La prevenzione della pancreatite acuta post-ERCP: stent o farmaci? - Gastrolearning®
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Transcript of La prevenzione della pancreatite acuta post-ERCP: stent o farmaci? - Gastrolearning®
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Massimiliano Mutignani
S.C. di Endoscopia Digestiva ed interventisticaAzienda Ospedaliera Niguarda Ca GrandaMilano
La prevenzione della pancreatite acuta post CPRE:
stent o farmaci?
Gastro-learning
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La prevenzione della pancreatite acuta post CPRE:
stent o farmaci?
Cosa fare per "non farlo arrabbiare"?
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Diagnosis and definition
of post-ERCP pancreatitis
Adapted from Cotton et al, GIE 1991
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CT severity index in acute pancreatitis
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CT severity index in acute pancreatitis
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57 acute pancreatitis on 1497 ERCP (3.8%)
V Bathia et al; J Clin Gastroent 2006
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PEP diagnosi
• Paziente asintomatico: non necessità di monitorare le amilasi/lipasi nella pratica clinica
• Dolore addominale post CPRE: valutazione clinica a 24 ore dolore persistente: esami di laboratorio (amilasi x 5 volte v.n.; leucocitosi)
• Quadro clinico grave: sindrome compartimentale? Perforazione retroperitoneale? TC, esami di laboratorio urgenti
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Post-ERCP pancreatitisUnpredictable and unavoidable?
Can be prevented
• Patient selection
• Technical maneuvers
• Pharmacological prophylaxis
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Prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis
Patient selection
• INDICATIONS!!
– Only therapeutic ERCP (EUS, S-MRCP)
– High risk patients
• Informed consent
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Diagnostic ERCP
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Training and ERCP
an ERCP!
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Prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis
Technical maneuvers
• Pancreatic duct contrast injection
Avoid multiple injections (Meta-analysis, Masci et al, Endoscopy 2003)
Avoid high pressure injection (“acinarization)
Prefer non-ionic and isotonic contrast
Training for the assistant!
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Prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis
Technical maneuvers
• risk of AP if repeated attempt at cannulation (> 5) (Freeman et al, NEJM 1996; Vandervoort et al GIE 2002)
• Pre-cut and risk of pancreatitis
Pro (meta-analysis, Masci et al, Endoscopy 2003)
Cons (studies from 11 tertiary referral centers) (Bruins et al, Endoscopy 1996; Harewood AM J Gastro 2002)
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Precut
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Prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis
Technical maneuvers
• Thermal injury during sphx
Bipolar current safer than monopolar
(Siegel et al, Am J Gastroenterol 1994)
Pure-cut safer than blended current (Elta et al, GIE 1998; Stefanidis et al, GIE 2003)
HF current generator (“Endocut” mode, ERBE)
similar results respect to pure-cut current (Norton et al, GIE 2002, ABSTRACT)
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Prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis
Technical maneuvers
• Balloon dilation of the biliary sphincter: risk of AP (Freeman et al, GIE 2001; Baron and Harewood, meta-analysis Am J Gastroenterol 2004)
• Stenting without sphx
Proximal biliary stricture
(“fulcrum effect”) (Tarnasky et al, GIE 1997)
SOD (38% pancreatitis, severe in 25%) (Goff JS, Am J Gastro 1995)
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Prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis
Technical maneuvers• Steerable vs standard catheters:
no difference in the rate of pancreatitis(Cortas et al, GIE 1999; Laasch et al, Endoscopy 2003)
• Guidewire assisted vs Contrast injection
“blind” cannulation
↓ Rate ofpancreatitis
Lella et al, GIE 2004
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Gastrointest Endosc 2004
Guide Wire CM injection
Acute pancreatitis (n°) none < 0.01 8
mild - 6moderate - 1severe - 1
Cannulation rate (%) 100 100
Cannulation time (min) ? ?
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Profilassi farmacologica dellapancreatite acuta post CPRE
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La prevenzione della pancreatite acuta post CPRE:
stent o farmaci?
Cosa fare per "non farlo arrabbiare"?
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Prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis
Technical maneuvers
• Prophylactic pancreatic stenting reduce the risk of
pancreatitis in high risk patients 5 prospective randomized controlled trials,7 case-control studies1 meta-analysis (Singh et al, GIE 2004)
• 3 French pancreatic stent preferred:
distal pigtail, unflanged, 2-3 cm long, 0.018” guidewire
less pancreatitis rate than 4-6 French stent
86% spontaneous migration within 2 weeks
Rashdan et al, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004
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Protesi pancreatica (5 fr) post SEB in paziente ad lato rischio di PEP
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Protesi pancreatica (5 fr) post papillectomia della papilla minor
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Protesi pancreatica (5 fr) post sfinterotomia della papilla minor
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Gastrointest Endosc 2007
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Gastrointest Endosc 2007
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Treatment of post-ERCP pancreatitis
• Mild-moderate: usually recover with conservative tx
• Severe…
Medical tx ± ICU
Sterile / Infected necrosis: choose the optimal
surgical time (multidisciplinary approach)
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Prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis“Bring to home”
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Prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis
“Bring to home”
• Careful patient selection (avoid unnecessary/inappropriate ERCP)
• Expert assistant (he/she inject dye!)
• Use pure cut or “endocut current” for Sphx
• Avoid balloon dilation of the sphincter in routine practice
• Do not place a biliary stent without sphincterotomy
• Prophylaxis with NSAID always
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Prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis
“Bring to home”
• Insertion of a pancreatic stent
in case of risk factors for PEP:
Before pre-cut papillotomy
Before or after biliary Sphx for SOD
Pancreatic Sphx
After sphincter manometry or pancreatic instrumentation for
SOD
Balloon dilation of the intact sphincter
Pancreatic brush cytology
After difficult cannulation or repeated pancreatic duct injection
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Pancreatite acuta post CPRE
Settembre 2004 – Agosto 2007
Eseguite circa 3500 CPRE
Frequenza della pancreatite acuta post CPRE < 3%
- 4 P. A. N. E.
* 2 in pazienti con papilla intatta* 2 in pazienti con pregressa sfinterotomia!?!
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If you don’t want
complications ………
………in the next life be a
pathologist: when they see the
“patient”, the complication has
already been done by someone else
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Grazie per l’attenzione