Lab Medicine

8/8/2019 Lab Medicine

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MEDICAL TESTINGMEDICAL TESTING

LaboratoryTesting

Doctorrequires

information

Patient

samplecollection

Samplereceived &processed

Computersystem

maintenance

Reportgeneration


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ESSENTIAL SUPPORTESSENTIAL SUPPORT

Specimen collection (onSpecimen collection (on--site or TAFEsite or TAFEtraining)training)

Safe transportation of biological and possiblySafe transportation of biological and possiblyinfectious materialinfectious material

Clerical skills including anatomy and medicalClerical skills including anatomy and medicalterminologyterminology

Specimen handling skills and training inSpecimen handling skills and training ininfection control and manual handlinginfection control and manual handling

Information technologyInformation technology


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WHO ARE MEDICALWHO ARE MEDICAL

SCIENTISTS?SCIENTISTS?

Medical ScientistsMedical Scientistsperform medicalperform medicallaboratory tests onlaboratory tests onblood, other bodyblood, other bodytissues which assisttissues which assistclinicians in theclinicians in the

diagnosis, treatmentdiagnosis, treatmentand prevention ofand prevention ofdisease. Medicaldisease. MedicalScientists get results!Scientists get results!


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WHERE DO MEDICALWHERE DO MEDICAL

SCIENTISTS WORK?SCIENTISTS WORK?Medical scientists work inMedical scientists work in::

Hospital laboratoriesHospital laboratories

State Health LaboratoriesState Health Laboratories

UniversitiesUniversities

Private pathology laboratoriesPrivate pathology laboratories


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What do you need to work in aWhat do you need to work in a

laboratory ?laboratory ?

An interest in scienceAn interest in science

Be able to communicate wellBe able to communicate well

Be able to use a computerBe able to use a computer

Must want to learn all the timeMust want to learn all the time

An interest in helping others.An interest in helping others.


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DISCIPLINESDISCIPLINESMedical Laboratory Science inMedical Laboratory Science in

Australia comprises manyAustralia comprises manydistinct professional disciplines.distinct professional disciplines.The main ones are:The main ones are:

HistopathologyHistopathology

MicrobiologyMicrobiology

CytologyCytology

Blood TransfusionBlood Transfusion

ImmunologyImmunology HaematologyHaematology

Clinical biochemistryClinical biochemistry

VirologyVirology


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A bacterial cultureA bacterial culture

Identification ofIdentification ofmicro organismsmicro organisms

such as bacteria,such as bacteria,fungi, viruses andfungi, viruses andparasites whichparasites whichcause infection,cause infection,

and testing forand testing foreffectiveeffectiveantibiotics.antibiotics.

MICROBIOLOGYMICROBIOLOGY


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MICROBIOLOGYMICROBIOLOGY Growth and Identification of BacteriaGrowth and Identification of Bacteria

Samples from body sitesSamples from body sites

Inoculated onto growth promotingInoculated onto growth promoting

mediamedia

Antibiotic Sensitivity DeterminedAntibiotic Sensitivity Determined


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MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATIONMICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION


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PARASITOLOGYPARASITOLOGY

Single cell and complex organismsSingle cell and complex organisms

Colonise human GI tract, UrinaryColonise human GI tract, Urinary

tract and bloodtract and blood


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HAEMATOLOGYHAEMATOLOGY

Counting and viewing of blood cellsCounting and viewing of blood cells Diagnose diseaseDiagnose disease

Detect malignanciesDetect malignancies

Monitor treatmentMonitor treatment

Differentiate types of infectionDifferentiate types of infection


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There are different types ofThere are different types of

white cellswhite cells, each with a different job., each with a different job.

NeutrophilsNeutrophilsFight bacteria byFight bacteria by

releasing toxicreleasing toxicsubstancessubstances

LymphocytesLymphocytesFight viruses by creatingFight viruses by creatingantibodies which stick toantibodies which stick toviruses and cause themviruses and cause themto be eaten byto be eaten byMonocytesMonocytes..


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LEUKAEMIALEUKAEMIA

Growth of abnormal cellsGrowth of abnormal cells

Reduced normal maturationReduced normal maturation

Result of reduced RBC, Platelets andResult of reduced RBC, Platelets andnormal WCCnormal WCC


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LABORATORY DIAGNOSISLABORATORY DIAGNOSIS

Blood testsBlood tests

Blood filmBlood film

Bone marrowBone marrow

Cell markersCell markers ChromosomesChromosomes


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TRANSFUSION SEROLOGYTRANSFUSION SEROLOGY

Blood products provided by RedBlood products provided by RedCross Blood Transfusion ServiceCross Blood Transfusion Service

Laboratory ensures products areLaboratory ensures products arecompatible with recipientscompatible with recipients

Required for emergencies andRequired for emergencies and

elective procedureselective procedures Blood is not the only product usedBlood is not the only product used


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BLOOD TRANSFUSIONBLOOD TRANSFUSIONLaboratory testing ofLaboratory testing ofrecipient blood andrecipient blood anddonor blood to ensuredonor blood to ensurecompatible and safecompatible and safetransfusion.transfusion.

Medical scientists inMedical scientists inblood transfusion orblood transfusion orimmunohaematology, asimmunohaematology, as

it is sometimes known,it is sometimes known,are responsible for theare responsible for thetesting of blood groupstesting of blood groupsand compatibility ofand compatibility ofdonor blood, prior todonor blood, prior to

transfusion.transfusion.


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BLOOD GROUPINGBLOOD GROUPING


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HISTOPATHOLOGYHISTOPATHOLOGY

Examination of Tissues for DiseaseExamination of Tissues for Disease

Samples removedSamples removed ProcessedProcessed

Sectioned and StainedSectioned and Stained

Microscopic ExaminationMicroscopic Examination

DiagnosisDiagnosis


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Slides stained to make cells clearlySlides stained to make cells clearly

visiblevisible


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CLINICAL CHEMISTRYCLINICAL CHEMISTRY

Measurement of amounts of specificMeasurement of amounts of specificelements transported in the bloodelements transported in the blood

ProteinsProteins

SugarsSugars

Cellular breakdown productsCellular breakdown productsHormonesHormones

ToxinsToxins


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CHEMISTRYCHEMISTRY Mostly automatedMostly automated

Scientists need to understand:Scientists need to understand: Cellular metabolismsCellular metabolisms

Hormonal interactions

Hormonal interactions

Immune responsesImmune responses

AnatomyAnatomy


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VIROLOGYVIROLOGY

Identification of virusIdentification of virus

Monitor course of infectionMonitor course of infection

Common infectionsCommon infections

Colds & FluColds & Flu

HepatitisHepatitis

HIV/ AIDSHIV/ AIDS

Glandular FeverGlandular Fever


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Papanicolaou smear underthePapanicolaou smear underthe

microscopemicroscope

Study of cells MedicalStudy of cells Medicalscientists in cytology arescientists in cytology areinterested in individualinterested in individualabnormal cells, that areabnormal cells, that areshed from tissues. One ofshed from tissues. One of

the more publicised areasthe more publicised areasof their work is theof their work is thePapanicolaou smear testPapanicolaou smear test(Pap Screen), which is(Pap Screen), which isused in the early detectionused in the early detectionof cancer of the cervix.of cancer of the cervix.

After the sample has beenAfter the sample has beencollected onto acollected onto amicroscope slide, they aremicroscope slide, they areresponsible for staining itresponsible for staining itand screening forand screening for

abnormal cells.abnormal cells.

CYTOLOGY


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IMMUNOLOGYIMMUNOLOGYA study of host responses to infection,malignancy and tissue damage.

A medical scientist is able to identify andquantitate cells involved in immune responses.H

e/she is also able to identify and quantitateblood proteins produced in response to infection,malignancy or tissue damage or which play a rolein protecting the body against these changes. Assuch an immunologist would diagnose, or assist

in the diagnosis of, bacterial viral and fungaldiseases, autoimmune diseases (e.g. rheumatoidarthritis), hypersensitivity reactions (e.g.asthma), cancer (e.g. leukaemia) orimmunological deficiencies in the host.


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TOXICOLOGYTOXICOLOGY

Detect and Monitor Toxic SubstancesDetect and Monitor Toxic Substances Drugs of AbuseDrugs of Abuse

Trace and Heavy MetalsTrace and Heavy Metals

PoisonsPoisons


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CHROMATOGRAPHYCHROMATOGRAPHY

Common techniqueCommon technique

Seen in separating ink componentsSeen in separating ink components


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DNA TECHNOLOGYDNA TECHNOLOGY

Complete composition of human DNAComplete composition of human DNAcompletecomplete

Variations in DNA can indicateVariations in DNA can indicatewhether a disease is likely to occurwhether a disease is likely to occur

Techniques in DNA analysis commonTechniques in DNA analysis commonto other laboratory disciplinesto other laboratory disciplines


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PATHOLOGY WEEK 2005PATHOLOGY WEEK 2005

Medical scientists are anMedical scientists are animportant part of theimportant part of thehealth care team!health care team!

For more information onFor more information onthe Pathology Week andthe Pathology Week andthe Australian Institute ofthe Australian Institute ofMedical Scientists visitMedical Scientists visitthe web site at:the web site at:www.aims.org.auwww.aims.org.au


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Whatto study if you wanttoWhatto study if you wantto

become a medical scientistbecome a medical scientist In High SchoolIn High School

Maths, English, Science (Chemistry, Physics, Biology).Maths, English, Science (Chemistry, Physics, Biology).

TAFETAFE

Medical Technicians DiplomaMedical Technicians Diploma Laboratory attendingLaboratory attending Anatomy foundationsAnatomy foundations Medical terminologyMedical terminology Pathology specimen collectionPathology specimen collection Health service assistanceHealth service assistance

At UniversityAt University

Degree in Medical Science (Pathology)Degree in Medical Science (Pathology)--BachelorBachelor--MastersMasters


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QUALIFICATIONSQUALIFICATIONS

Diploma (TAFE)Diploma (TAFE)

DegreeDegree AIMS Accredited degree in medical laboratoryAIMS Accredited degree in medical laboratoryscience; for more information see the AIMSscience; for more information see the AIMSwebsite www.aims.org.auwebsite www.aims.org.au

Workplace experience & TrainingWorkplace experience & Training

Laboratory techniques are similar inLaboratory techniques are similar inALL types of laboratoriesALL types of laboratories


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EMPLOYMENTEMPLOYMENT

Hospital PathologyHospital Pathology

Private PathologyPrivate Pathology

Blood Transfusion ServicesBlood Transfusion Services

UniversitiesUniversities

IVF LaboratoriesIVF Laboratories

Veterinary LaboratoriesVeterinary Laboratories Analytical laboratoriesAnalytical laboratories

Future branching to Medical InformaticsFuture branching to Medical Informatics

Lab Medicine

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