldbeusedwheneverpossible.

Windowqualityshouldalsobethebestpossiblewithlow-eglasspanesandhighperformanceframes(overallUvalueshould not exceed 1,25Wm-2 K-1).The windows should beproperlydistributedinordertograntadequatesolargainsinwinter,avoidexcesssolargainsinsummer,andensuread-equatedaylightsupply.Aproperbalancemustbeachievedconsidering the overall performance along the year: win-dows that are too small may be a problem (not enoughdaylightsupply,impairedwellbeing)butwindowswithoutshadingsandthataretoolargecanalsobeaproblem(win-terheatlosses,summeroverheating,glareandblinding).Thewindowframe(andcounter-frame)mustbeproperlyse-lected,seatedinplaceandalignedwiththeinsulationlayer

19

5.3 ENERGY EFFICIENT SYSTEMS

Thedesignandactualconstructionshouldstrivetoobtainthe highest efficiency attainable from all the building sys-tems.

Theheatingsystemsshouldbeofthelowtemperaturetype.Ifembeddedwaterbasedsurfaceheatingandcoolingsys-temsareused,greatcaremustbetakentoavoidheatlossestoward the ground or other unheated spaces (basement,etc.),layinginplaceadequateinsulation(embeddedwaterbased surface heating and cooling systems will substan-tiallyraisethetemperatureinwinterandsubstantiallylowerthetemperature insummerof thebuildingstructuretheyare embedded in, potentially increasing losses from suchstructureifadequateinsulationisnotinplace).

Iffossilfuelsareusedforheatgeneration,suchasoilornat-uralgas,highefficiencycondensingboilersshouldbeused.The hot/chilled water distribution pipe network must beproperlysizedinordertominimizepressurelosses.

The energy supply for auxiliary electrical equipment (e.g.pumpsandfans)mustbeminimizedthroughdesignofan(airand/orwater)distributionnetworkrequiringlowpres-surehead,andselectionofequipmentwithpropersizeandhigh efficiency (i.e. variable velocity pumps/fans). Electricheatingsystemsshouldbeavoidedunlesstheprimaryen-ergyinputcanbeprovedtobecomparablewithotherones.

5.4 CERTIFICATIONAs pointed out previous, the certification process is fun-damental for ensuring the performance of a building andtocommunicate it inaneffectiveway.Moreover,properlymonitoring each phase (design, construction and opera-tion) of the process leading to a“best practice” building,asrequiredby“certificationprotocols”,willensurethatthedesiredbuildingperformancecanbeactuallyachievedanddemonstratedtotheprospectiveowner.Fornewbuildings,thetargetperformanceshouldbesubstantiallyhigherthantheminimumlevelrequiredbynational/andorlocalregula-tions(asthebareminimumrequiredisusuallyalevelthatis easily obtainable without any special provisions and, assuch,canhardlybequalifiedasabestpractice).Therefore,“bestpractice”buildingsshouldreachhigherperformance

classes.Theenergyperformancecertificationisalsoimpor-tantwithrespecttorenovatingexistingbuildings:despitethefactthatforsomeexistingbuildings,higherenergyper-formanceclassesmaynotbepracticallyreachable,itisnev-ertheless important to attest the improvement that couldbeobtainedusingbestpractices.

20

6.3 BEST PRACTICE 1: EFFICIENT INSULATION

Designation Type U(W/m².K)

Umaxvalue

(RT2005)Information

Exteriorwall exteriorwall 0,14 0,45 OK

Basementwall interiorwall 0,285 0,45 OK

Interiorwalloncommonproperty

interiorwall 0,421 0,45 OK

Baseflooronbasement interiorfloor 0,173 0,4 OK

Upperflooronattic exteriorwall 0,123 0,28 OK

Terraceroof roof 0,143 0,34 OK

Windows windows 1,1 2,6 OK

6.4 BEST PRACTICE 2: RATIONALISATION OF THE CONSTRUCTIONTheconstructionprogramhasbeenconceptualizedinordertobe transposable,withutilizationof testedbuildingma-terials.ItpermitseasyimplementationandsatisfiesFrenchstandards.This low energy building costs 15% more thanthesamestandardbuilding.Theextrainvestmentcostwillbebalancedbyloweroperatingcosts.

6. SOME EXAMPLES OF BEST PRACTICES

BEST PRACTICES EXAMPLE IN FRANCE

6.1 BUILDING NAME AND IDENTIFICATION: “THE PARk OF MUEHLMATTEN” IN BOLWILLERThehousingbuilding“TheParkofMuehlmatten” isamul-tigenerationalresidenceof15flatsbasedona lowenergyconception.ItislocatedinBollwillerinAlsace(continentalclimate).Thisbuilding,withanareaof1.338m²,isclassifiedasalevelAaccordingtotheenergyscaleandanswersattheBBC-effinergielabelcriteria.

Picturesofthewholebuilding.

6.2 OUTLINE OF THE APPLIED BEST PRACTICESIt isa traditionalFrenchstructurebasedonbrick. Its insu-lation is an external envelope made of polystyrene, 20cmthick.Itsdoubleglazedwindowsarelow-efilledwithargon.Terraces are isolated from the building thanks to ruptureofthermalbridgessystems.Theventilationsystemiscom-posedofamechanicalventilationwithheat recovery.Theairtightness of the building is optimized and is 0,6 m3/h/m²,withapressuredifferenceof4Pa.Theheatingsystemisbasedonahighperformancegasfiredcondensingboilerwithfloorembeddedheatingsystem.Hotsanitarywaterisproducedbyacollectivesolarheatingsystem.Thesummercomfortisensuredbyasolarshadingsystem.Thus,thereisnoneedofacoolingsysteminthebuilding.

21

BEST PRACTICES EXAMPLE IN ITALY

6.5 BUILDING NAME AND IDENTIFICATIONThebuilding,designedbyArchitectPierpaoloBotteon,isatwo-familyhouse located inPergineValsugana(TRENTO–Italy), town with 20 000 inhabitants, elevation 490 m ASL.Eachunithasafloorareaequaltoapproximately200m2,andavolumeequaltoapproximately500m3.Theinternalclimate is controlled through a low temperature hydronicradiantfloorheatingsystem,andtheheatsourceisawoodpelletboiler integratedwithsolarheatpanels.Theenergyuseforheatingislessthan50kWh/m2peryear.Themaxi-mumvaluepermittedbytheItalianregulationforthecon-sidered climate (3147 degree days) is equal to about 100kWh/m2.

6.6 OUTLINE OF THE APPLIED BEST PRACTICESSeveral measures have been applied in order to achievehighenergyperformanceinthisbuilding,includingahigh-

lyinsulatedenvelope(exp.roofandexteriorwalls),caretoavoidthermalbridges,andefficientlowtemperatureheat-ing systems using renewable heat sources such as woodpellets and solar panels. In addition, great attention hasbeenpaidtotheglobalsustainabilityofthebuilding,usingwoodforthemainstructureandlowimpactinsulatingma-terialswheneverpossible.

Viewsoftheconstructionyard,showingthewoodframestruc-ture.

6.7 BEST PRACTICE 1: WELL INSULATED EXTERNAL WALLSTheexternalwallshavebeeninsulatedusing,ontheouterside,12cm(6+6)ofwoodfiberwithacertifiedthermalcon-ductivityλ=0,045W/(mK)and,ontheinside,5cmoflinenfiberwithathermalconductivityλ=0,040W/(mK).There-sultingwallhasatotalthicknessof22,1cmandaUvaluelowerthan0,2W/(m2K).ThemaximumvaluepermittedbytheItalianregulationsforthisclimateisU=0,35W/(m2K).

Viewsofthefinished“casaaSusà”building.

22

6.9 BEST PRACTICE 3: AVOIDANCE OF THERMAL BRIDGES Greatcarehasbeentakentoavoidtheformationofthermalbridges. Some of the adopted measures are shown in thefollowingpictures.

Floorslabandbeamsforbalcony.

Viewoftheexternalwoodfiberinsulation(left),andofthein-ternallinenfiberinsulation(right)duringthelayinginplace.

Viewofthewoodfiberinsulationduringlayinginplaceontheroofstructure.

Balconybeamframe,avoidingcantileveredconcretebeamsprotrudingfromtheheatedspace

Additional insulation to avoid the thermal bridge due to thejointbetweenthewoodframeandtheconcretebasement.

6.8 BEST PRACTICE 2: WELL INSULATED ROOF Theroofhasbeeninsulatedusing18cmofwoodfiberbasedinsulatingpackage,withacertifiedthermalconductivityλ=0,040W/(mK)anddensityequalto160kg/m3.Thisnotonlyensuresprotectionduringthewinterseason,butalso,duetothehighthermalmass,providesprotectionagainstover-heatinginsummer.Thematerialhasbeenlaidinplacewithadequateprotectionagainstrainwaterandmoisturemigra-tion.TheresultingstructurehasaUvaluelowerthan0,2W/(m2K).ThemaximumvaluepermittedbytheItalianregula-tionsforthisclimateisU=0,31W/(m2K).

23

BEST PRACTICES EXAMPLE IN POLAND

6.10 BUILDING NAME AND IDENTIFICATIONPASSIVEHOUSEislocatedinSmolec,nearWrocław(Poland)betweenmarineandcontinentalclimates.Itisaresidentialhouse,however,itisusedforconferences,trainingpurpos-es,andpromotionoflowenergybuildings.Itwasdesignedandbuilt in2007byDesignOfficeLipinskiDomy. It is thefirst building with a certificate of Passive House of Darm-stadtInstitute.

Figure1.ThefirstcertifiedpassivehouseinPolandcarriedoutin2006inSmolecnearWrocław.Detachedbuilding,design:DrLudwikaJuchniewicz-Lipińska,Dr.MiłoszLipiński.Below–theview:groundfloorandgarret.(L.J.L.)

6.11 OUTLINE OF THE APPLIED BEST PRACTICESThearchitectureofthebuildingisbasedonasinglefamilyhouse.Itiscreatedstrictlywithpassivehouserequirementskeeping its simple construction, innovative technology,building materials of good quality, and moderate prices.The design, as well as construction, guarantees maximumreductionofthermalheatlosseswhilegainingasmuchso-larenergyaspossibleatthesametime.Thebeststructuralsolutionsappliedinthehousearewindowopenings,insula-tionsystem,andventilationsystemwithheatrecovery.Thebuilding is equipped with a renewable energy generator,suchassolarcollectors.Itiscentrallysituatedonthesteep,two-sidedroof.Thekitchenwithdiningroomhasastorageroomlocatedbehind.Inthisstorageroom,thereisequipmentreplacingthe traditional heating system. This is the main heat ex-changer-electricdevice-designedonlyforpassivehousesonly.ThisheatexchangeriscalledVitotres343andis60cmwide.Inthisparticularhousingequipmentthereareotheressential heating and ventilating devices which are well-fitted,manufacturedmountedandtested.Insidethereare:air heat pump, ventilating and heat exchange centre, wa-terheaterwithacapacityof250lwithapipe,thatisinte-gratedwiththesolarinstallation,electricthermalinput,and

24

a weather regulator.The weather regulator controls all ofthesedevices.

6.12 BEST PRACTICE 1: WINDOWS OPENINGThewindowopeningsarearrangedinsuchawaysoastoguarantee a good amount of natural light (according topolishnorms).Thesizeofthewindowsminimizesheatloss-es.The innovativeelement, suchas largeglazedplanes inthekitchenandlivingroom,magnifythehousearea(131,4m2)makingitmorespacious.Largetriplewindowsareori-entedtowardsthesouthtomaximizepassivesolargain.Thesolarcollector inthebuildingroof,apart fromthe innova-tivecharacterofthehouse,guaranteessolargains.Thean-nualofrequirementforheatdemandofthebuildingis13,7kWh/m2.

Figure2.Thesouthelevationofthebuilding.(L.J.L.).

6.13 BEST PRACTICE 2: THERMAL INSULATION Themostrelevanttechnologyappliedinthebuildingistheeliminationofthermalbridgesfromthewholeconstruction(externalpartition,partitionbondingetc). It issubstitutedwithacontinuousthermalinsulationlayerof30-44cmthick,withtheobjectiveofachievingpassivehousestandards.Al-thoughfoundationwallshavegotthermalbricks,applyinginsulatingplinthhollowbricksreducescoolingdiscomfort.The thermal transmittanceof theexternalwalls, roof,ceil-ing,andfloorisU=0,1W/m2K,andthefoundationandfloorplateisU=0,12W/m2K.Thewallsaremadefromprefabricatedelementsconsistingof a mixture of concrete and expanded clay (pallets).Theinsulatingmaterialisasilver-greyfoampolystyrene.Itcon-tainsgraphite(lowerdensityq=15kg/m3meansbetter in-sulationproperties).Thefoamedpolystyreneisbasedonaninnovativerawmaterial(Neopor)withthermalconductivityλ≤0,031W/m2K.

Figure3.Axonometricsectionthroughpassivehouse.Innova-tive technology, simple and economically effective solutionelaboratedtotraditionaldesign.DesignOfficeLipińskiDomy,Wrocław2005.(L.J.L.)

6.14 BEST PRACTICE 3: VENTILATION SYSTEMThebuildingisequippedwithmechanicalventilationwithaheatrecoverydevice.Itisacompactdevicewhichmain-tains air quality in the passive house. It has an integratedsupply-exhaustventilatorwithheatexchanger.Inaddition,agroundheatexchangerisincluded.

25

BEST PRACTICE EXAMPLE IN SPAIN

6.15 BUILDING NAME AND IDENTIFICATIONCENIFER building it is located in Pamplona (Spain) in aSouthernEuropeanclimate. It isanonresidentialbuildingdevotedtoconferencesandtraining.Thebuildingrenova-tion was carried out in the year 2000 with bioclimatic cri-teria.

6.16 OUTLINE OF THE APPLIED BEST PRACTICESThe most relevant ar-chitectural solutionsapplied in the buildingare floor radiant heat-ing,Trombewallsandagreenhousetominimizeheating consumption.Thebuildingincludesre-newableenergygenera-tioncapabilities,suchasphotovoltaic panels, so-lar thermal panels withheat storage system,andgeothermalcooling

system. The Cenifer building incorporates ICT-s solutionsto achieve an energy efficient performance. The buildingis equipped with a presence sensor, temperature sensors,humiditysensorsandlightsensorwithacentralizedmoni-toringsystemthattracksdatacomingfromsensors,energygenerationandstoringsystems.

6.17 BEST PRACTICE 1: TROMBE WALLTheTrombewallisasun-facingglasswallattachedtoasolidwallthatcontainsasmallinternalventilatedchamber.Dur-ingwintertime,sunlightshinesthroughtheinsulatedglaz-

ing and warms the sur-faceofthethermalmass.The cold air comingfrom inside or outside(toguaranteeairrenova-tion) is heated and it isintroduced inside fromthe upper side of thewall.Duringsummerpe-riods, the exhaust vent

near the top is opened to vent the hot air to the outside.SuchventingmakestheTrombewallactasasolarchimneypumpingfreshairthroughthehouseduringtheday,evenifthereisnobreeze.

The annual thermal production is 17.970 KWh. The emis-sionssavingsperyearare30KgSO,10KgNOand2.640KgCO2.

6.18 BEST PRACTICE 2: GROUND WATER COOLINGForheatingandcoolingsystems,thebuildinghasaradiantfloorinstalled. Itconsistsofreticulatedpolyethylenepipesembedded in the floor, through which water is circulated.Thesubsoilwatercirculatesthroughthesysteminthesum-merperiodprovidingsummercooling.

Annualthermalproduction12.558KWh.Emissionsavingsperyearare3KgSO,1KgNO2and248KgCO2.

6.19 BEST PRACTICE 3: SOLAR THERMAL INSTALLATIONThebuildingobtainshotwaterandheatingfromflatsolarcollectors located in the building roof.The building has astoragesystemforhotwater.Theobjective is tostore theexceedingenergyfromthermalcollectorsusingitforheat-ingduringlowsolarradiationdays.Itcanprovide22daysofheatingwithoutsolarradiation.

Annualthermalproductionis61.220KWh.Emissionsavingsperyearare102KgSO,32KgNO2and8.251KgCO2.

ViewsoftheCENIFERbuilding.

26

BEST PRACTICE EXAMPLE IN ROMANIA

6.20 BUILDING NAME AND IDENTIFICATIONThebuildingunderdiscussionisanapartmentblocklocat-edintheTimisoaraontheAradStreetno.10.Constructionofthebuildingwascompletedin1976andhasacross-shapedstructurewithBasement+GroundFloor+10floorsandatechnicallevel(trolleyroom).Thebasementincludes14ga-ragespacesand44lodges.Theblockhas88flats,8flatsoneachfloor.Allfloors,includ-ingthegroundfloor,areidentical,with4one-roomflats,3three-roomflatsand1flatwith4rooms.Generalinformationonthebuilding:Houseroom: 1955,47m2Activesurfaceintheheatedspace: 4842,86m2;Activevolumeintheheatedspace: 13251,82m3;Totalbuildingvolume: 16192,61m3;

Information on the heating systemTypeofheatingsystem:centralheatingwithstaticelementsAmountofheatforcalculus:453.000kcal/hConnectiontothecentralheatingplant:singleconnectionHeatmeter:installedThermalandhydraulicelements:notinstalled

Viewsofthebuildingbeforerehabilitation.

6.21 OUTLINE OF THE APPLIED BEST PRACTICE Severalmeasureshavebeentakeninordertoachievehighenergyperformanceinthisbuildingincluding:thermalin-sulationoftheroofterrace,thermalinsulationoftheenve-lope, thermal insulation of the ceiling over the cold base-ment,thermalandhydroinsulationofthebasementwall.

6.22 BEST PRACTICE 1: THERMAL INSULATION OF THE ROOF TERRACEAll existing layers of thermal and/or hydro-insulation will

be removed. Afterwards, the following layers will be con-structed:– alayerofM100plasterwithvariablethickness;– astableof1KZpezialwillbeappliedcold (asabarrier

againstthevaporsandanadhesivelayerforthebasalticglasswadding).

– Basalticglasswadding,12cmthick,linedwithasphalt;– Hydroinsulatingmembrane,protectedbysand;– Hydroinsulatingmembraneprotectedbyslate.Toexpelthemoisture,doubleventswereused,oneforeach70m2surfaceareaExpected life time of the energy saving solution: NS = 20years.

Viewsoftheroofterrace.

6.23 BEST PRACTICE 2: THERMAL INSULATION OF THE EXTERNAL WALLS USING A 10 CM LAYER OF CELLULAR POLYSTYRENEThethermalinsulationsystemofthewallsconsistsof:– properclosingofthehorizontaljoints(topreventthein-

trusionofmicroorganisms)– adhesivelayerforthepolystyrene;– cellularpolystyrene,10cmthicklayer;– glass fiber not covered with an adhesive layer for the

spatula– primerlayerwithsetinandwhitewash– ornamentalplasteringInordertoreducethenegativeinfluenceofthermalbridges,thesolutionsareappliedinamannerdesignedtoconservethecontinuityofthethermal insulationlayer,especially inseating and attic joining points (double insulation layersonbothsides).Ontheoutlineoftheoutsidewoodwindowframes,athermalinsulationcoveringofcellularpolystyrene(2cmthick)ontheexternalsillsandwindowledgesispro-vided.In order to avoid fire to spread from one level to another

27

natingtheunpleasantcirculationofair)andbyreducingtheheatconsumption(byreducingtheairvolumetoentertheroom–airthatmustbeheated).

throughholes(windows,ledges,galleries),thepolystyreneinsulationlayer is fragmentedovera30cmlinethatover-topsthewidthoftheholeswith30cmonbothsides(right,left).

Thermal insulation of the ceiling over the cold basement Additionalthermalinsulationcanbeprovidedfortheceil-ing,aftertheceilingisrestored,withoutremovingtheexist-ingplasterlayer,bycoveringitwithalayerofcellularpoly-styrene,10cmthick,protectedbyathin layerofplaster–thesolutionissimilartotheoneusedfortheexternalwalls,butwithoutthefinishinglayer.

6.24 BEST PRACTICE 3: ENERGY SAVING SOLUTIONS FOR EXTERNAL CARPENTRY – THE LOW-E ARGON GLASS SOLUTIONThermalmodernizationoftheexternalcarpentryistobere-alizedbyrepairing, reconditioningand improvingexistingglazing.In order to provide external wood window frames withseals, rubber fixings can be used among other materials(plastic,etc).Sealscanbeprovidedbetweenmobileandfixedelementsofthetimberworksaswellasbetweenframes.Seals can be fixed by pasting. According to the type andconditionofthetimberworks,aswellasthequalityofthewoodinthewindowframesand/orcasements,smallspacescanbeincludedtoallowagoodfunctioningofthetimberworks,bettersealingandlongerlifeforthesealings.Theinclusionofsealingsintheexistingcarpentrydoesnotleadto increasedthermalperformanceof thewindowsordoors,butimprovestheinnercomfortconditions(byelimi-

Thebuildingafterrehabilitation.

Loggiawindowbeforerehabilitation.Windowsafterrehabilitation.

28

BEST PRACTICES EXAMPLE IN AUSTRIA

6.25 POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE LANDECkThepolytechnicinstituteissituated300metersinaltitudeabovethecityofLandeck,inthewesternpartofAustriaandhas about 600 students. In total, 235 days of the year aredeclared as heating days, where the average temperatureis below 12° C. As the location is very sunny, it is optimalasapassivehousedesign.Thebuildingstructureshowsacompact design with its orientation in a southerly direc-tion.Constructionstartedonthe1stofApril2008,andthewholeprocesshasbeencompletedinNovember2008.Thepolytechnicinstituteitselfisrealizedasawoodenpre-fabri-catedconstruction(elementconstruction)inpassivehousedesign.Thebuildinghasausefulareaof2.842m²andthegrossfloorareais3.446m².

6.26 OUTLINE OF THE APPLIED BEST PRACTICESThe polytechnic institute is the first“klima:aktiv” certifiedschool in Austria.“klima:aktiv” programs are national pro-grams which have all the target of decreasing CO2 emis-sionsandintensifieduseofrenewableenergysources.Themarginsetbylocalregulationtoreceiveasubsidyforresi-dentialbuildingsforthisbuildingwouldbe33.7kWh/(m²a).This margin has already been undercut with the decisiontodesigntheschoolasapassivehouse.Thetotalheatingload of the building is 27 kW (10W/m²a) and the specificyearly heating demand is 14 kWh/m²a related to the use-

fularea.Specialattentionwaspaidtoavoidenvironmentalcriticalproductsintheselectionofbuildingmaterialswithaspecialfocusontheuseofecologicallyharmlessmaterials.Throughtheconsequentrealizationofthehouseinpassive-housedesign,thebuildingcanbesuppliedwithasmallpel-letheatingdevice.Thepelletheatingsystemprovidestheheatingenergy,andacentralventilationsystemwithheatrecoveryisprovidinghighqualityairandisresponsibleforthe low ventilation losses in the school. A grid-connectedphotovoltaicsystemwith5.12kWpprovidestherenewableenergysourceontheelectricityside.

6.27 BEST PRACTICE 1: EXTERIOR WALLSTheexteriorwall is realizedasa facingwithairspace.Theground floor is a massive construction with 25 cm of ar-moredconcreteandanEPSinsulationof28cmwithather-malconductivityofλ=0.040W/(mK).Intheupperfloors,20cmofmineralrockwoolbetweenthewoodenstandardconstructionandadditional20cmofwoodfiber (thermalconductivity of both materials λ= 0.040W / (m K)) in theouterpartresult inathermaltransmittancevalueof0.114W/(m²K).Thewallhasatotalthicknessof43.8cm.

Woodenstandardconstructionwithwoodfiberinsulationontheouterpart.

MassiveconstructionwithEPSinsulation.

6.28 BEST PRACTICE 2: WINDOWS IN WOOD-ALUMINIUM CONSTRUCTIONThe high energy efficiency of all windows is achieved

29

throughheat-absorbingglasswithathermaltransmittancevalue of 0.72W/(m²K).The windows are realized in wood-aluminum construction The total thermal transmittancevalueis0.85W/(m²K).

Fittingofwood-aluminumwindows.

6.29 BEST PRACTICE 3: CENTRAL VENTILATION SYSTEM WITH HEAT RECOVERYAventilationsystemwithair-to-airheatrecoveryprovides,apartfromgoodinsulation,themaincharacteristicsofthepassive house.The central ventilation system is equippedwithaheatrecoverysystem(upto84%)tominimizetheen-ergylossesrelatedtoventilation.Themaincriteriaforven-tilationsystemsinschools,whichhavebeendevelopedbyEnergieTirolarewidelyfulfilled.

Centralunitoftheventilationsystemwithairducts.

30

– Establishingarelationshiptotheregionbyplanningandconstructingthebuildingusingregionalenterprises.

– Combinationoftraditionalandmoderntechniques.– The building complies with the German “Passivhaus-

standard” (building standard for passive houses).To beacceptedasapassivehouse,thebuildinghastofulfilcer-tainstandards.Forexampletheheatingdemandhastobelessthan15kWh/m²/a,andthetotalprimaryenergyconsumption,hotwaterandelectricalappliancesinclud-ed, has to be less than 120 kWh/m²/year. The rejectedheatoftwo100wattbulbsisenoughtoheatuparoomof20m²duringthecoldestwinterdaysinTrier.

– The“Plus” in thebuildingnamestandsfirstofall foranenergy gain of the building. It produces more energythanitneedsforitself.Inadditiontothis,the“Plus”meanssupplementary innovations like latest damping, firingandglazingtechnologies,aswellastheuseofrenewableresourcesandabarrier-freeconstruction.

– Well-pricedimplementation.

6.32 BEST PRACTICE 1: VENTILATION SYSTEM

– Constantexchangeofusedairbyfreshair.– Theheatexchangerarrangesaconstantheatrecovery.– Theefficiencyoftheheatrecoverygoesupto90%.– Upstreamedground-heat-exchanger.

6.33 BEST PRACTICE 2: THERMO ACTIVE BUILDING SYSTEMS – More than 700m piping system of PE (Polyethylene)

pipes.– Glycolandwatermixture.– Lyingdirectlyinthegrounduptothepointofthewinter

BEST PRACTICES EXAMPLE IN GERMANY

6.30 BUILDING NAME AND IDENTIFICATIONThePassivPLUShouseislocatedinTrier(Germany)inacen-tral European climate. It is a residential building and wasbuilt in connection with the horticultural show of Rhine-landPalatinatewhichtookplaceintheyear2004.

This is a three-story passive plus house that has an attrac-tive winter garden besides. The total capacity of the house is2.620m³. The living space is extended over an area of 433m²andcomplimentedby174m²ofusefulareaaroundthehouse.

6.31 OUTLINE OF THE APPLIED BEST PRACTICESThepassivehousewasbuildonthebasisof5fundamentalprinciples:

31

gardenwall.– Theeffectsareheatinginwinterandcoolinginsummer.– Minimalenergyconsumption (about60wattoperating

powerofthepump)

6.34 BEST PRACTICE 3: WINTER GARDEN– A Winter garden in the living area is normally a no-no

inpassivehouses.Butthewintergardenproducessolargainsofheateveninwinter!Becauseof:

– Heat-mirror glasses that recognize summer- and wintersun.

– Decoupling of supporting structure of the façade andthe insulation level throughPurenit recycled(Wood/PU(polyurethane)).

– Optimisationof thermalbridges (steel fragments intheinteriorzoneonly).

6.35 BEST PRACTICE 4: VACUUM INSULATION– Herewehavetheprincipleofacoffeewrappingadapted

tohouseconstruction.– Avacuuminsulatesevenbetterthanlockedinair.– Thetechniqueistousenano-blownsilicicacidwithina

metallicplasticfoil.– The result is a 40mm vacuum insulation that has the

same affect of 400mm of common insulation material.(Thermalconductivity0,04W/mK)

6.36 BEST PRACTICE 5: SOLAR ENERGY PLANT ON TOP OF THE HOUSE– The south/east roof is used as energy roof with photo-

voltaic.– 50m²solarenergyplant;38gradeincline;5,5kWpelec-

tricity(sun).– Economicalamortisationafter15yearsofelectricitypro-

duction(0,573€perkW/h).

6.37 BEST PRACTICE 6: ORGANIC FIRING SYSTEM – Burningofbioethanol!Theadvantagesare:– Cosywarmth– Establishedandstabletechniques– Nochimney– 1-3KWheatingoutput– Applicableineverylocation

32

BEST PRACTICES EXAMPLE IN GERMANY (2)

6.38 BUILDING NAME AND IDENTIFICATIONThisPassivehouseislocatedinUlm(Germany)inacentralEuropeanclimate.Itisanofficebuilding,builtin2002.ItwasthewinneroftheGermansolarpricein2003.

ElevationNorth.Floorplan.

The office building for420 employees is situat-edinthescienceparkIIinUlm.Theareahasnooth-erbuildingwhichshadesthis building. The designwastheresultofan invitedarchitecturalcompetition.Theprojectteamwasselectedbythebuildingownerwiththehelpofthearchitects.Thesymmetrical,compactshapehasa very characteristically triangular spatial crooked façade(cooperatedesign).Thereisabout7000squaremetersnetspace.Thefloorplan looks like thepistonofaWankelen-gine.The centre of the building is an atrium with 430 m2in the same lay out.There are single offices also as groupofficesandinadditionsomemeetingandtrainingrooms.Thebuildingisconsequentlydevelopedasapassivehouse.Untilnow(October2009) it’s still the largestexisting“Pas-siveHouse”building.Insulation with a width between 30 and 50 cm (roof ), 3panesloweglazingwithinsulatedframesandaventilationsystemwithheatrecoveryaresometypicalfeaturesofthiskindofbuilding.

6.39 OUTLINE OF THE APPLIED BEST PRACTICESThispassivehousewasnewdeveloped,becausetherewasnothingsimilarbuiltbefore.

– NewEnergyConceptwithdifferentcomponents– E.g.ConcreteCoreThermalActivation,VentilationSys-

tem,Cooling– SolarEnergyPlants– Atrium

6.40 BEST PRACTICE 1: ENERGY CONCEPTThecoolinginsummertimeisbasedonaplasticpipesystem(5.000m2,10cmdistancetothesoffit,28cmceilingheight)which is situated in the concrete ceilings (Concrete CoreThermal Activation) in connection with 40 ground probesforgettingoutthewarmth/coldwithawatercirculationsys-temwithoutanadditionalcoolingmachine.Warmthupto120kWhcanbetakenoutofthebuildingwiththissystem.Inadditionthere isanearthairheatexchanger for theairheating/coolingoftheventilationsystem.The heating system is based on a long-distance heatingconnection (185 kW power-warmth linking with 40% bio-

Earth-Air-Heat-Exchanger

ConcreteCoreThermalActivation

33

A15kWpsolarelectricityplantintegratedintheroofcover(amorphous solar panels) and an additional plant on theroof top of the neighboured garage complete the energyconceptofthebuilding.

Glass-roof

ViewintotheatriumElectricityplantintegratedintheroofcover

Theatriuminthecentretakesthefunctionasadistributorforthewarmedfreshair.Thankstotheatriumglazedroofthe atrium orientated offices get enough daylight. Alsowhenthesunprotectionisactivatedthereisenoughday-light,thankstotherollerblindswithspectralselectivefoliosinthespacebetweentheglasspanes.

mass). The long-distance heating serves also the heatingsystemoftheConcreteCoreThermalActivation,thecentralheatingforthefreshair(ventilationsystem)andthewarmwaterproductionforthekitchen.ThewasteheatfromthecoolingaggregatefortheserverroomsandthekitchenwillbealsoinjectedintheConcreteCoreThermalActivationifit’sneeded.Thedesigntemperaturesaremax25°Candmin18°Cinthecaseofcoolingwithatemperaturespreadfrom1,2K.With a special additional heat exchanger with anti freezeprotectionthewatercirculationfromthe40groundprobesisalsousedforcoolingandheatingthefreshairfortheven-tilationsystem.

6.41 BEST PRACTICE 2: SOLAR ENERGY PLANT ON TOP OF THE BUILDING

Thesouthpartofbuildingroofandtheroofoftheneigh-bouredgarageareusedassolarelectricityplant(135kWp).15 kWp solar electricity plant integrated in the roof cover(328m2amorphoussolarpanels)About70%oftheprimaryenergyrequirementforthisbuild-ingisdefrayedbybothsolarelectricityplants.

6.42 BEST PRACTICE 3: ATRIUM

ILETELABELLING AND CERTIFICATION GUIDE

PART B – LOCAL SCENARIO

37

IntroductionIn Italy standards and codes about energy are within theconcurrent responsibility of the national government/par-liamentandof the local (i.e. regionsorautonomousprov-inces) government/parliament. Because of this, there arepotentially two levels of standards and codes: a nationallevelthatestablishestheminimumenergyperformancere-quirementsapplicabletothewholenationandalocallevelthatcouldsethigherrequirements.Inparticular,theenergycertificationprocessshouldbeunderthecontrolofthelocalgovernments.

1 STATUS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 2002/91/EC DIRECTIVEThe2002/91/CE“EPBD”DirectivewasadoptedinItalywithtwolegislativeacts:D.Lgs19/08/2005n.192subsequentlyamendedbyD.Lgs29/12/2006n.311whichestablishedthegeneralframeworkfortheimplementationoftheDirectiveandupdatedtheperformancerequirementsfornewbuild-ings.These were supplemented D. Lgs 30/05/2008 n. 115thatdefinesthequalificationsoftheprofessionalsinvolved,byD.P.R.02/04/2009n.59thatdefinesthetechnicalstand-ardstobeusedforthecalculationsandbyD.M.26/06/2009(issuedbytheMinistryforEconomicDevelopment)estab-lishingthenationalguidelinesfortheenergycertificationofbuildings.Asalreadypointedout,thenationalguidelinesforcertificationandtheminimumrequirementsfornewbuild-ingsapplyabsentlegislationenforcedbylocalgovernments(regions/autonomousprovinces) thatcan implement localcertification systems and/or require for the new buildings

OVERVIEW OF THE STANDARDS AND CODES ABOUT BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE IN ITALY

anenergyperformancehigherthanthenationalminimum.Intheinitialphase,thecertificationoftheenergyperform-anceofbuildingswill includetheprimaryenergyusedforheating and domestic hot water preparation. In addition,thebuildingenergyneedforspacecooling(envelopeper-formance)mustbe reported in theenergycertificate. Inalaterphase,energycertificationwillcoveralsoprimaryen-ergyuseduetocoolingand lighting,but,at themoment,theindicationsabouttheevaluationoftheprimaryenergyperformanceindicatorsforcoolingandlightingandfortheyinclusioninthecertificate,arestillmissing(buttheycouldbeimplementedbythelocalgovernments).

2 ENERGY PERFORMANCE REqUIREMENTS FOR NEW RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

2.1 HeatingThenationalterritoryofItalyissubdividedin6climatezones(A-F)dependingontheheatingdegreesdays(HDD)Therearethreemainrequirementsfornewbuildingsestablishedatthenationallevel.a) Theheatingprimaryenergyperformanceindicator(EPi)for

spaceheating,obtainedastheratiooftheannualprima-ryenergyconsumptionvs.surface(forresidentialbuild-ings)orvolume(forotherbuildings),mustbelowerthan(orequalto)themaximumlimitestablishedbythelawasafunctionoftheclimateandtheaspectratioS/V(surfacevs. volume) indicator.These limits will be progressivelyloweredupuntilyear2010whentheywillrange,forresi-dentialbuildings,from8,5to116kWhm-2year-1depend-

Building aspect ratio S/V

Climate zoneA B C D E F

≤600HDD

601HDD

900HDD

901HDD

1400HDD

1401HDD

2100HDD

2101HDD

3000HDD

>3000HDD

≤0,2 8,5 8,5 12,8 12,8 21,3 21,3 34 34 46,8 46,8≥0,9 36 36 48 48 68 68 88 88 116 116

Table1:year2010prescribedlimitvalues(EPiL)oftheEPiheatingperformanceindicator(kWhm-2year-1)forresidentialbuildings.

Building aspect ratio S/V

Climate zoneA B C D E F

≤600HDD

601HDD

900HDD

901HDD

1400HDD

1401HDD

2100HDD

2101HDD

3000HDD

>3000HDD

≤0,2 2,0 2,0 3,6 3,6 6 6 9,6 9,6 12,7 12,7≥0,9 8,2 8,2 12,8 12,8 17,3 17,3 22,5 22,5 31 31

Table2:year2010prescribedlimitvalues(EpiL)oftheEPiheatingperformanceindicator(kWhm-3year-1)forotherbuildings

38

ingontheclimateandtheS/V(seefollowingtables).b)The thermal transmittance (U) of the building envelope

componentsmustbelowerthan(orequalto)themaxi-mumlimitestablishedbythelawasafunctionofthecli-mateandtheS/Vindicator.Theselimitswillbeprogres-sivelyloweredupuntilyear2010.Forexample,the2010limitvaluesfortheverticalopaquewallswillrangefrom0,62to0,33Wm-2K-1dependingontheclimate(seetable3) .The opaque structures (walls and floors) separatingdifferentunitsinsideabuilding(forexampleawallsbe-tweentwodifferentapartment)anttheopaquepartsoftheenvelopeofunheatedbuildingsmusthaveaUvaluelowerthan0,8Wm-2K-1.

Climate area

Opaque vertical

walls Roof Floor (over

unheated space)

Window (aver-age) G

lazi

ng

A 0,62 0,38 0,65 4,6 3,7B 0,48 0,38 0,49 3,0 2,7C 0,40 0,38 0,42 2,6 2,1D 0,36 0,32 0,36 2,4 1,9E 0,34 0,30 0,33 2,2 1,7F 0,33 0,29 0,32 2,0 1,3

Table3:year2010prescribedlimitvaluesofthethermaltrans-mittanceU(Wm-2K-1)

Theaverageseasonalefficiencyoftheheatingsystem(ηg),ex-pressedasratiooftheenergydeliveredtotheheatedspacevs.theprimaryenergyused,mustbeat leastequaltotheminimumvalueestablishedbythe law,dependingontheboilerheatingcapacity(Pn)measuredinkW,uptoamaxi-mumvalueof84%asfollows:

ηg=75+3log(Pn)%

2.2 CoolingTherearethreemainrequirementsfornewbuildingsestab-lishedatthenationallevel.

a) The cooling energy performance indicator of the buildingenvelope(EPe, invol) forspacecooling,calculatedas theratiooftheannualenergyremoved(orthatshouldbere-moved) fromspace forcooling (usually tomaintain theindoor temperatureequal to26 °C)vs. surface (for resi-dentialbuildings)orvolume (for otherbuildings), mustbe lower than (or equal to) the maximum limit estab-lishedbythelaw(seetable4):

Building typeClimate zone

A - B C - F<900HDD >901HDD

Residential 40 kWh/m2 30 kWh/m2

Other 14 kWh/m3 10 kWh/m3

Table 4: prescribed maximum values of the EPe,invol coolingperformanceindicator

b)The opaque part of the building envelope in climatezonesA,B,C,DandEinareaswheretheaveragevalueofsolarirradianceonthehorizontalplane,inthemonthwith higher summer irradiation, (Isol,mean) is greater than290W/m2mustsatisfytherequisitesshownintable5:

Building structure Requisite

Opaqueverticalwalls(excludingwallsfacingNO,N,NEdirections)

periodic thermal transmittance(UNIENISO13786:2008)(Yie) < 0,12 W /m2 kormassperunitarea (Ms) > 230 kg/ m2

Roof(andotherhorizontalorinclinedwalls)

periodicthermaltransmittance(UNIENISO13786:2008)(Yie) < 0,20 W /m2 k

Table5:requisitestobesatisfiedbytheopaquepartoftheen-velope

c) All the glazed elements of the envelope (windows, etc)must be protected by outside placed shading systems(therearesomeexceptionsforglazedcomponentswithsolarenergytransmittance(g)<0,5).

2.3 Domestic hot waterAtleast50%oftheprimaryenergyneededtopreparedo-mestichotwatermustbeobtainedfromrenewablesources(there are exceptions for buildings located in the histori-calareasofthecitycenter).Ifthesuppliedwaterhardnessexceeds 15 French degrees of water hardness (150 mgCaCO3/l) it must be properly conditioned in order to pre-ventcloggingandcorrosion.Thedomestichotwaterprimaryenergyperformanceindicator(EPacs),calculatedastheratiooftheannualprimaryenergyusedfordomestichotwaterpreparationvs.surface(forresi-dentialbuildings)orvolume(forotherbuildings),mustbeevaluatedandreportedintheenergyperformancecertifi-cateofthebuilding.

39

Localgovernments (i.e. regionsorautonomousprovinces)canestablishstricterlimits.

3 CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA FOR ENERGY CERTIFICATION OF BUILDINGSThe guidelines about the classification criteria for energycertification(currentlylimitedtoheatinganddomestichotwater)preparedatthenationallevelarebasedontheA-Gclasssystemadjustedtoaccount for localclimateandS/Vratio.Theglobalclassificationindicator(EPgl)isobtaineddi-vidingbythesurface(orbythevolumefornonresidentialbuildings)theprimaryenergyusedbothforheatingandfordomestichotwaterproduction.

EPgl=EPI+EPacsTheclass limitsareobtainedfromthe2010 limitvaluesofthe heating primary energy performance indicator (EPiL ) todefinethelimitsoftheclassesofbuildingenergyperform-ance

Table6:limitsoftheclassesofbuildingenergyperformanceforresidentialbuildingsaccordingtoD.M.26/06/2009

Theenergyperformancecertificateincludes,inadditiontotheclass,alsotheenergyperformanceforheating,coolinganddomestichotwaterpreparation(seefig.1).

Local governments (Regions and autonomous provinces)can adopt different certification criteria. For example, theautonomous province of Bolzano/Bozen and region Lom-bardyhavealreadyadoptedtheA-Gclassificationwithout

anycorrectionfortheS/Vratio.TheautonomousprovinceofBolzano/Bozenusesareferenceclimateandaclassificationbased on the net building energy need for space heating,

theLombardyregion,instead,usesforclassi-ficationtheprimaryenergyneedforheatingas calculated for the actual climate but hasthree different classification scales depend-ingonthedegree-daysofthearea.

4 CALCULATION METHODThecalculationmethodsusedtoevaluatetheenergy performance of buildings are basedontheUNIENISO13790:2008standard(i.e.the Italian version of EN ISO 13790:2008).The European standards are supplementedbythenationaltechnicalspecificationsUNI/TS11300-1andUNI/TS11300-2.Tocalculatethe building energy need for space heatingthemonthlymethodisrecommended.Sim-

plifiedmethodsforthecertificationoftheexistingbuildingsareoutlinedintheaforementionedUNI/TS11300technicalspecifications (that give pre-calculated values for thermalbridges and envelope structures as a function of buildingageandtype).Nationaltechnicalspecificationsforcoolingenergyneedcalculations(UNI/TS11300-3)andsystemsex-ploiting renewable sources (UNI/TS 11300-4) are currentlyunder preparation but not yet released.The local govern-mentsshouldusethesamestandards,butsometimesthelocalcodeslagbehindandstillreferencetheoldUNIEN832standard.

Figure 1: performance indicators as included in the nationalItaliancertificate

40

5 CONVENTIONAL INPUT DATAThe conventional input data to be used to calculate theenergyperformanceofbuildingsareindicatedintheafore-mentioned UNI/TS 11300-1 and 2 technical specifications.For example for space heating calculations in residentialbuildings the internal set point temperatures should beequalto20°Candtheaveragedailyventilationairflowrateequalto0,3vol/h.Localgovernmentssometimesusediffer-entconventionaldata(i.e.averagedailyventilationairflowrateforresidentialbuildingsequalto0,5vol/h).

6 ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONSOtherlawsanddecreesassigntaxdeductions,equalupto55% of the expenses aimed at improving the energy per-formanceofbuildings for theyears2007-2010.Generally,performancetargetshigherthantheminimumrequiredfornewbuildings(seepoint2),mustbereachedtobeentitledtosuchtaxdeductionsorothersubsidies.Othersubsidiescanbegivenbythelocalgovernments.Allthebenefits(na-tional and/or local) linked to energy performance requiretheenergycertificationofthebuildinginvolved(currentlyusingaprovisionalprocedure).

7 ENERGY PERFORMANCE LAWS AND CODES IN THE AUTONOMOUS PROVINCE OF TRENTOTheautonomousProvinceofTrentohasinitiallyproposedavoluntaryprotocol for theclassificationof theenergyper-formanceofbuildings. Intheyear2009withthe“DecretodelPresidentedellaProvincia13luglio2009,n.11-13/Leg.“ (Decree of the president of the Province 13th July 2009 ,n. 11-13/Leg.) the local government of the autonomousProvinceofTrentohasadoptedalocalcertificationsystemandlocalrequirementsfortheenergyperformanceofnewbuildings.Suchlocalregulationscurrentlyapplyonlytotheheatinganddomestichotwaterperformance,forthecool-ing performance the aforementioned national regulationapply.Thecalculationmethodstobeusedtoevaluatetheenergyperformanceoftheheatingsystemandofthedo-mestichotwaterpreparationsystemsarethesameasatthenational level,asmentionedinparagraph4before, i.e.arebasedontheUNIENISO13790:2008standardsupplement-edbythenationaltechnicalspecificationsUNI/TS11300-1andUNI/TS11300-2.Asdoneatthenationallevel,theglobalclassificationindica-tor(EPgl)isobtaineddividingbythesurface(orbythevol-umefornonresidentialbuildings)theprimaryenergyused

both for heating and for domestic hot water production,butthereferenceclimatedatatobeusedforthecalculationoftheprimaryenergyusedistheoneofthecityofTrento(2567heatingdegreedays,ItalianclimatezoneE).Theclas-sification criteria for energy certification (currently limitedto heating and domestic hot water) is based on the A - GclasssystemwithoutanyadjustmenttoaccountforS/Vratioasshowninthefollowingtable7.Theminimumperformancerequirementfornewresidentialbuildingsareasfollows:theheatingprimaryenergyperform-anceindicator(EPi)forspaceheatingmustbelower than 45 kWh/m2 peryearandthedomestichotwaterprimaryen-ergy performance indicator (EPacs) must be lower than 18 kWh/m2 per year.Inpractice,allnewbuildingsarerequiredtoreachatleastclass B.

Table 7: limits of the classes of building energy performanceforresidentialbuildingsintheProvinceofTrentoaccordingto“DecretodelPresidentedellaProvincia13luglio2009,n.11-13/Leg.”

Referencesa) Decreto legislativo 19 agosto 2005, n. 192,“Attuazione

della direttiva 2002/91/CE sul rendimento energeticoinedilizia”(GUn.222del23/9/2005-Suppl.Ordinarion.158)

b)Decretolegislativo29dicembre2006,n.311,“Disposizio-nicorrettiveedintegrativealdecretolegislativo19agosto2005,n.192,recanteattuazionedelladirettiva2002/91/CE,relativaalrendimentoenergeticoinedilizia”(GUn.26del1/2/2007-Suppl.Ordinarion.26)

c) DecretoLegislativo30maggio2008,n.115“Attuazionedelladirettiva2006/32/CErelativaall’efficienzadegliusi

Fabbisogno in kWh/m2 aRiscalda-

mentoAcqua calda

sanitaria Totale

CLASSEA+

≤22 ≤9 ≤30

CLASSEA ≤22 ≤18 ≤40CLASSEB+ ≤35 ≤18 ≤50CLASSEB ≤45 ≤18 ≤60CLASSEC+ ≤60 ≤21 ≤80CLASSEC ≤100 ≤21 ≤120CLASSED ≤155 ≤24 ≤180CLASSEE ≤195 ≤30 ≤225CLASSEF ≤230 ≤36 ≤270CLASSEG >230 >36 >270

41

finalidell’energiaeiservizienergeticieabrogazionedelladirettiva93/76/CEE”(G.U.n.154del3/7/2008)

d)Decreto del Presidente della Repubblica 2 aprile 2009 ,n.59“Regolamentodiattuazionedell’articolo4,comma1, letterea)eb),deldecretolegislativo19agosto2005,n. 192, concernente attuazione della direttiva 2002/91/CEsulrendimentoenergeticoinedilizia.”(G.U.n.132del10/6/2009)

e) DecretoMinisteriale26/6/2009–MinisterodelloSvilup-poEconomico,“Lineeguidanazionaliperlacertificazioneenergeticadegliedifici”(G.U.n.158del10/7/2009)

f ) UNI EN ISO 13786:2008 Prestazione termica dei com-ponenti per edilizia - Caratteristiche termiche dina-miche -Metodi di calcolo (EN ISO 13786:2008 Thermalperformanceofbuildingcomponents-Dynamicthermalcharacteristics-Calculationmethods)

g) UNI EN ISO 13790:2008 Prestazione energetica degliedifici Calcolo del fabbisogno di energia per il riscalda-mento e il raffrescamento ( EN ISO 13790:2008 Energyperformanceofbuildings-Calculationofenergyuseforspaceheatingandcooling)

h) UNI/TS 11300-1 (maggio 2008) Prestazioni energetichedegliedifici–Determinazionedelfabbisognodienergiadell’edificioperlaclimatizzazioneestivaedinvernale

i) UNI/TS 11300-2 (maggio 2008) Prestazioni energetichedegliedifici–Determinazionedelfabbisognodienergiaprimariaedeirendimentiperlaclimatizzazioneinvernaleeperlaproduzionediacquacaldasanitaria

l) DECRETO DEL PRESIDENTE DELLA PROVINCIA (diTREN-TO)13luglio2009,n.11-13/Leg(RegistratoallaCortedeicontil’11agosto2009,registro1,foglio10)–Disposizioniregolamentari inmateriadiediliziasostenibile inattua-zionedeltitoloIVdellaleggeprovinciale4marzo2008,n.1(Pianificazioneurbanisticaegovernodelterritorio)(B.U.25agosto2009,n.35)

43

1 STATUS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 2002/91/EC DIRECTIVE

TheimplementationoftheEPBDinFranceistheresponsi-bilityoftheMinistryofLabour,SocialCohesionandHous-ing(allArticlesexceptArticles8and9)andtheMinistryofEconomy,FinancesandIndustry(Articles8and9).Afterthevoteoftheparliament,theFrenchGovernmenthaspromulgated, on 13 July 2005, the program Law definingthescopeof theenergypolicy, regardingthemainpointsforthetranspositionoftheEPBDintoFrenchlegislation.TheexecutionordersaretheresponsibilityoftheGovernment.

2 ENERGY PERFORMANCE REqUIREMENTS FOR NEW BUILDINGS

On24May2006,theFrenchGovernmentadoptedthemini-mum requirements for new buildings. The requirementscameintoforceforbuildingpermitsrequestedafter1Sep-tember2006.The type and level of requirements are governed by thefunctionofthetypeofbuilding(dwellings,officebuildingsschools…)andmaycover:MaximumU-valuesforwindows,walls,roofsandceilings;Requirementonaverageinsulationlevel;Maximumprimaryenergyconsumptionperm²offloorarea;Maximuminteriortemperatureinsummer.

Maximum U-valuesExteriorwall 0,45W/m².°CFlooronexterior/carpark 0,36W/m².°CConcreterooffloor 0,34W/m².°CMetalrooffloor 0,41W/m².°COthersrooffloors 0,28W/m².°CWindows,picturewindows 2,60W/m².°CRollerblindcasket 3,00W/m².°C

Maximum primary energy consumption per m² of floor areaCep≤Cepref

Cep is the conventional primary energy consumption of abuilding including the energy consumption for heating,ventilation, cooling, sanitary hot water production andlighting.Ceprefistheprimaryenergyconsumptionoftheref-erencebuilding.TheunitsareinkWh/m²/an.Considereden-ergyisprimaryenergy.ConsideredsurfaceisSHON,whichisglobalsurfaceofbuilding(includingwallswidth)without

OVERVIEW OF THE STANDARDS AND CODES REGARDING BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE IN FRANCE

loftsurfaceandbasementsurfaceinferiorof1,80mheight,balconyandno-closedsurfaces.

forhousing:Cep≤Cepmax

Theprimaryenergyconsumptionforheating,coolingandsanitaryhotwaterproductionforhousingmustbelessthanamaximumlevelofconsumption.

Maximum interior temperature in summerTic≤Ticref

Tic is the summer temperature in an area of the building.Ticrefisthesummertemperatureinthesameareaoftheref-erencebuilding.

Minimal requirementsMinimalperformancesarerequiredforsomecomponents,includingisolation,ventilation,heatingsystem,etc.

The requirements are the same for every climatic zone.ThereisanadjustmentofthevalueofCepref,CepmaxandTicrefaccordingtotheclimaticzone.

3 ENERGY PERFORMANCE REqUIREMENTS FOR EXISTING BUILDINGS

ThebuildingsectorinFranceusesapproximately42%ofthetotalnationalenergyconsumption.Itrepresents25%ofCO2emissions.

Averageperformanceofexistingbuildings

Use

Build

ings

< 1

975

New

bui

ldin

gs

Ave

rage

Housing

Heating(kWh/m²/year) 328 80-100 210

Sanitaryhotwater(kWh/m²/year) 36 40 37.5

Electricity(kWh/pers/year) 1000 1000 1000

Tertiary sector

Heating(kWh/m²/year) 209 155 196

Sanitaryhotwater(kWh/m²/year) 19 40 29

Electricity(kWh/pers/year) ?

dependingontheactivity

96

44

TheFrenchGovernmentisgoingtoadoptminimumrequire-mentsfornewbuildingcomponentswhenbuildingrenova-tionsaredoneandforextensionstoexistingbuildings.

Theseminimumrequirementsconcernthefollowingpointsinparticular:– Boilersfiredbynon-renewableliquidorsolidfuel;– Electricheatingsystems;– Air-conditioningsystems;– Hotwaterproductionsystems;– Windowsandglazedwalls(withorwithoutclosing);– Equipments of energy production using renewable en-

ergysources;– Insulationmaterialsofopaquewalls;– Ventilationsystems;– Lightingsystems.

Theleveloftheserequirementshasnowbeendetermined.Theserequirementshavetoberespecteduntil theendof2007.Moreover,from2008,buildingsover1000m²,whichunder-gomajorrenovation,willhavetomeetglobalperformancerequirements.

4 CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA FOR ENERGY CERTIFICATION OF BUILDINGS

The implementation of the certification activity has beentransposed into French legislation though the BuildingCode(amendedbylawsin2005andanordinancein2006).The French Government, in September 2006, publishedregulationswhichdefinehowtheenergyperformancecer-tificateapplieswhendwellingsorbuildingsaresold.The energy performance certificate labels include both ofthefollowingaspects:– Theenergyconsumptionofthedwellingorbuilding;– The impact of this consumption on the greenhouse ef-

fect.

Energyconsumption iseither calculatedaccording to oneofthedeclaredassessmentmethodsorwithanoperationalratingbasedoninvoices(consumptionnotedoverthelast3years).Thecertificatealsoincludestechnicalrecommen-dations for the cost-effective improvement of the energyperformance so that the owner is able to locate the mosteffectiveworkstosaveenergy.

Certificationhasbeencompulsorysince1November2006,when dwellings or buildings are sold in France, excludingoverseasareas.Fromthisdate,thecertificatehastobeavaila-bletotheownerandbytheownertoeachprospectivebuyer,sincethebuildingorpartsofthebuildingareplacedforsale.Forotherbuildings,certificationhasbeennecessarysince1July2007whenbuildingsarerented,andcertificationisob-ligatoryfornewbuildingsrequiringabuildingpermitsince1July2007.Moreover,thecertificateswillhavetobedisplayedinpublicbuildingswithanareagreaterthan1000m²fromJanuary2008.

Buildings inFrancemustbeclassifiedaccordingtoascalecomprising7levels:fromA(lowenergybuilding)toG(lessefficientbuilding).TheenergyindicatorisbasedontheCepofthebuilding.Anotherclassificationcriteria isthegreen-housegaseffectemissionofthebuildingrelatedtotheen-ergyconsumption.Asfortheenergyperformance,thescaleisdividedin7levels:fromA(lowGGEemission)toG(highGGEemission).

Inspection of boilers and air conditioning TheGovernmentwilldeterminedifferentmeasurestoestab-lish regular inspections of boilers and air conditioning sys-tems.However,theseproceduresarestillunderdiscussion.

Detailed brochures, as well as official texts and tools, areavailableonthenationalwebsites:http://www.logement.gouv.frhttp://www.legifrance.gouv.fr

5 CALCULATION METHOD

Calculationproceduresarepre-existing:theyhadbeenintro-ducedbytheprecedingregulationonnewbuildings(RT2000).TheyarebasedonthesameprinciplesasprEN13790.

45

Theyhavebeendevelopedbetween2000and2005,tobereadybytheendof2005.ThenewcalculationprocedureswereadoptedbytheGovernmenton24July2006(decreeof the 19th of July 2006 relating to the calculation proce-duresTh-C-E2005).Therearespecificproceduresfordwell-ingsandforotherbuildings.Therearetwopossiblewaystorespectthethermalregula-tion:theapplicationoftechnicalsolutionortherealisationofathermalstudy.

Application of a technical solutionAlistoftechnicalsolutionswasoutlinedbytheMinistryofHousing.IfthetechnicalprescriptionsrespectthoseonthelistapprovedbytheMinistry,thebuildingisdeemedtoberespectingtheregulation.

Realization of a thermal studyThismethodrequirestheuseofasoftwareprogram,basedonanfreeengineofcalculation(Th-C-E2005),designedbytheCSTB(ScientificandTechnicalBuildingCentre).Theob-jectiveoftheRT2005calculationmethodistherealisationof a thermal study which compared the project buildingwithareferencebuilding.Asexplainedpreviously,primaryenergyconsumption(Cep)and the internal summer temperature (Tic) of the projectbuildingarecomparedtothoseofareferencebuilding(Ce-prefandTicref).

Forhousing,Cepmaxdependsonthethermalareaandtypeofheatingenergy.RT2005dividesFrancein3principalcli-maticareas(H1,H2andH3).

Theclimaticzonesaredefined in theDecree (H:North, toH3:Mediterraneanzone).InFrance,itisconsideredthat:– 1kWhprimary=2.58kWhfinal,forelectricenergy;– 1kWhprimary=1kWhfinal,forotherenergysources.

InAlsace,theregulationfornewhousingbuildingsimposesamaximumprimaryenergyconsumptionof:– 130kWh/m²/anifheatingbyfossilfuels;– 250kWh/m²/anifelectricheating.

6 CONVENTIONAL INPUT DATA

Thecalculationprocedureincludes:– Influenceofclimate;– General characteristics of the building: type and use of

building,compactness,orientation,characteristicsoftheenvelope,airflowrate,outdoorclimate;

– Performanceandcharacteristicsofheatingsystem,per-formance and characteristics of sanitary hot water pro-ductionsystem;

– Passivesolarsystemsandsolarprotection;– Indoorclimateconditions,includingthedesignedindoor

climateandpoweroflightningequipment;– Active solar systems and other heating and electricity

systemsbasedonrenewableenergysources;and– Naturallighting.

RT2005considersrenewableenergiestoincludewoodboil-ers,solarpanelsorheatingpumpinthereferencesystem.Thermalsolarsystemsandphotovoltaicsystemsarecalcu-latedandtakenintoaccountinthecalculationofCep.It favours bioclimatic architecture, valuing solar supplies,solarprotection,buildingorientation,naturallighting,sum-mer natural ventilation or green roofs. The microclimatesurrounding the building is also taken into consideration(shadows).Byconsideringinternalsummertemperature,it

Project– Geometry– Components andequipments

Reference building– Samegeometry– ReferencecomponentS andequipments– definedby theregulation

46

takesintoaccountthermalinertia.AllthesedataimpactonthecalculationofCepandTic.Theenergyperformancecertificate,whichwillbeissuedaf-tercompletionofthebuilding,willconstituteproofofcom-pliance.

7 ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONSSeverallabelsexisttodistinguishlowenergybuildings:– HPE(HighEnergyPerformance)forbuildingswhichcon-

sume10%lessthanaRT2005building;– THPE (Very High Energy Performance) for buildings

whichconsume20%lessthanaRT2005building;– HPEEnR2005whichistheHPElabelwithrenewableen-

ergyuserequirements;– THPE EnR 2005 for buildings which consume 30% less

thanaRT2005buildingandwithrenewableenergyuserequirements;and

– BBC-Effinergieforbuildingswhichhaveaprimaryenergyconsumption less than50kWh/m²/year (65kWh/m²/yearinAlsace)includingheating,ventilation,cooling,sanitaryhotwaterproductionandlighting.

BBC-Effinergie® labelThe only French label for low energy consumption is theBBC-Effinergielabel,itistheFrenchreference.

PresentationofEffinergieassociationThemissionoftheassociation:– Groupingtogetherallofthestakeholderswithinthecon-

structionsectortooptimizebuildingenergyuse:projectmanagers, building companies, industrialists, banks,publiclocal,andnationalauthorities;

– Sharinglocalinitiatives,tounderlinenoteworthyprojectsandfieldstaff;and

– Introducingaqualitycertification initiative thatwillen-abletheperformanceofbuildingsfromtheframeofref-erencetobeassessedandqualified.Itwouldthereforebemorevisibleandidentifiabletoallthestakeholders.

Theassociationprovidesameansof:– Managing and coordinating communication between

buildingindustryprofessionalsandthelocalstakeholders;– Managingacountrywidecommunicationonactionsand

projects;– Uniting, around clear objectives, capacities and ener-

gies,allofthestakeholdersforanenergyoptimizationof

buildings:localauthorities,professionalsofthebuilding,theenvironmentandthetraining,industrialists,financialestablishments;

Link:www.effinergie.org/site/Main/10%2DOurMissions

DescriptionofBBC-Effinergie®labelConsumptionvalueInordertoobtaintheBBC-effinergielabel,themainrequire-mentisthatthefollowingconsumptionvaluesarenotex-ceeded:– 50kWhpeperm2ofNFAperyearfornewhousingbuild-

ing– 80 kWhpe per m2 of NFA per year for rehabilitation of

housingbuilding– 50%CrefRT2005fornewtertiarysectorbuilding– 60% Cref RT2005 for rehabilitation of tertiary sector

building

The calculation is made according to the Th-CE method,whichisthatoftheThermalRegulation2005.Theresultsarethereforedisplayedwiththefollowingrate:kWhofprimaryenergy(1)perm2ofNetFloorArea(NFA).Thediversityofclimatesistakenintoaccountasthevaluesof maximum consumption are multiplied by a coefficientof climate harshness. As a consequence, the values of thisrequirement fluctuate between 40 and 65 kWhpe/m2NFA/yearaccordingtotheregionsfornewhousingbuildingsandbetween 64 and 104 kWhpe/m2NFA/year for refurbishmentofhousingbuildings.Thecoefficientofclimateharshnessisincreasedby0.1iftheconstructionaltituderangesfrom400to800manditisincreasedby0.2iftheconstructionaltitudeishigherthan800m.

AirtightnessThebuildingairtightnessmustbemeasured(2)andbe:

Newbuilding RefurbishmentDetachedhouse 0.6m3/h.m2 0.8m3/h.m2Apartmentbuildings 1m3/h.m2 1.3m3/h.m2Officebuildings,hotels;restaurants;educationbuildings,shops,hospitals

1.7m3/h.m2 Novalue

Othersbuildings 3m3/h.m² Novalue

(1)Theprimaryenergycantake intoaccounttheenergy lossduringthetransformationofenergy.Itcorrespondstotheen-ergytransportedtotheenergydistributor(referredtoasfinalenergy)whichismultipliedbyacoefficientequivalentto2.58forelectricity,0.6forwoodand1forotherenergies.This2.58coefficientforelectricitytakes intoaccounttheheatsupplied

47

bythepowerstation.Thisheatisnotusedanditisevacuatedinthenaturalsurroundings(sea,river…).(2) This value quantifies the leakage flow going through thebuildingenvelope.Itisstatedasm3/h.m2ofbuildingenvelope,underapressuredifferentialof4Pascals,accordingtotheRT2005ThermalRegulation.

Fiveenergy-usingsolutionsTheconsumption–thatshouldnotbeexceeded–appliestotheenergyutilizationthatcanbedirectlyinfluencedbythedesignofabuilding:

– Heating– Hotwater– Auxiliaryappliancesforventilationandheating– Lighting(vianaturallighting)– Air-conditioning

Itdoesnotincludetheotherutilizationsofelectricity(partic-ularlythehouseholdappliances,audiovisualequipment…)thatareequivalenttomorethan50kWhpe/m2.yearofad-ditionalconsumption.

Certificationbody Typeofconstruction Certificationlabel Certificationfield FurtherinformationDetachedhousesoniso-latedandgroupedlotsApartmentBuildings

HighEnergyPerformanceLabelBBC-effinergieissuedintheframeworkoftheperformancelabel

Grantedoperationafteroperationaccordingtotheenergyperformance

www.promotelec.comwww.2idéesalafois.comordial3620,saypromotelecwww.labelperformance.promotelec.com

HousesonisolatedorgroupedlotsApartmentbuildings

HighEnergyPerformanceLabelBBC-effinergieissuedwiththeoptionoftheQUALITELandHABITAT&ENVIRONNE-MENTcertifications

Multi-criteriacertificationgrantedperoperation

Foraprivateindividual:www.bienvivrechezmoi.comForaprofessional:www.cerqual.fr

Detachedhousesonanisolatedlot

HighEnergyPerformanceLabelBBC-effinergieissuedintheframeworkofthecertificationsNFDetachedHouseandNFHighEnvironmentalQuality(HQE)DetachedHouse

GrantedtothebuilderforallitsproductionfortheNFlabelorNForNFHQEperoperationfortheBBC-effinergielabel

www.cequami.fr

Tertiarybuildings HighEnergyPerformanceLabelBBC-effinergieissuedintheframeworkofthecertificationNFHighEnvironmentalQualityTertiaryBuildingsandtocomeNFTertiaryBuildings

Multi-criteriacertificationgrantedperoperation

www.certivea.fr

48

Phases of the project CERqUAL CEqUAMI PROMOTELECLabels Qualitel

Habitat&Environnement- NFDetachedHouse- NFHighEnvironmental Quality,DetachedHouse

PerformanceLabel

Pre-requisites - BuildinghavingtherighttoemploytheNFDetachedHouseLabel

- HousewithacertificateofconformitywithregardstotherequirementsoftheNFrefer-ential

PROGRAMME1–Needsrequirements2-Auditforarenovationproject3–Programmeplanning

ApplicationforthecertificationDefinitionofthehouseequip-mentCertificationapplicationOptionBBC-effinergie

ApplicationfortheaccreditationandvalidationofeligibilityforCequami

Applicationforthe

accreditationonpaperoron-line on the website: www.labelperformance.promo-telec.com

Summerydesign Preliminarystudy AdministrativeexaminationofthefileTechnicalexaminationofthefilebasedonthethermalsurveyandtheconstructionplans

Depositofthebuildingpermit

Issuingofthelandcoefficient(COS),ifrequired

Detaileddesign

Tenderdocuments Temporaryappraisal

Tenderenquiry

Conclusionofcontracts - Finalappraisalabouttheten-derenquirybeforestartingtheconstructionalwork

- ThecertificationQualitelorH&E,withtheoptionalBBC-effinergieisissued

Openingofthebuildingsite Appraisalofthefilebasedonthethermalsurvey(standardsummarization)andonthetechnicalsurvey

Works Controlduringtheconstructionalwork

- Visitonthebuildingsite (optional)

Endofworks - Measureofpermeabilitybyanauthorizedengineeringoffice

- Minutesissued- InSitucontrol

- Measureofpermeabilitybyanauthorizedengineeringoffice

- Resultsminutesissued

- Measureofpermeabilitybyanauthorizedengineeringoffice

- Resultsminutesissued- Finalvisit- Analysisoftheendofworks

surveyreport

Acceptanceofthework CertificateofconformitytotheHPELabelwithamentionoftheBBC-effinergielabel

PerformancelabelwithamentionofBBC-effinergie

French regulation is evolving. In order to reduce buildingconsumption and CO2 emissions, new buildings must beBBC-effinergie buildings in 2012. In 2020 new buildingsmustbepassivebuildingsorpositiveenergybuildings.Nodecisionshavebeenmadeabouttheconsumptionlevelofexistinglevelandrehabilitationrequirementsyet.

Financial credits and tax relievesTaxcreditoninterestsonloanBuyingalow-energyhouse(BBC-effinergiecertified)allowsa tax credit on the interests of the loan.This tax credit is

basedonarateof40%for7years.Itisdedicatedtohousingpurchasedsince1January2009.

RégionAlsacesubsidiesConstructionofindividualhousingRégion Alsace gives 3.000 euros for buying a low-energyhouse.Thehousemustbe:BBC-effinergiecertifiedtheprincipalresidenceofthebuyerInformation: www.energivie.fr/fr/actualites/appel-a-pro-jets-bbc-particuliers.html

49

AsimilarcalculationtothatoftheRT2005TheThermalRegulationmeasure is improvedby4criteriasetupintheframeworkofthislabel:1. TheCO2emissionsandtheproportionoftherenewable

energiesusedinabuildingmustbecalculatedandsup-pliedwhenthelabelisdulyrequired.

2. Inordertoenableanefficientdevelopmentofsolutionsrequiringfirewoodheating,thecoefficientforthetransi-tionfromprimaryenergytowoodisequalto0.6.

3. Asoneoftheobjectivesisagoodthermalperformanceof the building, the local electricity production (photo-voltaic,micro-windenergy,…)isonlydeductedfromtheenergyconsumptionuptoalimitof12kWhpe/m2.yr inhousingbuildings(thisvaluerepresentsthespecificav-erageproportionofelectricity intermsofconsumptionstated in kWhpe/m2.yr for a BBC-effinergie project) anduptoa limitof25kWhpe/m2.yr intertiarysectorbuild-ings.

4. IftheNFAexceeds20%ofthelivingarea,thereferencesurfacewillbe1.2timesthelivingareainordertomeettheBBC-effinergierequirements.

Regardingthe innovativesystemsandproducts,aspecificprocedureisplanned.Administrative processThe effinergie association is not aimed at delivering theBBC-effinergielabel.Itreliesonfourcertificationbodiesrec-ognizedbythegovernmentandaccreditedbyCOFRACthatwill use the label effinergie® for the certification at a BBClevel.

SocialhousingRégionAlsacegivesasubsidytosocialhousingclientswhobuildalowenergybuilding(BBC-effinergiecertified).Thissubsidycanbeintheorderof50euros/m²NFAupto100euros/m²NFA.Information: www.region-alsace.eu/dn_efficacit-nergtique/aides-batiments-basse-consommation.html?chapitres=120

OthersbuildingsADEME (French Environment and Energy ManagementAgency)andRégionAlsaceorganizeacompetitiveexami-nation for projects of low-energy buildings in collectivehousingortertiarysector.Theseprojectscanberefurbishedornewbuildingprojects.Feasibilityandthermalstudiesaresubsidedforeverycan-didate.Laureatesbenefitofasubsidybetween40to80euros/m²NFA.Theconditionsforinscriptionareavailableon:www.energi-vie.fr/fr/appel-a-projets-BBC

Informationcentres

Effinergie4avenuedurecteurPoincaré75016Paris–Francewww.effinergie.org

ADEMEAlsace8rueAdolpheSeyboth67000Strasbourg-Francewww.ademe.fr/alsace

RégionAlsace1placeduWackenBP91006-67070StrasbourgCedexwww.energivie.fr

51

1 STATUS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 2002/91/EC DIRECTIVEThe implementation of the EPBD 2002/91/Eg directive inAustriatookplaceattwolevels:

Building lawsThe minimal requirements on energy technology for newbuildings and extensive renovations are regulated by lawin the building code and the technical building regula-tions of the federal states. These minimum requirementsaredefinedbythresholdsonenergykeyfigures.Theselawregulationsrefertothedirective6,“EnergieeinsparungundWärmeschutz” (energy saving and heat protection), whichhasbeendevelopedbytheAustrianInstituteofConstruc-tion Engineering (Österreichisches Institut für Bautechnik,OIB)incollaborationwithexpertsfromallfederalstates.Themaincontentofthisdirectiveisacategorizationforresiden-tialandnon-residentialbuildings,andcalculationmethodsfortheenergypassaswellasitsformandcontent.Thedi-rectivealsoreferstonewnorms.

Theimplementationintothefederalstatelawresideswiththe individual federal states. All federal states regularizedtheenergypassin2008.

Basicallytheenergypass istobeseenseparatedfromtherequirements. For the construction method, however, theenergypassservesasproofoffulfilmentoftherequirement.TheamendedTyroleanbuildinglawdated1.1.2008consti-tutes,forexample,thatnobuildingpermitistobegrantedwithoutpresentationoftheenergypass.

Obligation of presentation of the energy passThefederallegislatorregularizedtheobligationofpresenta-tionoftheenergypassforthesaleorrentalofobjects.From01.01.2008 on the seller or lessor must present an energypassnoolderthan10yearstothebuyerorlesseeuntilthehanding over of the contractual statement the latest. Forbuildings with building permits dated before 01.01.2006the obligation of presentation of the pass becomes effec-tivewith01.01.2009.

2 ENERGY PERFORMANCE REqUIREMENTS FOR NEW BUILDINGSTheenergypassdefinestheminimalrequirementsregard-ingenergyefficiencyofthebuildingenvelopeaswellasthe

OVERVIEW OF THE STANDARDS AND CODES REGARDING BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE IN AUSTRIA

buildingservices.The basic requirements for the building envelope are theU-valuesthatneedtobefollowedforallbuildings,neworrenovated. Also, thresholds for the thermal heat demandhavebeendefined.Fornon-residentialbuildingscoolingre-quirementshaveadditionallybeendefined.Thefinalenergydemandasrequirementforthebuildingservicesisonlyap-pliestoresidentialbuildings.

Thermalheatdemandrequirement(HWB):For residentialbuildingsandnon-residentialbuildings therequirementsforthebuildingenvelopeareregularizedbya maximum allowable thermal heat demand.The thermalheat demand is a balance of transmission loss (envelopeandthermalbridges),airingloss(minimumamountofair-ing required for hygiene), internal gains as well as gainsthrough transparent components. The thermal heat de-mandisthereforetheamountofheatthatneedstobesup-plied to the conditioned rooms in order to maintain theirspecifiedtargettemperature.

Todeterminetheindividualthresholdforthethermalheatdemand for every building the characteristic length lc isused. lc is a result of the relation between the heated vol-umeandtheenvelopesurfacethatthevolumeisenclosedby.Thecharacteristiclengthtakesintoaccountthesmallerthermalheatdemandpersquaremeterinlargebuildingsincomparisontosmallbuildings.

Thermalheatdemandrequirementtoresidentialbuildings(newbuilding):till1.12.2009 HWB=26*(1+2,0/lc)[kWh/m2a] atmost78,0[kWh/m2a]

from1.1.2010 HWB=19*(1+2,5/lc)[kWh/m2a] atmost66,5[kWh/m2a]

Thermalheatdemandrequirementtoresidentialbuildings(reconstruction):till1.12.2009 HWB=34,0*(1+2,0/lc)[kWh/m2a] atmost102,0[kWh/m2a]

from1.1.2010 HWB=25,0*(1+2,5/lc)[kWh/m2a] atmost87,5[kWh/m2a]

Final energy demand requirement (EEB):Thefinalenergydemandistheamountofenergythebuild-ingneedstobesuppliedwithinordertocoverthethermalheat demand (HTEB), the warm water heating demand(WWWB), the cooling demand as well as the demands oncomfortbyairingandlighting,lossesincluded.

52

Todeterminetherequirementsforthefinalenergydemand,theenergydemandforwarmwaterandthelossesthroughthebuildingservice(calculatedonthebasisofareferentialbuildingserviceappliance)areaddedtothemaximumal-lowedthermalheatdemandoftheresidentialbuilding.Ad-ditionally a conversion from reference climate to locationclimateiscarriedoutforthedefinitionoftherequirementsofthefinalenergydemand.

Maximumallowablethermalheatdemand+ Warmwaterheatingdemand(energydemandforwarm

water)+ Buildingserviceenergydemand(lossesthroughbuilding

service)*securityfactor(fHT)= Final energy demand

The legal requirements for the final energy demand cur-rentlyapplyexclusivelytoresidentialbuildings.Innon-res-identialbuildingsbuildingservicesystemsareverydiverseandonlyfewempiricalvaluesexist,sovaluescanbedeter-minedandpresentedintheenergypass,buttherearenominimumthresholdsthatneedtobemet.

EEB≤HWB+WWWB+fHT*HTEB

Coolingdemandrequirementfornon-residentialbuildings:Fornewlyconstructednon-residentialbuildingstheexter-nally induced cooling demand KB* in kWh/m³ was devel-opedasanewminimumrequirement.Thisrequirement isaimedatbuildingswithlargeglasssurfaces,wheretheob-ject is - if there are no elements providing efficient shade- only usable with energy-intensive cooling. (The calcula-tionoftheKB*onlyincludesentryofheatintothebuildingthroughtransparentcomponentsandthrough infiltration,innerthermalloadsarenotconsidered.)

3.ClassificationcriteriaforenergycertificationofbuildingsThespecificthermalheatdemandisthecentralparameteroftheenergypass.Itdescribestheroomheatingdemandofabuilding.Itisrepresentedbyanevaluationscaleandena-bles a comparison with other objects.The category“A++”standsforanextremelylowdemandandmatchesthepas-sivehousestandard.“G”standsforaveryhighconsumption,asitisoftenthecasewithold,non-renovatedbuildings.

A++ ≤10kWh/m²a àPassivehouseA+ ≤15kWh/m²a àLowermost-energyhouseA ≤25kWh/m²a àLowermost-energyhouseB ≤50kWh/m²a àLow-energyhouseC ≤100kWh/m²a àTechnicalbuildingregulationD ≤150kWh/m²a àold,non-renovatedbuildingsE ≤200kWh/m²a àold,non-renovatedbuildingsF ≤250kWh/m²a àold,non-renovatedbuildingsG ≥250kWh/m²a àold,non-renovatedbuildings

Thethresholdsforthethermalheatdemandrefertothegrosssurface areas, therefore they differentiate from the passivehouseclassificationsofthepassivehouseinstituteDarmstadt(PH≤15kWh/m²a,referringtothenetsurfaceareas!)

4 CALCULATION METHODTheentirecalculationmethodislaiddownintheÖNORMS(Austrianstandards)B8110-5and -6,aswellasH5056,H5057,H5058andH5059.

5 CONVENTIONAL INPUT DATAThefollowingcalculationstepsarerequiredforthedetermi-nationofthethermalheatdemand:Determination of geometry, determination of buildingphysics(U-values),calculationoftransmissionlosses,calcu-lationoflossesthroughairing,calculationoftheinnerandsolargains,balancing,determinationoftheheatingperiod,andfinally,thecalculationofthespecificthermalheatde-mand.

The calculation uses monthly climate data as the climateconsiderably influences the amount of thermal heat de-mand.ÖNORMstipulatestheuseofareferenceclimate(daydegreenumber3400)forthethresholdprocedureaswellastheenergypass,independentlyoftheactualbuildinglocation.Inthiswayallbuildersaretreatedthesame,evenifbuildingsareconstruct-ed in climatically favourable or disadvantaged locations.ThisguaranteescomparabilityforenergypassesalloverAustria.Atthesametimethespecificthermalheatdemandforthelocationofthebuildingisshown.

Forthecalculationofthethermalheatdemand,parametersdifferentlydefinedbythenormanddependentontheuseofthebuildingaretobeapplied.Theuseofthebuildingisdividedintothefollowingcategories:

53

ResidentialbuildingsNon-residentialbuildings– Officebuildings– Kindergartensandcompulsoryschools– Secondaryschoolsanduniversities– Hospitals– Nursinghomes– Pensions– Hotels– Publichouses– Eventlocations– Sportsfacilities– Sellinglocations– Otherbuildings

Depending on the category, different data is provided foroperating days per year, days of usage of the respectivemonth,dailytimeofusage,requiredairchangeratio,innergains,targettemperatureoftheroomwhenheated,etc.

6 ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONSSpecialconsiderationsabouttheenergycertificationimple-mentationintheTyroleancontext:Housing subsidy of the federal state of Tyrol for new buildings and renovationsAnewdirectiveofthefederalstateofTyrolonhousingsub-sidycame intoeffectonApril1,2009. Increasedsubsidiesaregrantedforenergy-savingandenvironmentallyfriendlymeasuresaswellasextensiverenovations.Thefocus isonlow energy consumption, climate-friendly building equip-mentandecologicalconstructionmethods.Fornewbuild-ingsthefollowingsubsidieshavebeenincreased:solarsub-sidy,subsidyfortheinstallationofacomfortventilationsys-temwithheatrecovery,andasubsidyforoutstandingeco-logical construction. With regard to renovations subsidiesareprovidedforenergy-savingandeco-friendlyrenovationmeasures,suchasheatinsulationmeasures(e.g.insulationforwalls,roofandceilings,changeofwindows,entrydoor);andtheinstallationofenergy-savingheatingsystems(bio-mass,heatpumps,connectiontobiomassdistrictheating).Forcomprehensiverenovationsofresidentialhousingandaconcurrentrenovationofatleastthreeconstructioncompo-nents(insulationoffaçade,rooforupperceiling,theceilingofthebasement,changeofwindows,energy-relevantbuild-ingequipmentsystems)aone-time,non-repayablesubsidy(Eco Bonus) is granted.The solar subsidy is increased and

gasandoilcondensingsystemsareonlysubsidizedifasolarthermalsystemisinstalledatthesametime.Anenergypasswithrenovationrecommendationshastobepresentedfornotrenovatedbuildings.

Energy consulting in TyrolEnergieTirolwasfoundedin1992asanindependentcon-sultingcenterbythefederalstateofTyroltopromoteenvi-ronmentally friendlyenergy technology.EnergieTirolpro-videsinformationtoenergyusersonallaspectsofefficientenergyuseandtheuseofrenewableenergycarriers.Ener-gieTirol offers objective, practical and independent infor-mationtoprivateindividuals,businessesandcommunitiesonthefollowingissues:– Construction and renovation: Basic rules on energy-

savingconstructionmethodsconsideringtheshapeandalignmentofthebuilding;heatinsulation,windowsanddoors,heatingandhotwater,roomventilationwithheatrecovery,etc.;specialconsultingservices,asforexampleon the avoidance of thermal bridges or on vapor diffu-sion.

– Solarenergy:Useofsolarenergyforhotwatergenerationandsolarspaceheating;photovoltaicandheatpumps.

– Heatingwithwood:Advantagesofthisrenewableandlo-calenergycarrier;combustiblesandheatingsystems.

– Tipsonenergysaving– Subsidiesofthefederalstateforenergy-savingmeasures,

informationonallsubsidiesrelatedtothehousingsub-sidy.

Energie Tirol offers businesses seminars and trainings fortheir employees (planners, carpenters, etc.) on diversestructuralengineeringissues(thermalbridges,airandwindtightness,etc.).Communitiesareofferedplanningsupport,guidelinesandspecificdataonenergytechnologyissues;conditionanaly-sesofcommunitybuildingsanddevelopmentofproposalsforsavingmeasures;energycontrollingsupport;creationofpreliminary studies for local and district heating with bio-mass; and the“e5- Landesprogramm für energieeffizienteGemeinden”(e5-federalstateprogramforenergy-efficientcommunities).EnergieTiroloffersallinterestedpartiesalibrarycontainingca.1500booksandmagazinesonenergy-savingconstruc-tion methods and new energy technologies as well as anumberofownpublications.

55

OVERVIEW OF THE STANDARDS AND CODES REGARDING BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE IN ROMANIA

1 STATUS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 2002/91/EC DIRECTIVE. TheauthoritydealingwiththeenergypolicyandstrategiesinRomaniaistheMinistryofIndustryandResources.Energyefficiency policy-making and program implementation istheresponsibilityoftheRomanianAgencyforEnergyCon-servation(ARCE).

Issuingexecutionordersafterthepromulgationof legisla-tionaretheresponsibilityoftheGovernmentandLocalAu-thorities.

RelevantlegislationsfortheimplementationofEPBDinRo-maniaare:

Government Ordinance No. 29/2000 onthethermalreha-bilitation of the existing building stock and stimulation ofthermalenergysaving:EstablishestheNationalProgramfortheThermalRehabili-tationandModernizationofBuildings;Imposes the need for an energy efficiency certificate forbuildings;Providesanumberoffinancingsourcesandfiscalincentives.

Law No. 372/2005 ontheenergyperformanceofbuildings– TheLawtransposestheDirective2002/91/ECintotheRo-

manianlegislationandenteredintoforceat1January2007;– The Law stipulates that obtaining an energy perform-

ancecertificateforallnewbuildingsandbuildingssoldorrentedafter1January2007ismandatory;exceptionsinclude,sellingorrentinganindividualhouseorflatinablock of apartments, where the energy certificate mustbeobtainedasofJanuary1,2010;

– Theenergycertificatewillbevalidfor10years.

Ministerial Order No. 157/2007: The order contains theMethodologyforthecalculationoftheenergyperformanceofbuildingsanddrawingupoftheenergyperformancecer-tificate.

2 ENERGY PERFORMANCE REqUIREMENTS FOR NEW BUILDINGSBuilding Situation in Romania:Thevastmajorityofbuild-ings in Romania is aged between 15 and 55 years, and ischaracterizedbyalowlevelofthermalinsulation,highheatlossesandhighheatingcosts.

Thethermalenergyforheatingandhotwaterpreparationrepresentsapprox.75%oftheannualenergyconsumptionofbuildings.Compared with the remainder of the European Union, inRomania:– Thethermalenergyconsumptioninapartmentblocksin

urbanareasis: - 390 kWh/m2 yr (210 kWh/m2 yr domestic hot water &

180kWh/m2yrheating) -InallEUbuildings:220kWh/m2yr– InRomania,theenergyconsumptionpercapitais: -50%higherthaninPoland -7timeshigherthantheEUaverage– Theannualspecificenergyconsumptioninbuildingsis: -Romania-120kWh/m3

-EU-40kWh/m3

The national potential for energy saving in the residentialsector-asapercentageofconsumption-is41.5%.Starting in 1997, a regulation on the minimum require-ments for all new buildings, inaccordancewithC107/1-7regulation,wasadoptedinRomania.Theserequirementsaremandatoryforbuildingpermitsrequestedafter1Janu-ary1998.

Thetypeand levelof requirementsaredependentonthetypeofbuilding(dwellings,nonresidentialbuildings…etc)andmaycover:– Minimum thermal resistance corrected with thermal

bridgesR’-value[m2K/W]

Structure of the dwel l ing stock in

Romania by age

>55

years

25%

40-55

years

28%

20-40

years

37%

10-20

years

7%

<10

years

3%

Structure of energy consumption for an

average fla t constructed between 1970

and 1985

Lighting

14%

Natural

Gas

10%

Hot

w ater

21%

Heating

55%

Structure of the dwel l ing stock in

Romania by age

>55

years

25%

40-55

years

28%

20-40

years

37%

10-20

years

7%

<10

years

3%

Structure of energy consumption for an

average fla t constructed between 1970

and 1985

Lighting

14%

Natural

Gas

10%

Hot

w ater

21%

Heating

55%

56

– MaximumthermaltransmittancecorrectedwiththermalbridgesU’-value;[W/m3K]

– Maximumoverallthermalcoefficients-Gcoefficient[W/m3K]

Theproofofcompliancemustbemadeintwostages: whenrequestingthebuildingpermit,and– aftercompletionofthebuilding.

Theoverallthermalinsulationlevelisappropriateifthefol-lowingconditionismet:G≤NG [W/m3K]where NG is a normal value established by convention, toacertainstageof reasoningtoachieveenergysavings forheatingbuildingsinwinter.ValuesofNGhavebeendeter-minedbythenumberoflevelsNandtheratioofenvelopearea and volume of the building A/V [Normative of calcu-lation coefficients global thermal insulation in residentialbuildingsC107/1of1997].

Minimum thermal resistance Rmin (m2k / W) of construc-tion elements, whole buildingNr. Crt Construction element Rmin (m2k / W)

Buildings designedUpto

1.01.1998After

1.01.1998

1 Externalwalls(excludingglasssurfaces) 1.2 1.4

2 Outsidewindows 0.4 0.5

3 Boardsoverthelastlevel,theterracesandbridges 2 3

4 Floorsoverunheatedbasementsandcellars 1.1 1.65

5Floorsbuildingwhichseparatesthebottom,outdoor(atthebottom,theoutside)

3 4.5

6 Tileonthefloor(fromCTS) 3 4.5

7 Platestothebottomofheatedbasementsorunderground(theCTS) 4.2 4.8

8 Externalwalls,theCTS,inbasementsorheatedbasement 2 2.4

Source:globalregulatoryframeworkforthecalculationofco-efficientsofthermalinsulationinresidentialbuildings-C107/1to1997

Globalcoefficientsnormalinsulation,ResidentialbuildingsNr.levels

A/V(m2/m3)

NG(W/m3K)

Nr.levels

A/V(m2/m3)

NG(W/m3K)

1

0.8 0.77

4

0.25 0.460.9 0.85 0.35 0.540.95 0.88 0.4 0.581 0.91 0.45 0.611.05 0.93 0.5 0.64>1.1 0.95 >0.55 0.65

2

0.45 0.57

5

0.2 0.430.5 0.61 0.25 0.470.6 0.7 0.35 0.550.7 0.74 0.45 0.61>0.75 0.75 >0.50 0.63

3

0.3 0.49

>10

0.15 0.410.4 0.57 0.25 0.490.5 0.65 0.35 0.560.55 0.67 0.4 0.58>0.6 0.68 >0.45 0.59

Comments: A-envelopearea,V-volume Forthebuildingsdesignedafter1.01.1998, GNvalueswillbereducedby10%.For new buildings with a total useful floor area over 1000m2,localauthoritiesthatissuebuildingpermitsarerequiredbylawtoaskforafeasibilitystudytocontaintechnical,eco-nomicandenvironmentalissuesassociatedwithalternativeenergyproductionsuchas:a) decentralizedenergysupplybasedonrenewableenergy

sources;b)combinedheatandpower-CHP;c)heatingorcoolingoftheneighborhoodorblock;andd)heatpumps,undercertainconditions.

AccordingtoC107/97,theminimumrequirementsfornewbuildingscomponents, forbuildingrenovationandforex-tensionofexistingbuildingswereestablishedinRomania.Theserequirementsareidenticaltotheonesfornewbuild-ings.Inthiscase,theproofofcompliancemustbemadeattwostages:– beforetherenovation;– aftercompletionofthebuilding.Theminimumenergyperformancerequirementsofbuild-ingsarereviewedatregularintervalswhichdonotexceed5years,andareupdatedwhenevernecessarytoreflecttech-nicalprogressinconstruction

57

Law No. 372/2005ontheenergyperformanceofbuildingsand the requirements regarding the certification of build-ingswasadoptedbytheGovernmenton12.10.2007.CertificationismandatoryforpublicbuildingssinceJanuary1,2007andforresidentialbuildingsfromJanuary1,2010.Arevisionoftherequirementsisscheduledtotakeplacebe-foretheendof2009.

3 CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA FOR ENERGY CERTIFICATION OF BUILDINGSEnergeticevaluationof realbuildings isperformedonthebasisofnormalheatannualspecificconsumption,estimat-edusingthermalexpertise.Theevaluationregards:– therealbuilding– thebuildingusedforreference– theefficientbuildingTheperformanceoftherealbuildingistobecomparedwiththeperformanceofthebuildingusedforreference,definedasabuildingwithastructuresimilartotheoneoftheex-istingbuilding,butwhichensuresarationaluseofthermalenergy,accordingtotheNP049–2000.Thethermalexpertiseperformedfortherehabilitationandmodernization of a building, must establish the energeticperformancestobeachievedaftertheworksarecarriedout.Theexisting(subject)buildingmustbetransformedintoanenergetically efficient building with the same structural pa-rameters, but with much lower specific energy consump-tions.Theenergeticevaluationofabuilding,inallthreecases,isbasedonaclassificationgriddesignedontheannualspe-cificenergyconsumptionofthebuildingsinRomania.Mini-malandmaximalvaluesforspecificannualheatconsump-tions,accordingtothetypeofconsumption,foralltypesofbuildingsinRomania,arepresentedinthefollowingtable:

Specificconsumption qmin[kWh/m2an] qmax[kW/m2an]

Heating 80 700

Householdusewarmwater 25 300

Total 105 1000

Specificannualheatconsumption

Annualspecificconsumptionsaredividedaccordingtotheiruse,onascaleknownas“energyscale”or“energyclassifica-tiongrid”forbuildings.Thisscaleestablishesarelationbe-tweenthespecificenergyconsumptionandanenergyclass,fromAtoJ,ascanbeseeninthefollowingfigure.

Energetic evaluation of buildings is based on the annualspecific consumption for all three types of buildings. Theevaluation of the real building takes into considerationthe normal specific annual consumption adjusted with a“Po” coefficient established according to the maintenanceandexploitationdeficienciesof thebuildingand includedinstallationsystems,whichleadtoaninefficientuseoftheheat.Specificheatconsumptionisanindirectwayofassess-ingtheimpactofthebuildingontheenvironmentbytheequivalentamountofCO2producedintheprocessofther-malenergygeneration.

The range of values for energetic evaluation is between amaximumvalueofNM=100pointsforathermallyefficientbuildingandaminimumvalueof20points(NM=20points)forathermallyinefficientbuilding.

Energy certification (the Methodology Mc 001/1, 2, 3 –2006)isadocumentcontaininginformationaboutspecificthermalenergyconsumptionrelatedtoheating,hotwaterinstallations,lighting,andventilationbasedonthecalculat-edvalueofannualspecificenergyconsumption[kWh/m2y].Thebuildingisclassifiedandplacedintoacategoryofper-formancefromAtoG..Thecertificateisaccompaniedbyrecommendationstore-ducecostsbyimprovingenergyefficiencyofbuildings.Forbuildingswithausefulfloorareaover1000m2owned/publicadministrationauthoritiesorinstitutionsprovidingpublicservices,thevalidcertificateisdisplayedinapubliclyaccessibleandvisibleplace.Energy audits of buildings and development certificatesare made by energy auditors for buildings, certified as re-quiredbylaw.Evaluationofheatingandairconditioningof

HEATING WARMWATERFORHOUSEHOLDUSE

THERMALUTILITIESTOTALUSE

58

thebuildingiscarriedoutbytechnicalexperts,certifiedasrequired by law.The energy certificate will be valid for 10years.

An example of the certificate for the energy perform-ance of buildings.

4 CALCULATION METHODSThe methods used for the evaluation of energy perform-anceofbuildingscanbedividedintothreecategories:– directmethods;– indirectmethods;– methodsbasedonindicators.

The direct calculation methodThe direct modeling of the thermal behavior of buildingsandinstallationsisbasedonthethermaltransfercharacter-isticsofthematerialsusedintheproductionoftheconstruc-tionelementsandonthethermo-dynamicparameterstypi-

caltoheatedandunheatedspacesofthebuilding,aswellastotheexternalclimate.Theyaresetaccordingtothetech-nical documentation of the building or the data gatheredduringthebuildinginspection,withacorrectionaccordingtothepresentregisteredwearandstate.ThisapproachtothermalexpertiseofbuildingsandtheirinstallationsisusedbystandardNP048–2000[3],whichrepresentsthemeth-odologyrecommendedbythelegislationinuse.Thedirectmodelingmethoddeterminesthedegreeofther-mal insulation of the building’s envelope, while detectingthefollowingthermo-physical characteristics:– Correctedthermalresistanceindicatorsforopaquecon-

structionelements(walls,terraces,intermediateconcretefloors,groundfloors,buriedwallsetc.);

– Correctedthermalresistanceindicatorsforexteriorglasselements(windows,doors);

– Thermalinsulationindicatorofthebuilding.

Accordingtothegeographicalandclimaticsettlementareaof the building, the following can be calculated based onthethermo-physicalcharacteristics:– The annual normal heat consumption for heating,as

totalandspecificfigures,atbuildingandthermalsourcelevel;

– The annual normal heat consumption for producing domestic hot water,astotalandspecificfigures,atther-malsourcelevel.

– Theannualheatcalculationforheatingusesthedegrees-daysmethod.

– According to the time interval taken into considerationforthismethod,thereare:

– Stationary models;– quasi-stationary models;– Dynamic models.

Stationary models operate with large time intervals(monthly,seasonal),usingconstantreferencetemperatures,sothattheestimatedheatconsumptionis:

[kWh/m3year]Where:– Qc–theheatneededtoheatupacubicmeterofinterior

volume;– C–Correctionindicatorthattakesintoconsiderationthe

characteristicsoftheinteriorthermalregime;– G – Global indicator for the thermal insulation of the

building,[W/m3K],

59

– N12tim–annualnumberofdegrees-daysforcalculationat

averageinteriortemperature(tim)

– Qi – amount of heat resulting from domestic activitiesduringtheheatingperiod,[kWh/m3an],

– Qs–amountofheatresultingfromsolarradiationduringtheheatingperiod,[kWh/m3an]

Heat consumption calculated with this method is higherthan the real values, even if the amount of heat from in-ternalsourcesandsolarradiationaretakenintoconsidera-tion, because external temperatures (as monthly averagevalues)areconsideredtobeconstantvalues,andtheequi-librium temperature (at the start of the heating period) isalsoconsideredtobeaconstantvalue,butresultingfromanequationofstationary thermalbalance.Thismethod isconsidered simple, easy to apply, and may be used in theevaluationofenergyconsumptionafterthebuildingisre-habilitated,inordertohighlightthesavingsresultingfromrehabilitationandenergymodernizingmeasures.Quasi-stationary models are based on the cumulativedegrees-daysmethodandareappliedtoshorterperiodsoftime,suchashoursanddays.Thetemperaturestakenintoconsiderationareaveragedbetweentheseintervalsandtheequilibriumtemperatureissetaccordingtocharacteristicsofheat,whichmeansthatthedeviationofestimatedcon-sumptionfromtherealonesishighlyreduced.Theinputofcostlessheatsourcesmaybeconsidereddirectlyandevalu-ated during the time interval taken into consideration, astheequationbelowdemonstrates:

[kWh/m3year]Where:p–thecharacteristicperiodoftime;m–indicatorofuseforsolarenergyduringpperiodoftime.

Atthesametime,costlessinputsmaybecalculatedindirectly,by modifying the exterior and interior reference tempera-turesincludedinthenumberofcorrecteddegrees-daysdur-ingcharacteristicperiods,asstandardNP48–2000shows.

[kWh/year]Where:– Bi–characteristiccorrectionindicatorforfreshairintro-

ducedintorooms;– na–numberofairexchanges;– Lj – the thermal connection of construction elements

thatmakeupthebuildingenvelope;– NGZk – number of corrected degrees-days during the

characteristickperiod.

Thismethodrequirestheuseofvaluesfortheexteriorcli-mateparametersthatwereregisteredalongthecharacter-isticperiodsandcomputerprocessingofthesedata.Quasi-stationarymodelsallowustodrawtheconsumptionchar-acteristics of the building (the energy signature) and mayofferinformationaboutthethermalresponseofthebuild-ingandtheperformanceoftheheatingsource.The method can be used in order to evaluate the savingsobtained after the thermal rehabilitation, using the sameclimatemodelusedforcalculatingthenormalconsumptionratesofthebuilding.

Dynamic models need a database of climate informationwithmomentaryvalues,usuallyobtainedfromregisteringtheevolutionofexteriorandinteriorparameters,overacer-tainperiodoftime.Withinthecalculusthatdefinestheen-ergyconsumptionofthebuilding,thecontributionofcost-lessenergyinputs(solar,domesticactivitiesetc.),aswellasthe thermal inertia effect of the building and the relationbetweenbuildingandheatinginstallationsarespecified.It is a method that needs computer support, and is espe-ciallyusedinordertoestablishtheperformanceofstoragesystemsofthermalenergyatbuildingenvelopeorthermalinstallationlevel.

Indirect methods

Indirect methods are based on energy consumptions reg-istered or invoiced (kWh, Gcal/h), over a certain period oftime.Consumptionregistrationmaytakeplaceattheheat-ing source or at the branch circuit of the block of flats ortheapartment.Usually,theinvoicingintervalsaremonthlyoryearly.Thismethodisastationarymodeltypebecauseitisbasedon the degrees-days method, applied to a long period oftime,andallowsfortheindirectcalculusofenergyperform-anceofthebuildingusingthethermalinsulationindicator,G.G= Qf 0,0224VNGZtim

20 [W/m3K] (4)

Where:Qf–quantityofinvoicedheat,[kWh/m3year]Byusing indirectmethods, thethermo-physicalcharacter-isticsofconstructionelementscannotbedetermined,andthe weight of the various components of the building inthermalenergyconsumptioncannotbeappreciatedeither.

60

Methods based on indicatorsThisapproachtothethermalexpertiseofabuildingispure-ly informativeand isgenerallyusedduringan initialdiag-nosticstageoftheenergyconsumptionoftheconstructioninordertoincludeitinacertainconsumercategory.

The indicators refer to specific consumptions establishedaccordingtothebuildingfunction(kWh/m2usefulsurface),oraccordingtotheaveragethermalresistanceoftheenve-lope(kWh/m2ofconstructionelement).Thisevaluationmethodofenergyconsumptionofabuild-ing cannot be the basis of an energy expertise report inordertoawardtheenergycertificateanddevelopthecon-structionaudit.

Accordingtolaw372/15.12.2005,thecalculationprocedures(art.3)wereadoptedbytheGovernmenton12.10.2007.

5 CONVENTIONAL INPUT DATAThe principal inputs are the general characteristics of thebuilding,including:– characteristicsoftheenvelope;– theventilationcharacteristicsoftheelementsthatmake

uptheentirebuilding;– interiorsubdivision,includingairtightness;– heatingandhotwatersupply,includingfeaturesinterms

oftheirisolation;– airconditioning;– installation of building integrated lighting, mainly non-

residentialsector;– positionandorientationofbuildings,includingexternal

climaticparameters;– passivesolarsystemsandsolarprotection;– naturalventilation;– indoor climate conditions, including those provided by

theproject;– activesolarsystemsandotherheatingsystems,including

electrical,basedonrenewableenergysources;– naturallighting.Design and construction of related facilities is based onstatisticalaverageclimaticparameters,foraspecifictimeofyear(day,month,heatingseason).Thesevaluesarestand-ardizedconventionsSR4839andSR1907-1,airtemperatureandwindspeed, theSTAS6648/2, for sunlight,humidityandairtemperature,etc...

6 ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONSThe legislation and standards recently adopted by Roma-nia,relatingtothereductionofenergyconsumptioninnewbuildingsandalso intheexistingbuildingstockare inac-cordancewiththerelevantEUpolicy;butthemajorissuesremain,whicharethoserelatedtothefinancingofthere-quiredinvestments.

References1. First National Action Plan For Energy Efficiency (2007 -

2010)2.Nr.372/2005 Law, on the energy performance of build-

ings3.GovernmentOrdinanceNo.29/20004.Ministerial Order No. 157/2007: Methodology for the

calculationoftheenergyperformanceofbuildingsanddrawingupoftheenergyperformancecertificate.

5. EFFICIENTUSEOFENERGYINBUILDINGS Manualfortechnicalservicesstaffinlocalauthorities eng.OctaviaCocoraUTCB-Facultyofplantenergy eng.DanBerbecaruIPCTBucharest

61

OVERVIEW OF THE STANDARDS AND CODES REGARDING BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE IN Germany/ Baden Württemberg/Rhineland-Palatinate

IntroductionThenumerousstandards,orsocalledstandards,inGermanymostlyarenotcomparabledirectly,becausetheyhavedif-ferent reference parameters respectively, boundary condi-tions (primary energy, end energy, thermal energy; corre-spondenttolivingspace,netbuildingarea,grossbuildingarea,heatedarea;withorwithouthotwaterdemand,etc.),aswellasmarginallydifferentmethodsofcalculation(DIN4701part10,DIN18599,PHPP).

1 STATUS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 2002/91/EC DIRECTIVE.TherequirementsoftheEPDBfrom2002hadalreadybeenlargelyfulfilledbecausetheEnEVhadpreviouslycomeintoeffect in Germany. The energy passport for pre-existingbuildingsandtheextensionoftherequirementstonon-res-identialbuildings,whichwerestillopenrequirements,werethencoveredbythecurrentrevisedversionoftheEnEVdat-ingfromOctober2007.

EnEV-Standard(Energieeinsparverordnung–EnEV:Germanbuildingcodeforenergysavinginbuildingsandbuildingsystems)Since1.4.2002thisregulationisthelegalminimumstand-ardfornewbuildingsandforretrofitmeasuresonexistingbuildings(reducedrequirements).AftertheamendmentofEnEV2007,thenewlymodifiedEnEVwillreplacetheabovementioned regulation in October 2009. The principle re-quirementisamaximumprimaryenergydemand(QP’’).Thedemand for thermal energy includes an assumed energydemandforhotwaterof12,5kWh/(m²*a)aswellaslossesofthetechnicalsystemsinthebuildingandupstreamprocesschainsoftheenergysupply.This integratedviewrepresentsthemaindifferencetotheformer Heat Insulation Ordinance (Wärmeschutzverord-nung) from1995.Withincertainboundaries it is thereforepossibletocompensateshortcomingsinthethermalinsula-tionwithimprovedtechnicalsystemsandtheviceversatomeetthestandards.Beyond this, a minimum thermal insulation is defined asan additional side requirement (HT’, a type of average U-valueofthebuildingenvelope).Forbothrequirements,theboundaryvalueisnotabsolute,butdependsonareferencebuildingwiththesamegeometry.Thedependencyof thecompactness (ratio between surface of the envelope andvolume)whichislowerandthereforebetterforlargerbuild-

ingscomparedtosmalleronesisnolongerrelevantinEnEV2009.InEnEV2007thisdependencymeantthatanincreas-ing compactness increased the requirements on the pri-maryenergydemandtooandtherequirementsonthermalinsulationdecreasedaccordingly.Finally,afurtherincreaseinrequirementsoftheEnEVisan-nouncedfortheyear2012.

Schedule: EnEV 2002 until today

Jan.2002

EnEV2002comingintoeffect,replacingtheHeatInsula-tionOrdinance(Wärmeschutzverordnung)from1995aswellastheHeatingSystemOrdinance(Heizungsanla-genverordnung)

Jan.2003

Directiveonenergyefficiencyofbuildingscomesintoeffect.ThesocalledEU-buildingdirectivepledgesthatallEUmemberstatestolaunchanEnergyPerformanceCertificateforBuildingsfrom04.01.2006

Nov.2003

Dena(Germannationalenergyagency)beginswithfieldtestforresidentialbuildings.In2002and2003DenadevelopedanEnergyPerformanceCertificateforbuild-ings.ThisCertificategetstestedin33regions

Nov.2004

18.11.2004amendmentofEnEV.SimplificationofmethodsandenhancementoflegalcertaintyandlegaldistinctivenessforthepracticewithEnEV.Focusonim-provedstateofthetechnology

Dez.2004 EndofDenafieldtestforresidentialbuildings

Jan.2005

BeginningofDenamarketpreparationcampaigncon-cerningtheEnergyPerformanceCertificate

Autumn2005

Denabeginswithfieldtestofnon-residentialbuildings.SetupofEnergyPerformanceCertificatesfor38non-residentialbuildingsofvaryingutilisation

Dez.2005 EndofDenafieldtestfornon-residentialbuildings

Nov.2006 SubmissionofinstructorsdraftforthenewEnEV2007

25.04.2007

EnactingofcabinetdecisionconcerningEnEV2007inthefederalcabinet

08.06.2007

Bundesrat(FederalCouncilofGermany)acceptscabinetdecisionwithrequirements

27.06.2007

FederalcabinetacceptstherequirementsandenactstheEnEV2007

01.10.2007 EnEV2007comesintoeffect

01.07.2008

EnergyPerformanceCertificatebecomesobligatorywhensellingorre-lettingresidentialbuildingscon-structedbefore1965orconstructingnewbuildings.

01.01.2009

EnergyPerformanceCertificatebecomesobligatorywhensellingorre-lettingresidentialbuildingsofanyageorconstructingnewbuildings.

01.07.2009

EnergyPerformanceCertificatebecomesobligatoryfornon-residentialbuildings

01.10.2009

AmendmentofEnEV,EnEV2009willcomeintoeffect.Intensificationoflevelofrequirementsconcerningen-ergeticqualityoffixedpropertiesandnewbuildingsof25-30%comparedtoEnEV2007.

2012 PresumablynextamendmentofEnEV

62

2 CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA FOR ENERGY CERTIFICATION OF BUILDINGSDuring the implementation of the EPBD in Germany, thequestionof formandcontentof theenergypassportasacrucialcertificateoftheenergy-relatedperformanceofthebuilding, formed the object of long discussions.The deci-sionwasfinallytakeninfavourofa“bandwidthmetre”,thatis,acontinuousscalewithacolourgradient.Theoriginallyfavoured representation of efficiency classes A-G or A-J inanaloguetotheEU label fordomesticapplianceswasdis-carded. An adjustment of the limit values for different cli-matic border conditions is not planned, all characteristicshavetorefertoadefinedreferenceclimate.

3 CALCULATION METHODThecalculationoftheenergyneedsforresidentialbuildingsis currently done according to standard wDIN EN 832, ac-cordingtonationalstandardDIN4108-6,whichisrelatedtoitandDIN4701-10,inwhichthecalculationofthesystemstechnologyisrepresented.Apartfromthat,theEnEVreferstoanumberofotherstandards.Fornon-residentialbuild-ings, the (very comprehensive) DIN 18599-1 to –10 havetobeapplied.Thesearetobecomplementedbyapartre-garding residential buildings within the framework of theplannedrevisionofEnEV,sothatforaperiodoftransition,twomethodsofcalculationmightbeusedsimultaneously.Forsmallresidentialbuildings,asimplifiedmethodcanbeused. For the majority of existing buildings, the proof canbepresentedintheformofthemeasuredenergyconsump-tion,ifanenergypassport(certificate)isdemanded.Inothercases,thesamemethodasfornewbuildingshastobeused.

4 CONVENTIONAL INPUT DATAThe EnEV is based on European regulations as well as onGermannormsbeingadaptedorcomplementedwithori-entationonthecertainstateofthetechnology.BasicnormsoftheEnEVare:– DIN V 4701-10: EnergyEfficiencyofHeatingandVentila-

tionSystems– DIN V 4108-6: Basic principles of thermal insulation,

moistureproofinganddrivingrainprotection. – DIN V 18599:Energyefficiencyofbuildings -Calculation

ofthenet,finalandprimaryenergydemandforheating,cooling,ventilation,domestichotwaterandlighting,al-ternatelyadaptableforresidentialbuildings.

5 ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATION

Requirements for support programmesFor new buildings, and for energetic standards of existingbuildingswhichconsiderablyexceedtheminimumrequire-ments formulatedbyEnEV, thereareanumberofdifferentpublicsupportopportunities,sometimesalsoonamunicipallevel.On the federal level these include (for new buildings):the reduced-interest loans of the KfWFörderbank for thestandards “KfW energy saving building-60” (“KfW-Enen-ergiesparhaus-60”) and “KfW energy saving building-40”(“KfW-Enenergiesparhaus-40”); critical for these loans is alimitvalueof60or40kWh/(m2*a)respectivelyforQP’’,cal-culatedaccordingtoEnEV.Thislimit18valueappliesinde-pendently totheA/Vrelationshipof thebuilding. Inaddi-tion, tightened requirements for the average transmissionheat loss apply (30 or 45% respectively, better than EnEVminimumrequirement.)Fortherenovationofexistingbuildings,theCo2-building-renovationprogrammeofKfW isespecially relevant.Here,reduced-interest loans and/or repayment subsidies of dif-ferentamountsaregranted,aslongas,followingthereno-vation,theEnEVstandardisreachedorundercutby30%or50%respectively.

kfW-Effizienzhaus 55 (kfW 40), 70, 100: (kfW = kreditan-stalt für Wiederaufbau, Reconstruction Loan Cooperation)

Withintheframeworkofthegrantprogramme„ÖkologischBauen“ (ecological construction), two separate standardsweredefined.ComparedtoEnEV, theyhaveadditional re-quirements, the primary energy demand and the averageU-Valueofthebuildingareallowedtoamountto55%and70%respectivelyofacomparablenewbuildingaccordingtothevalidEnEV.ConcerningthecalculationsystemofDINV18599,itcomplieswithEnEVontheonehand,buthassomebasicdifferencesontheotherhand:Thedependenceofthecompactnessonthemaximumprimaryenergydemandisnotgiven.Theenergyconsumptionforheatingandhotwa-terforanewbuildingmustnotexceed40kWhforESH55and60kWhprimaryenergyperm²floorspaceandyearforESH70respectivelyregardlessofcompactnessofthebuild-ingortheboundaryconditions.Theconsequenceofthisre-quirementisthatforcompactbuildingslikemiddle-terracehousestherequirementsaremoreeasilyachieved.Asinthe

63

EnEV,heretherearealso–adequatestricter -auxiliaryre-quirementstothethermalinsulation.Theprimaryenergydemandandthedistributionheatloss-esofaKfW100Effizienzhausafterthereconstructionofanoldbuildingshallbecomparabletoanewbuildingbuiltun-derEnEVstandards.ESH 55 is valid for new buildings only, ESH 100 for recon-structions.

Definitions:– Primaryenergy forheatingandhotwatermustnotex-

ceed40kWhperm²usefulbuildingareaandyear.– Basis of calculation is DIN 4108-6 and DIN 4701-10, as

wellasDIN18599– The primary energy demand related to a virtual useful

areaAN(volumereference)islimited– Shadingisassumedonageneralizedlevel– Climatedataareassumedtobethesameforthewhole

country– Energydemandforhotwateris12.5kWh/m²AN(general-

izedassumption)– Interngainsaregeneralizedaswell– Individualuserbehaviourwill leadtodifferentresultsfor

anoccupieddwelling:ventilationbehaviour,andtheac-tualtemperatureintheroomsarepotentialreasonsforanenergyconsumptionthatdiffersfromtheenergydemand.

The Passive house-standardThe Passive house is an integrated concept that does notrequireaconventionalheatingsystem.Theaccuratedefini-tionis:Apassivehouseisabuildinginwhichacomfortableinterior climate can be maintained without active heatingand cooling systems (Adamson 1987 and Feist 1988).Thehouseheatsandcools itself,hence“passive”.ForEuropeanpassiveconstruction,aprerequisite to thiscapability isanannualheatingrequirementthatislessthan15kWh/(m²a)(4755 Btu/ft²/yr),nottobeattainedatthecostofanincreaseinuseofenergyforotherpurposes(e.g.,electricity).Further-more,thecombinedprimaryenergyconsumptionoflivingareaofaEuropeanpassivehousemaynotexceed120kWh/(m²a) (38039Btu/ft²/yr) forheat,hotwaterandhouseholdelectricity.Theboundaryvalueof15kWh/(m²a)connectedtotheannualheatingrequirementisthesameforthepas-sive house certification system through the so called Pas-siveHousePlanningPackage(PHPP),whichisacalculationmethod that is accepted by the KfW as well. In Germany,

thefirstpassivehousewasbuiltin1992.Morethan10.000buildingscomplyingtothepassivehousestandardarebuiltto date worldwide.They were predominantly built in Ger-manyandAustria.Recentlyadjustmentsofthestandardtodifferentclimatesweremade.In the meantime, all building shapes have been built intothestandardandthefunctionalcapabilityhasbeenproved.The Passivhouse standard is not only used for residentialbuildings but as well for office buildings, schools or otherpublic buildings. Even reconstructions with passive housecomponents, so called„Faktor 10 Sanierungen“ are com-mon in Germany and Austria. For this technique, passivehousecomponentssuchastripleglazingwithlow-ecoatingusinginsulatedframingisusedinretrofitting.Noteveryre-constructedbuildingcanachievethepassivehousestand-ard, but by using passive house components, the heatingdemandofmanybuildingscanbereducedbyafactorof10.LargecitieslikeFrankfurt/Mainforexampleintroducedthepassive house standard as a building standard for all mu-nicipalbuildings.Buildingreconstructionstakeplaceunder“Faktor10Sanierung”regulations.

Definitions:– Characteristicvalueforheatingdoesnotexceed15kWh/

(m²a)whiletheprimaryenergydemandforheating,hotwaterandelectricitydoesnotexceed120kWh/(m²a).Theairtightnessofthebuildingenvelopemustbetestedwithablowerdoorandhastoachieveavalueoflessthan0,6changesperhourusingadifferentialpressureof50pa.

– Basisofcalculationistherequiredheatdemandperannumrelatedtotheenergyreferencearea;theheatdemandisrestrictedbythemaximumpermittedtemperatureoftheheateroftheventilationsystem(52°C)Thisleadstoamaxi-mumheatloadof10W/m²´whentheairexchangerateislimitedtothehygienicneedsofthebuilding).

– Detailedcalculationoftherestrictedprimaryenergyde-mandthroughdeclarationofhomeappliances

– Shadingiscalculatedseparately– Differentclimatedatafor20regionsinGermanycanbe

usedaccordingtoPHPP– Hotwaterisindividuallyrelatedwith25litresperperson

perday,60°Cwatertemperature– Internalheatrecoveryrelatedtobuildingcharacterand

utilisationiscalculatedindetail– Considerationofheatlossesthroughwallsbetweenrow

houses.

64

Low energy houseThetermwasfirstusedinthelate1980sandisoftenusedcolloquially. An official definition does not exist, however,among experts it is mostly referred to a limiting value of70 kWh per m² per year for a single-family home (for rowhouses65kWh/(m²*a),formulti-familyhouses55 kWh/(m²*a)).Thesevalues refer to theheatingdemandand livingspaceasareferencesurface.Inadditiontothis,in2002,the„GütegemeinschaftNiedrigenergie-Häusere.V.“definedlowenergybuildingstandard(RAL-GütezeichenNr.965),whichisbasedonEnEVbutclaimsa30 %higherthermalinsula-tion.Italsorequiresamechanicalventilationsystemaswellas qualitative requirements on planning and constructionandincludesactivitiesonqualitycontrol.

DGNB (Deutsches Gütesiegel Nachhaltiges Bauen, Ger-man Cachet for Sustainable Construction)

TheDGNBisatoolforplanningandevaluationofbuildings.The German Sustainable Building Council developed thecachet in collaboration with the Federal Ministry ofTrans-port,BuildingandUrbanAffairs(BMVBS)andtheylauncheditinthebeginningof2009.Aftermonitoringsupportand/orcheckingthedocumentationthroughqualifiedauditors,theBMVBSawardsthecachet.Bynowitiscompulsoryforallfederalbuildingsandisacceptedasaqualitysealbytherealestateindustry.Asaratingsystemitcoversallrelevantfieldsofsustainabilityandawardsoutstandingbuildingsingold,silverandbronzecategories.Sixtopicsaretakenintoaccountintherating:ecology,economy,socio-culturalandfunctionalaspects,technique,processes,andlocation.TheCachetisbasedontheideaofintegratedplanning,in-corporating objectives of sustainable building during theprocessofplanning.Togetherwiththecurrentstateoftech-nology,sustainablebuildingsshallbedeveloped,transfer-ringtheirqualityviathecachet.

ObjectivesoftheDGNBcachetataglance:– Active contribution to sustainable development. The

DGNBwillfocusonthepositiveeffectsabuildinghasontheenvironmentandcommunity.

– Planningreliabilityandcostcertainty.TheDGNBwillin-creasethecertaintyfortheinvestorsthatthefinalbuild-ingwillcomplytotheperformancegoals.Eventhecostsforbuildingmaintenanceshallbekeptwithinalimit.

– Durable quality of a real estate.The DGNB enables the

visualisationofthehighbuildingqualitiestoownersandoccupants.Theawardincreasesthechancesfordisposalandlettingandcanassureahighqualityworkenviron-ment for staff members and customers of commercialproperties.

– Marketinginstrument.TheDGNB-cachetshallactlikeaninstrumentwithinthecommunicationofinvestors,own-ers and occupants. It shall document the dedication oftheconstructor/ownertosustainability.Asasealofqual-ity, it shall support theexportofGermanproductsandservicesaswellasincreasetheattractivenessoftheGer-manrealestatemarkettoforeigninvestors.TheDGNBisbasedontheideaofthelifetimecycle,whichisimpor-tantforPPP-projects.(Public-Private-Partnership).

TheDGNBisnotaconventionalbuildingstandard, itdoesnotdefineminimumstandardslikeEnEVorpassivehouse.It is based on the idea that the financial value of a build-ingincreasestogetherwithitsresultinanevaluationrank.Therefore,itiscomparablewiththeAmericanLEED-system,whichwillbedescribedbelow:

Mainauditpoints Rating Certifiedbuildings Evaluation

- Protection ofresources- Protectionofglobal

environment- Human surroundings- Healthofthe occupants,cosiness- Preservationof therealestatevalue

-Bronze-Silver-Gold

16

- Widest evaluation

system atthemarket- Latebeginning- Untiltodayno

internationalspreading

Indetailthequalityscancoversthefollowingissues(selec-tion):

Environmentalquality– Globalwarmingpotential– Ozonelayerdisturbancepotential– Ozoneformationpotential– Acidificationpotential– Over-fertilisationpotential– Risksforlocalenvironment– Otherimpactsonlocalenvironment– Otherimpactsonglobalenvironment– Microclimate– Primaryenergydemandnon-renewable– Primaryenergydemandrenewable– Otherconsumptionofnon-renewableresources

65

– Waste(Wastecategories)– Freshwaterconsumptionutilisationphase– Surfacedemand

Economicalquality– Buildingconnectedcostsinlifecycle– Stabilityofvalue

Socio-cultural/functionalquality– Thermalcomfortinwinterseason– Thermalcomfortinsummerseason– Compartmentairquality– Acousticalcomfort– Visualcomfort– Influenceoftheuser– Buildingconnectedsurfacebroachingquality– Securityandfailurerisk– Barrier-free– Spaceefficiency– Conversionability– Publicaccessibility– Bicyclecomfort– Assuranceofcreativeandurbanisticquality withinthecompetition– Designandconstruction

Technicalquality– Fireprotection– Noiseinsulation– Thermalandmoistureproofqualityofthebuildingenve-

lope– Backupabilityofbuildingservices– Handlingofbuildingservices– Equipmentqualityofbuildingservices– Durability/adaptation of the chosen construction prod-

ucts,systemsandconstructionsinregardtotheexpect-edusefullife.

– Easeofcleaningandmaintenanceofthestructure– Resistivityagainsthail,windstormandflood– EaseofdeconstructionandrecyclingProcessquality– Qualityofprojectpreparation– Integralplanning– Evidenceofoptimisationandcomplexityofplanningap-

proach– Assuranceofhavingtenderingandawardingintermsof

sustainability– Creationofconditions foroptimisedusageandcultiva-

tion– Buildingsite/buildingprocess– Qualityofexecutingcompanies/pre-qualification– Qualityofconstruction(measurementforqualitycontrol)– Controlledinitiation– Controlling– Management– MethodicalInspection,maintenanceandservicing– Staffquality

Locationquality– Risksatmicro-location– Circumstancesatmicro-location– Imageandconditionoflocation– Transportconnection– Closenesstorelevantobjectsandinstitutions– Closemedia/sitedevelopment– Situationofplanninglaw– Expandability/spares

TheDGNBcachettakestheEnEVasabasisandacceptstheassociatedcertificationnorms.TheEnEVstandardswillkeepincreasingoverthenextfewyears,sotheDGNBcachetas-suresaminimumstandardconcerningthereductionofCO2emissions.

ComparisonofthedifferentGermanbuildingstandardsintabularformTable1:OverviewonthemaincharacteristicsoftheGermanstandards

Parameter(principleclaim)

Referencevalue

Require-mentsforThermalinsulation

Includeshotwater

Cleardefinition

EnEVPrimaryenergie AN Yes Yes Yes

KfW55/70/100

Primaryenergie AN Yes Yes Yes

Lowenergyhouse(NEH)

Thermalheat

Livingspace No No No

Lowenergyhouse(NEH)accordingtoRAL

Primaryenergie AN Yes Yes Yes

Passivehouse

Thermalheat/PE

Livingspace Yes Yes Yes

66

Bytransferringthemostimportantbuildingstandardsintoinsulationthicknessofdifferentcomponentswereceivethefol-lowingresult:

Comparison “ Building Standards”Building Stock

EnEV 2007

EnEV 2009   kfW 55  

PH – minimal requirements

PH – future requirements

 

middleU-Wert(W/m²K)

U-Wert(W/m²K)

dincmbeiWLG035

U-Wert(W/m²K)

dincmbeiWLG035

U-WertW/m²K)

dincmbeiWLG035

U-Wert(W/m²K)

dincmbeiWLG035

U-Wert(W/m²K)

dincmbeiWLG035

wall 1,4 0,45 5 0,28 12 0,21 14 0,17 18 0,13 24  1,4 0,35 8         0,18 17 0,13 24window 3,0 1,7   1,3   1,3          

  1,5       1,1              1,9                  Roof 1,4 0,30 9 0,24 12 0,19 16 0,15 21 0,1 33Flatroof 1,0 0,25 11 0,20 14 0,13 24 0,18 16 0,12 26attics 1,0 0,30 8 0,24 11 0,13 24 0,14 22 0,12 26Ceiling,walls 1,2 0,40 6 0,30 9 0,25 11        vs.basement 1,2 0,50 4 0,50 4 0,32 8 0,27 10 0,27 10

Directionofcalculation

67

OVERVIEW OF THE STANDARDS AND CODES REGARDING BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE IN POLAND

1 STATUS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 2002/91/EC DIRECTIVE The amendment act for Building Law dated 19 September2007(Gov.Gazette191,item1373)introducesarequirementfordrawingupcertificatesofenergycharacteristicsforbuild-ings.Provisionsofthisact,whicharebasedontheresolutionof directive 2002/91/WE of the European Parliament andCouncil,wasimplementedon1stJanuary2009inPoland.

2 ENERGY PERFORMANCE REqUIREMENTS FOR NEW BUILDINGSRegarding the implementation of regulations of the EPBDdirective, issuing energy certificates for buildings is obliga-tory.Withoutenergycertificatesitisnotpossibletohandoverpropertiesforutilization,sellingorrentingpurposes.Current-ly,theregulationdealingwithenergyneedsforheating,givesanalternativeproposalforfulfillingthetechnicalandconstru-cionalrequirementsassociatedwiththerationalizationofen-ergyuse.Thefirstoptionistopartiallymeettheexpectationsof acceptable thermal insulation for partitions. The secondalternativeistofulfillthestandardsofEPindicatorofthede-signedbuilding,whichspecifiestheannualunitrequirementsfornon-renewableprimaryenergy.TheEPvalueiscalculatedonthebasisoftheprinciplesenclosedinClause3,whichout-line the methodology for calculating energy characteristicsnotexceedingtheEP indicator.Forbuildingsunder renova-tionorreconstruction,itispossibletoincreasetheEPvaluetoanacceptablelevel,butnomorethan15%incomparisonwithanewbuildingofthesamegeometryandmodeofutilization.Thepurposeoftheproposedsolutionistomaintainarationalleveloffreedomfordesigners,whiletakingintoaccounttherigorsresultingfromtheabove-mentioneddirective.

3 CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA FOR ENERGY CERTIFICATION OF BUILDINGSMaximumheat-transfercoefficientforapartmentandcollec-tive-livingbuildings

S. No. Type of partition and temperature in room

Heat-transfer oefficientU(max.)[W/(m2 . k )]

1 2 3

1Externalwalls(incontactwithoutsideair,irrespectiveoftypeofwall):a)att1>16oCb)att1≤16oC

0.300.80

2Internalwallsbetweenheatedandnon-heatedrooms,stairwaysorcor-ridors

1.00

3

Wallsadjacenttoexpansionjointgapsofwidth:a)upto5cm,permanentlyclosedandfilledwiththermalinsulation,toadepthofatleast20cmb)above5cm,independentofac-ceptedmodeofclosureandgapinsulation

1.000.70

4 Non-heatedundergroundstoreywalls

withoutrequirements

5Roofs,ceiling-roofsandceilingsundernon-heatedatticsoroverdriveways:a)att1>16oCb)at8oC<t1≤16oC

0.250.50

6Slabsovernon-heatedcellars/base-mentsandenclosedbyunder-floorspaces,flooringonground

0.45

7 Slabsoverheatedundergroundsto-reys

withoutrequirements

8 Internalwallsseparatingheatedroomsfromnon-heatedrooms 1.00

t1–Calculatedtemperatureinroominaccordancewith§134Clause2ofthedecree.

Maximumheat-transfercoefficientforpublicutilitybuildings

S. No. Type of partition and temperature in room

Heat-transfer coefficientU(max.)[W/(m2 . k )]

1 2 3

1Externalwalls(incontactwithoutsideair,irrespectiveoftypeofwall):a)att1>16oCb)att1≤16oC

0.300.65

2Internalwallsbetweenheatedandnon-heatedrooms,stairwaysorcor-ridors

3.00*)

3

Wallsadjacenttoexpansionjointgapsofwidth:a)upto5cm,permanentlyclosedandfilledwiththermalinsulation,todepthofatleast20cmb)above5cm,independentofac-ceptedmodeofclosureandgapinsulation

3.000.70

4 Non-heatedundergroundstoreywalls

withoutrequirements

5Roofs,ceiling-roofsandceilingsundernon-heatedatticsoroverdriveways:a)att1>16oCb)at8oC<t1≤16oC

0.250.50

6Slabsovernon-heatedcellars/base-mentsandenclosedbyunder-floorspaces,flooringonground

0.45

7 Slabsoverheatedcellars withoutrequirements

t1–Calculatedtemperatureinroominaccordancewith§134Clause2ofthedecree.*)Ifthereisnovestibuleatentrancedoorstobuilding,thenvalueofcoefficientUofinternalwallatstairwayongroundfloorshouldnotbegreaterthan1.0W/m2.K.

68

Maximumheat-transfercoefficient forwindowsanddoorsof apartment and collective-living as well as public utilitybuildings

S.No.Windows,balconydoorsandexternaldoors

Heat-transfercoefficientU(max.)[W/(m2.K)]

1 2 3

1

Windows(excludinginclined/roof/windows),balconydoorsandnon-openingtransparentsurfacesinroomsoft1≥16oC:a)inI,IIandIIIclimaticzoneb)inIVandVclimaticzone

1.81.7

2Inclinedwindows(irrespectiveofclimaticzone)inroomsoft1≤16oC 1.8

3Windowsinwallsseparatingheatedroomsfromnon-heatedrooms 2.6

4

Windowsofnon-heatedbasementsandatticsandovernon-heatedstairways

withoutrequirements

5 Externalentrancedoors 2.6t1–Calculatedtemperatureinroominaccordancewith§134Clause2ofthedecree.

Heatingrequirementsforresidential(apartment)buildingsareacknowledgedasbeingfulfilledif:1. the external barriers of buildings and installation tech-

niques correspond with the requirements of thermalinsulation,wherebyforreconstructedbuildingsitispos-sibletoincreasetheaverageheat-transfercoefficientofthebuildingcasingbynomorethan15%incomparisonwithnewbuildingsofthesamegeometryandmodeofutilization;or

2. thevalueofindicatorEP[kWh/m2.year)],specifyingtheannual analytical requirement for non-renewable pri-maryenergyforheating,ventilationandpreparationofdomestichotwaterandcooling,islessthanthelimitingvalue;also,ifexternalbarriersofthebuildingcorrespondatleasttothethermalinsulationrequirementsneededtoprotectagainstcondensationofsteam,wherebyforthereconstructedbuilding,itisadmissibletoincreasethein-dicatorEPbynomorethan15%incomparisonwithnewbuildingsofthesamegeometryandmodeofutilization.

MaximumvalueofEPofannualanalyticalrequirement in-dicatorfornon-renewableprimaryenergyforheating,ven-tilationandpreparationofdomestichotwaterandcooling,depending on the coefficient of building geometry A/Ve,amountsto:

1) In apartment building for heating and ventilation and preparation of domestic hot water (EPH+W) during a year:

a)forA/Ve_0.2;EPH+W=73+EP;[kWh/(m2.year)]b)for0,2_A/Ve_1.05;EPH+W=55+90·(A/Ve)+EP;[kWh/(m2.year)],c)forA/Ve1.05;EPH+W=149.5+EP;[kWh/(m2.year)]

where:

EP=EPW–additionforunitrequirementofnon-renewableprimaryenergyforpreparationofdomestichotwaterdur-ingayear,

EPW=7800/(300+0.1·Af );[kWh/(m2.year)],A–isthesumofallsurfaceareasofthebuildingpartitionswhichseparatetheheatedpartofthebuildingfromexter-nal air, ground and adjacent non-heated rooms, countedalongtheexternaloutline,

Ve–isthevolumeoftheheatedpartofbuilding,reducedbyarcades,balconies,loggias,galleries,etc.,countedalongtheexternaloutline,

Af–heatedutilityareaofbuilding(premises).

2) In collective-living, public utility and production buildings for heating, ventilation and cooling, as well as preparation of domestic hot water and built-in lighting (EPHC+W+L) during a year:

EPHC+W+L=EPH+W+(10+60·Aw,e/Af )(1–0.2·A/Ve)·Af,c/Af;[kWh/(m2.year)]

where:

Aw,e–areaofexternalwallsofbuilding,countedalongtheexternaloutline,

Af,c–cooledutilityareaofbuilding(premises),

EPH+W–valueaccordingtotherelationspecifiedinpoint1,wherebyEP=EPW+EPL,

EPW–additionforunitrequirementofnon-renewablepri-

69

maryenergyforthepreparationofdomestichotwaterdur-ingayear;forabuildingwithseparatepartsofequalutilityfunctions,averagevalueofEPWisdeterminedforthewholebuilding,whereby:

EPW=1.56·19.10·VCW·bt/a1;[kWh/(m2.year)]

where:

VCW–unitdaily(24h)consumptionofdomestichotwater,[dm3/(volumeunit)]·dailytobeassumedfromdesigncon-ceptions,

a1–shareofareaAfperreferenceunit(volumeunit),usuallyper person, [m2/volume unit], to be assumed from designconceptions,

bt–dimensionlessutilizationtimeduringayearofdomestichotwatersystem,tobeassumedfromdesignconceptions.

4 CALCULATION METHOD

Fig.1.Blockdiagramoutliningtheprocedureforcalculatingtheindicatorofprimaryenergyrequirementforheatingandpreparationofdomestichotwater

ClimaticzonesMORZEBALTYCKIE=BALTICSEA STREFA=ZONE

OKRESZIMOWY=WINTERPERIOD

5. Additional considerations concerning person author-ized to performance of energy audits and draw up to en-ergy certificates

Authorized persons often belong to autonomous profes-sionalchambersorscientificandtechnicalassociations,butitisnotanobligationtobeamemberofsuchorganizations.Animportantpointforraisingawarenessabouttheenergyauditsandenergycertificatesmarketisprovidinginforma-tion about performing specific services, which should beplacedbytheauthorizedpersonsthemselvesinadvertise-mentsandInternetpages.Performanceofenergyaudits,inlight of the above-mentioned legal acts, does not requirepossession of building authorizations and qualifications.Energy audits are verified in accordance with the decreeof Minister of Infrastructure dated 17 March 2009, whichoutlines detailed methods for verifying energy audits andpartofrepairaudit,alongwithdetailedconditionsthattheentitymustfulfill,towhomBankGospodarstwaKrajowego(BankofNationalEconomy)mayorderperformanceofauditverification.

Climatic data, heating season

Mode of utilizing the building/residential premises Standard and utilization temperature, kind of regulation,

time

Internal heat Heat gain from gain (together with + the sun through

gains from system) the barriers

Utility heat for preparing

domestic hot water QW

Heat gain utilization coefficient

Heat loss through penetration + ventilation heat loss

Input factor of primary energy

Requirement of auxiliary energy

Requirement of final energy

Primary energy EP requirement indicator

Requirement of primary energy

Heat loss on division of domestic hot water and

circulation

Heat loss on division of

heating and ventilation system

Utility heat for heating and

ventilation QH

Heat loss of domestic hot

water container

Efficiency of equipment for heating the heat carrier

Efficiency of equipment for heating domestic hot water

Heat loss on division of buffer in heating and ventilation

system

Regulation and heat transfer efficiency

Climatic data, heating season

Mode of utilizing the building/residential premises Standard and utilization temperature, kind of regulation,

time

Internal heat Heat gain from gain (together with + the sun through

gains from system) the barriers

Utility heat for preparing

domestic hot water QW

Heat gain utilization coefficient

Heat loss through penetration + ventilation heat loss

Input factor of primary energy

Requirement of auxiliary energy

Requirement of final energy

Primary energy EP requirement indicator

Requirement of primary energy

Heat loss on division of domestic hot water and

circulation

Heat loss on division of

heating and ventilation system

Utility heat for heating and

ventilation QH

Heat loss of domestic hot

water container

Efficiency of equipment for heating the heat carrier

Efficiency of equipment for heating domestic hot water

Heat loss on division of buffer in heating and ventilation

system

Regulation and heat transfer efficiency

70

Criminal responsibility of persons responsible for drawinguporpossessingenergycertificatesofbuildingsInaccordancewithArt.5oftheact“BuildingLaw”,thecertif-icateofenergycharacteristicsshouldbedrawnupforeverybuilding, particularly those designed (Art. 5 Clause 3) andhanded over for utilization (Art. 57 Clause 1 point 7), andalsothosesubjecttosaleorlease(Art.63a).Failuretocom-plywiththisobligationissubjecttocriminalresponsibilityasanoffenceagainstArt.93oftheact“BuildingLaw”(Govt.Gazetteof2006number156,item1118):

1CriminalresponsibilityresultingfromArt.93point1statesthat he/she who, while designing or executing construc-tionworks,grosslyneglectstheprovisionsofArt.5,namely

Clauses3-6concerningthedrawingupofcertificatesofen-ergycharacteristics,issubjecttopecuniarypenalty;

2.CriminalresponsibilityresultingfromArt.93point8statesthathe/shewhodoesnotfulfilltheobligationmentionedinArt.62Clause1(inspectionofboilers)andArt.62Clause1b(inspectionofheatingsystemwithboilersofeffectivenomi-nalcapacityabove20kWutilizedatleast15years),issubjecttopecuniarypenalty.PenaltyfortheoffenceresultsfromArt.93decreedbythebuildingsupervisionauthorityontheba-sisofArt.94“BuildingLaw”,onthebasisoftheact“Pettyof-fencesCode”(Govt.Gazetteof1998number113,item717),inaccordancewithart.95“CodeofPractice”inmattersofpettyoffences(Govt.Gazetteof2001number106,item1148).

Name Address Contacts EmailIEOECBRECInstytutEnergetykiOdnawialnej

ul.Mokotowska4/600-641Warszawa

tel.22/825-46-52fax22/875-86-78

www.ieo.pl

KrajowaAgencjaPoszanowaniaEnergii(KAPE)

ul.Nowogrodzka35/4100-950Warszawa

tel.22/622-27-97fax22/622-27-96

www.kape.gov.pl

BaltyckaAgencjaPoszanowaniaEnergii(BAPE)

ul.Budowlanych3180-298Gdańsk

tel.58/347-55-35fax58/347-55-37

www.bape.com.pl

PolskieTowarzystwoBiomasyPOLBIOM

ul.Rakowiecka3205-532Warszawa

tel.22/849-32-31fax22/849-17-37

www.polbiom.pl

StowarzyszenieGminPolskaSieć„En-ergieCités”

ul.Sławkowska17,pok.30,31-016Kraków

tel./fax12/429-17-93 www.pnec.org.pl

PolskaIzbaGospodarczaEnergiiOdnawialnej

ul.Gotarda902-683Warszawa

tel.22/548-49-99fax22/548-49-98

www.pigeo.org.pl

KrajowaIzbaBiopaliwul.NowyŚwiat18/2000-373Warszawa

tel.22/331-32-90fax22/331-32-91

www.kib.pl

PolskaIzbaBiomasyul.Smocza2701-041Warszawa

tel.22/498-60-09601-547-613

www.biomasa.org.pl

OgólnokrajoweStowarzyszenie„Pos-zanowanieEnergiiiŚrodowiska”SAPE-POLSKA

ul.Świętokrzyska2000-002Warszawa

tel.22/505-47-72fax22/825-86-70

www.sape.org.pl

TowarzystwoRozwojuMałychEle-ktrowniWodnych

ul.KrólowejJadwigi186-300Grudziądz

tel.56/464-96-44fax56/464-96-43

www.trmew.pl

StowarzyszenieEnergiiOdnawialnejul.Ogrodowa59a00-876Warszawa

tel.22/433-12-40fax22/433-12-39

www.seo.org.pl

PolskieStowarzyszenieWodoruiOgniwPaliwowychAkademiaGórniczo-Hutniczaim.StanisławaStaszicawKrakowie

WydziałInżynieriiMateriałowejiCe-ramikiPawilonA-0,pok.313Al.Mickiewicza3030-059Kraków

tel.12/617-25-22fax12/617-25-22

www.hydrogen.edu.pl

PolskieStowarzyszenieEnergetykiWiatrowej

Al.WojskaPolskiego15471-324Szczecin

tel.91/486-25-30fax91/486-25-38

www.psew.pl

PolskieStowarzyszeniePompCiepłaul.Fiszera1480-952Gdańsk

tel.58/341-12-71fax58/341-61-44

www.pompaciepla.org

InstytutPaliwiEnergiiOdnawialnejul.Jagiellońska5503-301Warszawa

tel.22/510-02-00fax22/510-02-20

www.ipieo.pl

71

Listofinstitutionsassociatedwithcertificationandrespect/observanceofenergy

Financing of thermo-modernisation 1. Financingsourcesofthermo-modernisation– Thermo-modernisationloans– SubsidiesandloansfromWFOSiGWFunds– FinancingwithintheframeworkofESCO2. Listofbanksprovidingloansforthermo-modernisation3. Thermo-modernisationloansforhousingcommunities

1) Financing sources of thermo-modernisation The major financing sources of thermo-modernisationprojectswhichmaybedrawnupononthebasisofenergyauditsareasfollows:

Thermo-modernisation loan Pursuant to the Act of 18 December 1998 on supportingthermo-modernisationundertakings(Govt.Gazetteof1998number162,item1121,asamended).TheAct identifiedanewformofpublicaid intheprocessofreducingheatenergyconsumptioninbuildings.Theba-sis for obtaining a thermo-modernisation premium, that is, remission of 16% of the loan, is the implementationof recommendations of the energy audit, the methodol-ogy of which is specified in the Decree of the Minister ofInfrastructureof15January2002.TheintentionoftheActisthatloanrepaymentsshouldnotbeanadditionalburdentotheinvestor,butratherthatloanrepaymentsshouldbecovered by the savings generated by thermo-modernisa-tion investments. In order to be eligible for obtaining theloan, it is necessary to submit an energy audit. A loan forthermo-modernisation investments may not exceed 80%ofinvestmentcosts,andtheloanshouldberepaidwithinamaximumof10years.Monthlyprincipalandinterestrepay-ments may not be less than the principal instalment withinterest,andmaynotbemorethantheequivalentof1/12oftheamountofannualenergysavingsgeneratedbythethermo-modernisation investment. If requested by the in-vestor,thelendingbankmayspecifyhigherprincipalinstal-ments. The process of obtaining a thermo-modernisationloanisasfollows:– selectionofanenergyauditor– pre-audit– performanceoftheaudit– loanagreementconcludedwiththefinancingbank

– grantingofthethermo-modernisationpremium– performanceoftheinvestment– disbursementofthethermo-modernisationpremium.The thermo-modernisation premium may be applied for by owners or managers of: residential buildings, publicbuildingsusedbylocalgovernmentunits,localheatingsys-tems, localheatsources,boardinghousessuchasnursinghomes, workers’ hotels, boarding school dormitories, stu-dents’ hostels, orphanages, pensioners’ houses, homelesssheltersandsimilarbuildings,performingthermo-moderni-sationprojectssubjecttoaverifiedenergyaudit.

Subsidies and loans from the National and Voivodeship Funds for Environmental Protection and Water Manage-ment Subsidies and loans funded by the National andVoivode-ship Funds for Environmental Protection and Water Man-agement (NFOSiGW) are allocated for the purposes speci-fiedintheActonenvironmentprotectionanddevelopmentof31January1980.TheNationalFundprovidesfinancialas-sistance intheformof loansandsubsidies.TheFundmayapplypreferential interestratesto its loans.Subsidiesmaybe granted (e.g. for pilot tasks related to implementationof new high-risk technologies or of experimental nature,comprehensive research, development and implementa-tionprogramsinthesphereofenvironmentprotectionandwater management). Voivodeship Funds for Environmen-talProtectionandWaterManagement (WojewódzkieFun-duszeOchronySrodowiskaiGospodarkiWodnej)operateineachprovince.FundsmayalsobeprovidedbyDistrictandMunicipalEnvironmentProtectionandWaterManagementFunds – resolution No. XIII/391/03 of the City Council ofWroclawof16October2003andresolutionNo.XIII/392/03oftheCityCouncilofWroclawof16October2003.

Financing within the framework of ESCOFinancingwithintheESCOframeworkconsistsofusingfu-turesavings,resultingfromthermo-modernizationprojects,torepayobligationstoa“thirdparty”whofinancedthein-vestments.Theacronym“ESCO” -EnergySavingCompanyorsometimesEnergyServiceCompany-describes(inbothcases)acompanyofferingfinancialsupporttoprojectsthataim to reduce energy consumption. However, most fre-quentlytheterm“financingwithintheframeworkofESCO”isused,whichcharacterizesthenatureofinvestments.ESCOcompanies operate to combine technical assistance with

72

the provision of sufficient funding for investments whichaimtoimprovetheefficiencyofenergyconsumption.Thework is performed by an entity independent of the users.ESCOcompaniesareobligedtomakerepairsbyusingtherevenue generated from modernization investments, inordertoreducethecostsofpurchasedenergy.ESCOcom-paniesprovidecomprehensiveservicesinthesphereofen-ergy management on the basis of development contractsandguaranteedenergysavings.Inordertoaccomplishtheobjectivesofmodernization,anenergyauditisrequired(atechnical and economic analysis of the project), includingevidenceofeconomicandecologicaleffects.AnESCOcom-panywillstartathermo-modernizationprojectonlywhenitisassuredofasatisfactoryreturnontheinvestedfunds.TheESCOformulamaybeapplied inmanysectorsofthecon-structionindustry,municipalmanagementandinindustry–everywherewheremajorsavingsmaybegenerated:light-ing,heating,machinewashing,wasterecycling.

2) List of banks financing thermo-modernisation invest-ments Belowisalistofbanksthathavesignedcollaborationagree-mentswithBankGospodarstwaKrajowego(commissionof0.6% of the premium amount), with respect to providingloansforthermo-modernisationprojectswiththermo-mod-ernisationpremium.

– BankGospodarkiŻywnościowejS.A.wWarsawtel.(022)8604250

– BankHandlowywWarsawS.A.tel.(022)8300202– BankOchronyŚrodowiskaS.A.withitsregisteredofficein

Warsawtel.(022)850-87-35– BankPocztowyS.A.withitsregisteredofficeinBydgoszcz

tel.(052)3499100– BankPrzemysłowo-HandlowyPBKS.A.withitsregistered

officeinKrakowtel.(012)6186185– BankRozwojuEksportuS.A.with its registeredoffice in

Warsawtel.(022)637-21-67(68)– INGBankŚląskiS.A.withitsregisteredofficeinKatowice

tel.(032)2551128– MillenniumBankS.A.withitsregisteredofficeinGdansk

tel.(058)30-79-558– BISE S.A. with its registered office inWarsaw tel. ( 0 22)

860-12-08,860-12-09,860-12-10,860-12-52,860-12-58– GospodarczyBankWielkopolskiS.A.wPoznańtel. (061)

8562400,(071)372-33-23

– KrakowskiBankSpółdzielczyS.A.withitsregisteredofficeinKrakowtel.(012)428-62-31

– KredytBankS.A.withitsregisteredofficeinWarsawtel.(022)6345451

– LGPetroBankS.A.withitsregisteredofficeinŁodźtel.(042)681-90-60

– MazowieckiBankRegionalny S.A.with its registeredof-ficeinWarsawtel.(022)6634025

– Pomorsko-Kujawski Bank Regionalny S.A. with its regis-teredofficeinBydgoszcztel.(052)3235200

– BankPolskiejSpółdzielczościS.A.wWarsaw– BankZachodniWBKS.A.wPoznańtel.(0-61)8564120

3) Thermo-modernisation loans for housing communi-tiesFewbanksofferspecial loansaimedathousingcommuni-ties.Mostofthemofferinvestmentloans.Someofthebanksarelistedherebelow:– “Nasz Remont”–aloanfromPkO BP.Itmaybeusedto

overhaulpropertiesownedormanagedbyborrowers. Apart from approved creditworthiness, the borrower

shallprovidecollateraltotheloan.Theapplicableinter-estrateonpreferentialratesof1M,3Mor6MWIBORplusnegotiablemargin isaminimumof1.2pp.The interestrateisvariable;withrepaymentsinequalinstalments,theinterestratewill remainstableovereach3-or6-monthinterestperiod.Thefeeisnegotiablefrom0.8%.

– BISEoffersaninvestmentloantohousingcommunitiesformodernisationprojectsoroverhauloftechnicalinfra-structureinthehousingresourcesofcommunities.

The loan amount may not exceed 75% of the projectvalue.Themaximumlendingperiodis7yearsofrepay-ments.TheloanisgrantedinPLN,andtheapplicablein-terestrateisbasedonWIBOR+amargin.

– Bank Ochrony Środowiska offers two types of prefer-ential loans: a loan for the purchase of equipment andproductstoprotecttheenvironment;andaloanforcom-paniesinthe“thirdparty”formula.Loansforthepurchaseofequipmentandproductstoprotecttheenvironmentmaybeusedforthepurchaseofheatinsulationsystems,energy saving windows and doors, convection heaters,thermo regulators, weather automatic control devices.Loansaregrantedfor5yearsandupto100%ofthein-vestmentvalue.Loansforcompaniesinthe“thirdparty”

73

formula are aimed at enterprises involved in environ-mental protection investments for principals. Loans forcompanies in the“third party” formula are granted byBOŚtofinanceprojectsthatgenerateelectricalandheatenergysavingsorwaterconsumption,reducefeesforin-dustrialuseoftheenvironmentandforwatertreatment.Thenumberofloansgrantedtohousingcommunitiesissubjecttotheamountofregularinflowstotheoverhaulfund.The bank assumes that no more than 70% of themonthlyinflowsshouldcoverloanrepaymentsandanyotherloans.Variableinterestisbasedon1MWIBORplusamarginofminimum2.8pp.Maximumlendingperiodis10years.

6 REFERENCES1. European directive EPD 2002/91/EC regarding energycharacteristicsofbuildings.2. Decree of Minister of Infrastructure dated 6 November2008regardingmethodologyofcalculatingenergycharac-teristics of residential building and flat or part of buildingconstitutingindependenttechnicalandutilitywholealongwithmethodofdrawingupandpatternsofcertificatesoftheirenergycharacteristics.3.DecreeofMinisterof Infrastructuredated12April2002regardingtechnicalconditionsthatbuildingsandtheirloca-tionsshouldcorrespondto(Govt.Gazetteof2002number75,item690,asamended).4. Act dated 18 December 1998 on supporting thermo-modernisationundertakings(Govt.Gazetteof1998number162,item1121,asamended).

75

OVERVIEW OF THE STANDARDS AND CODES REGARDING BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE IN SPAIN

1 STATUS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 2002/91/EC DIRECTIVE

The 2002/91/EC Directive was implemented in Spainby means of three Royal Decrees (RD): RD 314/2006, RD1027/2007andRD47/2007.

In theRD314/2006 the“TechnicalCodeofBuilding” (CTE)was approved. It includes the energy efficiency require-mentsdemandedbytheEPBDDirectivefornewbuildings,and for large existing buildings (floor area over 1.000 m2),whenmorethan25%oftheenvelopeisretrofitted.

TherequirementsregardingtheinspectionofboilersandairconditioningsystemsarecoveredwithintheRD1027/2007,whichapprovedthereviewofthe“RegulationsforthermalinstallationsonBuildings(RITE)”.

Finally,theenergyefficiencycertificationwasimplementedpartially by means of the RD 47/2007 and it is mandatorysince31October2007.TheRD47/2007isapartialtransposi-tionoftheEPBDbecauseitisonlyapplicabletonewbuild-ingsandlargeexistingbuildings(floorareaover1.000m2),when more than 25% of the envelope is retrofitted (withsome additional specific exceptions).There are no regula-tionsforthecertificationofexistingbuildingsyet,althoughanotherRoyalDecreeiscurrentlyunderpreparation.

2 ENERGY PERFORMANCE REqUIREMENTS FOR NEW BUILDINGS

The requirements for new buildings are outlined in theTechnical Code of Building, which is divided into differentbasic documents. The energy performance requirementsthatmustbefulfilledbynewbuildingsareoutlinedinthe“Energysavingdocument”(CTE-HE).

Therequirementsdependontheclimaticzonewhere thebuilding is located, and they are more demanding wheretheconditionsaremorefavourable.Therequirementscoverthefollowingaspects:– Limitation on energy demand by means of Maximum

TransmittanceValuesfordifferentbuildingelementsandSolarfactorforwindowsandrooflights

– Minimumefficiencyperformanceforthermalinstallations– Minimumefficiencyperformanceforlightinginstallations

– Minimumnaturallightningcontribution– MinimumsolarcontributiontoDomesticHotWater– Minimum photovoltaic contribution to electric power.

(onlyfornon-residentialbuildings)

LimitationofenergydemandinbuildingsThelimitationofthedemandappliestonewconstructionsandretrofittingwithausefulsurfaceareaover1000m2,inwhichmorethan25%oftheenvelopeisretrofitted.

ThenationalCTEcodeprovidesthemethodologyforenergydemandcalculation.Theenergydemanddependsonthecli-maticzoneandSpainisdividedin12climaticzones.Foreachoftheclimaticzones,maximumlimittransmittancevaluesforfaçades,roofsandslabsaredefined.Forglazedareas,thelimittransmittanceandsolarfactorvaluesarealsodefined.Con-densationisalsolimitedinthebuildingfaçades.

BuildingThermalInstallationsThecodeconsiders,asthermalinstallations,thecondition-ing installations (heating,coolingandventilation)andtheinstallationsfordomestichotwaterproduction.Itisappliedtoexistingandnewbuildings.

Theobjectiveofthecodeistoguaranteethethermalcom-fortoftheresidentsandtoestablishtheenergyefficiencyandsecurityrequirementsthattheinstallationsshouldfulfil.Thecodecontainsthetechnicalinstructionsforthedesignofinstallations,theenergyefficiencyassurance,andthese-curity requirements. Italsodescribes thetests for thecor-rectassemblyofequipment.

Finally,itestablishedtheobligationofperiodicinspectionstoensurethecorrectoperationofthewholeinstallationandthefulfilmentofalltherequirements.

Lightninginstallation’senergyefficiencyThemethodologyforthecalculationoflightingenergyef-ficiencyisdescribedinthecode.Limitvaluesfortheenergyefficiencyarealsoprovided inorder toassess the installa-tions. For each building zone, the installations will have aregulatorysystemthatoptimizestheuseofnaturallight.

During the project process, a maintenance plan of the in-stallationswillbeestablished.

76

MinimumsolarcontributiontodomestichotwaterThisrequirementisapplicabletonewbuildingsandtoret-rofittedbuildingsindependentlyoftheirusewhenthereisDHWdemandand/orforacoveredswimming-poolheat-ing.

The minimum contribution that must be provided is de-fined,dependingontheclimaticzoneandthetotaldemandtoDHWofthebuilding.Thecodedescribesthemethodol-ogytosizetheinstallation,dependingonthesolarirradia-tion,orientationandinclination.Thetechnicalrequirementsand maintenance requirements of all the components oftheinstallationarealsodescribed.

MinimumPVcontributiontoelectricenergyTherequirementofaminimumPVcontribution isappliedto different commercial and administrative buildings andpavilions when they are larger than a certain surface area(dependingontheuse).Itisalsoappliedtohotelsandhos-pitalsiftheyhavemorethan100beds.

Theminimumelectricpowerthatshouldbeprovidedises-tablished as a function of the use of the building, the cli-matic zone and the constructed surface. In any case, theminimum peak power to install will be 6,25 kWp, and theinverterwillhaveaminimumpowerof5kW.

Thepositionthatpanelsshouldhaveinthebuildingisspeci-fied.The lossesof thesystemduetoorientation, inclinationandshadowsmustbelessthancertainlimitvaluescontainedin the code. The calculations and sizing of the installationshouldalsobecarriedoutasestablishedinthecode.Inorder toensure theproperperformanceof thesystem,amaintenanceplanmustbeestablishedduringthelifeoftheinstallation.

The requirements related to energy demand limitationcouldbecheckedusingasimplifiedprocedure(comparingreal values with the limit values) or using a complex pro-cedure such as a simulation tool.The official tool is calledLIDERandisfreelyavailable.

3 CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA FOR ENERGY CERTIFICATION OF BUILDINGSAsmentionedpreviously,certificationisonlyapplicabletonewbuildingsandlargeexistingbuildings(floorareaover

1.000m2),whenmorethan25%oftheenvelopeisretrofit-ted(withsomeadditionalspecificexceptions).

Thecertificationisappliedinthefirstinstancetothebuild-ingproject,obtainingtheenergyefficiencycertificationla-bel fortheproject.Duringtheconstructionphase,regularinspectionsandverificationsarecarriedoutinordertoen-surethattheexecutionisbeingcarriedoutasestablishedintheprojectdescription.Inthiscase,whenthebuildingiscompleteditwillobtainthesamecertification.Thiswillbethebuilding’sdefinitivecertification.

If during the execution phase, any modification to theprojectiscarriedout,thecertificationlabelshouldberecal-culatedandtheproject’scertificationlabelcouldchange.

The certification label will have a maximum validity of 10years.Thebuildingownerisresponsiblefortheupdatingorrenovationofenergyefficiencycertification.

Theclassificationscaleisdividedinto7levels,identifiedbyaletter,fromA(moreefficientbuilding)totheletterG(lessef-ficientbuilding).ExistingscalesinEuropewereconsideredduring the design process, and in particular, the proposaloutlinedintheCENprEn15217document“Energyperform-anceofbuildings-methodsforexpressingenergyperform-anceandforenergycertificationofbuildings”.

The scale is designed to allow 90% of the buildings thatfulfiltheCTE-HEstrictly,tobelongtoclassesCandD(35%inclassCand55%inclassD),andit isthesameforeverytypeofnewbuilding(dwellings,public,commercial,…).Al-though itwas developed in principle for new buildings, itispossibletoextendittoexistingbuildingsifthepertinentstudiesconcludethatitissuitable.

Theefficiencyclassisdefinedbycomparingtheenergyindi-catorsofthebuildingunderstudywithareferencebuilding.Forresidentialbuildings,thereferenceisdefinedbymeansof the most common building characteristics in the year2006 in each climatic zone. For non-residential buildings,thereferenceisthesamebuildingconsideringthatitcom-plieswiththeminimumrequirementsrequestedintheCTE.

Theenergy indicator forcertification isbasedonthetotalCO2emissionsfromthehotwater,heating,refrigeratingand

77

lightingsystemsof thebuilding.However, information re-gardingtheprimaryenergyconsumption(kWh/m2)andtheenergydemandofthebuildingforheatingandrefrigerat-ingisalsoprovided.

4 CALCULATION METHOD

Therearetwopossiblewaystoassesstheenergyperform-anceofnewbuildings:thesimplifiedmethodandthecom-prehensivemethod.

The simplified method is only applicable for residentialbuildings with a maximum percentage of glazing area inthefaçadeandintheroof.Themethodoutlinestherequire-mentsforthefulfilmentoftheCTEandlimitvaluesforen-ergyequipmentofresidentialbuildings,distinguishingsin-gle-familyhouseorflatbuildingsanddifferentclimaticar-eas.ThefulfilmentoftherequirementsonlyprovidesaccesstoacertificationofletterEorD(nothighercertification).

There is not only one procedure available for applying thesimplifiedmethod,butthesimplifiedprocedureshavetobevalidatedbytheCertificationCommissionbeforebeingused.Uptonow,onlyoneprocedurehasbeenvalidated,neverthe-less,otherproceduresarecurrentlyunderdiscussion.

ThecomprehensivemethodrequirestheuseofasoftwaretoolnamedCalener.Thisistheofficialsoftware,buttheuseofalter-nativesoftwarepackagesisalsoallowed,aslongastheyhavebeenacceptedpreviouslybytheCertificationCommission.

The official software Calener is a dynamic simulation tool,whichcalculateshourlyenergydemand,consumptionandCO2emissions.TherearetwodifferentversionsofCalener:CalenerVYPfordwellingsandsmalltertiarysectorbuildings,andCalenerGTforlargetertiarysectorbuildings.

Thecalculationmethodforexistingbuildingsisexpectedtobereadyin2009.

5 CONVENTIONAL INPUT DATA

Inordertoapplythesimplifiedmethod,thenecessarypa-rametersinclude:typeofbuilding(use,single-familyhouseorflatbuilding),climaticzone,compactness,performanceoftheheatgenerator,typeoffuelandtheperformanceof

theheat,coldanddomestichotwatergenerators.

Forthecomprehensivemethod,theprincipalinputsincludethe general characteristics of the building such as type ofbuilding,climaticzone,orientation,geometricalcharacter-istics,characteristicsoftheenvelope,andcharacteristicsofthesystemssuchusnominalpowerandconsumptionofthegeneratingequipment,poweroftheterminalunits,airflowrates,and, fortertiarybuildings, thepowerof illuminationequipment.Theanalysis forbigtertiarybuildings includesmore inputs such us internal gains, occupation, set pointtemperatures, water flow rates, daily operation schedules,ventilation,andnaturallighting.

Allthedatashoulddescribethenominalconditionsofthebuilding.

6 ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS

The RD 47/2007 outlines only a“basic procedure” applica-ble in all states, but local governments and AutonomousCommunities, can regulate and complete this procedure,providingnewrulesregardingcontrolandinspections,andcouldalsoaddmoreenergyindicatorsforthecertificationofbuildings.Uptonow,onlythreeCommunitieshavepub-lished additional regulations to the national one: Galicia,AndalusiaandCanaryIslands.TheBasqueCountryhasnotpublishedanyadditionalregionalregulationstodate.

TheAutonomousCommunityofGaliciapublishedtheDecree42/2009on21January2009,fortheregulationofenergycer-tification of new buildings. It defines the competences andobligationsofeachstakeholderinthecertificationprocess.Itregulatesthecertificationformatsrequiringtheirexternalcon-trolandregistration.ItcomesintoforceinSeptember2009.

The Autonomous Community of Andalusia published theOrderof25June2008,forthecreationofanelectronicreg-istrationsystemforenergyefficiencycertificates.Itincludesthe certificate formats and requires certificates to be up-datedevery10years.ItcameintoforceinSeptember2008.

TheCanaryIslandspublishedtheDecree26/2009on3March2009,fortheregulationoftheBuildingEnergyEfficiencyCer-tificateendorsementprocedureandthecreationofaregistra-tionsystemforthecertificate.ItcameintoforceinJune2009.

79

MINUTES

ProvinciaAutonomadiTrentoAgenziaProvincialeperl’Energia

ServiziopianificazioneenergeticaeincentiviViaGilli,4–38121Trento

tel.+390461497325–fax+390461497301www.energia.provincia.tn.it–serv.pianienergia@provincia.tn.it

ThesoleresponsibilityforthecontentofthisLabellingandCertificationGuidelieswiththeauthors.ItdoesnotnecessarilyreflecttheopinionoftheEuropeanCommunities.

TheEuropeanCommissionisnotresponsibleforanyusethatmaybemadeoftheinformationcontainedtherein.

PrintedinJune2010

LABELLING AND CERTIFICATION GUIDE

PROVINCIA AUTONOMADI TRENTO

Provincia Autonoma di TrentoAgenzia Provinciale per l’Energia

Servizio pianificazione energetica e incentiviVia Gilli, 4 – 38121 Trento

tel. +39 0461 497325 – fax +39 0461 497301www.energia.provincia.tn.it – serv.pianienergia@provincia.tn.it

Gra

fica

e st

ampa

: Effe

e E

rre

- Tre

nto