Lab Make-Ups If you missed the strawberry lab or the candy dye lab you need to Borden ASAP to...
Transcript of Lab Make-Ups If you missed the strawberry lab or the candy dye lab you need to Borden ASAP to...
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Lab Make-Ups
If you missed the strawberry lab or the candy dye lab you need to Borden ASAP to sign-up.
The Candy dye lab kit will be returning to Fred Hutch Thurs., March 1 and will not be available after that.
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Warm-up DNA Review 2/22/07
Write the DNA strand and complimentary base pairs that match:
#1 AGC AGG CTT AGT ACT CGA
#2 GCT AGT ACC CAT CTG GAT
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AGENDA
Warm-up Stamp Obj. 12.3 Go over dye lab results Notes: Transcription/Translation In class activity transcription/translation Discuss lab on for Monday No homework
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Transcription and Translation: Protein
synthesis
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What we already know…
DNA encodes the information to make proteins
DNA cannot leave the nucleusProtein synthesis occurs outside
of the nucleus, on a ribosome
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DNA encodes the information to make RNA.........and RNA molecules function together to make protein
How does it happen?
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Structure of RNA
Single stranded Built of nucleotide
5-Carbon Sugar = ribose sugar
Phosphate Group Nitrogenous base:
Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, and Cytosine
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NO THYMINE IN RNA
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3 Types of RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries information to ribosomes for protein
production Transfer RNA (tRNA)
brings specified amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes where the protein chain is made
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) the ribosome and protein
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3 Types of RNA
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Transcription
DNA mRNA
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Transcription molecule of DNA is copied into a
complementary strand of mRNA Occurs in the nucleus
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How does it happen?
1. DNA unzips and exposes one gene as a template
2. A complementary strand of RNA is formedo A – Uo G – C
3. mRNA strand exits nucleus & moves into cytoplasm
4. The two strands of DNA re-attach and recoil
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Try it yourself …
Transcribe Strand 1 of the DNA molecules below 1 - T T A G G A C T G C A A T T G
2 - A A T C C T G A C G T T A A C
1 - C A G T C C G A A C G T T T A
2 - G T C A G G C T T G C A A A T
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Answers
A A U C C U G A C G U U A A C
G U C A G G C U U G C A A A U
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Translation
mRNA protein
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Translation
mRNA is “read” & a protein is created from amino acids
Occurs at ribosome
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Steps of Translation
1. mRNA moves to ribosomes
2. rRNA on the ribosome binds to the mRNA and starts “reading” codons.
Codons – 3 letter code that specifies a particular amino acid.
start codon = AUG stop codon = UAA, UAG, or UGA
3. AUG binds to the first anticodon of tRNA
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4. tRNA transfer amino acids until the rRNA reaches a stop codon on the mRNA
5. ribosome releases protein and mRNA protein to be used by the cell mRNA to synthesize more protein molecules
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mRNA-amino acid chart
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Try it yourself!
DNA template strand
DNA: TACGATCGAACGTAT mRNA codon: tRNA anticodon: Amino Acids :
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Transcription/Translation video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1GWI7qcQWbA
Transcription/Translation Activity
Tape your work into lab notebook, do not take home the main worksheet
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mRNA Activity Here is a strand of mRNA. Arrange your tRNA
molecules to determine the sequence of Amino Acids that this mRNA codes for. AUG CUA UCA UCA UAU GGA GUA ACU
AGU UUU CGC AUU CCG CAU ACA CGG GUU
CUC CCU CAC AGG UGG GGG UGU CUA ACC
UUA CCC GCA UCG UAA
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Mutations
Mutations lead to mistakes in the proteins being made.
Mutations can happen during DNA replication and change the “blueprint of the cell”
Or
During transcription or translation so a wrong protein or no protein is made
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Types of mutation
Point mutation- one nucleotide changes Frameshift mutation- an insertion or deletion
of a nucleotide that changes all codons after that point
Chromosomal mutation- all of the genes on a certain chromosome can be affected. Or change the location of genes on the chromosome.
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Transcription
The information in the DNA not only contains amino acid (aa) sequences, it also has “junk” DNA. Exon: RNA that codes for a.a. Intron: junk RNA/DNA
Enzymes in the nucleus snip out the exon and the RNA molecule is protected and sent outside of the cell.
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mRNA splicing