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La geosfera · 2020. 3. 12. · Title: La geosfera Author: david Created Date: 9/18/2019 11:43:33...
Transcript of La geosfera · 2020. 3. 12. · Title: La geosfera Author: david Created Date: 9/18/2019 11:43:33...
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La geosfera
THE GEOSPHERE
Biology and Geology 1º ESO
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La geosfera
The origin of the Earth
Accrecion ofplanetesimals
Densitydifferentiation
Biology and Geology 1.º ESO 2
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Layers of the geosphereCRUST
Continental crust
• More than 1 billion years old.
• Between 10 y 70 km thick.
• Granite, clay and slate.
Oceanic crust
• 200 millions years old.
• Between 6 y 10 km thick.
• Basaltic rock.
MANTLE: Peridot
Upper mantle
• Up to 670 kmLower mantle
• Up to 2900 km.
CORE: Iron and nickel.
Outer core
• Up to 5120 km.Inner core
• Up to 6370 km.
Mohorovicicdiscontinuity
Repettidiscontinuity
Gutenbergdiscontinuity
Lehmanndiscontinuity
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Biology and Geology 1.º ESO
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La geosferaMINERALS
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Rocks and minerals form part of the Earth´s crust. Minerals have somecharacteristics:
•Solid substances.
•Inorganic.
•Natural.
•Definite chemical composition.
•Crystalline structure.
Biology and Geology 1.º ESO
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La geosferaPhysical properties of minerals.
Optical propertiesRelate to how a mineral reacts to light.
Habit
• Some minerals have very characteristics shapes that reflect their crystalline structures.
Colour
• Characteristic colour.
Streak
• The colour of the powder produced when a mineral is scratched.
Lustre
• Describes how the mineral reflects light.
Glassy.
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Metalic Pearly.Diamond-like. Dull.
Biology and Geology 1.º ESO
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La geosfera
Hardness•Describes a mineral´sresistance to scratching.
Cleavage•Related to the way a mineral breaks (flat surfacesmaintaining crystallinestructure).
Tenacity•Describes how easily a mineral breaks.
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Physical properties of minerals:Mechanical properties
How a mineral behaves when a force is applied to its surface
Hardness Mineral Characteristics
1 Talco (Talc) Soft minerals, because theycan be scratched by anothermineral.2
Gypsum(Yeso)
3 CalciteSoft minerals that canbe scratched by the point ofa knife.
4 Fluorite
5 Apatite
6Orthoclase(Ortosa)
Hard minerals7
Quartz(cuarzo)
8Topaz(Topacio) Very hard, cannot be
scratched by any othermineral.
9Corundum(Corindón)
10 Diamond
Biology and Geology 1.º ESO
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La geosfera
Physical properties of minerals:Magnetic properties
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• Some minerals, such as magnetite, behave like a magnet. Theyattract objects that contain iron or nickel.
Other properties of materials
Transparency
• Describes how a mineral reacts to light (transparent- translucent-opaque).
Density
• Relation between mass and volumeof a mineral.
ρ= m / V
Biology and Geology 1.º ESO
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La geosfera
Metal ores Raw materials forindustry
• Uraninite: uraniumused as fuel in nuclear powerstations
• Quartz: manufacturing glass, computercomponents, solar panels.
• Gypsum:manufacturingplaster, alabaster, fertilisers o explosives.
The importance of minerals
Gems y preciousstones
Emerald.
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Shapphire.
Ruby.
Diamond.
Ore Metal
Bauxite Aluminium
Blende Zinc
Chalcopyrite Copper
Cassiterite Tin
Cinnabar Mercury
Galena Lead
Hematite Iron
Biology and Geology 1.º ESO
These are mineralsthat metals are extract from.
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La geosferaRocks
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Rocks, like minerals, have properties that allow us to identify them, forexample:
•Composition of the rock refers to the minerals that make up the rock: homogeneous y heterogeneous.
•Texture refers to the size and arrangement of the minerals in the rock.
Types of rocks:
•Igneous: these originate when magma from the Earth´s interior cools and solidifies.
•Sedimentary: sedimentary rocks form when sediments consolidate.
•Metamorphic: Formed by the transformation of other rocks subjected to highpressure conditions and/or temperatures, without reaching a melting state.
Biology and Geology 1.º ESO
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La geosferaIgneous rocks
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Volcanic igneous rocks Plutonic igneous rocks
Extrusiverocks. Intrusive rocks.
Magma rises and leaves theEarth´s crust as lava.
Magma cools slowly inside theEarth´s crust.
Lava cools quickly. They had more time to form.
No mineral crystals. Mineral crystals are easily visible.
Examples: obsidian, pumice and basalt.
Examples: granite, syenite and gabbro.
Biology and Geology 1.º ESO
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La geosferaSedimentary rocks
Diagenesis or lithification
The sediments transform into
sedimentary rocks
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Detritalsedimentary rocks
Non-detritalsedimentary rocks
They are made up of other rocks.
They are made up ofsediments fromskeletons of marine life, mineral salts or alsofrom remains of livings things that have notdescomposed.
Examples: conglomerates,
sandstone and clay.
Examples: limestone, gypsum, coal y
petroleum.
Classification: we can distinguish varioustypes:
Biology and Geology 1.º ESO
water
Sediments
Sedimentary rocks
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La geosfera
Metamorphic rocks
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• Classification:
Foliated metamorphic rocks Non-foliated metamorphic rocks
The minerals are arranged to formparallel layers.
The minerals are not arrangedin layers.
Examples: slate, schist, gneiss, migmatite.
Examples: marble, quartzite
Biology and Geology 1.º ESO
High temperatures and pressure cause changes in the minerals that compose a rock and a new rock forms , without reaching a melting state.
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La geosfera
The rock cycleThe rock cycle is a series processes that a rock goes through to transforminto another type of rock.
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Partiallymelted rock
Metamorphic rock
Magma
Sedimentary rock
Weathering
fusion
Sediments
Plutonicigneousrock
fusion
Volcanicigneousrock
Metamorphism
Lhitification
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La geosfera
The use of rocks
Biología y Geología 1.º ESO 14
Building materials•Cement, concrete, ceramics and glass.
Ornamental rocks:•Marble, granite, slate are often used in decoration.
Source of fossil fuel•Coal and fuel are used because they produce a lot of energy when burnt.
Source of minerals for technological use:•Quartz are a source of silicon to make computer processors, photovoltaic solar panels. Aluminium is used to make planes, soft drink cans or kitchen utensils.
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La geosfera
The extraction of rocks and minerals
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Deposit is the place where minerals are found in sufficient quantity to makeextraction economically beneficial.
To locate a deposit, drill holes are made.
Superficial extractions:
•Opencast mines•Quarries•Gravel pits
Subterranean extractions:
•Underground mines (tunnels and galleries)