GENETIC MATERIAL I - Universitas Brawijaya · GENETIC MATERIAL I: ... Genetic Material Trasmission:...
Transcript of GENETIC MATERIAL I - Universitas Brawijaya · GENETIC MATERIAL I: ... Genetic Material Trasmission:...
GENETIC MATERIAL I:((Chromosome)
Basic Knowledges:Cells
Chromosome
Gen
Normal and Abnormal Chromosome/Gen
Kariotyping
Sex Chromosome
Interspecies Breeding/Mating::
Duck-Goose: TIKTOK
Domba -Kambing
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Tell me what I am ?????
1. By the beginning of the 20th century,
cytologists had observed :
chromosome number is constant in all
cells of a species, but varies widely
between species.
2. Sutton and Boveri (1902)
independently realized the parallel
between Mendelian inheritance and
chromosome transmission, and
proposed the chromosome theory
of inheritance: that Mendelian factors
(genes) are located on chromosomes.GTC-2013 Klh-2 KLAS FASTRAK
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30
60
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30
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30 60
sperm
mother
cell
ovum
mother
cell
sperms produced
by meiosis
fertilizationzygote
ova produced by meiosis
but only one develops to
maturity
ROLE: SPERM AND OOCYTES
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23 unpaired
chromosomes23 unpaired
chromosomes
23 unpaired
chromosomes23 unpaired
chromosomes
Fertilisation
Child
Father
23 pairs of
chromosomes
Sex cells
Meiosis
Mother
23 pairs of
chromosomes
23 pairs of
chromosomes
Genetic Material Trasmission: Meiosis and fertilisation
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Theory of Inheritance: Chromosome
• Inherited traits are controlled by genes that reside in
chromosomes
• Chromosomes are transmitted by gametes to offspring
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Cytogenetics: Cells and chrom arrangement
• Study of chromosomes
• In early 19th century used light
microscopy
• Used to prepare karyotypes:
arrangement of an organisms
chromosomes in homologous
pairs
• Today, use high-resolution
electron microscopy to see the
genes directly GTC-2013 Klh-2 KLAS FASTRAK
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CHROMOSOME IDENTIFICATION
Chromosomes can be identified by:
• Their size: Ukuran
• Their shape (the position of the
centromere) : Bentuk
NB Chromosomes are flexible
• Banding patterns produced by
specific stains (Giemsa) :Pita?pola
Chromosomes are analysed by
organising them into a
KARYOTYPE
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RESULTS OF
KARYOTIOPING: Metode:
Disusun besar- kecil
Besar,bentuk, homolog
Urutan:
Besar—kecil
Besar dan kesamaan
bentuk
Letak/bentuk
acak
Jumlah dapat
dihitung
Manfaat 2 : Penentuan Sex
Manfaat 1:
Penentuan normal-abnormal
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Animals are selected based on structural &
numerical variations
Eg. Structural and Numerical Variations
Structural- Deletions, Insertions etc.
Numerical- Trisomy, Monosomy, Nullysomy
Disadvantage: low polymorphismGTC-2013 Klh-2 KLAS FASTRAK
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Chromosome Abnormality:
•Muncul dr kesalahan kromosom melakukan replikasi,
saat terjadinya fertilisasi/pembelahan
•Kontribusi terhadap performans reproduksi/kematian embrio
Euploidi: multiplikasi
bilangan dasarMoniploid: N kromosom
Triploid : 3N (N+2N)
Tertaploid : 4N, penggadaan
somatik krn, indukdsi kimia
Atau 2N+2N (tanpa reduksi)
Poliploid: pd tumbuhan gandum
(6N) arbei (8N)
Chromosome Number Variation
Aeuploidi: Tidak melibatkan
semua set krom/hanya bagian
krom.
Monosomik: 2N-1. mortalitas tingi :
memecah (N) =(N+1)
Trisomik: 2N+1, memecah (N+1) =(N)
Tetrasonik: (2N+2)
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STRUCTURAL CROMOSOME VARIATION
Translokasi: krom putus, lengket, bergabung kombinasi
krom non homolog
Resiprok: dua krom non homolog patah di dua segmen diikuti
dengan pertukaran
Fusi sentris: salah satu sentromer krom akrosentris fusi menghasilkan
kromosom metasentris, julah kromosom berkurang satu,
f enotip normal ( beda dengan monosomik,)
Inversi: tjd pemutusan, disisipka kembali terbalik: (1,2,3,4,5,6)
Menjadi (1,2,5,4,3,6) atau A.B.C.D.E.F.G -A.B.C.E.D.F.G
Delesi: kehilangan satu segmen krom ( A>B>C>D>E>F>G --- ABCFG
Duplikasi: Segmen-segmen tambahan, tidak merugukan, malahan
melengkapi dapat bermutasi dalam bentuk baru
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GENETIC MATERIAL .II :DNA-Chromosome Structure:
Size :
•diameter 0.2 – 2 um
•Panjang: 0,2 – 50 um
?M = MOTHER
F = Father (1)
F2 = Father (2)
C = Children
PATERNITY TEST
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Kromosom terletak didalam inti sel berbentuk serabut yang disebut benang kromatin.
Setiap kromosom mengandung rantai DNA.
Potongan pendek DNA disebut gen.
Gen inilah yang membawa sifat keturunan
Setiap gen menempati tempattertentu didalam kromosom yang disebut lokus gen
Gen and Chromosome
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DNA memiliki beberapa fungsi
yaitu :
a) Sebagai pembawa informasi genetik dari satu generasi ke generasi lainnya
b) Mengontrol aktifitas dalam sel, baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung
c) Menentukan proses pembentukan protein (sintesis protein)
d) Membentuk RNA
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PROSES ISOLASI DNA
Secara Umum:
(1).Kromosom dikeluarkan dari nukleus
(2). Inti Sel (nukleus) t.a. DNA,
PROTEIN(histone), RNA
(Bahan utama pembentuk kromosom)
ditambahkan RNA ase -------- DNA + Protein
(3). DNA + Protein -------------- DNA saja
(enzim proteinase)GTC-2013 Klh-2 KLAS FASTRAK
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Kromosom ta: protein dan asam nukleat
Asam nukleat ta unit2 nukleotida
Nukleutida ta: 3 mcm molekul utama
(1).gula : a. Deoxy (DNA)
b. Ribose (RNA)
(2). Gusus Phosphat
(3). BASA NITROGEN
Cat: 1 dan 2 identik pd semua sel؛
3 berbeda antar sel
؛ ؛
(3). BASA NITROGEN :
Purine : Adenin (A); Guanin (G).
Pyrimidine : (Cystine (C) ; Uracyl
(U) dan Thymin (T):]
DNA : C.T
RNA : C.U
Pasangan : A-T; C-G
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A probe is a
piece of
complementary
DNA of known
sequence,
labeled with
radioactivity so it
can be detected
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RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
Animal and Nutrition
DR. Gatot Ciptadi
DNA
Fingerprinting
Real World
Applications
•
• Crime scene
• Human relatedness
• Paternity
• Animal relatedness
• Anthropology studies
• Disease-causing organisms
• Food identification
• Human remains
• Animals Genetic: Early Selection
• Monitoring transplants
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Definition of recombinant DNA technology
A series of procedures used to recombine DNA
segments.. Under certain conditions, a
recombinant DNA molecule can enter a cell and
replicate.
Basic principle of recombinant DNA tech.
The DNA is inserted into another DNA moleculecalled ‘vectorThe recombinant vector is then introduced into ahost cell where it replicates itself, the gene is thenproduced
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