Kromosom Dan Asam Nukleat

8/19/2019 Kromosom Dan Asam Nukleat

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Dogma SentralDogma Sentral

Biologi Molekuler Biologi Molekuler Riandini AisyahRiandini Aisyah

20092009


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HistoryHistory

In 1944 Osald A!ery "ro!es D#A is theIn 1944 Osald A!ery "ro!es D#A is the

geneti$ material% and his &indings eregeneti$ material% and his &indings ere

$on&irmed in 19'2 (y Hershey and )hase*$on&irmed in 19'2 (y Hershey and )hase*


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In 1953, DNA

(deoxyribonucleic acid) was

discovered as a double helix

structure by Watson and

ric! usin" data collected

by #osalind $ran!lin%


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19+1 Marshall #iren(erg and $olleagues de$i"her the geneti$ $ode19+1 Marshall #iren(erg and $olleagues de$i"her the geneti$ $ode

,eneti$ $ode is a tri"let $ode% ith ea$h $odon $onsisting o&,eneti$ $ode is a tri"let $ode% ith ea$h $odon $onsisting o&three nu$leotide (ases*three nu$leotide (ases*

)ode -ro"erties)ode -ro"erties.ni!ersal.ni!ersal

DegenerateDegenerate

.nam(iguous.nam(iguous)ontains start and sto" signals)ontains start and sto" signals

)ommon Origin o& /i&e)ommon Origin o& /i&e


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190 Ameri$an mi$ro(iologist% Daniel190 Ameri$an mi$ro(iologist% Daniel#athans% dis$o!ers &irst restri$tion enyme#athans% dis$o!ers &irst restri$tion enyme

hi$h $an $ut s"e$i&i$ally $ut D#A at ahi$h $an $ut s"e$i&i$ally $ut D#A at as"e$i&i$ re$ognition site*s"e$i&i$ re$ognition site*

http://copland.udel.edu/~jpeiff/dna_cut.jpg


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entral Do"&a'ene

#NA

(rotein

)ranscri*tion

)ranslation

'eno&e

)ranscri*to&e

(roteo&e


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Information Only Goes One WayInformation Only Goes One Way

he $entral dogma states that on$e 3he $entral dogma states that on$e 3 in&ormationin&ormation hashas"assed into "rotein it $annot get out again*"assed into "rotein it $annot get out again*

he trans&er o& in&ormation &romhe trans&er o& in&ormation &rom nu$lei$ a$id to nu$lei$nu$lei$ a$id to nu$lei$

a$id% or &rom nu$lei$ a$id to "roteina$id% or &rom nu$lei$ a$id to "rotein% may (e "ossi(le% (ut% may (e "ossi(le% (uttrans&er &rom "rotein to "rotein% or &rom "rotein to nu$lei$trans&er &rom "rotein to "rotein% or &rom "rotein to nu$lei$a$id% is im"ossi(le*a$id% is im"ossi(le*

In&ormation means here the "re$ise determination o&In&ormation means here the "re$ise determination o&

se5uen$e% either o& (ases in the nu$lei$ a$id or o& aminose5uen$e% either o& (ases in the nu$lei$ a$id or o& aminoa$id residues in the "rotein*a$id residues in the "rotein*

6ran$is )ri$k% 19'76ran$is )ri$k% 19'7


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HUMAN GENOME = totalHUMAN GENOME = total

genetic informationgenetic information NUCLEAR GENOMENUCLEAR GENOME

* 23 pairs of chromosomes* 23 pairs of chromosomes ≈≈2 X ( 3 X2 X ( 3 X

101099 bp!bp! ≈≈ 2 me"ers #NA $ Ce%%2 me"ers #NA $ Ce%%

* 2 X ( 3 X 10* 2 X ( 3 X 101212 ! me"ers #NA i& h'ma&! me"ers #NA i& h'ma&

bo)bo) ≈≈ +000 X (ear"h "o moo&!+000 X (ear"h "o moo&!

M,-OC.ON#R,AL GENOMEM,-OC.ON#R,AL GENOME


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Human 4 x 10

!! autosom yang "er"e#a

! sex $romosom

Masing2 single linier D#A

E%&oli 4%' x 10( 1 &)romosom

40 8 '0 loo" su"erkoil


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Human genome= total geneticHuman genome= total genetic

informationinformation&ontain *%10&ontain *%10 nucleoti#es +",-.nucleoti#es +",-.

organi/e# as !4 c)romosomesorgani/e# as !4 c)romosomes

to co,iesto co,ies

Eac) NA mol2 contain aEac) NA mol2 contain a centromerecentromere..

to telomeresto telomeres an#an# re,lication originsre,lication origins

&entromeres ser3e to )ol# t)e to&entromeres ser3e to )ol# t)e toco,ies an# attac) 3ia $inetoc)oreco,ies an# attac) 3ia $inetoc)ore


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Nucleoti#es2 A 5 G &

6ugar2 e oxy ri"ose 7i"ose

8)os,)ate


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657U&5U7E 2

NA97NA E O:; 7I


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NA

can "e renature# an# #enature#

#enature# 2 "oils tem,erature

extreme of 8H +8H > *

8H ? 10- renature# 2 (@0&


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A segment o& D#A &ound on a $hromosome that $odes

&or a "arti$ular "roteins a unit o& heredity

/"r'c"'ra%%)+ a basic '&i" of herei"ar) ma"eria% a&/"r'c"'ra%%)+ a basic '&i" of herei"ar) ma"eria% a&

orere se'e&ce of &'c%eo"ie bases "ha" e&coes aorere se'e&ce of &'c%eo"ie bases "ha" e&coes a

pro'c" ("his pro'c" co'% be 's" RNA %ie rRNA orpro'c" ("his pro'c" co'% be 's" RNA %ie rRNA or

4&a%%) coi&5 for a pro"ei&!4&a%%) coi&5 for a pro"ei&!


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Each gene produces an RNA moleculeEach gene produces an RNA molecule

5)e ,rimary fuction of t)e genome25)e ,rimary fuction of t)e genome2 to s,ecify 7NAto s,ecify 7NA

molmol

5)e ex,ression is regulate#5)e ex,ression is regulate# ,rot% "in# to t)e NA,rot% "in# to t)e NA

in regulatory regions to #etermine )et)er a gene isin regulatory regions to #etermine )et)er a gene is

transcri"e#transcri"e#

co#ing an# co#ing seBuences= exon an# intronco#ing an# co#ing seBuences= exon an# intron

One gene one ,rotein

NA 7NA 8rotein

+&entral ogma-


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7NA m 7NA

t 7NA

r 7NA

Cungsi 7NA

m 7NA transfer information from genes to,rotein synt)esi/ing mac)ine

t 7NA carries acti3ate# a%a for ,rotein

synt)etis

r 7NA ,rotein synt)esis


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GENOME 2Mus musulus 2 mammalia *%10 ", NAHomo sa,iens *%@ 10 ",

GEN +NA- ANAD;6I6

7CD8 = 7E657I&5ION C7AGMEN5

DENG5H 8OD; MO78HI6M8CGE = 8UD6E CIED GED EDE&57O

8O7E6I68&7 = 8OD;ME7A6E &HAIN

7EA&5IONH;


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NA 9 Genes

existence

multico,y

rearrangement

mutation

structural 9 seBuence c)anges


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7NA 2

gene ex,ression

le3el of ex,ression

#egra#ation time

gene function


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