La pesca de salmón en Yemen (Salmon Fishing in the Yemen)

7/29/2019 La pesca de salmn en Yemen (Salmon Fishing in the Yemen)

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prisiktm

IW^RIK@ 2? NI MBRJF NI 2?=2

FM _IWGMNI WMFCKIK ZICIK

Ykm pifgufm ni FMWWI DMFFW^R@C

G`k

IUMK CgERIE@R

ICJFZ BFYK^

LRJW^JK WG@^^ ^D@CMW

WJK@_WJW


3/29

Iwmk CgErie`r $Biejkkirs* y Icjfy Bfukt $Nistjk`@guft`*& hukt` m fm mgtrjz k`cjkmnm mf @sgmr Lrjstjk Wg`tt

^d`cms $If _mgjikti Jkefs* y Mcr Umlin $Wyrjmkm*pr`tme`kjzmk istm ixtrm`rnjkmrjm djst`rjm ni fm pisgm ni

smfck y fm stjrm p`ftjgm+ Ykm djst`rjm ni dir`sc`jkispirmn & ni mc`r tmrn` y ni uk jktikt` ni dmgirp`sjbfi& f` jcp`sjbfi+

Njrjejn` p`r Fmssi Dmffstrc& k`cjkmn` mf @sgmr p`rGd`g`fmty isgrjt` p`r Wjc`k Bimua`y& tmcbjk k`cjkmn`mf @sgmr p`r Wfucn`e Cjffj`kmjri& isti fmre`citrmhi istbmsmn` ik fm mgfmcmnm k`vifm ni _muf ^`rnmy s`bri ukgjiktajg` qui busgm dmgir rimfjnmn if sui` ni uk hiqui&

jcp`rtmkn` if nip`rti ni fm pisgm g`k c`sgm m Zicik+

AJGDM ^GKJGM


4/29

Njrigt`r Fmssi Dmffstrc

_r`nugt`r _muf Uibstir

Eujk Wjc`k Bimua`y

Bmsmnm ik fm k`vifm ni _muf ^`rnmy

G`pr`nugt`r Kjgly Liktjsd#Bmrkis

Njrigt`r ni A`t`ermam ^irry Wtmgiy

Njsi` ni _r`nuggjk Cjgdmif Gmrfjk

Qistumrj` Hufjmk Nmy

Injgjk Fjsm Eukkjke

Csjgm Nmrj` Cmrjmkiffj

_r`nugt`ris Ihigutjv`s HmcjiFmuriks`k$BBG Ajfcs*

_mufm Hmfa`k $BBG Ajfcs*Xyej Lmcmsm $Fj`ksemti YL*

Euy Mvsdmf`c$Fj`ksemti YL*

AJGDM MR^W^JGM

Arin H`kis Iwmk CgErie`r

Dmrrjit Gditw`ni#^mfb`t Icjfy Bfukt_mtrjgjm Cmxwiff Lrjstjk Wg`tt

^d`cms

If Hiqui Mcr Umlin


5/29

MREYCIK^@

FM _IWGM NI WMFCK IK ZICIK is ukm abufm c`nirkm y r`cktjgm

qui guiktm fm djst`rjm ni uk aukgj`kmrj` ritrmn` ffmcmn` N`gt`r Mfarin& Àrin H`kis $Iwmk CgErie`r*& qui trmbmhm g`c` gjiktajg` ik if Cjkjstirj`

ni Merjgufturm y _isgm+ Wu rutjkm njmrjm y su cmtrjc`kj` istmkgmn` suarik

uk ejr` jkispirmn` mf virsi jkv`fugrmn` ik if pfmk ni uk hiqui yicik

$Mcr Umlin* `bsisj`kmn` p`r fm pisgm g`k c`sgm y qui suim g`k

g`ksieujr f` jcp`sjbfi8 jktr`nugjr smfc`kis ik f`s wmnjs( ni Zicik+

Gumkn` if e`bjirk` Brjtkjg`& nisispirmn` p`r uk hue`s` tjtufmr ni priksm&

si iktirm nif pfmk nif hiqui& _mtrjgjm Cmxwiff $Lrjstjk Wg`tt ^d`cms*& fm

ticjnm p`rtmv`z nif _rjcir Cjkjstr`& si p`ki cmk`s m fm `brm Wi trmtm

ni ukm buikm djst`rjm qui myunmr m nisvjmr fm mtikgjk nif pbfjg` s`bri

fm ftjcm citinurm ni pmtm nif e`bjirk`+ If pr`yigt` si f` mnhunjgmk m

Arin& m qujik fm djst`rjm k` fi sinugi ik mbs`fut`+ _mrm ukm cikti fejgm

y gjiktajgm g`c` fm suym& fm cirm jnim ni jktr`nugjr smfck ik Zicik is

ukm f`gurm+

Wjk icbmre`& if gmrjsctjg` hiqui& g`k su vjsjk cstjgm& fèrm g`kvikgir

m Arin qujik mgmbm ikmc`rkn`si ni su riprisiktmkti Dmrrjit Gditw`ni#

^mfb`t $Icjfy Bfukt*& ukm jkefism h`vik& eumpm y ikgmktmn`rm& qui fi

mg`cpmm ik su vjmhi p`r Zicik+ Arin si njsp`ki m myunmr m Dmrrjit g`k

mfeuk` ni sus pr`bficms pirs`kmfis y vm nihmkn` ni fmn` su meun`

gjkjsc`+ G`k if mp`y` ni Dmrrjit& Arin si iktriem mf ixgktrjg` rit` nif

hiquiicpriknjikn` uk vjmhi qui fi ffivmr mf riikguiktr` ni s cjsc` y

mf rinisgubrjcjikt` nif mc`r+

_r`tme`kjzmnm p`r Iwmk CgErie`r $If Isgrjt`r*& Icjfy Bfukt $If Njmbf` si

vjsti ni _rmnm* y Lrjstjk Wg`tt ^d`cms $Cj k`cbri is H`dk Fikk`k*& FM

_IWGM NI WMFCK IK ZICIK bmsmnm ik if ixjt`s` bist#siffir ni _muf

^`rnmy dm sjn` njrjejnm p`r Fmssi Dmffstrc $Gd`g`fmt& Fms k`rcms ni fms

gmsm ni sjnrm*& pr`nugjnm p`r _muf Uibstir $Brjedt`k R`gl& Ixpjmgjk*& y

mnmptmnm m fm ermk pmktmffm p`r Wjc`k Bimua`y $Wfucnè Cjffj`kmjri*+


6/29

( Umnj is ukm pmfmbrm ni `rjeik rmbi utjfjzmn` pmrm nik`cjkmr f`s gmugis sig`s ` istmgj`kmfis ni r`s qui

njsgurrik p`r riej`kis gfjnms y rjnms ` nisrtjgms+

G@EJIKN@ IF MKXYIF@8 NIF FJBR@ MF GJKIIf fjbr` jkspjr m uk grtjg` m g`ciktmr8 sj puinis vjsumfjzmr ^di @aajgi

cizgfmn` g`k Zis& Cjkjstir& tiknrs ukm jnim gfmrm ni f` njvirtjnm qui is

fm pifgufm+ If prjcir fjbr` ni _muf ^`rnmy& pubfjgmn` ik 2??1& FM _IWGM

NI WMFCK IK ZICIK& ic`gj`k m f`s grtjg`s p`r su jktifjeikti

cizgfm ni g`cinjm& nrmcm& r`cmkgi y stjrm p`ftjgm+ Gumkn` if pr`nugt`r

_muf Uibstir f` fiy& sup` qui p`nm trmsfmnmrf` m fm ermk pmktmffm+

Kmnm cs fiir if fjbr`& supi qui p`nm g`kvirtjrf` ik pifgufm& njgi

Uibstir+ Njsarut nif istrmamfmrj` jkefs& su cizgfm ni r`cmkgi& gmsj

jrrimf y su airvjikti stjrm p`ftjgm+ ^mcbjk ci mtrmh` if nisgmr` g`k if

qui ist isgrjt`+

Fm djst`rjm kmrrm fm mvikturm ni Arin H`kis $Iwmk CgErie`r*& uk gjiktajg`

nif Cjkjstirj ni _isgm& mkgfmn` ik uk cmtrjc`kj` sjk mc`r y cuy

prgtjg`+ Wu vjnm nm uk vuifg` rmnjgmf mf p`kir ik cmrgdm uk pr`yigt`qui istjcm nisgmbiffmn`8 jktr`nugjr fm pisgm ni smfck ik f`s rjn`s

wmnjs nif Zicik+ If jcpufs` nitrs ni isti pfmk mf`gmn` pr`vjiki ni uk

hiqui yicik $Mcr Umlin*& nui` ni ukm pr`pjinmn nip`rtjvm ik Isg`gjm

y g`kvikgjn` ni qui fm jktr`nuggjk ni su d`bby ik su pms kmtmf&

myunmr m pr`c`vir fm pmz y fm ispjrjtumfjnmn ik ukm pmrti nif cukn`&

ms`fmnm p`r f`s g`kafjgt`s+

Gumkn` fm Rifmgj`kis _bfjgms nif _rjcir Cjkjstr` Brjtkjg`& _mtrjgjmCmxwiff $Lrjstjk Wg`tt ^d`cms* g`k`gi if pfmk nif hiqui& f` vi g`c` ukm

`p`rtukjnmn jnimf pmrm ixpf`tmr ukm djst`rjm p`sjtjvm i jktirismkti y s`bri

t`n` nisvjmr fm mtikgjk ni fm ftjcm citinurm ni pmtm nif e`bjirk`+

Msjekm m Arin& k` sjk prisjk& if ikgmre` ni ffivmr m gmb` if sui` nif

hiqui& myunmn` p`r fm h`vik y njkcjgm riprisiktmkti nif cjsc`& Dmrrjit

$Icjfy Bfukt*+ Cjiktrms Arin si fmkzm m fm mvikturm& vm njscjkuyikn` su

jktrmksjeikgjm y mgmbm sugucbjikn` mf ikgmkt` g`ktmej`s` nif hiqui& ni

su pfmk y ni fm mtrmgtjvm y iairvisgikti Dmrrjit+ G`c` sugini ik cugdms
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_%C3%A1rabehttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_%C3%A1rabe


7/29

prjcirms k`vifms& dmy jkerinjiktis mut`bjèrajg`s nif mut`r ik if

pirs`kmhi prjkgjpmf+

Ik cj prjcirm g`cjnm g`k _muf ^`rnmy& qui vjk` nisni K`rtducbirfmkn

ik trik& tuvi fm ripiktjkm siksmgjk ni istmr nifmkti nif cjscsjc` Arin

H`kis+ Irm g`c` sj dubjisi vikjn` if cjscsjc` pirs`kmhi& njgi Uibstir+

Istm sjtumgjk aui nitircjkmkti+ _muf mp`rt ukm vjsjk cuy pirs`kmf y fm

ikcmrg ik ukm djst rjm istrmamfmrjm& cuy brjtjsd& qui fèr g`cukjgmr mf

cukn` iktir`+ Isti tjp` ni g`sms si k`s nm cuy bjik ik isti pms+

M pismr nif iktusjmsc` ni Uibstir& ffivmr m gmb` if pr`yigt aui t`n` uk

rit`+ Fm k`vifm ni ^`rnmy si g`cp`ki ixgfusjvmcikti ni icmjfs& k`tms y

gmrtms+ K` dmy jktirgmcbj`s ik prjcirm ` tirgirm pirs`km y cjiktrms if

fjbr` is ukm pjizm ni ukm ermk tgkjgm& fm mnmptmgjk supus` uk isauirz`

tjtkjg`+ _`r iff`& Uibstir pus` if `h` ik Wjc`k Bimua`y& if euj`kjstm ni

^di Auff C`kty& Wfucnè Cjffj`kmjri y =25 D`rms+

Ifiejr m Wjc`k g`c` euj`kjstm aui ukm ifiggjk brjffmkti& njgi Uibstir&

p`rqui fm djst`rjm& ik gjirtm cmkirm& si pmrigi m ^di Auff C`kty+ Wjc`k

tjiki cmk` pmrm fm g`cinjm y is uk ixpirt` gumkn` si trmtm ni

mnmptmgj`kis+

Wu rit` prjkgjpmf aui ukjr fm trmcm ni stjrm p`ftjgm g`k fm g`cinjm

r`cktjgm ni Arin y Dmrrjit+ Fm stjrm aukgj`km bjik ik if cinj` isgrjt` `

ik fm tifivjsjk pir` rmrm viz aukgj`km ik if gjki+

Cjiktrms qui fm isikgjm ni fm trmcm p`ftjgm pircmkigi jktmgtm& fms

sjtumgj`kis y gjrgukstmkgjms ni fm pifgufm k` riafihmk digd`s ` pirs`kms

rimfis+ Cjiktrms trmbmhmbmk ik if eujk& nigjnjir`k k` jkgfujr fm stjrm rimf

p`rqui k` s`brivjvjrm nurmkti cugd` tjicp`& ixpfjgm if njrigt`r& FmssiDmffstrc+ Ms qui nigjnjir`k ivjtmr msukt`s ispigajg`s i jktiktmr`k

grimr ukm djst`rjm cs mggisjbfi mf pbfjg`+

Dmffstrc pjiksm qui if eujk ni Bimua`y is uk` ni f`s cih`ris qui dm

fin` ik cugd`s& cugd`s m`s+ ^jiki uk siktjn` ni duc`r cuy jkefs&

qui k` puinis ikg`ktrmr ik if nm#m#nm ni Istmn`s Ykjn`s+ Ci ikgmktm if

t`k & if siktjn` nif duc`r y fm vmrjinmn ni riejstr`s+ Is uk vjmhi

ic`gj`kmf& pmrigjn` m ukm abufm& tjiki ic`gj`kis y rifmgj`kis cuy


8/29

rimfis ms g`c` ificikt`s bjzmrr`s& ism cizgfm ci eustm+ Ci jniktjajg`

g`k if siktjn` ni duc`r iur`pi` y dmbir p`njn` g`ktmr g`k Wjc`k

Bimua`y g`c` euj`kjstm dm sjn` uk d`k`r+ Ci ikgmktm su a`rcm ni

isgrjbjr+

_mrm fm mgtrjz& Icjfy Bfukt& qui dmgi if pmpif ni Dmrrjit& fm figturm nif

eujk ni Bimua`y aui gmutjvmn`rm+ Ci ikmc`r nif eujk& njgi iffm+

^jiki tmkt` ikgmkt` i jkeikj` y riafihm fm a`rcm ni dmbfmr qui tikic`s

f`s siris ducmk`s+ Is cuy njagjf ikg`ktrmr euj`kis ms+ Cugdms vigis

istk ffik`s ni gfjgds& s`bri t`n` ik fms djst`rjms ni mc`r+

Gumkn` f`s pmnris ni fm mgtrjz supjir`k qui fi dmbmk `arigjn` if pmpif ik

fm pifgufm& r`cpjir`k g`k fm trmnjgjk y fm ffmcmr`k p`r tifa`k`+ Aui fm

kjgm viz qui ci ffmcmr`k pmrm nigjrci ^jikis qui dmgirf`- Ik isi

c`cikt`& irm su fjbr` priairjn`& njgi Bfukt+

_mrm iff`s si trmtmbm ni mfe` cuy ispigjmf+ If eujk tjiki uk t`k`

njstjkt` mf nif fjbr` y f`s pirs`kmhis qujzs s`k mfe` cs g`f`rjn`s ik if

eujk+ F`s ificikt`s p`ftjg`s sjeuik istmkn` mff pir` k` s`k tmk

ispigajg`s+

Lrjstjk Wg`tt ^d`cms& k`cjkmnm mf @sgmr& jktirpritm if pmpif ni _mtrjgjm

Cmxwiff& ukm p`ftjgm nurm y cmkjpufmn`rm y ist ni mguirn` g`k Icjfy+

Fi if fjbr` dmgi m`s y k` puni pmrmr ni rir& njgi Wg`tt ^d`cms+ Wjk

icbmre` if eujk ist isgrjt ni ukm cmkirm t`tmfcikti njstjktm+ _mrm

icpizmr& cj pirs`kmhi ik if fjbr` is uk d`cbri y if fjbr` is bmstmkti cs

p`ftjg`+ _ir` fm isikgjm ist md y is ixtricmnmcikti njvirtjnm+

Aui prigjsmcikti if duc`r nif eujk f` qui icbmug mf pr`tme`kjstmIwmk CgErie`r+ Ci eust if t`k` nif eujk+ If t`k` ni fm g`cinm is

cuy jktirismkti+ Risuftm cs mbjirt` mf g`cjikz` pir fuie` si vm

istrigdmkn + K` pmrigi ukm ni isms pifgufms jkefisms m fms qui istmc`s

mg`stucbrmn`s+ Istm g`cinjm `gupm uk fuemr cuy ispigjmf y ist` ci

eust cugdsjc`+

KMNMKN@ RJ@ MRRJBM8 AI Z AMBYFM


9/29

^mf y g`c` suejiri if ttuf`& Fm _isgm nif Wmfc`k ik Zicik trmtm s`brifm ai ik f` jcp`sjbfi+ _mrm if hiqui yicik& if smfck is ukm grjmturmcstjgm y su cjermgjk mkumf nif `gmk` mf rj is ukm mfie`rm nif vjmhiducmk` dmgjm fm pfikjtun ispjrjtumf+ Cjiktrms si nismrr`ffm fm djst`rjm& ifc`n` ni piksmr nif hiqui mgmbm sjkt`kjzmkn` g`k Arin& qujik icpjizm m

griir qui f` jcp`sjbfi puini sir p`sjbfi+ Ik isi vjmhi& Arin tmcbjknisgubri if mc`r p`r prjcirm viz+

Fm djst`rjm trmtm s`bri fm ai+ Mf prjkgjpj`& Arin k` grii ik kmnm& ixpfjgm

CgErie`r+ Wu cikti is cuy prgtjgm+ Wi trmtm ni uk gjiktajg` y ukm

pirs`km cuy riprjcjnm i jktr`virtjnm+ Aui m fm ukjvirsjnmn& si ispigjmfjz

ik Bj`f`em cmrjkm y mgmb dmgjikn` uk trmbmh` ni jkvistjemgjk gjiktajgm

s`bri pigis+ Ist gmsmn` pir` k` is aifjz+ Wu cuhir si riajiri m su

cmtrjc`kj` g`c` aukgj`kmf y gumkn` istk hukt`s& fm sjtumgjk isbmstmkti trjsti+

M trmvs nif hiqui& qui qujiri jktr`nugjr smfck ik su pms& Arin g`k`gi

m Dmrrjit& ni qujik si ikmc`rm& njgi CgErie`r+ Z mf g`k`gir mf hiqui y m

Dmrrjit& Arin rikmgi ispjrjtumfcikti& k` rifjej`smcikti+ Icpjizm m griir

ik mfe` qui f`s pigis kmnmrk r` mrrjbm ik if Zicik+ Fm iv`fugjk nif

pirs`kmhi nisni qui icpjizm dmstm qui mgmbm dm sjn` f` cms

ermtjajgmkti g`c` mgt`r+

Fm rifmgjk ni Arin g`k Dmrrjit ist ik if g`rmzk ni fm djst`rjm+ W`k

g`c` ukm pmrihm ixtrmm qui si ikmc`rm ik gjrgukstmkgjms p`g`

g`cukis& njgi Bfukt+ Cj pirs`kmhi ik fm pifgufm tjiki uk k`vj` mf qui

mgmbm ni g`k`gir y nif qui si dm ikmc`rmn` rpjnmcikti+ Wjk icbmre`&

fi ikvmk m Maemkjstk y nismpmrigi nif cmpm ms qui nurmkti fm cmy`r

pmrti ni fm pifgufm if k`vj` k` ist& nihmkn` fjbris m Arin y Dmrrjit pmrm

icbmrgmrsi ik istm ixtrmm mvikturm+

If pirs`kmhi nif hiqui& jktirpritmn` p`r if ciem#mgt`r iejpgj`& Mcr

Umlin& mmni uk ificikt` kjg` m fm djst`rjm+ Is smbj` i jkeikj`s` y su

cukn` jsfcjg` is cs cstjg` qui cmfv`f`+ f is qujik myunm m qui fm

djst`rjm tikem m vigis isi t`k` ni abufm+

If eujk is tmk jktifjeikti< fm cmkirm ik fm qui si suginik fms g`sms istmk jcprinigjbfi& njgi Umlin+ Gumkn` pjiksms qui fms g`sms vmk ik ukm


10/29

njriggjk& ti iqujv`gms ripitjnmcikti+ Wi trmtm ni mfe` jktifjeikti y

iktritikjn`& ispigjmfcikti ik kuistrm jknustrjm n`kni fms cjscms

djst`rjms dmk sjn` g`ktmnms ni tmktms cmkirms+ Jktirpritmr cj pirs`kmhi

dm sjn` uk sui` digd` rimfjnmn+

Cj pirs`kmhi vi ik fm pisgm nif smfck ukm cita`rm pmrm ikg`ktrmr m

Nj`s+ _mrm f& kmnmr m g`ktrm g`rrjikti& is g`c` if vjmhi nif sir ducmk`

dmgjm Nj s+ If virnmnir` griyikti is mquif qui pirsjsti y sir

rig`cpiksmn` ni mfeukm cmkirm+ Istmc`s mkti ukm djst`rjm g`k cugdms

gmpms+

_mrm p`nir merupmr fms pjizms y g`ksieujr dmgir cmfmbmris g`k ificikt`s

tmk njvirs`s y njvirtjn`s& f`s pr`nugt`ris nigjnjir`k g`ktrmtmr m uk

njrigt`r qui supjirm mprigjmr fm sutjfizm y f`s cmtjgis+ If pr`nugt`r& _muf

Uibstir& g`cikt qui fi pmrigj ukm suirti jkgribfi gumkn` if njrigt`r

suig`& Fmssi Dmffstrc& fi pjnj njrjejr fm pifgufm+ Aui ukm ifiggjk

amktstjgm& majrcm Uibstir+ ^uvjc`s cugdm suirti ni qui mgmbmrm ni

fiir if eujk hust` gumkn` istbmc`s busgmkn` m uk njrigt`r+ Yk nm ci

ffmc y ci njh` qui fi dmbm ikgmktmn`+

Ykm ni cjs pifgufms amv`rjtms is Cj Qjnm g`c` uk _irr` y s`y uk ermkmncjrmn`r ni M qujk mcm Ejfbirt Ermpi0& Ci sjikt` mtrmn` p`r

pifgufms g`c` Fms K rcms ni fm Gmsm ni Wjnrm y Mtmkn` Gmb`s ms qui

supi qui tikmc`s m mfeujik g`k ukm ermk siksjbjfjnmn& qui irm ixgifikti

njrigt`r ni mgt`ris y g`k ukm mgtjtun cuy p`sjtjvm dmgjm fm pifgufm& f` qui

fi nmbm cugdm fjbirtmn m f`s grimtjv`s+

Dmffstrc g`ciktm qui piks qui fm djst`rjm ikgmhmbm bjik g`k su

siksjbjfjnmn+ Dmy tmktms cmkirms ni mb`rnmr istm djst`rjm& ist` is f` quifm dmgi buikm njgi if njrigt`r+ Jkg`rp`rm cugd`s riejstr`s y rimfcikti

is njagjf niajkjrfm+ Wi trmtm ni fm vjnm rimf g`k eikti rimf+ Wj qujiris sir

d`kist` tjikis qui g`ktmr g`k ificikt`s nrmctjg`s y gcjg`s+ _ir` k`

si trmtm ni ukm g`cinjm nrmctjgm+ Is ukm cizgfm ni r`cmkgi& abufm&

nrmcm y g`cinjm+

If njrigt`r suig` k` is mhik` m fm g`cinjm su pifgufm Gmsmk`vm nif m`

2??1& tjiki sjtumgj`kis g`k riejstr`s cuy njvirs`s y mnics dmbm


11/29

trmbmhmn` g`c` pr`nugt`r tifivjsjv` ik g`cinjms mf jkjgj` ni su gmrrirm+

Icpig g`c` pr`nugt`r ni tifivjsjk ik =:11 dmgjikn` ukm g`cinjm& ms

qui k` ci risuftm mhikm+ Gumkn` dmgm is`s prèrmcms& nigmk qui fm

g`cinjm suigm jcpfjgmbm trcjk`s g`ktrmnjgt`rj`s njgi if njrigt`r

cjiktrms ri+ Cs qui kjkeukm `trm& istm pifgufm si p`nrm g`cpmrmr g`k

Gd`g`fmt& p`r sus cmtjgis+

Ik cugd`s siktjn`s istmc`s mkti uk ikguiktr` d`kist` iktri fm gufturm

`ggjniktmf y fm `rjiktmf& njgi Dmffstrc& y ukm nic`strmgjk ni gc`

p`nic`s dmgir qui fms g`sms aukgj`kik+ Yk` ni f`s iaigt`s cmrmvjff`s`s

qui tuv` ik c fm pifgufm& aui qui ci myun& mukqui sim ckjcmcikti& m

vjsumfjzmr fm jktiermgjk ` fm mgiptmgjk iktri istms gufturms+ Ist` is mfe`

cuy p`sjtjv` ik f`s tjicp`s ik qui vjvjc`s+

YK GMW^JKE FMKXMN@ 8 YKM _IWGMITGIFIKÎ

If pirs`kmhi ni Arin& ik if fjbr` ni ^`rnmy& is uk d`cbri ni cinjmkm

inmn& sjk icbmre` if pr`nugt`r piks ik uk d`cbri cs h`vik pmrm fm

mnmptmgjk y quirm m Iwmk CgErie`r+ If prjcir pms` aui dmgir qui ik ifeujk& if pirs`kmhi ni Arin auirm h`vik p`rqui Iwmk irm if mgt`r qui

rimfcikti quirmc`s pmrm if pmpif+ K` is uk d`cbri cmy`r pir` is uk

mgt`r ixtricmnmcikti ixpirjciktmn`+ F` qui `gurri g`k Iwmk is qui

isi kj` efmcur`s` ni D`ffyw``n md`rm si ist g`kvjrtjikn` ik uk mgt`r

cmnur` y is` fi dmgi cugd` cs jktirismkti+

Gri` qui sir kuistr` Dmrrjs`k A`rn ik f`s prxjc`s m`s+ ^jiki t`n`s

f`s mtrjbut`s8 fm cmsgufjkjnmn& if ikgmkt`& fm biffizm+ Is uk mgt`r ambuf`s`tmkt` ik if nrmcm g`c` ik fm g`cinjm+ ^jiki uk ermk siktjn` ni fm

`p`rtukjnmn y gri` qui md`rm ist rigèjikn` fms sicjffms qui dm jn`

sicbrmkn`+Gri` qui is if cih`r trmbmh` qui dm digd` hmcs+

Kjgly Liktjsd#Bmrkis& g`#pr`nugt`rm& ist ni mguirn + Arin is cuy

jktr`virtjn` y m fm viz& tjirk`+ Is uk pmpif jkgribfi pmrm Iwmk+ CgErie`r

msjikti y si njvjirti g`k fm v`z tmk pmrtjgufmr ni su pirs`kmhi+ Cj v`z rimf

is nicmsjmn` rifmhmnm pmrm Arin& njgi if mgt`r& ms qui fm djgjc`s cs


12/29

g`kvikgj`kmf& tjiki uk mgikt` pjh` isg`gs qui is cuy njvirtjn`

prmgtjgmr+ Is fm virsjk ni Injcbure` ni uk mgikt` ni Lifvjksjni `

C`rkjkesjni+

_mrm jktirpritmr if pmpif pr`tme`kjstm hukt` mf nif gjiktajg` istjrmn` ni

CgErie`r& f`s pr`nugt`ris busgmbmk m ukm mgtrjz h`vik y mfieri& gc`nm

ik fm g`cinjm y ik if nrmcm+ _iksmr ik Icjfy Bfukt aui mfe` jkcinjmt`&

njgi Uibstir+ Ikgmhm m fm piraiggjk g`k fms kigisjnmnis ni Dmrrjit8 is

mfe` cs h`vik qui Arin y s`bri t`n` ukm gcjgm kmtm+ ^uvjc`s qui

isa`rzmrk`s ik g`ksieujr qui pmrmrm ni rir y dmgir br`cms nurmkti if

r`nmhi+

Wu pmpif is if ni ukm gdjgm bjik& ukm gdjgm k`rcmf& njgi Uibstir pir`

Icjfy fi nj` uk cmtjz njairikti mf qui fi dubjirm nmn` gumfqujir `trm mgtrjz+

Ifmb`r f` qui istmbm s`bri if pmpif y g`kvjrtj m Dmrrjit ik uk pirs`kmhi

cs rifmhmn`& g`k uk gmrgtir cs b`dicj` nif qui si ispirmbm+ Gri` qui

p`r iff`& fm djst`rjm is mk cih`r+ Icjfy is ukm istriffm qui `t`rem m su

pmpif ism gumfjnmn kjgm+ Fms istriffms k` sjicpri si citik ik su pmpif

ni istm a`rcm+ Icjfy s f` dmgi y p`r is` brjffm g`k fuz pr`pjm+

Fm mgtjtun tmk p`sjtjvm y mfieri ni Dmrrjit is f` qui ikmc`rm m Arin+

Dmrrjit is cuy iausjvm y mfieri f` gumf g`ktrmstm cugd` g`k fm jcpirj`sm

v`z ni Arin& njgi Bfukt+ Z gri` qui Dmrrjit ikguiktrm ik Zicik uk fuemr

cejg`+ Is uk ikt`rk` cuy njstjkt` pmrm f`s n`s y p`r is` f`s pirs`kmhis

si pircjtik g`rrir mfeuk`s rjise`s+ Wi ikguiktrmk sucjn`s ik if

t`rbiffjk`ni istmr ik uk fuemr kjg` dmgjikn` uk pr`yigt` kjg`+

_mrm if pmpif nif hiai ni Dmrrjit& if hiqui& mcmkti ni fm pisgm nif smfck&Uibstir quirm uk mgt`r rmbi+ K` qujsjc`s dmgir if gmstjke m fm cmkirm

ni D`ffyw``n p`rqui k`s njc`s guiktm ni qui cuy p`g`s mgt`ris rmbis

ni ism inmn dmbmk trmbmhmn` ik jkefs+ Kuistr` pirs`kmhi tikm qui

dmbfmr jkefs piraigtmcikti+ Mnics if istjf` gfsjg` ni jktirpritmgjk

rmbi is cuy nic`strmtjv` y bmstmkti timtrmf ms qui if gmstjke supus`

`tr` ermk rit`+ Aui ikt`kgis gumkn` icpizmc`s m ajhmrk`s ik mgt`ris cs

hvikis+


13/29

Ik if gmstjke sifiggj`kmr`k m ukm ni fms istriffms cs amc`sms ni Iejpt &

Mcr Umlin+ Mcr is ukm ciem#istriffm ik Iejpt` y pmrm istm pifgufm si

citj ni ffik`+ Dm sjn` amktstjg`& njgi fm g`#pr`nugt`rm Kjgly Liktjsd#

Bmrkis+ Ni digd`& g`k if tjicp`& k`s njc`s guiktm ni qui cugd`s

icprismrj`s rmbis qui jkvjirtik ik @ggjnikti& s`k d`cbris hvikis+ If

Hiqui Cmks`ur& p`r ihicpf`& if nui` nif Cmkgdistir Gjty& is uk tjp`

h`vik& mmni Uibstir& ms qui nigjnjc`s qui f sirm kuistr` d`cbri+

Uibstir nisgrjbi m Umlin g`c` if Ei`rei Gf``kiy nif @rjikti Cinj`+

Umlin is uk vitirmk` ik pr`nuggj`kis ik jkefs& jkgfuyikn` Wyrjmkm& if

tdrjffir nif 2??9+ Wi fmkz m fm `p`rtukjnmn ni jktirpritmr mf hiqui yicik8

Is uk` ni f`s pmpifis cs mermnmbfis qui si dmymk isgrjt` pmrm uk mgt`r

rmbi+ K` tjiki kmnm qui vir g`k if tpjg` pmpif ni tirr rjstm& qui

jktirprit ik Wyrjmkm+ ftjcmcikti sf` dmy pmpifis ni isi tjp`+ K`

ikguiktrms pirs`kmhis ms cuy m cikun`+ Wj tjikis suirti& uk` gmnm n`s

m`s+

Uibstir njgi qui si msieurmr`k ni qui t`n`s f`s ificikt`s rmbis

auisik rimfis y qui t`n`s f`s pmpifis rmbis& sjicpri qui auirm p`sjbfi&

istuvjirmk jktirpritmn`s p`r rmbis y yicikis ni virnmn+ ^`n`s f`sixtrms ik Isg`gjm& f`s qui a`rcmk if squjt` nif hiqui& p`r ihicpf`& vjikik

ni ukm piquim g`cukjnmn yicik ik Jkefmtirrm+

If ftjc` pmpif jcp`rtmkti ni fm pifgufm is if ni _mtrjgjm Cmxwiff& fm

cuhir ikgmremnm ni qui if sui` nif hiqui si ffivi m gmb`+ M Uibstir fi

ikgmkt p`nir g`ktmr g`k ukm mgtrjz ni fm tmffm ni Lrjstjk Wg`tt ^d`cms+

Cj pirs`kmhi is if qui ffivm fms g`cukjgmgj`kis nif _rjcir Cjkjstr`& fm

p`rtmv`z y fm qujik rimfcikti qujiri qui ist` aukgj`ki& njgi ^d`cms+

Is fm pirs`km cs prxjcm mf _rjcir Cjkjstr`& fm qui t`cm nigjsj`kis+ Is

virbmfcikti merisjvm y bsjgmcikti ukm pirs`km nismermnmbfi+ Is

njvirtjn` jktirpritmr uk pirs`kmhi ms pir` mf cjsc` tjicp` k` ti dmgi

siktjr cuy bjik+ K` tjiki kjkeukm gmfjnmn qui fm rinjcm+ Fm eikti qui

trmbmhm ik g`cukjgmgjk eikirmfcikti jktiktm mermnmr m t`n`s+ Iffm f`

dmgi pir` is ticjbfi+ Istm cuhir k` tjiki kjkeukm ermgjm+


14/29

Uibstir grii qui if pmpif ni _mtrjgjm Cmxwiff is uk nisma` y fm gfmvi

pmrm if rjtc` y if t`k` ni fm djst`rjm+ Gri` qui f`s rit`s m f`s qui si

ikarikt Lrjstjk irmk cugd` cs njagjfis p`rqui su pirs`kmhi k`

jktirmgtm g`k `tr`s& muk gumkn` ist ik fm prisikgjm ni `tr`s+

Bsjgmcikti& k` fis pristm mtikgjk+ Ist cs piknjikti nif prxjc`

twjttir& icmjf& tixt` f` qui sim+ Ist g`kstmkticikti dmgjikn` vmrjms

g`sms m fm viz+ Is ukm rimfjnmn qui riafihm fm s`gjinmn ni d`y y su

`bsisjk p`r fm g`cukjgmgjk ik fuemr ni g`cukjgmrsi+

FMKXMR Z RIG@EIR8 R@NMHI Z F@GMFJXMGJ@KIW

Fm djst`rjm si nismrr`ffm ik tris f`gmfjzmgj`kis jcp`rtmktis F`knris& f`s

Djedfmkns ni Isg`gjm y f`s Umnjs ni Zicik Mkti fm jcp`sjbjfjnmn ni

vjmhmr m Zicik Uibstir f`gmfjz ik H`rnmkjm y Cmrruig`s& nigjnjkn`si p`r

if ftjc` pms& g`kgritmcikti fm riejk ni @umrzmzmti& p`rqui is cs

c`ktm`sm y fm eikti ist cs mbjirtm m uk r`nmhi+

Kukgm nibis r`nmr g`k kj`s& mkjcmfis y y` mmnjrm qui tmcp`g` g`k

meum& njgi Uibstir+ Dmy cugd` meum ik istm pifgufm+ Ik Isg`gjm k`

dub` pr`bficms+ Mff& if meum si g`cp`rt cmrmvjff`smcikti bjik+

F`s pr`bficms g`k if meum ffiemr`k ik Cmrruig`s+ Dub` ukm rmgdm ni

ffuvjm sjk priginiktis ik f`s pjg`s nif Mtfms& qui ffie m a`rcmr ukm rjmnm

qui nistruy kuistr` sit+ ^uvjc`s qui v`fvir m g`kstrujrf` y ni kuiv`& fm

ffuvjm si f` ffiv+ Ma`rtukmnmcikti& fms jkuknmgj`kis sjicpri `gurrmk ik

cjtmn ni fm k`gdi+ _ir` sjiti nms mktis ni ffiemr f`s mgt`ris& uk cur` ni

meum ni gmsj > citr`s si ffiv fm f`gmfjzmgjk iktirm+

Ykm viz qui if iqujp` ni pr`nuggjk ffie m Cmrruig`s y istmbmk

pripmrmn`s pmrm if r`nmhi& ym k` dmbm meum+ Dub` meum nurmkti fms

jkuknmgj`kis+ _ir` mrrms g`k t`n` y k`s nih sjk tjicp` pmrm p`kir ik

cmrgdm if pfmk `rjejkmf qui irm pira`rmr y smgmr kuistrm pr`pjm meum+ Dmy

ukm isgikm ik fm qui Arin y Dmrrjit istk kmnmkn` ik if r` y rimfcikti

istmbmk kmnmkn` ik cinj` citr` ni meum& qui irm fm kjgm qui punjc`s

g`ksieujr-


15/29

Fm djst`rjm g`cjikzm ik F`knris+ _mrm ermbmr fm gmsm ni Arin ik

Jkefmtirrm& Dmffstrc r`n ik uk suburbj ni Dmcpstimn& ukm gmffi

piraigtm g`k gmsms ni istjf` inumrnjmk`& jnktjgms iktri s& t`nms g`k if

gspin rigjk g`rtmn`& njgi Uibstir+ _iraigt` pmrm f` qui busgbmc`s&

ism siksmgjk ripitjtjvm& ni ukm pirs`km qui si sjikti mtrmpmnm ik ukm

prjsjk g`ka`rtmbfi y bjik `rnikmnm+ _mrm rigrimr if fuemr ni trmbmh` ni

Arin ik fms àjgjkms nif Cjkjstirj` ni _isgm y Merjgufturm& si f`gmfjz uk

fuemr cuy erjs pmrm ikamtjzmr if g`ktrmsti g`k if fuemr ni trmbmh` ni

Dmrrjit& Dmrrjs`k _rjgi G`ksuftmkgy& ik if ambuf`s` injajgj` Bfui Ajk ik

Wùtdwmrl& g`k vjstms cmrmvjff`sms ni grjstmf y supirajgjis gr`cmnms+ Yk

fuemr prigj`s` n`kni trmbmhmr& uk ispmgj` cmrmvjff`s` qui g`ktrmstm g`k if

gubguf` cjsirmbfi ni Arin+

_mrm fm ajkgm isg`gism nif hiqui& si ifjejir`k f`s mfrinin`ris ni Mrr`gdmr

`k F`gd F`ke ik Mreyff y Buti ik f`s Djedfmkns Isg`gisis+ Ni uk cukn`

cuy riprjcjn`& ni f`s jktirj`ris qui `gupm Arin& k`s trmsfmnmc`s

fiktmcikti dmgjm f`s Djedfmkns& njgi Uibstir+ Fm f`gmfjzmgjk mff mrrjbm

irm jkgribfi+ î nms guiktm ni qui si ifjej p`r su biffizm mukqui nisni

uk pukt` ni vjstm prgtjg`& ti pmsms t`n` if nm g`knugjikn` pmrm ffiemr m

iff`s+ Fms njstmkgjms ik Isg`gjm s`k triciknms+ Gri` qui r`nmr ik Isg`gjmriqujrj cs isauirz` asjg` qui r`nmr ik Cmrruig`s-

IF RI_MR^@

IUMK CgERIE@R $N`gt`r Mfarin H`kis*

Iwmk CgErie`r is g`k`gjn` p`r fm vmrjinmn ni pirs`kmhis qui dm

jktirpritmn`+ Nisni Cmrl Rikt`k& if dir`jkcmk` ik ^rmjksp`ttjke ni

Jrvjki Uifsd mf fieiknmrj` @bj#Umk Lik`bj ik fm Euirrm ni fms EmfmxjmsIpjs`nj` =+ ^mcbjk aui pr`tme`kjstm ik if pmpif ni Gdrjstjmk hukt` m

Kjg`fi Ljncmk ik if cusjgmf emkmn`r ni f`s @sgmr y pricj`s BMA^M Cùfjk

Rùei njrjejn` p`r Bmz Fudrcmkk+ CgErie`r dm nic`strmn` su gmfjnmn ni

mgt`r ripitjnms vigis+

If ftjc` pmpif jktirpritmn` p`r CgErie`r aui if nif amc`s` isgrjt`r&

g`ktrmtmn` pmrm isgrjbjr fms cic`rjms nif g`ktr`virtjn` ix _rjcir Cjkjstr`

jkefs Mnmc Fmke $_jirgi Br`skmk* tjtufmn` If Isgrjt`r y njrjejn` p`r


16/29

R`cmk _`fmkslj+ ^mcbjk pr`tme`kjz fm pifgufm ^i ]ujir` _djffjp C`rrjs&

hukt` m Hjc Gmriy+ Isti m` mgtm hukt` m Gdrjst`pdir _fuccir ik

Biejkkirs y ik fm pifgufm ni Wtivik W`nirbured& Dmywjri+

Mgtumfcikti ist r`nmkn`Hmgl tdi Ejmkt Ljffir& ukm virsjk c`nirkm ni fm

amc`sm abufm& Hmgl y fms Hunms Cejgms+ CgErie`r tmcbjk

pr`tem`kjz F` Jcp`sjbfi hukt` m Km`cj Umtts& ik uk nrmcm bmsmn` ik uk

digd` rimf nurmkti y nispus nif ^sukmcj ni 2??>+

CgErie`r pr`tme`kjz fm pifgufm pricjmnm p`r f`s Bmatm& Wdmff`w Ermvi

g`c` Mfix Fmw+ Wdmff`w Ermvi emk if pricj` ni Cih`r _ifgufm ik if

aistjvmf Njkmrn ni =::> y tmcbjk emk if pricj` BMA^M Mfixmknir L`rnm

m fm Cih`r _ifgufm Jkefism nif M` =::> ms g`c` Cih`r Fmre`citrmhi

Isg`gs BMA^M+ Fm jktirpritmgjk ni CgErie`r g`c` Mfix Fmw fi `t`re if

pricj` Djtgdg`gl NMreikt mf cih`r Mgt`r y ukm k`cjkmgjk m Cih`r Mgt`r

ni f`s BMA^M Isg`gisis+ Aui ikt`kgis gumkn` g`cikz su ixjt`sm

rifmgjk g`k if njrigt`r Nmkky B`yfi+ CgErie`r djz` ni Nimk Rmyc`kn&

gmciff` f`knjkiksi& hukt` m Gmtdirjki Xitm#H`kis+ Nispus jktirprit su

prjcir pmpif pr`tme`kjstm ik fm pifgufm irtjgm ni _itir Eriikmwmy& If

Njmrj` Jktjc`

Q fvj m ms`gjmrsi g`k Nmkky B`yfi ik Ykm Djst`rjm Njajirikti g`k

Gmcir`k Njmz+ Yk pmpif qui fi `t`re if pricj` m Cih`r Mgt`r Jkefs $p`r

tirgirm viz g`ksigutjvm* ik f`s _ricj`s Icpjri C`vji ni =::5+ Ik isi

cjsc` m`& CgErie`r rigjbj uk Iccy p`r su pmpif ni mrtjstm jkvjtmn` ik

if ipjs`nj` ni Yreikgjms ^di F`ke Umy R`ukn+ ^mcbjk pr`tme`kjz& hukt`

m Cjgdmif Wtjpi& fm pifgufm ni r`gl& Qifvit E`fncjki& sieujn` nif pmpif nif

jkamci meikti ni b`fsm Kjgl Fiis`k y su ispigtmgufmr gmnm ik If ErmkAmr`f hukt` m Mkkm Arjif+ Nispus trmbmh bmh` fms rnikis nif njrigt`r ni

^`gmkn` if Qjikt`Cmrl Dircmk ik fm emkmn`rm nif E`fnik Ef`bi _iquim

Q`z& hukt` m Hmki D`rr`gls y Cjgdmif Gmjki+

@tr`s ttuf`s jkgfuyik Mbmh` if Mc`r$2??2* hukt` m Rikii Xiffwieir y Bje

Ajsd ni ^jc Burt`ks $2??7*& hukt` m Mfbirt Ajkkiy& Bjffy Grunup& Mfjs`k

F`dcmk& Hissjgm Fmkei y Nmkky NiQjt`+ ^mcbjk tuv` uk pmpif ik if

tdrjffir supirkmturmf ni Cmrg A`rstir ^rksjt`&hukt` mKm`cj Umtts y Rymk


17/29

E`sfjke& y ik Fm Jsfm ni Cjgdmif Bmy $2??9* hukt` m Wgmrfitt H`dmkssik&

Nhjc`k Dùksù y Wtivi Busgicj ms g`c` fm pifgufm mkjcmnm R`b`ts

$njrjejnm p`r Gdrjs Uinei* y Qmfjmkt$njrjejnm p`r Emry Gdmpcmk*& Wgikis

à m Wixumf Kmturi $Njr+ Inwmrn Bfuc*& Cjss _`ttir$Njr+ Gdrjs K``kmk*& If

Wui` ni Gmssmknrm ni U``ny Mffik$2??4*& Jkgiknjmry& If ûrjstm&keifis

y Nic`kj`s yMcifjm+ ^mcbjk tuv` uk pmpif pr`tme`kjstm ik Bfmgl Dmwl

Nirrjbmn` ni Rjnfiy Wg`tt y ik Zùke Mnmc g`k _itir Cuffmk y ^jfnm

Wwjkt`k& g`k f` qui `btuv` ukm k`cjkmgjk nif Gjrguf` ni Grtjg`s ni Gjki

ni F`knris $F`kn`k Ajfc Grjtjgs Gjrgfi Mwmrns*+

CgErie`r kmgj ik _irtd& Isg`gjm+ Mgtumfcikti vjvi ik F`s Mkeifis g`k su

cuhir y gumtr` djh`s+

ICJFZ BFYK^ $Dmrrjit*

Icjfy Bfukt si fmkz mf istriffmt` g`k uk pmpif ik fm pricjmnm pifgufm

jkefism& Cj Qirmk` ni Mc`r+ R`nmnm ik if virmk` ni 2??7& Icjfy

jktirprit m fm cjstirj`sm y prjvjfiejmnm ^mcsjk& qui si g`kvjirti ik fm

`bsisjk ni ukm gdjgm f`gmf ik sti jkt`xjgmkti r`cmkgi ni _mwif

_mwfjl`wslj+ Icjfy emk if pricj` m fm Cih`r Jktrpriti K`bif ik f`s

_ricj`s Ivikjke Wtmknmrn ni 2??> y aui k`cjkmnm g`c` Cih`r Jktirpriti

K`bif ik f`s Brjtjsd Jknipiknikt Ajfc Mwmrns ni 2??>+

Fm pifgufm mgfmcmnm Ejni`ks Nmuedtir& ik fm qui Icjfy g`cpmrti

pmktmffm hukt` m Bjff Kjedy y Cjrmknm Rjgdmrns`k& si r`n ik `gtubri ni

2??>+ Icjfy dmgi if pmpif ni Kmtmsdm& fm djhm pr`bfictjgm ni uk

icprismrj` qui pmrigi cs jktirismn` ik su gmrrirm y su k`vjm qui ik

iffm+ ^rmksgurri ik if virmk` ni =::5& g`k fm vjt`rjm ifigt`rmf nif pmrtjn`

Fmb`rjstm y fm cuirti ni fm prjkgism Njmkm ni a`kn`+ Isti nrmcm& njrjejn`

p`r Wtipdik _`fjmlàa& fi `t`re m Icjfy if pricj` E`fnik Ef`bi m fm cih`r

Mgtrjz ni ripmrt` ik 2??5+

Ik 2??9& Icjfy vjmh m Kuivm Z`rl pmrm trmbmhmr ik If Njmbf` si Qjsti ni

_rmnm& ukm mnmptmgjk ni fm k`vifm ni Fmurik Uijsbireir+ Fm pifgufm

cuistrm ukm Icjfy jktiksmcikti kiurtjgm qui trmbmhm g`c` myunmkti ni

fm Rivjst Rukwmy Cmemzjki& ik fm qui ist pircmkikticikti mf b`rni ni

uk mtmqui ni kirvj`s+ Njrjejnm p`r Nmvjn Armklif y pr`tme`kjzmnm p`r Mkki

Dmtdmwmy& Ciryf Wtriip y Wtmkfiy ûggj& fm pifgufm aui uk xjt` ni tmqujffm


18/29

ik f`s Istmn`s Ykjn`s ik Hukj` ni 2??1 i jkeris cs ni .=29 cjff`kis+

Icjfy aui k`cjkmnm ik fm gmtie`rm Brimltdrùed Aicmfi ik if m` 2??1

p`r f`s îik Gd`jgi Mwmrns p`r su pmpif y aui pricjmnm g`k if

Brimltdrùed Mwmrn ni 2??1 ni f`s pricj`s C`vjifjki Zùke D`ffyw``n+^mcbjk aui k`cjkmnm g`c` Cih`r Mgtrjz ni Ripmrt` ik f`s E`fnik

Ef`bis y ik f`s BMA^M+ Fm pifgufm aui istrikmnm ik if Rijk` Ykjn` y ik if

rist` nif cukn` ik `gtubri ni 2??1 y mgmb jkerismkn` cs ni .72?

cjff`kis+ Icjfy aui k`cjkmnm mf pricj` Rjsjke Wtmr Mwmrn ni f`s BMA^M

ni 2??5+

Ik me`st` nif 2??1& Icjfy icpiz m trmbmhmr ik If Ermk Bugl D`wmrn+

Isgrjtm y njrjejnm p`r Wimk CgEjkfy y pr`te`kjzmnm p`r ^`c Dmkls& H`dk

Cmfl`vjgd y G`fjk Dmkls& Icjfy dmgi if pmpif ni Qmfirji& ukm injt`rm

nisikvuiftm qui is g`ktrmtmnm p`r uk cme` sjk suirti qui jktiktm

jkauknjr kuiv` vmf`r m su gmrrirm+ Fm pifgufm si istrik ik 2??4 ik if

Aistjvmf ni Wuknmkgi y ik gjkis ni Istmn`s Ykjn`s ik cmrz` ni 2??:+

Nispus& Icjfy r`n G`c` fm vjnm cjscm& hukt` m Wtivi Gmriff& Hufjitti

Bjk`gdi y Nmki G``l+ Aui istrikmnm ik f`s Istmn`s Ykjn`s if 21 ni

`gtubri ni 2??5 y ik Jkefmtirrm if == ni ikir` ni 2??4+

Cs mnifmkti r`n G`k`gjikn` m Hmki Mustik+ _r`tme`kjz istm pifgufm

hukt` m Cmrjm Biff`& Armkgis CgN`rcmkn& Livjk Xieirs y Dued Nmkgy

g`c` ukm pràis`rm jkaifjz y cjstirj`sm qui mkdifm cs ni f` qui fm vjnm

fi dm nmn`+

Icjfy pms n`s cisis ik Mfbuquirqui& Kuiv` Chjg` ajfcmkn` Wuksdjki

Gfimkjke+ _r`nugjnm p`r if cjsc` iqujp` ni Fm _iquim Cjss Wuksdjki y

njrjejnm p`r Gdrjstjki Hiaas& guiktm fm djst`rjm ni n`s dircmkms qui

icpjizmk uk ixjt`s` kie`gj` ni fjcpjizm ni isgikms ni grcikis+ Mgt`ris

ni fm tmffm ni Mcy Mnmcs y Mfmk Mrljk fm mg`cpmmr`k+ Fm pifgufm aui fm

sieuknm ni Icjfy ik istrikmrsi ik if Aistjvmf ni Wuknmkgi ik 2??4+ Aui

istrikmnm g`k ermk xjt` ik Istmn`s Ykjn`s ik cmrz` nif 2??:&

supirmkn` fm tmqujffm ni t`n`s f`s istrik`s ni isi m`+ Icjfy aui

k`cjkmnm p`r if Grjtjgs Gd`jgi Mwmrn p`r Cih`r Mgtrjz ni Ripmrt`+

M ajkmfis ni 2??5& Icjfy pmrtjgjp ik fm pifgufm ni Cjli Kjgd fs Gdmrfji

Ujfs`ks Umr hukt` m ^`c Dmkls& Hufjm R`birts y _djfjp Wiycùr Dàacmk+Fm pifgufm si istrik ik Istmn`s Ykjn`s ik njgjicbri ni 2??5+


19/29

Cs tmrni& Icjfy trmbmh ik if bj`pjg pr`nugjn` p`r Cmrtjk Wg`rsisi& ^di

Z`uke Qjgt`rjm+ Ik istm pifgufm dmgi if pmpif ni fm Rijkm Qjgt`rjm ik fms

prjcirms itmpms ni su vjnm+ Fm pifgufm aui isgrjtm p`r Hufjmk Aiff`wis y

njrejnm p`r Himk#Cmrg Qmffii+ If ripmrt` jkgfuyi m Cjrmknm Rjgdmrns`k& Hjc

Br`mnbikt y Rupirt Arjikn+ Fm pifgufm aui ifiejnm pmrm girrmr if aistjvmf

ni ^`r`kt` ik 2??:& mktis ni su istrik` ik ikir` ni 2?=?+ Icjfy aui

k`cjkmnm ik fm gmtie`rm ni Cih`r Mgtrjz ik f`s E`fnik Ef`bi Mwmrns ni

isi cjsc` m` y ik fm cjscm gmtie`rm ni f`s Grjtjgs Gd`jgi Mwmrns+

Ik aibrir` ni 2?=?& Icjfy pmrtjgjp ik if tmk ispirmn` tdrjffir ^di

U`facmk+ Njrjejn` p`r H`i H`dkst`k& ik if qui g`cpmrti pmktmffm g`k

Bikjgj` nif ^`r` y Mktd`ky D`pljks& ik if pmpif prjkgjpmf ni Ewik

G`kfjaai& ukm cuhir qui cjiktrms dmgi if nuif` p`r fm cuirti ni su cmrjn`y Hukt` m su gumn`& vm ik busgm nif f`b` qui fi cmt+

^mcbjk ik aibrir` ni 2?=?& Icjfy pus` su v`z pmrm if pmpif ni Hufjitm ik

fm pifgufm ni mkjcmgjk ni Njskiy ik 7N Ek`ci` mkn Hufjitg`k Hmcis

CgMv`y g`c` Ek`ci`+ Fm gjktm is ukm virsjk mkjcmnm nif R`ci` y

Hufjitm ni Ujffjmc Wdmlispimri+ Njrjejnm p`r Liffy Msbury& fm bmknm s`k`rm

aui isgrjtm y pr`nugjnm p`r Ift`k H`dk+

Ik njgjicbri nif 2?=?& Icjfy djz` if pmpif ni fm _rjkgism Fjffjput ik fm

kuivm virsjk nif fjbr` ni H`kmtdmk Wwjat& F`s Qjmhis ni Euffjvir+ Icjfy

pr`tme`kjz fm pifgufm hukt` m Hmgl Bfmgl y Hms`k Wieif+ If ajfci guiktm fms

mvikturms nif isgrjt`r ni vjmhis Ficuif Euffjvir m qujik fi ikgmremk uk

trmbmh` ik Bircunm pir` qui mgmbm ik fm Jsfm ni Fjffjput+

Ik cmrz` nif 2?==& Icjfy mgtu ik if tdrjffir& Nistjk` @guft`& njrjejn` p`r

Ei`rei K`faj+

Ik `gtubri nif 2?=?& au ifiejnm pr`tme`kjstm ni if tdjffir tjtufmn` F``pir+

Guiktm fm djst`rjm ni uk erup` ni msisjk`s qui ikvmk f`s guirp`s ni sus

vgtjcms dmgjm mtrs ik if tjicp + Icjfy dmgi if pmpif ni ukm cmnri

s`ftirm qui jktiktm pr`tieir m su djh`+ _r`tme`kjzm fm gjktm hukt` m Brugi

Ujffjs y H`sipd E`rn`k#Fivjtt+ Njrjejnm p`r Rjmk H`dks`k& fm pifgufm vir fm

fuz ik 2?=2+


20/29

Rigjikticikti& Icjfy si ukj mf ripmrt` ni fm pifgufm ni Njskiy F`s

îfiig`s+ Rjgly Eirvmjs& Mfmk Mrljk& Hmgl Bfmgl& Bjffy Grystmf& Xmgd

Emfjajmkmljs y Himk#Gfmuni Qmk Nmcci p`kik v`z m f`s pirs`kmhis qui

jktiktmk smfvmr su istunj` ni fms cmk`s ni uk icprismrj`+ Hmcis B`bjk

njrjei g`k eujk ni Hms`k Wieif y Kjgd`fms Wt`ffir+ Fm pifgufm si istrikmr

ik f`s Istmn`s Ykjn`s ik njgjicbri nif 2?== g`k uk istrik` ik Ermk

Britmm ik aibrir` ni 2?=2+

Icjfy mgmbm ni tircjkmr if r`nmhi ni Ajvi Zimr#Ikemeicikt ik if qui

g`cpmrti pmktmffm g`k Hms`k Wieif& Mfjs`k Brji& Rdys Jamks y Gdrjs _rmtt+

Njrjejnm p`r Kjgd`fms Wt`ffir g`k eujk ni Kjgd`fms y Hms`k Wieif+ If

istrik` ist privjst` pmrm 2?=2+

Ik siptjicbri ni isti m`& Icjfy g`cjikzm fm pr`nuggjk ni fm pifgufm ni

Nmkti Mrj`fm& ukm g`cinjm kierm ik fm qui g`cpmrti pmktmffm g`k G`fjk

Ajrtd+

MCR UMLIN If Hiqui

Mcr Umlin dm trmbmhmn` ik kucir`sms pifgufms nif @rjikti Cinj` y

Iur`pm y dm sjn` emfmrn`kmn` g`k cftjpfis pricj`s+ Ik 2??9 pmrtjgjp

ik Wyrjmkm& ni Wtipdik Emedmk ik if pmpif ni C`dmcin Wdijld Mejzm+ Fmpifgufm emk if _ricj` nif Hurmn` ik if Aistjvmf jktirkmgj kmf ni If Gmjr`+

Nisni ikt`kgis& Mcr dm pr`tme`kjzmn` fm pifgufm pmrm tifivjsjk ni

R`wmk Hmaai ^di Wd``tjke à ^d`cms Durknmff $2??4*& y ik if pmpif ni

Dussijk Lmcjf Mfcmhjn pmrm fm cjkj#sirji ni DB@ Dùsi à Wmnnmc+

Rigjikticikti dm pmrtjgjpmn` ik fm pifgufm ni Rjgly ^èkmzzj ^di Amtdir

Mkn ^di A`rijekiry G`ktmej` ni Wtivik W`nirbire& hukt` m uk ifikg` ni

mgt`ris ni D`ffyw``n+ Istmr tmcbjk ik fm prxjcm pifgufm ni WmgdmBmr`k G`dik& If Njgtmn`r+

LRJW^JK WG@^^ ^D@CMW _mtrjgjm Cmxwiff

Fm supir emfmrn`kmnm mgtrjz Lrjstjk Wg`tt ^d`cms is g`k`gjnm

jktirkmgj`kmfcikti p`r su tmfikt`& ifiemkgjm y g`cpr`cjs` g`k su trmbmh`+

Ikariktkn`si sjicpri m pmpifis njagjfis y nitircjkmnm m k` ripitjrsi& if

trmbmh` ni Wg`tt ^d`cms is ukm ixtrm`rnjkmrjm g`figgjk ni mgtumgj`kis

tmkt` pmrm if gjki g`c` fm tifivjsjk y if timtr`+


21/29

Wg`tt ^d`cms pmrtjgjp ik fm pifgufm ni Ejffis _mqui Brikkir%s Iffi

W%mppifmjt Wmrmd $Wi ffmcm Wmrmd*+ Bmsmn` ik if bist#siffir ni ^mtjmkm ni

R`skmy& fm pifgufm uki n`s djst`rjms njairiktis+ Ykm& mcbjiktmnm ik fm

Wieuknm Euirrm Cuknjmf ik _mrs y fm `trm ik if prisikti+ Wg`tt ^d`cms

rigjbj ukm k`cjkmgjk m f`s Gismr p`r su trmbmh` ik istm pifgufm+ ^di

Uijkstijk G`cpmky tjiki privjst` su istrik` ik fm prjcmvirm nif 2?==+

^mcbjk mgtm ik fm pifgufm ni Mfmjk G`rkimu Grjci n%mc`urg`k istrik`

ik JAG ik 2?==+

^mcbjk trmbmh bmh` fms rnikis ni Nigfmk N`kkiffmk y Kjgl @rcir`n ik

fm pifgufm Bif Mcj hukt` m R`birt _mttjks`k& Ycm ^durcmk y Gdrjstjkm

Rjggj< pmrm _mwif _mwfjl`wslj ik Fm Aicci nu 9ici $tmcbjk g`k`gjnm

g`c` ^di U`cmk Jk tdi Ajatd* hukt` m Itdmk Dmwli< pmrm Fmssi Dmfstr`cik Fm _isgm nif Wmfc`k ik Zicik hukt` m Icjfy Bfukt y Iwmk CgErie`r tifivjsjk y

gri AjfcA`ur Ftn& ukm pr`nugt`rm qui dm rimfjzmn` cs ni 9? pifgufms y

kucir`s`s g`rt`s ik sus gjkg` m`s ni ixjstikgjm+ Dm emkmn` cs ni =??

pricj`s jktirkmgj`kmfis y 1 k`cjkmgj`kis m f`s @sgmr+ Mfeuk`s ni f`s

ttuf`s jkgfuyik Njmrj`s ni C`t`gjgfitm& @rjikti is @rjikti& Wixy Bimsty^`gmkn` if Qmgj`+

_muf dm trmbmhmn` g`c` pr`nugt`r y g`c` pr`nugt`r ihigutjv` ik

kucir`sms pifgufms& emkmn`rms ni pricj`s jkgfuyikn` f`s BMA^M y 4

k`cjkmgj`kis m f`s @sgmr+ Ik 2??> pr`nuh` @reuff` y _rihujgj` pmrm

U`rljke ^jtfi Ajfcs pr`tme`kjzmn` p`r Lijrm Lkjedtfiy y Cmttdiw

CmgAmnyik+ Rigjikticikti& dm pr`nugjn` Ixpjmgjk& njrjejn` p`r H`w

Urjedt y pr`tme`kjzmn` p`r Hmcis CgMv`y y Lijrm Lkjedtfiy+ Fm pifgufm

emk if pricj` m Cih`r _ifgufm nif M` ik f`s E`fnik Ef`bi y f`s _ricj`s

BMA^M+

Ik 2??>& _muf si ukj m Wtipdik Emrritt y Hmki Aimtdirst`ki pmrm a`rcmr

Lun`s _jgturis& ukm kuivm njvjsjk ni gjki niktr` ni Lun`s Ajfc mkn ^Q&

pr`nugt`rm ni sirjis g`c` Wp``ls& Dustfi y Fjai `k Cmrs+ Fm prjcirm

pifgufm pr`nugjnm p`r Lun`s _jgturis aui njrjejnm p`r Nmvjn Gr`kikbire

_r`cisms nif Isti& isgrjtm p`r Wtivi Lkjedt+ Yk tdrjffir mcbjiktmn` ik


24/29

F`knris g`k Qjee` C`rtiksik y Km`cj Umtts+ Aui mgfmcmn` p`r if pbfjg`

y emk if _ricj` nif Hurmn` ik if Aistjvmf Jktirkmgj`kmf ni ^`r`kt + Ik

2??5& _muf trmbmh g`c` pr`nugt`r ihigutjv` pmrm Cjss _ittjeriw Fjvis a`r

m Nmyni A`gus Aimturis y pr`nugjn` p`r Wtipdik Emrritt+ Fm pifgufm fm

pr`tme`kjzm Armkgis CmgN`rcmkn y Mcy Mnmcs+ Ik amsi ni pr`nuggjk

ist if n`guciktmf ni kmturmfizm ^di Grjcs`k Ujke & fm prjcirm

pifgufm ni Njskiy Kmturi+

Ik 2??4 Lun`s si ms`gj m Wdjki _jgturis g`k Kiw Rieikgy+ Istm icprism

pr`nuh` fm pifgufm ni Hmcis Ermy ^di Ermy Cmk+

Ik 2??: y 2?=? supirvjsmr`k fm pr`nuggjk ni Brjedt`k R`glg`k Difik

Cjrrik y Wmc Rjfiy y Fm _isgm nif Wmfc`k ik Zicik+

Dmgi p`g` si ms`gj m su g`fmb`rmn`r H`i Urjedt y Euy Diifiy pmrm a`rcmr

Wd``b`x Ajfcs+ Wu prjcirm pr`nuggjk sir Mkkm Lmrikjkm pmrm U`rljke

^jtfi& sieujnm p`r fm prjcirm pifgufm ni Wtivi Lkjedts Duccjkebjrn qui

_muf pr`nugjr hukt` m Wdjki _jgturis pmrm Kiw Rieikgy+

FMWWI DMFFW^R@C # Njrigt`r

Fmssi Dmffstrc is uk` ni f`s njrigt`ris suig`s cs rig`k`gjn`s& W`brit`n` p`r sus pifgufms Cj Qjnm g`c` uk _irr` y M qujik mcm Ejfbirt

Ermpi0

Djh` ni uk gjkimstm& Dmffstrc kmgj ik Ist`g`fc` if 2 ni hukj` ni =:>1+

Icpiz trmbmhmkn` cjiktrms mgmbmbm if jkstjtut` y g`k fm myunm ni uk

erup` ni mcje`s& djz` su prjcir g`rt`+

Ik =:59& Dmffstrc nibut ik if gjki g`k uk nrmcm r`cktjg` tjtufmn` IkLjffi `gd ik thih $M Euy mkn m Emf*+ N`s m`s cs tmrni& njrjej fm

pifgufm MBBM+ Nispus ni njrjejr kucir`sms g`cinjms r`cktjgms& ik

=:49 njrjej Cjtt Fjv W`kn Dukn $Cj vjnm g`c` uk _irr *& y g`k iffm

pms m sir rig`k`gjn` jktirkmgj`kmfcikti+ Fm djst`rjm guiktm fm vjnm ni uk

kj` qui is ikvjmn` m vjvjr g`k sus pmrjiktis gumkn` su cmnri& ikaircm

tircjkmf& ym k` puini dmgirsi gmre` ni f+ Fm pifgufm emk kucir`s`s

pricj`s jkgfuyikn` Cih`r _ifgufm Ixtrmkhirm ik f`s E`fnik Ef`bi y ik if

Kiw Z`rl Ajfc Grjtjgs Gjrgfi mwmrn+ Dmffstrc aui k`cjkmn` m f`s @sgmr
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25/29

g`c` Cih`r Njrigt`r y Cih`r Eujk Mnmptmn`+

Nispus nif xjt` ni Cj Qjnm g`c` Yk _irr` Dmffstrc sjeuj vjvjikn` ik

Wuigjm& dmgjikn` pifgufms pmrm kj`s+ Ik =::=& si trmsfmn m Istmn`s

Ykjn`s y njrjej ]uirjn` Jktrus`& ukm g`cinjm r`cktjgm pr`tme`kjzmnm

p`r D`ffy Duktir y Rjgdmrn Nriyauss+ N`s m`s cs tmrni& su gmrrirm

jktirkmgj kmf aui g`ks`fjnmnm mf njrjejr M qjik mcm Ejfbiry Ermpi0&

pr`tme`kjzmnm p`r H`dkky Nipp y Fi`kmrn` NjGmprj`& qujik rigjbj

k`cjkmgj`kis m f`s @sgmr y f`s E`fnik Ef`bi p`r su pmpif ni dircmk`

piqui`+

Nispus& Dmffstrc v`fvj m fm g`cinjm r`cktjgm g`k Mfe` ni qui dmbfmr

$=::9*+ _msmr`k gumtr` m`s mktis ni qui v`fvjisi m njrjejr Fms K`rcms ni

fm gmsm ni sjnrm& mnmptmgjk ni fm k`vifm ni H`dk Jrvjke& pr`tme`kjzmnm p`r

^`biy Cmeujri& Gdmrfjzi ^dir`k y Cjgdmif Gmjki+ Mf m` sjeujikti&

Dmffstrc njrjej `tr` xjt` g`k Gd`g`fmt& qui guiktm fm djst`rjm ni ukm

pmstifirm qui gmusm g`kc`gjk ik ukm piquim g`cukjnmn+ G`k istm

pifgufm& rigjbj kucir`s`s pricj`s& jkgfuyikn` > k`cjkmgj`kis m f`s

E`fnik Ef`bi y gjkg` m f`s @sgmr+ Nisni ikt kgis& Dmffstrc njrjej

Mtmkn` Gmb`sg`k fm qui rigjbj buikms grtjgms+ Wus ttuf`s cs rigjiktis

jkgfuyik Mk Ykajkjsdin Fjai$2??9*& Gmsmk`vm$2??9*& y Nimr H`dk $2?=?*&

mnmptmnm ni fm k`vifm ni Kjgd`fms Wpmrls& y pr`tme`kjzmnm p r Gdmkkjke

^mtuc y Mcmknm Wiyarjin+

ÎRRZ W^MGIZ # Njrigt`r ni A`tèrmam

îrry Wtmgiytrmbmh ik 9?/9?& tmcbjk g`k`gjnm p`r Jc Ujtd Gmkgir&njrjejnm p`r H`kmtdmk Fivjki y uk ripmrt` qui jkgfuyi m H`sipd E`rn`k#

Fivjtt& Witd Rèik& Mkkm Liknrjgl y Brygi Nmffms D`wmrn+

Wus `trms pifgufms g`c` njrigt`r ni a`t ermam jkgfuyik fm ni Fmssi

Dmffstr`c Nimr H`dk&Mnvikturifmkn ni Erie C`tt`fm îff#^mfi ni Cjgdmif

Guistm y _+W+ J F`vi Zù ni Rjgdmrn FmErmvikisi y pr`tme`kjzmnm p`r

Djfmry Wwmkl+ ^mcbjk trmbmh ik Mcirjgmk Wpfikn`r& Arjikns Ujtd

C`kiy ni Kjg`fi D`f agikir& Jk Dir Wdìs ni Gurtjs Dmks`k& Ujktir
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26/29

_mssjke ni Mnmc Rmpp& ^di N``r Jk ^di Af``r ni ^`n Ujffjmcs& ^di

Fmrmcji _r`higtni C`jsis Lmuacmk y U`rfn ^rmvifirni Bmrt Ariuknfjgd+

^rmbmh pmrm if njrigt`r Fmrry Aissiknik ik Iknje`& pmrm Ajsdir Wtiviks

ik Hust M Ljss& pmrm Mfjs`k Mknirs ik ^djkes Bidjkn tdi Wuk& pmrm Brmn

Mknirs`k ik Dmppy Mggjnikts& pmrm Hjc Amff ik ^rjgl& pmrm ^`c Ejfr`y ik

Wprjke A`rwmrn y pmrm Inwmrn Rmntli ik ^di Nrimc Gmtgdir& qui fi

`t`re ukm cikgj`k ispigjmf ik =::: ik if aistjvmf ni gjki ^dissmf`kjlj+

Wtmgiy tmcbjk trmbmh ik sjiti ipjs`nj`s ni fm sirji ni _itir Bire

U`knirfmkn y uk ipjs`nj` ni fm sirji Nixtir+ Wu g`rt` ^di Dmt $g`#

njrjejn` g`k Hufjm H`rnmk* si istrik ik Wuknmkgi ik 2??2+

Nispus ni fjgikgjmrsi ni Cmkgdistir G`ffiei y trmsfmnmrsi m Kuivm

Z`rl& Wtmgiy icpiz m trmbmhmr pmrm G`ffigtjvi a`r Fjvjke Gjkicm&

dmgjikn` g`rt`s ik 4 y =1cc+ Q`fvj m Jkefmtirrm ik =:45 y si pms tris

m`s ajfcmkn` n`guciktmfis pmrm fm BBG y Gdmkkif Aùr+ Ik f`s :?&

trmbmh g`c` njrigt`r ni a`tèrmam pmrm f`s vjni`s cusjgmfis ni R`n

Wtiwmrt& ^`kj Brmxt`k y Nwjedt Z`mlmc+

Wtmgiy vjvi mgtumfcikti ik Kuivm Z`rl+

FJWM EYKKJKE # Injt`rm

Fjsm g`cikz su gmrrirm m ajkmfis nif =::?& c`ktmkn` mkukgj`s ik

Udjtidùsi& icprism ni p`st#pr`nuggjk+ Ik =::4 trmbmh ik uk g`rt`

g`k if njrigt`r Mktd`ky Cjkediffm& g`k qujik sieujrm trmbmhmkn` ik

Brimljke ! Iktirjke ms g`c` ^di K`+= Fmnjis Nitigtjvi Meikgy+ ^rmbmh

pmrm H`dk Cmnnik ik if tdrjffir ni 2??4& Ljffsd`t+ Fjsm tmcbjk dm

g`fmb`rmn` g`k if mrtjstm y gjkimstm Wmc ^myf`r#U``n& ik F`vi Zù C`ri&

emkmn`r ni uk pricj` BMA^M y su prjcir fmre`citrmhi K`wdiri B`y&

rigjbj kucir`sms k`cjkmgj`kis BMA^M y BJAM+

WJC@K BIMYA@Z Euj`kjstm

Wjc`k Bimua`y rigjbj 4 k`cjkmgj`kis m f`s BMA^M p`r =25 D`rms&

jkgfuyikn` Cih`r Eujk Mnmptmn` y Cih`r _ifgufm Jkefism mnics ni sir

k`cjkmnm m Cih`r Eujk Mnmptmn` ik f`s E`fnik Ef`bis y f`s @sgmr+


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Wfucnè Cjffj`kmjri rigèj 4 @WGMR ik 2??:< jkgfuyikn` Cih`r Eujk

Mnmptmn`& Cih`r Njrigt`r y Cih`r _ifgufm+

Ik 2??: g`cpfit if r`nmhi ni Burk Yp& uk nrmcm s`bri if gmcbj`

gfjctjg` pmrm Lun`s/BBG y Cjss _ittjeriw Fjvis a`r m Nmypr`tme`kjzmnmp`r Armkgis CgN`rcmkn y Mcy Mnmcs $Lun`s/A`gus*+

^tuf`s mktirj`ris jkgfuyik ^di Auff C`kty& su prjcir fmre`citrmhi qui ik

=::1 aui k`cjkmn` m f`s @sgmr p`r Cih`r Eujk Mnmptmn` y Cih`r _ifgufm y tuv` cugd` xjt`+

Mgtumfcikti grim uk sirji ni tifivjsjk pmrm DB@ g`c` pr`nugt`r

ihigutjv`& hukt` m Russiff Gr`wi y Cmrjm Biff & jkspjrmnm ik if fjbr`

"Icireikgy Wix mkn @tdir Nispirmti Cimsuris8 M ^rui Wt`ry Ar`c Diff`k Imrtd&" p`r Likkitd Gmjk& Dijnj _`stfiwmjt y Mknriw ^d`cs`k+ If

pr`yigt` ejrm ik t`rk` m trmbmhmn`ris ik @KEs qui jktiktmk cmktikirsi

guirn`s iktri mtr`gjnmnis& s`finmn y nisi`s prjcmrj`s+ @tr`s pr`yigt`s

jkgfuyik mnmptmgj`kis ni Hùrkiy t` tdi Rjvir Wim pmrm Lun`s Ajfc ! ^Q&

Rèir Nimljks% Umtirfè pmrm BBG> y fm k`vifm ni guft` ^DI RMU

WDMRL ÎT^W pmrm Bfuiprjkt _jgturis/Ajfc >+

Wjc`k si fjgikgj ni Bùrkicùtd Ajfc Wgd``f n`kni pr nuh` Rifimsi

Ci& uk nrmcm ni cinjm d`rm pmrm fm BBG 2 qui emk gjkg` pricj`s ik

aistjvmfis ni gjki jktirkmgj`kmfis+ Nispus djz` uk n`guciktmf ni cinjm

d`rm ffmcmn` Wdmttirin Nrimc& ukm g`pr`nuggjk ni H`dk Emu

_r`nugtj`ks& istrikmnm ik fm BBG 2 ik if prèrmcm >? Cjkutis ik =::7+

CJGDMIF GMRFJK Njsi` ni _r`nuggjk

Cjgdmif Gmrfjk istunj isgufturm ik _irtd y Wynkiy y vjvj g`c`


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pjkt`r mktis ni trmsfmnmrsi m F`knris m ajkmfis ni f`s 4? pmrm

trmbmhmr ik if gjki+

^rmbmh ik pifgufms jknipiknjiktis g`c` fm ni _itir Eriikmwmy If

G`gjkir & if Fmnr`k& su cuhir y su mcmkti< pmrm Rjgdmrn Wtmkfiy ik

Nust Nivjf< y pmrm Jmjk Wàtfiy ik Bmglbimt+

Njsi` fm pr`nuggjk ni mkukgj`s pmrm RWM& Lkuglfidimn& Nmb Dmkn

Cinjm& D`ciG`rp& E`reiùs& ! Wcueefir trmbmhmkn` hukt` m

njrigt`ris g`c` Armkl Buneik& ^`c Gmrty& ^d`cms Fimgd&Gdmrfji

Grmki& Bmrkiy G`lifjss ! Nyfmk Liknfi+

If prjcir trmbmh` ni Cjgdmif g`c` njsimn`r ni pr`nuggjk aui ik

fm pifgufmni Nmvjn Ivmks Aivir _jtgd& mnmptmnm m fm pmktmffm p`r

Kjgl D`rkby y pr`tme`kjzmnm p`r G fjk Ajrtd+ Dm trmbmhmn` ik

kucir`sms pifgufms jkgfuyikn` fm ni Livjk Cmgn`kmfn If ftjc` Riy

ni Isg`gjm< Jk Brueis pmrm A`gus Aimturis y if njrigt`r Cmrtjk

CgN`kmed pr`tme`kjzmnm p`r G`fjk Amrriff y Rmfpd Ajikkis< pmrm

Wmuf Njbb ik Fm Nuquism& pr`tme`kjzmnm p`r Lijrm Lkjedtfiy y Rmfpd

Ajikkis& p`r f` qui Cjgdmif rigjbj ukm k`cjkmgjk mf `sgmr p`rCih`r Njriggjk ni Mrti y ik ^di Imefi& su sieuknm g`fmb`rmgjk g`k

if njrigt`r Livjk Cmgn`kmfn+

HYFJMK NMZ Qisturmrj`

Hufjmk icpiz su gmrrirm istunjmkn` îmtr` ik Bjrcjkedmc

Ykjvirsjty+

Nispus trmbmh` pmrm C`rrjs Mkeifs& ik Mkeifs tdi G`stucjirs

nurmkti uk m` ik if qui si icpiz m jktirismr p`r if vistumrj`+Hufjmk icpiz m njsimr sus pr`pj`s vistumrj`s pmrm Cy Wuccir à

F`vi& Fmst Ris`rt ! G`ktr`f+ Wu istjf` igfgtjg` i jkusumf susgjtm

cugd` jktirs+ Hufjmk ist jktirismn` ik r`pm ni trmbmh` armkgism

vjktmei y r`pm ni gmzm mcirjgmkm+

_MYF ^@RNMZ Mut`r nif fjbr`

_muf ^`rnmy kmgj ik =:>1 y istunj fjtirmturm ik _icbr`li G`ffiei&


29/29

@xa`rn $=:1>#=:15*+ _muf trmbmh ik if gjki nisni f`s 9: gumkn` isgrjbj

su prjcirm k`vifm Fm _isgm nif Wmfc`k ik Zicik& pubfjgmn` ik cs ni 27

jnj`cms y uk bist#siffir+ Nisni ikt`kgis& dm pubfjgmn` ^di Jrrisjstjbfi

Jkdirjtmkgi à Ujfbira`rgi $2??4*&Ejrf @k ^di Fmknjke $2??:*& ^di Wigrit

Fjai à Gdmrfji Wuccirs $2?=?* y C`ri ^dmk Zù Gmk Wmy $2?==*+ Wu

ftjcm k`vifm ^di Fiemgy à Dmrtfip` f Dmff guym pubfjgmgjk ist

privjstm ik k`vjicbri nif 2?==+

_muf ist gmsmn` g`k n`s djh`s ni uk cmtrjc`kj` mktirj`r y n`s djhmstr`s+

Qjvi y trmbmhm ik K`rtducbirfmkn& ik if vmffi ni K`rtd ^yki+ Is

majgj`kmn` m fm pisgm+

La pesca de salmón en Yemen (Salmon Fishing in the Yemen)

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Transcript of La pesca de salmón en Yemen (Salmon Fishing in the Yemen)