krN-4 Yi[ms hiD)< an[ c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> simi(jk...

p\krN-4 Yi[ms hiD)< an[ c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> simi(jk p(rv[S 1. g\imjni[n) ai(Y<k (AY(t :

{a} Yi[ms hiD)<n) nvlkYiai[mi> g\imjni[n) ai(Y<k (AY(t

{b} c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> g\imjni[n) ai(Y<k (AY(t

2. simi(jk s>GP< :

{a} Yi[ms hiD)<n) nvlkYiai[mi> simi(jk s>GP<

{b} c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> simi(jk s>GP<

3. simi(jk B[dBiv :

{a} Yi[ms hiD)<n) nvlkYiai[mi> simi(jk B[dBiv

{b} c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> simi(jk B[dBiv

4. diÀpRy Jvn an[ an](tk s>b>Fi[ :

{a}Yi[ms hiD)<n) nvlkYiai[mi> diÀpRy Jvn an[ an](tk s>b>Fi[

{b}c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> diÀpRy Jvn an[ an](tk s>b>Fi[

5. simi(jk m*Ãyi[mi> p(rvt<n :

{a}Yi[ms hiD)<n) nvlkYiai[mi> simi(jk m*Ãyi[mi> p(rvt<n

{b} c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> simi(jk m*Ãyi[mi> p(rvt<n

6. g\imjni[ :

{a}Yi[ms hiD)<n) nvlkYiai[mi> g\imjni[

{b} c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi g\imjni[

227

si(hRy jgtmi> ‘ni[v[l’ aºy si(hRyni> an&s>Finmi> p\miNmi> nv&> si(hRy Av$p

C[.aim Cti> ai si(hRy Av$p t[ni ud`Bv smyY) j aºy si(hRy Av$pi[ krti> aigv&>

tr) aiv[ C[.17m) sd)ni E>³l[>Dmi> a[n&> C*T&>Cviy&> lKiN ji[vi mL[ C[.18m) sd)mi> a[ni

uRpidnmi> ni[>Fpi#i vFiri[ ji[vi mL[ C[ an[ 19m) sd)mi> ti[ ni[v[l li[k(p\y mni[r>jnn&>

m*LB*t mi¹ym bn) rh[vi pim[ C[.

e>³l[>Dmi> 'a[(lzib[Yn (lTr[cr" ni[v[lni ud`Bv an[ (vkis miT[ mh_vn) p*v<B*(mki

p*r) piD[ C[.ai smy dr(myin a[ni[ bhi[Li[ f[livi[ Yyi[ n hi[vi Cti>, ai si(hRy Av$p

asimiºy ti[ n j ht&>. ain&> u_im udihrN sr (fl)p (sDn)n) 'aik<D)yi" j[ e.s.

1580mi> p\gT Ye ht) a[n&> aip) Skiy. ni[v[lni ud`Bv miT[ aºy jvibdir p(rbL

tr)k[ a[ smyni si]Y) li[k(p\y si(hRyAv$p niTki[n[ pN gN) Skiy. aif\ib[n a[ a>g[J

si(hRyni p\Ym Äyvsi(yk nvlkYikir C[ j[ ni[v[lni p\kiSn oiri pi[tin&> g&jrin clivti

hti. t[ai[ f\[>c j[vi y&ri[(pyn si(hRymi>Y) (vPysimg\) upiDti an[ a[n[ pi[tin)

nvlkYiai[mi> K*b j 's[ºs[Æni(lAT)k" bniv) rj* krti>.a[mni smki(ln jhi[n bºyn

hti j[N[ si]p\Ymvir pi[tin) kZ(t ' F (plg\)ms p\ig\[s" mi> ¼li[T, pi#i[i, vN<n an[ s>vidn)

prApr p*(t< kr). aipN[ aigL ji[y&> a[ m&jb a[mN[ nvlkYin[ viAt(vk bniv) a[mN[

kYink bieblmi>Y) l)F&> hi[vi Cti>, a[mi> aivti pi#ii[ an[ p(r(AY(tn&> viAt(vk (n$pN

ky<&>. 17m) sd)ni b)ji Bigmi> nvlkYi si(hRy Av$pn) aºy an[k lix(Nktiai[ni[

(vkis Yyi[. li[ki[a[ aif\ib[n j[vi> nvlkYikirn) 'Sensationalistic Novels"ni[ aAv)kir

kyi[< an[ bºynni 'Realism"ni[ Av)kir kyi[<. p(rNim[ D)fi[, (fÃD)>g an[ r)ciD<sn j[vi

nvlkYikiri[a[ pi[tin) kZ(tmi> kiÃp(nk kYivAt&n[ bdl[ viAt(vk, simi(jk p(r(AY(tn&>

(n$pN krvin) S$ait kr). tRki(ln (vv[cki[a[ pN e(this, aiRmkYi an[ Fi(m<k

228

lKiNi[ mi> ji[vi mLti ai p\kirni viAt(vk simi(jk p(r(AY(tni nvlkYimi> (n$pN upr

pN pi[tin) m>j*r)n) mhi[r mir).

nvlkYimi> aiv[li ai p\kirni> vLi>k miT[ aºy jvibdir p(rbL '(p\ºT)>g p\[s"

an[ a[n) T[kni[[li[Jmi> aiv[li[ s&Firi[ hti[.a[ ph[li> nvlkYin&> vicn smijni BWvg<mi> j

p\c(lt ht&> an[ a[ni vicki[n) s>²yi (sm)t ht). pr>t& (p\ºT)>g p\[sn[ l)F[ vF&n[ vF& nkli[

Cpivi lig). p(rNim[ p&Atk sAt&> bºy&>.a[ni vicki[mi> vFiri[ Yyi[ an[ smijni[ simiºy vg<

pN nvlkYin[ vi>cvi li³yi[. 'Target Readers" mi> hv[ kir)gr vg< an[ smijni m¹ym

vg<ni A#i)-p&r&Pi[ni[ smiv[S Yyi[. l[Kki[a[ pN hv[ ai~yditi upr aiFir n riKti

pi[tini p&Atkni bhi[Li v[ciN oiri Avt>#i r)t[ pi[tin) ai(Y<k aivk UB) kr).'Target

Readers" bdliti nvlkYini (vPyi[, pi#i[i an[ p(r(AY(tai[ pN bdliyi. nvlkYi hv[

ai]wi[(gkrNn[ l)F[ bdlit) jt) simi(jk, ai(Y<k, rijn](tk p(r(AY(t an[ a[n) smijni

td`n simiºy minv) pr Yt) asri[ upr k[ºW)t Ye. nvlkYiai[mi> hv[ kirKiniai[mi> kim

krti[ kir)gr vg<, KiNi[mi> kim krti[ mj*r vg<, an[ K[tri[mi> kim krti g\iÀysmijn&>

(n$pN Yvi li³y&>. aivi a(tpCit an[ C[viDi>ni smijn) JvnS]l), a[mn) simi(jk

smAyiai[, p(r(AY(tai[ an[ p\Åni[a[ nvlkYini (vPyi[ tr)k[ AYin l)F&>. an[ a[ r)t[ ji[ti

nvlkYini mh_vni a>g tr)k[ simi(jk p(rv[Sni[ a¿yis a(nviy< bn) rh[ C[. si(hRymi>

smijni (n$pN a>g[ p\d)p rivL lK[ C[ :

''smij, Xi(t, Fm<, vg<, AYL an[ Äyvsiy ai(dmi> sim*(hk r)t[ s>kLiy[l)

Äy(ktai[ni[ bn[li[ C[.smij a[Tl[ Äy(kt an[ Äy(kt a[Tl[ smij. b>n[ (skkin) b[ bij&ai[

C[. (vVni[ ki[epN sj<k pN Äy(kt C[.a[Tl[ k[ a[ pN smijni[ a[k a>S C[ an[ a[Y) j

ki[epN sj<kni sj<nmi> y[nk[n p\kir[N smij aivvini[ j. smij (vnini si(hRyn) kÃpni

229

j n Ye Sk[. aim Cti> j[ t[ sj<nmi> smij k[v) r)t[ aYvi k[vi[ aiv[ C[; a[ sj<kn)

p\(tBi, t[ni> a¿yis (nr)xN an[ t[n) a(Br&c) upr (nB<r rh[ C[.""1

Yi[ms hiD)< pi[tin) nvlkYiai[mi> 19m) sd)ni 'wessex" ni g\iÀysmijn) (AY(t

an[ smAyiai[, a[mni simi(jk s>b>Fi[n[ vici aip[ C[, ti[ c&n)lil m(Dyi Avit>#yi[_ir

g&jritni pi[tini p\d[S ‘si]riOT^’ni g\iÀysmijn&> (n$pN pi[tin) nvlkYiai[mi> kr[ C[.ai

b>n[ nvlkYikiri[n) kZ(tai[mi> (n$p)t g\iÀysmij p\FinpN[ kZ(P upr aiFi(rt C[. kZ(P

a[mn) aivkn[ a(n(Vt bniv[ C[. l³n, jºm, mrN j[vi p\s>gi[a[ t[ai[ ai(Y<k B)>s

an&Bv[ C[.a[mn) gr)bie a[mn) aiSi-aiki>xiai[n) p(rp*N<tin) aiD[ aiv[ C[. jy&Dn)

mh_vki>xi C[, 'Aki[lr" bnvin), pr>t& a[n) sim[ si]Y) (vkT smAyi C[ Jvn (nvi<hn).

'gr)bi[n&> ns)b pN gr)b j" a[ u(kt m&jb g\imjni[n) nbL) ai(Y<k (AY(t pN a[mni

d&Bi<³y miT[ jvibdir si(bt Yiy C[.T[s a[ni aÃpiy&Oymi> j[ kq)Nieai[ni[ simni[ kr[ C[

a[ni miT[ ji[ ki[e di[(Pt hi[y ti[ a[ C[ a[ni k&T&>bn) ai(Y<k (AY(t. j$r) $(pyini> aBiv[

gi[br s>t&n&> aiN&> kr) Skti[ nY). aim simiºy r)t[ g\iÀy smij gr)b)mi> sbL[ C[ an[

a[mn) gr)bie a[mni n](tk an[ simi(jk m*Ãyi[n[ asr kr[ C[. t[Y) ai p\krNmi> aipN[

g\imjni[n) ai(Y<k (AY(t, t[ai[ni[ simi(jk s>GP<, simi(jk B[dBiv, t[ai[n&> diÀpRy Jvn

an[ an](tk s>b>Fi[ vg[r[ pisi>ai[n[ g\iÀy p(rv[Sni s>dB<mi> m*lvvini[ p\yRn kr)S&>.

1. g\imjni[n) ai(Y<k (AY(t

{a} Yi[ms hiD)<n) nvlkYiai[mi> g\imjni[n) ai(Y<k (AY(t

T[s D"ab<r(vÃsni k&T&>bn) Ci[kr) C[. ai a[k a[v&> k&T&>b C[ j[n&> F)m[ F)m[ ptn Ye

rH&> C[ an[ t[ l&¼t Yvin) aN) upr C[. t[ai[a[ pi[tin) simi(jk ai[LK g&miv) d)F) C[

230

an[ a[mn) aTk pN 'Db)<(fÃD" Ye ge C[. t[ai[ ai Frt) pr a[k e>c pN pi[tin)

mi(lk)n) jm)n Frivti nY). t[ai[ pis[ mi#i a[k Gi[Di[ C[ j[ k&T&>bn&> BrNpi[PN kr[ C[.

ti[ b)J bij& a[l[k D"ab<r(vÃs F>Fimi> niNi> kmiyi[ C[ an[ GN) bF) s>p(_ini[

mi(lk C[.a[n) pis[ bF&> j C[-p]si, p\i[pT)< an[ simi(jk mi[Bi[. jyir[ Db)<(fÃD pi[t[ k&T&>bni

virsi[ C[ t[ pN B*l) gyi C[. t[ai[ gr)b C[. t[ai[ pis[ nY) p]si k[ ki[e (mlkt. jyir[

T[sni mi-bipn[ Kbr pD[ C[ k[ t[ai[ m*LB*t r)t[ D"ab<r(vÃs j[vi uμc k&T&>bni v>Sji[ C[

Ryir[ t[ai[mi> pi[tin&> simi(jk an[ ai(Y<k Atr U>c&> livvin) aiki>xi jºm[ C[, an[ ai kiy<

t[ai[ pi[tin) s&>dr p&#i) T[sni shkir vgr kr) Sk[ a[m nY). mi#i T[s j t[mn[ miT[ h&kmn>&

p_i&> C[.

pi[t[ mhin k&T&>bni virsi[ C[ a[ bibtn) jiN Yti> di$D)yi[ jhi[n Db)<(fÃD di$ni

p)qimi> vF& di$ p)vi miT[ di[D) jiy C[ an[ vF& pDti di$ni> s[vnn[ l)F[ t[ hiTmi> mFp*Di

v[cvi je Skti[ nY).a[ kiy<n) jvibdir) T[s upr aiv) pD[ C[. T[s pi[tini nini Bie

siY[ Gi[DigiD)mi> mil Br) t[n[ h>kir) jiy C[. aim ti[ t[ th[virni> (dvsi[ hi[y C[ pr>t&,

Db)<(fÃD j[vi k&T&>bi[a[ pi[tini p[Tni[ KiDi[ p*rvi miT[ dr[k (dvs[ kim krv&> pDt&> hi[y C[. T[s

aigli (dvsn) ujvN)ni[ Yik an&Bvt) hi[y C[ an[ t[Y) t[n[ U>G aiv) jiy C[.a[

dr(myin a[n) Gi[DigiD) sim[Y) aivti aºy vihn siY[ aYDiy C[.a[ akAmitmi> a[mni

Gi[Din&> mZRy& Yiy C[.Gi[Dini mZRy&n[ l)F[ a[mni k&T&>bmi> ai(Y<k kTi[kT) sji<y C[ an[ t[ai[n&>

smijni m¹ym vg<mi>Y) mj*rvg<mi> $pi>tr Yiy C[. T[sni mi-bip oiri a[ni upr T^ºT^)j

jvi miT[ dbiN krvimi> aiv[ C[. jyir[ T[s Ryi> jvi t]yir Yiy C[ Ryir[ t[ pi[tini mj*r)ni

kiy<n[ an&$p sidi> kpDi> ph[r[ C[, pr>t& a[n) miti a[n[ aikP<k vA#ii[ ph[rvini[ aig\h kr[

C[ Ryir[ T[s kh[ C[ :

231

''Do what you like with me, mother.""2

aim, gr)b)n[ l)F[ j T[s j[v) kºyiai[a[ a[l[k j[vi nb)ri>ai[ oiri Yti Si[PNni[

sim[Y) (Skir bnv&> pD[ C[.pi[tini k&T&>bn) gr)b) a[n[ D[r)mi> an[ Ryirbid K[tri[mi> aRy>t

(vPm p(r(AY(tmi> kim krvi mjb*r kr[ C[.pi[tini (ptini mZRy& bid t[ai[a[ pi[tin&> z*>pD&>

Kil) krv&> pD[ C[ an[ t[ai[n&> k&T&>b rAti upr aiv) jiy C[. a>t[ a(nμCia[ pN ai(Y<k

dbiNn[ vS a[l[k j[N[ a[ni upr bLiRkir g&jiyi[< hi[y C[ a[ni[ fr) aiSri[ l[vi[ pD[

C[.aim, pi[t[ a[k gr)b an[ s&>dr kºyi C[ an[ t[Y) j a[N[ pi[tini Jvnmi> jit)y Si[PN,

l³n, Rykti, rKit an[ a>t[ K*n j[vi aFm kxini tbÊiai[mi>Y) psir Yv&> pD[ C[.

'fir f\i[m F m[D)>g k\iuD"ni kYiniyk ai[k[ pi[tini G[Ti>ai[n) d[Kr[K miT[ b[ Åvin

piÇyi hi[y C[.a[mini[ mi[Ti[ k*tri[ jyi[j< pi[tini kiy<mi> an&Bv) hi[y C[ an[ pi[tini

mi(lkni AvBivY) s&p(r(ct C[. jyir[ nini[ k*tri[ hj& b)nan&Bv) an[ b)nkiy<xm C[.

a[n[ pi[tini kiy<n) s>p*N< jiNkir) hi[t) nY). a[k ri#i[ ai[k pi[tini rh[qiN[ piCi[ fr[ C[

an[ G[Ti>ai[n[ svir s&F) Cipri>mi> ri[k) riKvi miT[ pi[tini k*tri>ai[n[ bi[liv[ C[. a[n) b*m

si>BL) mi#i jyi[j< j Ryi> hijr Yiy C[ jyir[ nini[ k*tri[ kyi>y d[Kiti[ nY). ai[k[ (vciy&<> k[

t[ kyi>k mr[l&> G[T&> Kiti[ hS[. t[Y) t[ a>dr je s*e jiy C[.

vh[l) svir[ ai[k di[Dti G[Ti>ai[n) G>TD)ni[ avij si>BL[ C[. t[ pi[tini an&Bvn[

aiFir[ trt j smJ jiy C[ k[ ki>e aj&gt&> bºy&> C[. t[ pi[tin) pYir)mi>Y) sfiLi[ Uq)

jiy C[ an[ a[k si>kD) k[D) upr K*b zDp[ di[Dvi lig[ C[ an[ a[k T[kr) upr cQ) jiy C[.

t[ Ryi> j&a[ C[ k[ pcis j[Tli G[Ti>ai[ pi[tini bμci> siY[ Ryi> hijr hti>, pr>t& bsi[ j[Tli

aºy G[Ti> aØÆy Ye gyi hti. t[N[ pi[tin) BrviDn) BiPimi> a[ li[ki[n[ bi[liÄyi, pr>t&

a[k pN G[Ti>a[ t[ni[ p\(tsid ai¼yi[ nh). t[ a[k viD q[k)n[ T[kr)n) Fir pr phi[>c[ C[.

232

T[kr)ni (SKr[ ai[k pi[tini nini k*tri>n[ (AYr UB[li[ ji[y C[. t[ Ryi> je n)c[ K)Nmi> njr

kr[ C[. K)Nmi> a[ni bsi[ j[Tli G[Ti>ni Bi>³yi-t*Tyi Sr)rni[ Qgli[ pDyi[ hi[y C[. a[mi>ni

mi[TiBigni G[Ti> mr) gyi hi[y C[, ti[ k[Tli>k mrvin) aN) upr hi[y C[. ai[kni nini

k*tri>a[ G[Ti>n[ g[rmig[< di[r) K)Nmi> Fk[l) d)Fi hi[y C[.

a[ni bsi[ G[Ti>n&> mZRy& a[ ai[kni Jvnmi> bn[l) si]Y) g>B)r k$Ni>(tki hi[y C[.

a[N[ a[ G[Ti> Kr)dt) vKt[ kr[l&> d[v&> hj& Brpie krvin&> bik) hi[y C[. a[N[ a[ G[Ti>ni[ v)mi[

utiyi[< hi[ti[ nY). a[ akAmit a[k j ziTk[ a[ni Jvnn) tmim bct brbid kr) niK[ C[.

a[n) a[k Avt>#i K[D*t bnvin) mh_vki>xi p*N< krvi miT[ a[ik C[Ãli> ds vP[i<Y) sKt

mh[nt krti[ hi[y C[. a[N[ a[ miT[ aDg ~¹Fi an[ S(kt diKÄyi hi[y C[, pr>t& a[ tmim

a>t[ S*ºymi> p(rNm[ C[. a[ aS&B p\s>g[ a[ik n)c[ p\miN[ u(kt uμcir[ C[ :

''Thank God I am not married ; what would she have done in the

poverty now coming upon me.""3

'F v&Dl[ºDs<"ni (hºTi[k gimni li[ki[ gr)b)mi> sbL[ C[. simiºy r)t[ t[ai[ vºy

p[diSi[ upr pi[tin&> g&jrin cliv[ C[. pr>t& a[niY) pN p*r&> n Yti>, a[ li[ki[a[ ke hd[

gr)b)mi> p)siv&> pD[ C[ a[n&> u_im udihrN miT)<ni[ (kAsi[ C[. miT)< (hºTi[k gimn) gr)b

kºyi C[. d[Kiv[ t[ s&>dr C[, pr>t& a[ni ch[rin&> si]>dy< (c>ti an[ gr)b)Y) akiL[ m&rzie gy&>

C[.aim Cti> t[ a[ni s&>dr, m&liym an[ k¸Ye r>gni viLn) mi(lk C[. a[ pi[t[ pN a[ni

viLn) s&>drtiY) s>p*N< sBin C[ an[ a[n[ pi[tini viL a(t (p\y C[. b)J bij&, ~)m(t

cimi<[ºD F(nk an[ aiF&(nk y&vt) C[ j[n[ (v(vF r>g) viLn) v)g ph[rvini[ Si[K C[. a[n)

njr miT)<ni s&>dr viL pr hi[y C[ an[ a[ni viLmi>Y) pi[tini miT[ v)g bnivvi mi>g[ C[.

233

a[ miT[ a[ p[rki[Àb hjimn[ ri[k[ C[, j[ miT)<n[ a[ni viL kip) aipvi miT[ smjiv[, llciv[

an[ a>t[ Fmkiv[ C[. aim Cti> miT)< a[ni dbiNn[ vS Yt) nY) an[ kh[ C[ :

''h&> ki[en[ miri viL v[cvin) nY)...tm[ liK ki[(SS krSi[ ti[ pN h&> llcivvin)

nY).""4

pr>t& miT)<n[ jyir[ Kbr pD[ C[ k[ a[ni[ p\[m) gieÃs g\[sni p\[mmi> C[ Ryir[ htiS Ye

a[ (vcir[ C[ k[ ai s&>dr viL ki[n[ miT[ ? an[ a[ pi[tini viL p[rki[Àb hjimn[ v[cvi miT[

kip) niK[ C[. gieÃsY) ai vit C*pivvi miT[ miT)< miY[ bi[n[T bi>F[ C[, pr>t& gieÃsY) a[

vit C*p) rh[t) nY) :

''kirN k[ a[ jiNti[ hti[ k[ ai gimmi> p]si miT[ GNi> li[ki[ aim krti hti.""5

upri[kt GTnimi> g\imjni[n) gr)b), licir) an[ htiSini[ ²yil aiv[ j C[, pr>t&

siY[ siY[ ~)m(t cimi[<ºD j[vi F(nki[ a[ li[ki[n) gr)b)ni[ k[vi[ g[rliB uqiv[ C[ a[mni

k&drt) si]>dy<ni[ Bi[g le pi[tin&> kZ(#im si]>dy< vFirvini[ k[vi[ ap\mi(Nk p\yRn kr[ C[ a[ni[

pN ²yil aiv[ C[.ai upri>t ai j kZ(tmi> gieÃs oiri aiyi[(jt (k\sms piT)<,6 jhi[nni

mZRy& bid gieÃsni miY[ z>b&Lit) aifti[ an[ a>t[ j[ dSimi> gieÃs mZRy& pim[ C[ a[mi> ti[

'm[yr ai[f k[ATrb\)j" mi> h[ºciD< oiri p(Rnn&> v[ciN, ti[ s&sinn) ºy&snn) tib[dir) an[

ºy&snni kh[viti mZRy& bid s&sinn) h[ºciD<n) Si[F, a[ sv<mi> g\imjni[n) gr)bie dizviY)

cimD) upr ups) aivti fi[Din) j[m aigL tr) aiv[ C[.

{b} c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> g\imjni[n) ai(Y<k (AY(t :

c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> pN g\iÀysmijmi> p\vt<min gr)b) an[ d(rWtin&>

viAt(vk (c#iN rj* krvimi> aiÄy&> C[.jm)ndiri[ an[ Sih&kiri[ gr)b g\imjni[n&> Si[PN kr[

C[.a[ li[ki[ d(rWtin[ kirN[ dyn)y Jvn Jv[ C[.a[k gr)b g\imjn mh[nt mj*r) kr[ C[ an[

234

Cti> a[ gr)b j rh[vi pim[ C[ kirNk[ gimDi>ai[mi> kiL) mj*r) C[ pr>t& a[n) sim[ kmiN)

nY). pi[tin) myi<d)t aivkni s>dB[< Jvn j$(ryiti[ vFir[ C[. jnm, lgn, mrN j[vi

p\s>gi[n[ phi[>c) vLvi miT[ a[N[ Sih&kiri[ pis[ uC)ni Äyij[ niNi> l[vi pD[ C[ an[ a[ äN

c*kvvin) (c>timi> a[N[ smg\ Jvn psir krv&> pD[ C[.K[trmi> mblK pik utr[ C[.pr>t&

pi[tin) mi[TiBign) kmiN) K[D*t[ d[v&> c*kt[ krvimi> viprv) pD[ C[.aim, Birt)y K[D*t d[vini

D&>gr n)c[ Jv[ C[. kyir[k a[ d[v&> c*kt[ n Ye Skti a[N[ pi[tini Grbir, jm)n jti> krvi

pD[ C[.Sih&kiri[ g\imjni[n[ pi[tin) c&>gilmi> k[v) r)t[ fsiv[ C[ a[n&> tiØS (c#iN 'Äyijni[

virs" mi> krvimi> aiÄy&> C[.ai nvlkYini #i)ji p\krNmi> Sih&kir aiBiSini[ pi[tini

aisim) siY[ni[ Kindin) vT-Äyvhir njr[ cQ[ C[. li(Kyir a[mni[ aisim) hi[y C[. a[n[

kr[li (FriN pr Äyijn&> Äyij cDt&> jt&> hi[y C[.ctrBj aiBiSin) Srif) p[Q)ni[ m&n)m

C[.jyir[ S[qn[ Ryi> k>di[rib>F (dkri[ jºm[ C[, t[ni[ hrK krvi li(Kyir S[qn[ mLvi jiy C[,

a[ tkni[ liB le ctrBj a[ni l[Ni>n) vit a[n) lix(Nk r)t[ kiQ[ C[, n[ h&kmnim&>

bjiv)n[ j¼t) len[ gi[dDi>-giBi v)>Kvin) Fmk) pN aip[ C[, rK[ n[ ki[k (dvs li(Kyir

a[mni Gr upr Gi kr) jiy.a[ a[mn) m[D)n[ pCviD[ni j f(Lyimi> rh[ti[ hi[y C[.t[Y)

aiBiSi mni[mn gBriy C[.t[Y) ki>(TyivrNni[ By d*r krvi li(Kyirn&> Gr g)ri[ lK)

l[vin) ctrBjn) vitn[ T[ki[ aip[ C[, n[ kkLti li(Kyirn[ a[mn) lix(Nk r)t[ (dlisi[ pN

d[ C[.a[ s>vidmi> vμc[ vμc[ (Kjiti, kDv&> bi[lti ctrBjn[ pN t[ai[ qpki[ d[ti rh[

C[.li(Kyirni[ px le m&n)mn[ dbivti pN rh[ C[, pN a>t[ kL[vL[ li(Kyirn&> Ki[rD&>

lKiv) l[ C[, Ryir[ j a[mn[ c[n pD[ C[. ctrBjY) (vr&¹F a[mn) Srif) n)(t ''mirvi[ ti[

m)rn)"" C[. gr)b nini aisim)ai[ni giDdi>-giBi> v)>Kvimi> a[mn[ rs nY). m(Dyi a(h>

lK[ C[ :

235

''C[vT[ li(Kyir v)l[ mi[>a[ UBi[ Yyi[ an[ Jvnn&> sv<Av ah)> hi[Dmi> hir) c*kyi[

hi[y a[m htiS Yen[ D[l) bhir n)kLvi jti[ hti[...""7

li(Kyir j[vi aºy an[k g\imjni[ C[ j[ aiBiSin) Srif) p[Q)ni Si[PNni[ Bi[g

bºyi C[. j[mk[ jsprn) bij&mi> j m)>gi[Li nim[ gim aiv[l&> C[. ai gimn) mi[TiBign)

vs(t s>F) li[ki[n) C[. ai gim aiBiSin) F)rFirn&> m&²y mYk C[.ai gimni li[k[i vP<ni

a(gyir m(hni s&F) aiBiSin) p[Q)a[Y) niNi> uFir le pi[tini[ p[Tg&jiri[ kr[ C[.an[

a[kid m(hni dr(myin b[cir q[kiN[ l*>Tfi>T kr) aiKi vrsn&> krj Brpie kr) aipvin)

a[mn) p\Ni(lki C[.pr>t& a>g\[j srkir oiri kiydi[-ÄyvAYi c&At kriti ai p\ji pi[tini[

ksb ajmiv) Skt) nY).a[ r)t[ a[ aiK) ki[m ai(Y<k r)t[ Bi>g) pD[ C[ an[ krjdirn)

(AY(tmi> m&kiy C[. C[Ãli> #i)s-cil)s vP<n) F)rFir dr(myin ti[ aiBiSi m)>gi[Li>ni aFi<>

Ki[rDi> g)ri[ an[ v[ciNKt oiri pi[tin) mi(lk)ni> kr) l)Fi hi[y C[.an[ bik)ni> aFi<>

Ki[rDi> pN aivti> ds-v)s vP<mi> ai p[Q)n) j mi(lk)ni> YS[ a[v) d)F<ØOTi ctrBjn)

gNtr) hi[y C[.ai r)t[ li[ki[ aiBiSin[ m)>gi[Lini[ riji gN[ C[.

'e>FN ai[Ci> pDyi>"mi> ki(qyiviDni g\imjni[n[ y&¹F-s(j<t mi[>Gvir), ak&drt) aCt,

s>GriKi[r), nfiKi[r) an[ kiLibjiri[n) B)>smi> p)>siti dSi<vvimi> aiÄyi C[. ki(qyiviD

ki[pi[<r[Snn) AYipni Yyi pC) #iN-#iN m(hniY) anijni Biv aismin[ phi[>μyi C[.

aigl) mi[sm[ m[i> mi>³yi Biv aip)n[ l)l& S[qn) p[Q)a[ K[D*ti[ pis[Y) anijni[ diNi[-diNi[

Kr)d) l)Fi[ C[. U>ci Biv hJ vFir[ U>ci jS[ a[v) gNtr)Y) nini v[pir)ai[a[ pN

l)l&S[qni pgl[ cil) j¸Yib>F anijni[ s>g\h kr) l)Fi[ C[. p(rNim[ aiKi p>Ykmi>

anijn) ak&drt) aCt sji<y C[. ai miT[ ki(qyiviD ki[pi[<r[Sn[ kr[l) anijn) F*m (nkis

236

mhd`>S[ jvibdir C[.an[ hJ pN a[ p[Q) U>c[ Biv[ l[vil hi[viY) v[pir)ai[ U>ci Bivn)

lilc[ anij s>Gr)n[ b[qi C[.

li[ki[a[ #iN-#iN m(hniY) anijni[ diNi[ s&¹Fi> ji[yi[ nY). Grmi> riKvimi> aiv[l)

anijn) ki[q)ni t(Lyi> sif Ye gyi> C[.Gi>c)n) GiN)ai[mi> t[l)(byi> (pliyi pC) vFti

Ki[Ln) mi>g b[hd vF) C[. li[ki[a[ anijni aBiv[ Ki[L Kivini[ S$ kyi[< C[.a[ dr(myin

'K)hr" ni[ th[vir aivti a[ (dvs[ Ki[Ln[ bdl[ anij Kivin) li[ki[ aiSi riK[ C[. miT[

th[virni aigli (dvsi[mi> g&>(dyin) bjirmi> aispisni> gimDi>ni[ minv mh[rimN umT)

pD[ C[. S)>g an[ Ki[L civ) civ)n[ a[mni gil jiN[ k[ jDbimi> Brie gyi C[, ai>Ki[ U>D)

utr) ge C[. an[ Cti> ch[rin) r[Kiai[mi> JJ(vPin&> n*r cmk[ C[.anij-k(ryiNin)

d&kini[a[ li[ki[n) li>b) ktir lig) C[.pr>t& d&kindiri[ a[mn) ni[>F s&¹Fi> l[ti nY) an[

eridip*v<k d&kini[ mi[D) Ki[l[ C[.B*KY) Äyik*L Yy[li li[ki[ d&kindiri[n[ kikl*d) kr[ C[ :

''a[ mivtr, hv[ mh[r kri[....Ct[ kiv(Dy[ ki> TLvLivi[ mi bip ?""8

pr>t& d&kindiri[ni p[Tn&> piN) hilt&> nY).anij m[Lvvin) aiSimi> aiKi[ (dvs p&ri[

Ye jiy C[. pr>t& g\imjni[n[ anijni[ diNi[ s&¹Fi> s&lB Yti[ nY) an[ aiKr[ anij l)Fi

vgr pi[tpi[tin[ gim[ piCi frv&> pD[ C[.gr)b) an[ B*Kmri[ mizi m*k[ C[ jyir[ amldiri[

g\imjni[ni[ K)cDi[ z*>Tv) le zipT) jiy C[, b\iMN ni (dkrini[ B)²yi[ li[T l*>T) l[ C[,

vi(Nyi[ l*>Tfi>Tni F>Fimi> s>Di[viy C[, mi>sihir miT[ (hºd& m&slmin Fm< a>g)kir kr[ C[, mi

bip pi[tini Ci[kri>-Ci[kr) mi#i pi>c $(pyimi> v[c) d[ C[, B[>s ci[r)n[ a[n[ mir)n[ Kie jiy

C[9an[ aiTl&> -aiTl&> krvi Cti> p*>$ n Yti C[Ãl[ ki[ek g\imjn aiRmhRyi kr) pi[tin)

tmim aifti[ni[ a>t liv[ C[.10

237

'v[Li>v[Lin) Ci>yD)"mi> pN g\imjni[n) gr)bieni[ jyi> Ryi> aNsir aipvimi>

aiÄyi[ C[. j[mk[ ai[tmc>d S[qn) Gi[DigiD) jyir[ jyir[ amrgQ AT[Sn[ phi[>c[ C[ Ryir[ Ryi>

hijr si] S[q trfY) ke>kn[ ke>k ti[ mLS[ j a[ ap[xia[ a[n) Gi[DigiD)n[ G[r) vL[ C[:

ki[ek kh[ C[ k[ h&> svirni[ B*²yi[ C&>, ki[ek kh[ C[ k[ ph[rvin[ si$> l*gD&> nY) ti[ ki[ek kh[ C[

k[ biyD) mi>d) C[ n[ mn[ ai>K[ zi>K aiv[ C[. jyir[ kp*rS[q kh[ C[ k[ a[mni m[>gN) gimmi>

(Bx&ki[n) s>²yi ai[C) C[ Ryir[ vcmi> vSrim kh[ C[ "

''hJ ti[ viG(Ny[ p*gS&> t>y[ Kbr pDS[ migNn) ti[. viAt&n&> nim si>BL)n[

gim[gimY) migNn) niRy&> UmT) pD) C[-jmNvirn) a[>qy airi[gvi-"".11

aim, Birt)y g\iÀysmij simiºy r)t[ gr)b)mi> sbL[ C[.a[mn) mi[TiBign)

smAyini m*Lmi> gr)b) rh[l) C[.gr)b) a[mni simi(jk an[ n](tk m*Ãyi[n[ asr kr[ C[. a[

li[ki[ j[ ki>e an](tk kim kr[ C[ a[ a[Tli miT[ n(h k[ t[ai[ Bi]]]]]](tkvid) Jvnni a[Si[-

airim Bi[gvvi mi>g[ C[. t[ai[ GN) vir ti[ mi#i pi[tin&> Jvn Tkiv) riKvi mi>g[ C[, j[ ai

pZ¸v) pr vsti dr[k Jvni[ m*LB*t a(Fkir C[. an[ pi[tin&> Jvn Tkiv) riKvi miT[ j[ ki>e

mL[ a[ Kiv&> j$r) bn[ C[.pr>t& minv)n) a[ lG&tm j$(ryit s>ti[Pvimi> pN a>t[ (nOfLti

mL[ C[ a[ Birt)y g\iÀysmijn) n³n viAt(vkti an[ kDv) k$Nti C[.

2. simi(jk s>GP< :

{a} Yi[ms hiD)<n) nvlkYiai[mi> simi(jk s>GP< :

k&drtn) a[ krimt C[ k[ ai pZ¸v) pr a(At_v Frivnir dr[k Äy(kt pi[tin) (Bºn

p\kirn) Sir)(rk an[ AvBivgt lix(Nkti Frivti[ hi[y C[. j[ 'h&>" C&> t[ 't&>" nY) an[ j[

't&>" C[ t[ 'h&>" nY). jyir[ ki[e Äy(kt ai 'h&>" an[ 't&>" siY[ an&s>Fin an[ smiFin siF)

Skti[ nY) Ryir[ t[ tfivt s>GP<mi> p(rNm[ C[. Yi[ms hiD)< j[vi jgtni mhin si(hRykiri[

238

minv)y AvBivmi> rh[li ai v](v¹y an[ (vri[FiBisY) s&p[r[ vik[f hti> an[ t[Y) t[mN[

pi[tin) kZ(tai[mi> v](v¹ysBr pi#ii[ an[ p(r(AY(tai[n&> AviBi(vk (nmi<N an[ (n$pN

ky&<>.a[mni pi#i[i pi[tini Jvnmi> sKt s>GP<ni[ simni[ kr[ C[.a[ s>GP< miT[ am&k a>S[

t[ai[n) pi[tin) AvBivgt myi<diai[ jvibdir hi[y C[, ti[ am&k a>S[ smij, p\kZ(t an[

p\ir¾F j[vi p(rbLi[ Big Bjv[ C[.

'F m[yr ai[f k[ATrb\)j"mi> h[ºciD< pi[tini Jvnmi> j[ s>GP< an&Bv[ C[ a[ miT[

mhd`>S[ a[n) pi[tin) AvBivgt myi<diai[ jvibdir C[.a[ni Jvnn) k$Ni>(tki miT[ a[n)

pi[tin) (k\yiai[ an[ p\(t(k\yiai[ jvibdir C[. hiD)<a[ ai nvlkYimi> j[ p\miN[ kiy<-kirNni[

tk< tirÄyi[ C[ a[v&> a[mN[ a[mn) aºy ki[e nvlkYimi> ky&<> nY).ai nvlkYimi> pN p\ir¾F

mh_vn) B*(mki Bjv[ C[, pr>t& h[ºciD<ni ptn miT[ mi#i p\ir¾Fn[ di[P d[vi[ B*lBr[l&>

C[.nvlkYin) S$aitmi> j aipNn[ h[ºciD<ni a(vcir) an[ aiv[g) AvBivni[ p(rcy p\i¼t

Yiy C[, h[ºciD< (vP[ uPi-(kSi[[r a(Bp\iy aipti jNiv[ C[ :

''He is a man of strong impulses, and for him to feel is to act

accordingly, at times even to the extent of imprudence""12

a[ di$ni nSimi> pi[tin) pRn) a[k aji·yi Klis)n[ v[c) d[ C[. a[n&> ai d&sihs

Kr[Kr vKi[Dvi liyk j C[ j[ aigL jti a[ni Jvnmi> a[n[ an[k s>kTi[ an[ s>GPi[<ni[

simni[ krvin) frj piD[ C[.a[ pVitipn) aigmi> sLg[ C[. aQir vPi[< s&F) ki[en[ a[ni ai

kiy<n) Kbr pDt) nY), pr>t& a>t[ a[N[ a[ni a[ k&km<n) (k>mt c*kvv) pD[ C[. j[ A#i)a[ a[n[

di$ piyi[ hi[y C[ an[ j[ h[ºciD< oiri pRn)ni v[ciNn) six) C[ a[ h[ºciD<ni[ kl>(kt B*tkiL

li[ki[ smx jih[r kr) d[ C[.an[ a[ jih[rit h[ºciD<n) m[yr tr)k[n) p\(tOqin[ hin) phi[>ciD[

C[. h[ºciD<ni firf\[ siY[ni s>b>Fi[mi> pN j[ s>GP< an[ GP<N ud`Bv[ C[ a[n[ miT[ pN a[ni[

239

(mjiJ AvBiv j kirNB*t si(bt Yiy C[. h[ºciD< pi[tini gmi-aNgmin) p\bL

ligN)ai[ Friv[ C[. a[ firf\[ siY[ni s>b>Fi[n) S$ait a(t uRsihmi> aiv) aiRm)ytiY) kr[

C[.pr>t& jyir[ t[n[ firf\[mi> pi[tini h(rfni dS<n Yiy C[ k[ trt j a[n[ d&Æmn min) a[ni

p\Ry[n&> pi[tin&> vlN bdl) niK[ C[. ji[ h[ºciD< (AYr, Si>t an[ ct&r hi[t ti[ t[N[ firf\[n[

kyir[y pi[tini F>Fimi>Y) b[dKl n ky[g[ C[, pr>t& a[m krti h[ºciD< pi[t[ j kcDie mr[ C[,

an[ F>Fimi> Ki[T jti d[viL&> f*>kvini[ viri[ aiv[ C[.a[Tl&> j n(h, pi[tini Gm>D) AvBivn[

l)F[ a[ ngrni aºy v[pir)ai[ an[ siY)diri[n) shin&B*(t pN g&miv) d[ C[. aiv&> j k>e

a[l)zib[Y j[nni (kAsimi> pN bn[ C[.S$mi> t[ a[l)zib[Y-j[nn[ pi[tin) p&#i) tr)k[ anhd

p\[m kr[ C[ an[ t[n) kiLJ riK[ C[. pr>t& jyir[ a[[n[ Kbr pD[ C[ k[ a[l)zib[Y pi[tin) n(h

pr>t& Klis) ºy&snn) d)kr) C[ k[ trt j a[ a[ni p\Ry[ udis)nti FirN kr[ C[ an[ a[ni[

anidr kr[ C[.pr>t& jyir[ a[ a[kli[, aT*li[ an[ brbid Ye jiy C[ Ryir[ a[ a[n[ a[Tli[

cih[ C[ k[ a[l)zib[Y a[ni Jvn miT[ a(nviy< bn) jiy C[. a[n[ g&mivvini (vcir mi#iY)

a[ gBrie an[ htiS Ye jiy C[. a>t[ hk)ktmi> h[ºciD< a[l)zib[Y j[nn[ pN g&miv) d[ C[

an[ a[ aiGit shn n kr) Skti a[ min(sk r)t[ pD) Bi>g[ C[ an[ mZRy& pim[ C[. aim, ai

nvlkYimi> h[ºciD< a[k mj*rmi>Y) m[yr bnvi s&F)ni[ s>GP< kr[ C[ an[ a[ j[ bºyi[ C[ an[ j[

m[LÄy&> C[ a[n[ Tkiv) riKvi miT[ k&T&>b, smij, p\kZ(t an[ p\ir¾F siY[ s>FP< kr[ C[.a[

s>GP<ni a>t[ a[ hir) jiy C[ an[ fr) piCi[ mj*r bn) rh[vi pim[ C[.h[ºciD< pi[tini Jvnmi>

ain>dn) Yi[D)k xNi[ an&Bv[ C[, Cti> a[n&> smg\ Jvn s>GP<my bn) rh[ C[.t[Y) j hiD)<

a(h> n)c[n) p>k(t oiri ai kZ(tni[ a>t liv[ C[:

240

'' .....happiness was but the occassional episode in a general drama of

pain.""13

'T[s ai[f D'ab<r(vÃs" mi> aipN[ aigL ji[y&> t[ p\miN[ T[s a[k gr)b Grn) kºyi

C[.an[ t[ smg\ nvlkYimi> pi[tin&> an[ pi[tini k&T&>bn&> a(AtRv Tkiv) riKvi miT[ s>GP< kr[

C[.a[l[k oiri a[ni upr bLiRkir Yyi bid T[sn[ p(v#i gNv) k[ n gNv) a[ smijni[ p\Ån

C[, pr>t& T[s miT[ si]Y) mh_vni[ p\Ån C[ 'How to survive?" T[s a(nμCia[ pN a>t[

a[n) tmim m&Æk[l)ai[ miT[ jvibdir a[vi a[l[kni SrN[ jiy C[.

T[sni[ jºm a[vi k&T&>bmi> Yyi[ C[ k[ a[N[ pi[tini jºmY) j s>GP<ni[ simni[ krvin[i

hi[y C[. T[s a[ td`n b[jvibdir an[ b[drkir miti-(ptin) d)kr) C[. pr>t& T[s pi[tini

miti-(pti an[ pi>c j[Tli Bie-bh[ni[ prRv[ pi[tin) frj a>g[ sBin C[. pi[tin) k&T&>b

p\Ry[n) ai sBintin[ l)F[ j a[ pi[tini Jvnmi> an[k s>kTi[ni[ simni[ kr[ C[.pi[tini

k&T&>bni BrN-pi[PN miT[ ni[kr)n) Si[Fmi> a[ 'F Ali[¼s" jiy C[. Ryi> a[ px)ai[n) sir-

s>BiL riKvin&> kim kr[ C[. a[k S(nvirn) ri#i[ T[s pi[tin) sh[l)ai[ siY[ nJkni c[sbri[

nimni ngrni bjirmi> frvi jiy C[.Ryi>Y) piCi frti>, T[sni[ pi[tin) sh[l)ai[ siY[ zGDi[

Yiy C[ an[ a[n[ a[l[kni Gi[Di upr b[svin) frj pD[ C[.mig<mi> piCi frti a[l[k Yikn[

l)F[ t>WivAYimi> s*t[l) T[s upr bLiRkir g&jir[ C[. hiD)< T[s upr g&jirvimi> aiv[li

bLiRkir bibt[ n)c[ p\miN[ T)¼pN) kr[ C[ :

''As Tess's own people down in those retreats are never tired of

saying among each other in their fatalistic way : ' It was to be'. There lay the

pity of it. immeasurable social chasm was to divide our heroine's personality

thereafter from that previos self of hers who stopped from her mother's door

to try her fortune at Trantridge-farm.""14

241

an[ t[Y) j T[s jyir[ pi[tini Gr[ piC) fr[ C[ Ryir[ t[ni minsmi> ai>t(rk s>GP<

AYin l[ C[.a[ an&Bv[ C[ k[ a[N[ pip ky&>< C[ an[ pi[t[ ai smijn) g&n[gir C[.t[ a[k

ani]rs s>tinn[ jºm aip[ C[ j[ Fi(m<k nimkrN-(v(F vgr mZRy& pim[ C[. t[Y) t[n[

kb\AYinni a[k g>di K*Nimi> jyi> di$(Dyi, aiRmhRyi krniri, an[ mZRy& bid nk<mi>

jniriai[n[ dfnivvimi> aiv[ C[ Ryi>, dfnivvimi> aiv[ C[.

Ryirbid Ti[Ãibi[Y[ D[r)mi> kim krti> krti> T[s a[ºjlni s>pk<mi> aiv[ C[.t[ai[

a[kb)jin[ cih[ C[ an[ a>t[ l³n kr[ C[.l³nn) p\Ym ri#i[ j a[ºjl T[s smx K&lisi[ kr[

C[ k[ B*tkiLmi> a[ni l>Dnni ri[kiN dr(myin t[N[ a[k A#i)n[ Bi[gv) ht) an[ ai miT[ t[

T[sn) mif) mi>g[ C[.T[s a[n[ a[n) B*tkiLn) B*l bdl mif kr[ C[. ai j p\miN[ T[s pN

a[ºjl smx a[ni a[l[k oiri kl>(kt B*tkiLn) vit jih[r kr) d[ C[.15 hv[ T[sn[ mif)

bxvini[ viri[ a[ºjlni[ C[. pr>t& t[ a(h> pi[tini miT[ j[ n](tktini mipd>Di[ lig& piD[ C[ t[

T[s miT[ lig& piDti[ nY) an[ T[sn[ 'the belated seedling of an effete aristocracy"16

kh) a[ni[ Ryig kr[ C[. aim, a(h> aipNn[ ²yil aiv[ C[ k[ t[ smyni (vkTi[(ryn smijmi>

p&r&Pi[ an[ A#i)ai[ miT[ n](tktini b[vDi mipd>Di[ aKRyir krvimi> aivti hti. pi[tini[ p(t

a[[[[[n[ trCi[D) d[ C[ an[ T[s l³n bid pi[tini p(t siY[ shSyn kyi< (vni Gr[ piC) fr[ C[.

fl)ºTki[Àb-a[S Kit[ K[trmi> T[s pi[tin&> an[ pi[tini k&T&>bn&> a(AtRv Tkiv) riKvi

miT[ aRy>t (vPm p(r(AY(tmi> pN Sir)(rk an[ min(sk s>GP< kr[ C[, an[ ai s>GP<ni

Av$pni[ aipN[ aigL p(rcy p\i¼t kyi[< C[.b)J bij&, b\iz)l phi[>c[li[ a[ni[ p(t a[ni[

s>pk< krti[ nY).T[sni mnmi> an[k S>ki-k&S>ki AYin l[ C[ : 'S&> t[ mn[ B*l) gyi[ C[ ?"-'S&>

hv[ t[n[ mir) drkir nY) ?" pi[tin) S>kini (nvirN miT[ T[s a[(mnATr Kit[ rh[ti pi[tini

p(tni mi-bipn[ mLvin&> nkk) kr[ C[. Ryi> phi[>μyi bid T[sn[ Kbr pD[ C[ k[ a[ºjlni

242

miti-(pti bhir hi[viY) t[mn) m&likit Sky nY). rAtimi> T[s a[ºjlni Bieai[n[ t[mni

(nOfL l³n (vP[ viti[ krti si>BL) jiy C[.t[Y) T[s a[ºjlni k&T&>bn[ n mLvini[ (nN<y kr[

C[. Ryi>Y) prt Yti T[sn[ pi[tin&> Jvn (dSi(v(hn lig[ C[.a[ni Jvnni[ nY) ki[e h[t& k[

nY) ki>e lÈy.

mig<mi> a[n) m&likit fr) a[l[k siY[ Yiy C[.T[sn[ ji[en[ a[l[kni (c_imi> rh[l)

atZ¼t visni fr) sLvL) uq[ C[ an[ a[ fr) T[sn) h[ring(t cil& kr[ C[. T[s a[l[kni[

anidr kr[ C[, pr>t& a(h> Bi³y T[s siY[ y&(kt-p\y&(kt kr[ C[. a[ni (ptin&> mZRy& Yti T[sn&>

k&T&>b rAti upr aiv) jiy C[. pi[tini k&T&>bn) Gr-Ki[rik j[v) piyin) j$(ryiti[ s>ti[Pvi

miT[ T[s upr a>t[ a[l[kn[ SrN[ jvin) frj pD[ C[.

b\i(zlY) piCi[ fr[li[ T[sni[ p(t pi[tin) B*l smjiti T[sn[ prt m[Lvvi mi>g[ C[,

pr>t& hv[ a(t (vl>b Ye gyi[ hi[y C[.T[sn) tmim yitniai[ miT[ jvibdir a[l[k C[, a[l[k

j T[sni Jvnn[ s>GP<my bniv[ C[, pi[tini p(tY) v>(ct krnir pN a[l[k C[, t[Y) a>t[ T[s

a[l[kn&> K*n kr[ C[. T[sn) FrpkD krvimi> aiv[ C[ an[ a[n[ fi>s)ni mi>cD[ cQivvimi> aiv[

C[.

hiD)< ai nvlkYin) p\Ativnimi> S[ks(pyrni niTk 'King Lear" ni avtrNi[ Ti>k[

C[ :

''As flies to wanton boys are we to the Gods; They kill us for their

sports""17

hiD)<n) nvlkYini pqn bid Bivk pN k>ek aiv) j an&B*(t kr[ C[. T[s pi[tini

Jvnmi> j[ kqi[r s>GP< kr[ C[ an[ t)v\ yitni an&Bv[ C[, a[ miT[ jvibdir ki[N?-T[s

pi[t[? a[n&> p\ir¾F k[ s>k&(ct smij? ai kZ(tni pqn bid aivi an[k p\Åni[ Bivkni (c_imi>

243

Af*r[ C[. ai p\Åni[n&> smiFin a[ a(vrt an[ an>t p\(k\yi C[, pr>t& T[s j[v) Ci[kr) mi#i

s_ir-aQir vP<n) u>mr[ pi[tini smij an[ pi[tini d&Bi<³y sim[ j[ r)t[ zz*m[ C[, a[mi> a[n)

pi[tini k&T&>b p\Ry[n) (nOqi, F]y<, s(hON&ti an[ aDg (h>mtni dS<n Yiy C[, j[ a[n) u>mrn)

ki[e Ci[kr) Bi³y[ j diKv) Sk[ an[ a[ r)t[ T[s aipN) shin&B*(t krti (vS[P a(Bn>dnn[

pi#i C[. T[sni mnn) mÊmtin) p\S>si krti uPi-(kSi[r lK[ C[ :

''Her sordid rape is the first deep scar that she receives, yet young and

inexperienced as she is, she does not bow her head to it. She would rather

face her seducer boldly and honestly than cunningly manoeuvre for

matrimony.""18

'jy&D F ai[¾skyi[r"mi> hiD)<a[ jy&Dn) a>gt mh_vki>xiai[ an[ eμCiai[ ti[ b)J

bij&, a[n[ p(rp*N< krvi miT[ mig<mi> aiDK)l)$p bnti> smijni n](tktini mipd>Di[ an[

m*Ãyi[ vμc[ni s>GP<n&> (nriSivid) (n$pN ky&<> C[. jy&D pi[tin) b]i(Fk mh_vki>xi s>ti[Pvimi>

(nOfL jiy C[ a[ miT[ a[n) kim[μCin[ kirNB*t minvimi> aiv[ C[. aim Cti> simi(jk

FiriFi[rNi[ pN a[n) (nOfLtimi> (nNi<yk p(rbL si(bt Yiy C[.biLpNY) j jy&Dn)

mh_vki>xi (vÜin Äy(kt bnvin) C[, pr>t& pi[t[ td`n simiºy Atr Frivti[ hi[viY) an[

gr)b hi[viY) a[N[ p\iY(mk (SxN m[Lvvi miT[ pN s>GP< krvi[ pD[ C[. a[k g\iÀy(vAtirmi>

(vwiY)< tr)k[ a[n[ (SxNmi> mig<dS<n p*$> piDnir ki[e nY) an[ td`n piyin&> Xin m[Lvvi

miT[ pN a[N[ Avp\yRni[, Av>yAf*rNi upr aiFir riKvi[ pD[ C[. ji[ k[ jitmh[nt[ a[ j[ ki>e

Xin hi>sl kr[ C[, a[ nkkr an[ n[>iFpi#i hi[y C[. piCLY) jyir[ a[ a¿yisiY<[

(k\AT(mn)ATr jiy C[ Ryir[ pi[tini simiºy simi(jk mi[Bin[ l)F[ a[ (dSimi> p\g(t siFvimi>

(nOfL jiy C[. a(h> hiD)< gr)b Grni> Ci[kri>n) p\(tBin[ $>Ft) smijÄyvAYi upr aikri[

p\hir kr[ C[. jy&D[ pi[tini S]x(Nk mig[< aigL vFvi miT[ jD S]x(Nk an[ smijÄyvAYini[

244

simni[ krvini[ hi[y C[. ai Ø(OTki[NY) ai kZ(t simi(jk asmintiai[ sim[ bLvi[ pi[kir[ C[

an[ a[n[ l)F[ gr)bi[n[ Yti g[rliB an[ aºyiyi[ miT[ avij uqiv[ C[. (k\AT(mn)ATr

ngrmi> jyir[ jy&Dn) aiki>xiai[ fL)B*t Yt) nY) Ryir[ a[ t)v\ htiSi an&Bv[ C[.

mhi(vwilyi[ni a[ ngrmi> aiv[l) a[k ki[l[jni mkin upr a[ m)>T mi>D)n[ uBi[ hi[y C[.a[

(vcir[ C[ k[ pi[t[ an[ a[ mkinn) a>dr a¿yis krti Bi³ySiL) y&vini[ vμc[ mi#i a[k aiD)

(dvil C[, n(h> ti[ t[ai[ si] a[k smin min(sk Atr[ Jv[ C[ :

''Only a wall - but what a wall ..as if he been at the antipodes .""19

jy&D a[k (SxNSiA#i)ni[ s>pk< kr[ C[, pr>t& t[ Äy(kt t[n[ (nriSijnk p\(tBiv aip[

C[.a[ni[ udi(sn p\Ry&_ir jy&Dn) bi](Fk an[ S]x(Nk mh_vki>xi upr aikri[ p\hir si(bt

Yiy C[.an[ a[n[ a[k k(Dyi tr)k[ kimg)r) krvi miT[ frj piD[ C[. a[ (SxNSiA#i)ni[

p\Ry&_ir a[n) vPi[<n) Xinmig<n) mh[nt pr mir[li tmici j[v) lig[ C[. hv[ jy&D miT[ a[k

j mig< K&Ãli[ rh[ C[ an[ a[ mig< a[n[ di[r) jiy C[ di$ni p)qi> s&F).

nvlkYini piCLni Bigmi> jy&D (k\AT(mn)ATrmi> rAti upr a[k Ti[Li>n[ s>bi[F[ C[.

t[ kh[ C[ k[ a[n) gr)b) j a[ni (vkismi> a>triy bn[ C[ n(h k[ a[n) eμCiai[. a(h> a[ni

a>trmi> aig sLg[ C[, t[ miYi upr hiY pCiDti kh[ C[ :

''I perceive there is something wrong somewhere in our social

formulas : what it is can only be discovered by men or women with greater

insight than mine.""20

a(h> jy&D aRy>t mm<B[dk (vFini[ kr[ C[. pr>t& a[niY) pN vF& mm<B[dk an[

ãdyApS)< ØÆy Ryir[ ji[vi mL[ C[ jyir[ a[k bij& (k\AT(mn)ATrn) a[k Ki[l)mi> mrNS]yi

upr s*ti>-s*ti> jy&D a[ ngrmi> ujviti pdv)din smir>Bmi> pi[tin) sfLtin) ujvN)

krti y&vini[n) hPi[<Ãlisn) (k(kyir)ai[ si>BL[ C[. jy&Dn) a[k (vÜin bnvin), a[k pidr)

245

bnvin) k[ Fmi<¹yx bnvin) mh[μCiai[ni[ an[ a[n) p(rtZ¼t) miT[ a[N[ C[k biLpNY)

y&vivAYi s&F) kr[li s>(nOq s>GP<ni[ aºyiy) simi(jk p\Ni(lkiai[ oiri C[d uD) jiy

C[.aim, ai kZ(tmi> hiD)< a[k bij& (SxN, smij an[ b)J bij& pi[tin) vZ(_iai[ vμc[

aTviti> jy&D j[vi g\iÀyy&vinni Jvnn&> G[$> an[ gmg)n (c#i rj* kr[ C[.

'F r)Tn< ai[f F n[T)v"mi> mi an[ d)kri vμc[ ud`Bvti s>GP<n&> (n$pN krvimi>

aiÄy&> C[.a[ li[ki[ vμc[ n)c[n) b[ bibti[ len[ GP<N uRpºn Yiy C[. ph[l) bibt a[ C[ k[

p[(rsY) pi[tini vtn a[³Dn h)Ymi> piCi[ fr[l kl)m a[n) mi smx a[ni[ p[(rs piCi n

jvini[ an[ pi[tini vtnmi> j AYiy) Ye, a[k SiLi S$ krvini[ (nN<y jih[r kr[

C[.kl)mn) miti (m(ss yi[b\ieT pi[tini d)krini ai (nN<y siY[ s>mt nY).a[ aAvAYti

an&Bv[ C[ an[ kl)mn[ kh[ C[ k[ p[(rsmi> t[ h)rin) p[Q)mi> m[n[jr tr)k[ni[ sºminn)y hi[d`i[

Friv[ C[ j[ni[ t[N[ Ryig krvi[ ji[ea[ n(h. pr>t& kl)m pi[tini (nN<y bibt[ aDg vlN

apniv[ C[.

b)J bibt a[ C[ k[ kl)m a[³Dn h)Y pr rh[t) aÃlD Ci[kr) y&AT[(syini p\[mmi>

pD[ C[ an[ t[n) siY[ l³n krvi mi>g[ C[.(m(ss yi[b\ieT kl)mni ai (nN<y siY[ pN s>mt

nY).a[mni mt m&jb y&AT[(syi p[(rsmi> aiF&(nk JvnS]l) apniv) c*k[li kl)m j[vi

y&vinn[ an&$p Ci[kr) nY).t[ai[ a[ bibt smJ Skti nY) k[ kl)m j[ p[(rsmi> aiF&(nk

an[ aikP<k A#i)ai[ni s>pk<mi> aiÄyi[ h[iy, t[ y&AT[(syi j[v) gimDi>n) Ci[kr) p\Ry[ k[v) r)t[

aikPi<y ?

upri[kt b[ bibti[ len[ mi an[ d)kri vμc[ a[k (dvil sji<y C[. (dvsi[ n[ (dvsi[

s&F) t[ai[ vμc[ a[k S¾dn) pN aipl[ Yt) nY).an[ jyir[ t[ai[ bi[l[ C[ Ryir[ a[ S¾di[

smiFinni nY) hi[ti pr>t& t[ a[k g>B)r zGDin&> Av$p FirN kr[ C[.(m(ss yi[b\ieT kl)mn[

246

kh[ C[ k[ j[ (dvs[ t[ y&AT[(syin[ mÇyi[ a[ a[mni Jvnni[ si]Y) Krib (dvs C[.an[

a[³Dnh)Ymi> SiLi S$ krvin) a[n) yi[jni a[ a[n&> p[(rs n jvin&> an[ a[ Ci[kr) siY[

AYie Yvin&> a[k bhin&> mi#i C[.(m(ss yi[b\ieT jyir[ y&AT[(syi miT[ a[lf[l S¾di[ vipr[ C[

Ryir[ kl)m a[n) mitin[ kh) d[ C[ k[ t[ t[ni y&AT[(syi miT[ni ai p\kirni uμcirNi[ shn

krS[ n(h.

kl)m j[Tli[ y&AT[(syin) nJk aiv[ C[ a[Tli[ pi[tin) mitiY) d*r Yti[ jiy C[.kl)m

miT[ (#iS>k&n) (AY(t sji<y C[.a[n) dSin&> vN<n krti hiD)< lK[ C[ :

'' Three antagonistic growths had to be kept alive : his mother's trust

in him, his plan for becoming a teacher, and Eustacia's happiness. His fervid

nature could not afford to relinquish one of these, ....A position which was

not too simple when he stood wholehearted had become indescribably

complicated by the addition of Eustacia.Just when his mother was beginning

to tolerate one scheme, he had introduced another still bitterer than the first,

and the combination was more than she could bear.""21

kl)m a[n) mitin[ smjivvini[ p\yRn kr[ C[ k[ a[k (Sxk bn) t[ gimDi>ni K[D*ti[ni

biLki[n[ (SxN aipvin&> umdi kiy< krvi mi>g[ C[ an[ a[ r)t[ a[ a[mn&> Bl&> krvi eμC[

C[.a[ a[n) mitin[ s(Fyiri[ aipti kh[ C[ k[ a[ y&AT[(syin[ p\[m kr[ C[ a[ni[ aY< a[vi[ nY) k[

a[ a[n) mitin[ p\[m krti[ nY) an[ a[n) kiLJ l[vi mi>gti[ nY).pr>t& (m(ss yi[b\ieTn[

kl)mn) ai h]yiFrptY) s>ti[P Yti[ nY) an[ t[ai[ kl)mn[ kh[ C[ :

''Is it best for you to injure your prospects for such a voluptous, idle

woman as that ? Don't you see that the very fact of your choosing her you

prove that you do not know what is best for you.""22

247

(m(ss yi[b\iET pi[tini AYin[ mÊm rh[ C[ an[ kl)m pi[tin&> Fir[l&> j kr) n[ rh[

C[.p(rNim[ y&AT[(syi siY[ l³n bid kl)m pi[tin) mitin[ trCi[D) pi[tini Avt>#i Grn)

AYipni kr[ C[. aim, ai kZ(tmi> mi an[ d)kri[ prApr sici[ p\[m krti hi[vi Cti>, p(r(AY(tn[

ai(Fn a[ b[ vμc[ s>GP< ud`Bv[ C[ an[ t[ai[ a[kb)jin) h*>>>f an[ ligN)Y) v>(ct rh[vi pim[

C[.

'fir f\i[m F m[(D>g k\iuD"mi> pN hiD)< g\imjni[n&> s>GP<my Jvn ail[K[ C[. t[ai[

minti hti k[ minv) miT[ s>GP< an[ s>kTi[ (vnin&> Jvn aSky C[. minv)ni[ jºm j (vPid

an[ v[dni an&Bvvi miT[ Yyi[ C[.a[mn) kZ(tai[mi> p\gT Yt) a[mn) aiv) (vcirFirin[ l)F[

j a[mn) gNni (nriSivid) nvlkYikir tr)k[ Yiy C[.g[b\)l ai[k a[k smZ¹F K[D*t bnvin)

mhRvki>xi Friv[ C[.ai miT[ t[ sKt p(r~m kr[ C[, pr>t& Jvnni p\ir>(Bk tbÊimi> j a[n)

a[ aiki>xiai[ upr piN) fr) vL[ C[.a[n[ biYS[bi miT[ni p\[mmi> pN li>bi smy s&F)

(nOfLti si>pD[ C[. bi[ÃDv&D pN a[n) biYS[bin[ m[Lvvin) p\bL z>Knin[ l)F[ t)v\ min(sk

tiN an&Bv[ C[. t[ C[vT[ gi>Di[ Ye jiy C[ an[ d&:Kd a>tn[ B[T[ C[. biYS[bini[ pN p\[m

an[ l³nni[ an&Bv kDvi[ an[ kT& rh[vi pim[ C[.t[ a[ni T^[iy siY[ni l³nJvnmi> t)v\

htiSi an[ ³lin) an&Bv[ C[.aim, ai nvlkYini tmim mh_vni pi#ii[ Jvnni ki[e n[

ki[e tbkk[ s>GP<ni[ simni[ kr[ C[, an[ t)v\ v[dni an[ an[ (vPidmi>Y) psir Yiy C[.ai

miT[ aipN[ aigL ji[y&> t[m ki[ek vir smij, ki[ek vir t[ai[n&> Bi³y, ti[ mi[T[Big[ t[mn)

AvBivgt myi<diai[ an[ mh_vki>xiai[ jvibdir hi[y C[.miT[ j minv)n) (nrp[(xt

min(sk (AY(t j a[n[ Jvnmi> s>GP< an[ s>tipY) bciv) Sk[ C[.pr>t& ai p\kirni vlNn[

pN Jvn p\Ry[ni (nriSivid) Ø(OTki[N tr)k[ m*lv) Skiy. s>GP< an[ s>kT (vnini Jvnn)

kÃpni krv) ki[en[ miT[ pN aSky C[.ti[ S&> aiSiai[-ap[xiai[n[ bij& pr riK) (n(Ok\y

248

bn) rh[v&> ? S&> hiD)< minv)y Jvn p\Ry[ aivi[ di[PWOTini[ a(Bgm diKvniri hti? ti[

kh) Skiy k[ ni-hiD)< j[vi tTAY JvndS<niY)< kyir[ pN aiTl) hd[ Jvn p\Ry[ni[ n)ci[

an[ (nriSivid) a(Bp\iy bi>F) Sk[ n(h. He was neither pessimistic nor optimistic

but realistic.a[mN[ minv)ni Jvnn&> niTyiRmk s&Kd pis&> pi[tin) kZ(tai[mi> rj* n krti

a[mN[ ji[y[l) an[ an&Bv[l) g\iÀyJvnn) kDv) viAt(vktiai[n[ kliRmk r)t[ pi[tin)

kZ(tai[mi> rj* kr) C[. hiD)<ni[ Jvn p\Ry[ni[ Ø(OTki[N ApOT krti k[.a[m.j[n lK[ C[ :

''Hardy's novels seem to present a pessimstic view of life but Hardy

prefers to call it meliorism. Meliorism implies the principle of making the

most of the little opportunities of happiness that life offers.""23

hiD)<a[ a[mni pi#ii[n[ pi[tin) AvBivgt myi<diai[n[ l)F[ t)v\ (vPid an&Bvti

dSi<Äyi C[ a[ni[ aY< a[vi[ tirv) Skiy n(h k[ hiD)< h>m[Si minv)y AvBivmi> di[P j&a[

C[.a[niY) (vr&¹F a[n) kZ(tni mi[TiBigni pi#ii[n&> (nr)xN krti a[v) Cip ups[ C[ k[ t[ai[

tmim m*LB*t r)t[ umdi Äy(ktai[ C[. T^i[y an[ a[l[k j[vi apvidi[n[ bid krti t[ai[ a[k>dr[

Jvnni s>GP<ni smy[ an[ (vPidmi> pN pi[tin) m*LB*t p\kZ(tn[ vLg) rh[ C[-kh) Skiy k[

t[ai[ Jvnni m*Ãyi[ (vri[F) vlNi[ siY[ smiFin siFvi krti a[ m*Ãyi[ miT[ s>GP<mi> utrvin&>

vF& ps>d kr[ C[.Bl[ n[ a[m krti Bili Bi[>kiy. hiD)<ni pi#ii[ni[ p(rcy aipti (vni[dk&mir

mh[Vr) lK[ C[ :

''Hardy's characters are, thus, ''the children of light" guiding the path

of wayward humanity, ever beckoning it to greater and nobler heights of

achievement and endurance.""24

a[mnimi> minv)y myi<diai[ rh[l) C[.pr>t& hiD)<a[ a[mn[ a[mn[ pi[tin) kZ(tmi>

a(nOT t_vi[ tr)k[ rj* kyi< nY) an[ ai bibt hiD)<ni minv)n) m*LB*t sjjntimi> rh[li

249

(vVisn[ vici aip[ C[. hiD)<n) nvlkYiai[mi> minv)ai[ j[ s>GP<ni[ simni[ kr[ C[ a[ bibt[

D[v)D s[(sl kh[ C[ :

''A struggle between man on the one hand and, on the other, an

omnipotent and indifferent Fate- that is Hardy's interpretation of the human

situation. Inevitably it imposes a pattern on his picture of the human scene.It

determines the character of his drama.Like other drama,this turns on a

conflict; but the conflict is not, as in most novels, between one man and

another, or between man and an institution.Man in Hardy's books is ranged

against impersonal forces, the forces conditioning his fate.Not that his

characters themselves are always aware of this.Henchard is obsessed by his

hatred of Farfrae; Bathsheba looks on Troy as the author of her

misfortunes.But from the point of vantage from which Hardy surveys their

stories Bathsheba and Henchard are seen to be under a delusion. For those

whom they think their enemies are as much as themselves puppets in the

hand of Fate . Fate, not them, is ultimately responsible for their quarrels.""25

{b} c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> simi(jk s>GP< :

c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> Avit>#yi[_ir g&jrit) g\iÀy smijn&> viAt(vk (c#i

rj* Yy&> C[. t[ smyni g&jrit) g\iÀysmijmi> a>F~¹Fi, aXin an[ aÃp (SxN p\vt<min

hti>.t[ smy[ smijmi> sir)-Ki[T), an[k Fi(m<k an[ simi(jk p\Ni(lkiai[ni[ p\vih vh[ti[

hti[. simiºy r)t[ smijni[ dr[k Äy(kt a[ p\vihn) (dSimi> pi[tin) Jvnn]yi aigL

Fpivti[ hti[, pr>t& p(r(AY(t vS jyir[ ki[e Äy(kt a[ p\vihY) aiDi[ f>Titi[, Ryir[ t[N[ sKt

simi(jk s>GP<ni[ simni[ krvi[ pDti[. s>t&, jDiv, ai[tmc>d vg[r[ m(Dyin) nvlkYini a[vi

pi#ii[ C[ j[ai[n&> Jvn s>ji[gvsit` a[ simiºy p\vihY) alg tr) aiv[ C[, flAv$p a[mN[

250

pi[tini Jvnmi> aikr) a(³npr)ximi>Y) psir Yv&> pD[ C[. hv[ aipN[ a[mN[ kr[li simi(jk

s>GP<ni[ p(rcy p\i¼t kr)S&>.

'v[Li> v[Li>n)> Ci>yD)"n) S$ait m¹y si]riOT^mi> aiv[li viG(Nyini ai[tmc>d S[qn[

Ryi> nvi mkinni viAtini avsrn) t]yir)Y) Yiy C[.ai p\s>g[ m[>gN)Y) pN an[k mh[mini[

aiv[ C[.a[k Gr[Ni>n) aipl[ bibt[ liDki[r an[ smrY vμc[ v]mnAy jºm[ C[, a[Y)

ai[tmc>d S[qni siLi dk&Bie d&kin Ci[Dvini[ (nN<y l[ C[.

dk&Bie jyi> s&F) ap(r(Nt hti Ryi> s&F) ti[ a[ aniY Ci[kri>ni[ bh[n-bn[v)n[

ai>gN[ j uC[r Yyi[ hti[.ai[tmc>d S[q[ a[n[ BNiÄyi[-prNiÄyi[ an[ kimn) aivDt ji[en[

jt[ (dvs[ v[pirmi> pN Big)dir bniÄyi[ hti[.dk&Bieni smrY siY[ni l³n bid t[ai[a[

pDi[Smi> j pi[tin&> Avt>#i Gr mi>Dy&>.

smrYni[ AvBiv ePi<L& an[ k(jyiKi[r C[.ai upri>t a[nimi> Biri[Bir Ki[T) mi[Tie

pN C[.pi[tini FN)n) (AY(t simiºy hi[vi Cti> a[ h>m[Si nN>dni Grn) nkl krvi mY[

C[.pi[tin[ liDki[[rn) smi[vD) smj[ C[.an[ a[mi> jyir[ jyir[ (nOfLti mL[ Ryir[ Ryir[

nis)pis Ye mi[> mcki[D) CNki> kr) liDki[r siY[ zGDi[ kr[ C[. aim, nin)-mi[T) bibti[n[

len[ nN>d-Bi[jie vμc[ GN)vir ckmk zr[ C[.

viAtini (dvs[ svirmi> j smrY liDki[r pis[ a[k miLi ph[rvi mi>g[ C[. liDki[r a[

miLi smrYn[ aipvini[ nn]yi[ BN[ C[, an[ vFirimi> a[n[ s>BLiv[ C[ :

''j[vi hi[ea[ a[vi lig)a[ a[mi> Srmivin&> S&> Bli ?....fiTy[ l*gD[ an[ d*bL[

mivtr[ Srmiea[ n(h, smJ?""26

nN>dn) aiv) slihni S¾di[ kin[ Frvi miT[ smrY min(sk r)t[ t]yir hi[t)

nY).a[n[ ti[ mi#i ph[r) ai[Q)n[ viAtini p\s>gmi> mhilvin&> j mn hi[y C[. a[Y) a[ miLin)

251

mi>gN)ni smY<nmi> (v(c#i dl)li[ kr[ C[. liDki[r pN a[n) dl)li[ sim[ p\(tdl)li[ kr[ C[

an[ a[m krti krti smrYn[ a[ni ai[(SyiLipNini[ an[ a[mni vμc[ rh[l) asmintini[

ah[sis kriv[ C[. t[ smy[ smrYn[ miq&> ligti t[ n)c[ p\miN[ T[k le Ryi>Y) jt) rh[ C[ :

''ti[ aijY) hv[ tmiri Grni gi[Lin&> piN) hrim....amir&> Bi³y ki>e v[c) nY)

KiF&>...hv[ s*ki> ri[Tlimi> ki>e n(h jD[ ti[ m)q&> dib)S&>, pN tmir[ ai>gN[ B)K n(h

mi>g)a[.""27

ai ki]T&>(bk zGDi bid dk&Bie v[pirmi> ai[tmc>d S[qY) j&di Ye jvini[ (nN<y kr[

C[.a[mni ai zGDimi> bdmiS mknJ m&n)m bLtimi> G) hi[m[ C[. a[ CLkpT kr) ai[tmc>d

S[qn[ brbid krvin) n[m l[ C[ : 'm(hni d)mi> ai[tmc>d S[qn) p[Q)n&> uqimN&> n Ye jiy ti[

mir) m*>C m&>Div) niK&>, m*>C !""28

Yi[Di> (dvsi[mi> j a[ smicir viy&v[g[ smg\ p>Ykmi> fr) vL[ C[ k[,

''dk&Bie pi[tini bn[v)Y) r)sien[ p[Q)mi>Y) C*Ti[ Ye gyi[, viG(Ny&> Ci[D)n[ a[ ti[

eV(ry[ rh[vi ciÃyi[ gyi[ C[,mknJ m&n)m[ pN p[Q)n&> m&n)mpd&> Ci[D) d)F&> C[, ai[tmc>d S[q

cir[ ki[rY) G[rie gyi[ C[ n[ piGD) f[rvvini v[tmi> C[....""29

aim, ai[tmc>d S[qn) p[Q)n&> mnd&:K an[ (vKvidn[ kirN[ ptn Yiy C[.ai[tmc>d

S[Qni k&T&>b upr aiv) pD[l) ai(Y<k aip(_imi>Y) bhir aivvini[ mig< s*cvti kp*rS[q

ai[tmc>d S[qn[ AYivr (mlkt sgi>vhili>ai[n[ nim[ cDivvin&> an[ drdig)ni vg[r[ sg[vg[

kr) niKvin[[i mig< btiv[ C[.ai[tmc>d S[qn[ ai vit gL[ utrt) nY) an[ t[ai[ kh[ C[ :

''ni,ni, a[v&> aNhkn&> mn[ n Kp[. l[Ndirn&> l[N&> si[nimhi[r j[v&>. apiS[ Ryi> s&F)

d*F[ Fi[en[ aip)S. n(h phi[>ciy Ryir[ licir. pN mir[ mir) dint nY) bgiDv). ki[en&>

ai[Lv)n[ aivt[ Bv[ C*T&> n(h.""30

252

aim, ai[tmc>d S[q an](tkti siY[ smiFin n krti pi[tini aidSi[<n[ vLg) rh[

C[.p(rNim[ pi[tin) pis[ j[ k>e ht&> a[ sv[< l[Ndiri[n[ c*kv) d[ C[. viG(Nyin) p\(t(Oqt p[Q)ni

mi(lk ai[tmc>d S[qn[ gimn) bjirmi> a[k Ki[bi j[vD) hiTD) Ki[lvini[ viri[ aiv[ C[ an[

a[mni[ Bie nri[_im Avt>#i r)t[ kmivi Sh[rn) viT pkD[ C[. gr)bie an[ ai(Y<k B)>s vFti

ai[tmc>d pRn)ni aig\hn[ vS Ye a[mni siLi dk&Bie trfY) ai(Y<k mddn) ap[xia[ a[n[

mLvi eV(ry[ jiy C[. Ryi> t[mn&> apmin Yiy C[ an[ a[ni pr ci[r)n&> aiL pN lgivvimi>

aiv[ C[.eV(ryiY) viG(Nyi piCi frti mig<mi> drbir psiyti ai[tmc>dn[ ci[r smJ

Qi[rmir mir[ C[.a[k ai>bl)ni vZx n)c[ b[Bin avAYimi> pD[li ai[tmc>d upr m[>gN)

gimni a[Bl aih)rn) njr pD[ C[. a[ a[n[ u>ck) liv) pi[tin) ki[Qmi> aiSri[ aip[

C[.pr>t& ai[tmc>d aimi>n&> kS&> pRn) liDki[rn[ jNivti nY).

smy jti nri[_imn) shiyY) viG(Nyimi> ai[tmc>d S[qn) p[Q) p&n: b[q) Yiy

C[.dk&Bien) kpTl)lini[ Big)dir m&n)m, dk&Bie oiri j rAt[ rzLti[ Ye jiy C[ an[

pi[tin) pipl)lin[ p\tip[ d&OT dk&Bien[ j[lvisi[ Yiy C[. Ryirbid eV(ryi Kit[ l³np\s>g[

liDki[r an[ smrY mLti> ai[tmc>d pr aiv[li aiL an[ a[n[ pD[li mir a>g[ni[ GTAfi[T

Yiy C[.ai hk)kt n) jiN Yti> j liDki[r v)fr[ C[ an[ aik\i[S qilv[ C[, pr>t& (AYtp\X

ai[tmc>d ti[ aiv&> (vcir)n[ j pi[tini[ si(_vk Biv p\gT kr[ C[ :

''ni, k&drt j aiv) B*l kriv[ C[. miNs ti[ k&drtni hiYmi> rmkDi> j[vi[ C[.""31

aim, ah)> ai[tmc>d[ pi[tini Jvnmi> an&Bv[li[ s>GP< h[ºciD<[ an&Bv[l s>GP<n) yid

apiÄyi (vni rh[ti[ nY).

'l)l&D) Frt)" Big-1,2ni k[ºWmi> hidi pT[ln) p&#ivF* s>t& an[ a[N[ an&Bv[l

simi(jk s>GP< C[.nvlkYin) S$aitY) j s>t&n[ Avmin) an[ Km)rv>t) dSi<vvimi> aiv)

253

C[.gimni k*v[ piN) Brvi jt) s>t&n) jyir[ Sid*L mÆkr) kr[ C[, Ryir[ s>t& t[n[ jDbiti[D

jvib aip[ C[ a[n) hi[k)AT)k pi[tini k¾jimi> riK) a[ p\(tOqini[ p\Ån bnti ki[en)y[

lg)r[ prvi kyi< (vni jripN nmt&> ji[Kt) nY).ni(Ly[rn) rmtmi> amrgQni y&vini[ siY[

(F>giN&> Yti mi>DN gi[brni[ aiDi[ Gi z)l[ C[ an[ pi[tini[ a[k hiY g&miv[ C[.pr>t& a[ j

mi>DN di$ni nSimi> k*vimi> Sid*L C[ a[m min) Ti[Ti[ fi[D[ C[ an[ gi[brn) hRyi kr[

C[.pi[tini p(t gi[brn) jyir[ hRyi Yiy C[ Ryir[ s>t& sgBi< hi[y C[.

a[k xNmi> s>t&n&> s&K C)nvie jiy C[ an[ a(h>Y) j a[ni[ aikri[ simi(jk s>Gt&n) sgBi<vAYi a[ni (vP[ jitjitn) S>kik&S>ki g\imjni[mi> jºmiv[

C[.K&d a[n) j[qiN) Ujm s>t&n[ S>kin) njr[ j&a[ C[.a[ S>ki s[v[ C[ k[ Sid&Lni mi[hmi> s>t&

aiv) ge hi[y an[ gi[brn) hRyi kr) hi[y .s>t&n[ S>ki C[ k[ mi>DN[ mirimi> ais(ktn[ kirN[

gi[brn) hRyi kr) hi[y. aiK&> g&>disr s>t& p\Ry[ aLKimN&> vlN FirN kr[ C[.S>kijºy mins

an[ atDi li[kÄyvhirY) #iAt a[v) s>t&n) mni[dSin[ m(Dyi Bir[ k&SLtiY) ail[K[ C[ :

''gimni aiKi viy&m>DL[ jiN[ k[ s>t& sim[ kivtr&> rμy&> C[.K&d aibi[hvimi> j p[li

aiLn) mi]n viN) Äykt Ye rh) C[.ke>k ag(Nt aØÆy a>g&(lai[ ci[(dSia[Y) a[n) sim[

c)>Fie rh) C[ an[ a[niY)y adk) ag(Nt li[kJBi[ a[n[ apriF) qriv) rh) C[ : 't&> d&OTi

C[!", 't&> hRyir) C[!", t&> k&lTi C[!"32

li[ki[ni vik`biNY) Äy(Yt s>t&n) (AY(t (dvs[ (dvs[ vF& (vPm bnvi mi>D[ C[ an[ a[

k*vi[ p*r) aiRmhRyi krvini[ p\yRn kr[ C[. pr>t& a[ a[ni p\yRnmi> (nOfL jiy C[. gimmi>

d&kiL pD[ C[. a[n[ miT[ li[ki[ s>t&n[ jvibdir q[rv[ C[.an[ a[ni stni pirKi krvin&> nkk)

kr[ C[. s>t& pi[tin) p(v#iti si(bt krvi li[ki[ oiri nkk) Yy[l pr)ximi>Y) psir Yvin&>

Av)kir) l[ C[. m>gLvirn) a[k svir[ gimn[ ci[r[ qikr Bgvinn) sim[ s>t&n) a(³npr)xi

254

yi[jvimi> aiv[ C[. s>t&n) a(³npr)xi n)hiLvi gimni tmim li[ki[ Ryi> B[gi> Yiy C[.

Yi[D)virmi> s>t& pi[tin) a(³npr)xi miT[ Ryi> hijr Ye jiy C[. s>t& FgFgt) kDien) nJk

aiv[ C[ an[ st)min[ p\iY<ni kr) tivDimi> kkLti> t[lmi> hiY bi[L) d[ C[. m(Dyi a(h> lK[

C[ :

''s>t&ni mi[Qimi>Y) By>kr v[dnin) kiL) c)s n)kL) ge ! a[ni kmL-D>K smi b>n[

ki[mL hiYni ki>Di fNfNti t[lni agndihmi> fDfi[l) Uqyi> hti> !""33

an[ hv[ a[ j g\imjni[ Ujmn) bih&mi> Qgli[ Yen[ pD[l) s>t&n) agnv[dnini

upciri[ s*cv[ C[.tivDimi> UkLti FgFgti t[ln) agnziL s>t&n[ lig) pN a[n) v[dnin)

ci[T jiN[ k[ Ujm an&Bv[ C[.t[n[ trt j smjie jiy C[ k[ s>t& sic) C[ an[ pi[t[ Ki[T)

C[.s>t& upr kl>kiri[pN krvimi> a[N[ Yip KiF) C[. s>t&n) siY[siY[ t[ pN pVitipni

a(³nmi> bL[ C[. d[riN)ni sDsD) gy[li b>n[ hiY upr svir-si>j piTip)>D) kr[ C[ n[

mni[mn vsvsi[ an&Bv[ C[ :

''hiy r[, h&> t[ k[v) jDBrY k[ tiri j[v) ji[gN)ni avtir sm)n[ ai[LK) j n Sk)

? h&> a[v) t[ k[v)k kici kinn) k[ h>Fiy gimgpiTin[ siv sici j min) l)Fi ?""34

a[k bij& Ujm aivi[ uÜ[g an&Bv[ C[ Ryir[ b)J bij&, s>t&ni (c_imi> a[

a(³npr)xi pC) nv) ÄyYi jºm[ C[.ukLti t[lmi> a[ni hiY sic[ j sLg) gyi t[Y) aij

s&F)n) sGL) K&mir) t[ Ki[e b[s[ C[. a(³npr)xi ph[li> pi[t[ td`n (nOkl>k C[ a[m b[FDk a[

li[ki[n[ kh) Skt) ht). a[ mni[dSi, a[ (mjij an[ (vS[P ti[ a[ a>g[n) a[n) aiRm~¹Fi a[

a(³np\yi[gmi> ai[gL) jiy C[. s>t& n)c[ p\miN[ mni[ÄyYi an&Bv[ C[ :

''h&> sic[ j apriF) hi[eS? m[> sic[ j pip ky&<> hS[ ? mn[ ti[ ki>e krti> ki>E a[v&>

si>Brt&> nY) k[ j[ni[ mir[ Bgvinn[ G[r ³yi pC) jbip aipvi[ pD[.mir&> mn ti[ ar)si j[v&>

255

ci[²K&>f*l ht&>. a[Tli miT[ ti[ m[> ssri j[vi ssrin) aiXi uYip)n[ y t[lni kDimi> hiY

bi[Çyi. mn[ ti[ pik) Kitr) ht) k[ miri> b[y ki>Di> hLvif*l rh[S[ n[ a[n[ ki>e nh)> Yiy.pN

aiti[ ds[y ai>gLi> BDY&> S[kiy a[m S[kiy ³yi>.hiy r[ ! aiti[ h&> hiY[ kr)n[ miYi upr aiL

vhi[r) aiv). hv[ h&> gimmi> S&> mi[Q[ kh) Sk)S k[ gi[brn[ m[> nY) miyi[<, miri> ai[Fin miri>

FN)ni> j C[, Sid*Lni[ m[> ai[Ciyi[y nY) l)Fi[ !""35

aim, a[k aNaicyi< apriFni[ D>K s>t&ni a>trn[ ki[r) Kiy C[.h>m[Si p\f&Ãl an[

p\sºn rh[t) s>t&n) ai>Ki[mi> Bi(vni[ ki[ek p\Cºn By aiv) Briy C[.n)tyi<> piN) j[v&>

(nm<L hiAy jiN[ k[ sdiyn[ miT[ (vl&¼t Ye jiy C[. a[ni AYin[ a[k G[ri[ (vPid a[ni mnmi>

Gr kr) jiy C[.p(rNim[ fDfi[l) uq[li> hiYni jKm ti[ Grg¸Y&> upciri[ vD[ F)m[F)m[ r&zivi

lig[ C[. pr>t& kiLj[ lig[li[ Gi ti[ k[m[y kr)n[ r&ziti[ nY).a[niY) (vpr)t, (dvs[ (dvs[ a[n)

min(sk v[dni t)v\tr bn) rh[ C[.s>t& jyir[ p\s&(tn) p)Di an&Bvt) hi[y C[ Ryir[ pN

upri[kt mni[ÄyYi a[ni (c_imi> G&mriyi kr[ C[.36

an[ s>t& Kr[Kr a[k mZt (SS&n[ jºm aip[ C[.pr>t& s>t&n&> htp\t mins a[ vit

Av)krvi asmY< C[ an[ t[ min[ C[ k[ a[ni s>tinn[ ani]rs min) li[ki[a[ j a[n[ a[n)

pis[Y) C)nv) l)F&> C[.hv[ pC)ni[ s>tin(vyi[g s>t&ni s>GP< an[ (vPidn) prikiOqi si(bt

Yiy C[ j[ t[ shn kr) Skt) nY). s>t& a>t[ pi[tin&> min(sk smti[ln g&miv) b[s[ C[ an[

gi>D) Ye jiy C[.minvJvnmi> a[k A#i)a[ an&Bvvi pDti kOT an[ v[dnin[ l)F[ m(Dyi

A#i)n[ 'l)l&D) Frt)" siY[ u(ct r)t[ srKiv[ C[ :

''aA#i)ni[ avtir ti[ l)l&D) Frt) j[vi[ C[.a[n) upr (SyiL[ biL)n[ BDY&> kr) m[l[

a[vi> (hm pD[, ci[mis[ bir[y m[G Ki>gi Yiy n[ kiL[ uniL[ biL) niKti tDki tp[ t>y[ a[ni

256

(ddir ji[nirn) ai>Kmi> li[h) aiv[; pN a>t[ ti[ a[ j Frt) vL) l)l)Cm Yen[ lh[rie Uq[

t>y[ aipN) j ai>K qr[.""37

'S[viLni Stdl"mi> nY&si[n) an[ ajviL) kik)n) d)kr) jDivn[ aim ti[ gi]N pi#i

gN) Skiy, pr>>t& a[N[ an&Bv[l simi(jk s>GP< an[ aºyiy a(h> ni[>Fpi#i bn[

C[.d[v(Lyini $ps) mhirijni d)kri nTvrlil siY[ jDivni l³n nkk) Yiy C[. l³nni[

(dvs aiv) cQ[ C[.l³nn) tmim t]yir)ai[ Ye c*k) C[.jin[ gimni pidr[ pDiv ni²yi[

C[.nY&si[n) l³nn) (v(F Rvr)t ptivvi mi>g[ C[ an[ utivL[ sim]y&> le jvini[ k&lBien[

aid[S aip[ C[. ai a[ j k&lBie C[ j[ jDivni kl>(kt B*tkiLY) vik[f C[. an[ aiY) j

nY&si[n) pi[tin) d)kr)ni l³np\s>g[ a[n[ vF& n[ vF& mh_v aip) aigL Fr[ C[. pr>t& k&lBie

aiKr[ rmt rm[ C[.t[ai[ $ps) v[vien[ jDivni JvnrhAyn) jiN kr) d[ C[. an[ jDivn)

j³yia[ a[mn) d)kr) gi[divr)n&> l³n nTvrlil siY[ gi[qv) d[ C[. nY&si[n) ai aiGit

shn n kr) Skti aiRmhRyi kr[ C[.

jDiv jyir[ jyir[ s>t&n) kiKmi> pi[tin) j d)kr) jD)n[ j&a[ C[ Ryir[ t[ a[ni trf

a[k adÀy aikP<N an&Bv[ C[.rit[ a[kl) pDti jDiv a[ GTni upr (vcir[ cQ[ C[ an[ a[n[

pi[tin) RyJ d[viy[l) biLk) yid aiv[ C[.s>t&n[ ai biLk) k[v) r)t[ mL) a[ hk)kt ti[ gim

aiKimi> jiN)t) ht).Cti> jDivni mnmi> a[k s>Syni[ fNgi[ f*T[ C[ : 'a[ mir) j p[T jN)

ti[ n(h hi[y?"38

'piC) livi[ mir) p[Tn) jN)", a[v) mi>gN) ni u_irmi> miti trfY) 'fr) diN bi[l)

Ci[ ti[ JB j K[>c) kiQ)S" a[v) aikr) Fmk) mLti jDiv smsm)n[ b[s) rh[ C[.g&>disr

gimmi> jyir[ sim*(hk biLl³nn&> aiyi[jn Yiy C[ Ryir[ pN jDivn) mn:(AY(t (vPm bn)

rh[ C[. ai sm*hl³nmi> s>t&n) ninkD) jD)n&> pN l³n gi[qviy C[. a[ l³nmi> hijr)

257

aipvi miT[ jDiv K*b j uRs&k C[ pr>>t& a[m krvi miT[ a[n[ miti trfY) m>j*r) mLt)

nY).a[ q&mrn) KDk)mi> b>Fiy[l ci[r)ni cir Yi>Bli an[ ki[en) kiKmi> b[s)n[ ci[r) vμc[

f[ri[ frt) jD)n) mni[mn kÃpni kr[ C[.jDiv miT[ a[ kÃpni ashy bn[ C[, kirN k[ t[

(vcir[ C[ :

'' ....kdicn[ a[ mir) j Ci[kr) hS[ ti[ ? a[ ti[ prN)n[ b[s) ge.... an[ h&> ?""39

a[ ri#i[ jDiv U>G) Skt) nY).aiK) rit a[ni kinmi> Qi[l Fb*kti rh[ C[, m>gLg)ti[

gviti rh[ C[, q&mrn) KDk)mi> m>gLf[ri friy C[ an[ kiLi (Dbi>g a>Firimi> pN a[ ØÆyi[

jDivn) njr sim[ fr) fr)n[ sji<ti rh[ C[. a[Tlimi> ajviL) kik)n[ Ryi> mh>t $(Pk[SJn&>

jDivn[ t[D&> aiv[ C[.a[ kimi>F mh>tn[ tib[ Yvi krti jDiv Bi>ki k&lf)viLi ji[D[ Big)

jvin&> ps>d kr[ C[.jDiv Big) jti> ajviL) kik) pi[l)sf(ryid krti ph[li> mh>t $(Pk[Sn[

jiN kr[ C[. mh>t jDivn) Si[Fmi> pi[tini miNsi[ di[Div[ C[.Yi[Di> (dvsi[ pC) mh>tn[ m&>beY)

smicir mL[ C[ k[ Bi>kin[ ti[ pkD) l[vimi> aiÄyi[ C[ pr>t& jDiv hiYtiL) aip) CTk)

jvimi> sfL Ye C[.m&>bemi> jDiv mh>tni miNsi[ni sk>jimi>Y) CTk) cl(c#in[ 'a[kAT^i"

p*ri piDti[ abijinn) jiLmi> spDiy C[.ai abijin jDivn[ a(Bn[#i) bniv[ C[ an[

siY[ siY[ a[n&> Sir)(rk an[ ai(Y<k Si[PN pN kr[ C[. jyir[ jDiv a[n) sim[ (vri[F Äykt

kr[ C[ Ryir[ abijin a[ni upr j&lm g&jir[ C[.a>t[ a[ni[ #iis asH bnti (h>mt kr)n[

a[k rit[ jDiv abijinn) c&>gilmi>Y) nis) C*T[ C[.nis) C*Tyi bid jDiv miT[ m&>be j[vi

Sh[rmi> ki[e shiri[ n mLti a[ a>t[ Sh[rni rAtiai[ upr rzLt) a[k v[Æyi bn[ C[. (vd[S)

s](nki[ a[n) siY[ Sir)(rk aDpli> kr[ C[ an[ a[n[ a(nμCia[ di$ piy C[.pi[tin) (vkZ(t

s>ti[Oyi bid a[n[ rAti upr rzLt) Ci[D) m*k[ C[.

258

''Gviy[li ashiy pS&n) j[m jDiv f*TpiY pr j pD)pD) kNs) rh). s](nki[a[

bLjbr)Y) piy[li p)Nin[ p(rNim[ a[n&> mgj bh[r mir) gy&> ht&>.pi[tin) dSin&> k[ avdSin&>

pN a[n[ p*r&> Bin nhi[t&>. a[vimi> j a[n[ kin[ a[k avij aYDiyi[ : 'jD)""".40

a[ avij hti[ pi[tin) d)kr) jDivn[ g&>disrY) m&>be mLvi aiv[l) miti ajviL)

kik)ni[. pi[t[ an&Bv[l Sir)(rk an[ min(sk s>GP< a[n) prikiOqia[ phi[>cti a[ jDiv miT[

asH bn[ C[ an[ t[Y) jDiv pN a>t[ pi[tin&> min(sk smti[ln g&miv) d[ C[.

b)J bij&, al-ali(mnn[ mi[rc[ (vjy m[Lv)n[ piCi fr) rh[li Sid*LBini[ B[>Ti[

m&>beni rAtiai[ upr gi>DpNmi> BTkt), ki[e ki[evir pi[tin) biLk)n[ miT[ b*mi[ piDt) ti[

ki[evir pi[tini p(tn&> nim bi[lt) ti[ ki[evir pi[tin) jn[tin[ giLi[ Bi>Dt) jDiv siY[ Yiy

C[, j[ a>t[ jDivn[ pi[tin) siY[ g&>disr le aiv[ C[. m(Dyia[ (n$p[li simi(jk s>GP< s>dB[<

p\d)p rivL lK[ C[[ :

''m(Dyin) nvlkYimi> (n$piy[li> Jvnmi> jit an[ jgtni s>GP[i< C[ ti[ a>trni

armini[n[ t[n) sim[ smijni frmini[ pN C[.....s>ji[gni sk>ji vμc[ kyir[k kNsti>, ti[

kyir[k (vWi[h krti> n[ kyir[k Jvnn[ U>c[r) B*(mkia[ le jti> minv)ai[n&> ail[Kn

m(Dyin) kYisZ(OTn[ sBr kr[ C[.""41

m(Dyia[ pN pi[tin) nvlkYini pi#ii[n[ t)v\ simi(jk s>GP< an[ a[ s>GP<n[ l)F[

ud`Bvt) Sir)(rk an[ min(sk p)Di an&Bvti dSi<Äyi C[.m(Dyia[ pi[tin) kZ(tai[mi>

(n$p[li g\imjni[ni s>GP< bibt[ n)(tn vDgimi n)c[ p\miN[ (T¼pN) kr[ C[ :

''aim Jvnni z>ziviti[mi> f>gi[Liti minv)ai[, a[mn) m&Æk[l)ai[ an[ myi<diai[,

a[mni Jvnn) m>glti an[ am>glti t[mj aFm (vciri[mi> aTviy[li g\imjni[ni>

Jvnn&> dS<n l[Kk[ ah)> kriÄy&> C[.""42

259

3. simi(jk B[dBiv :

{a} Yi[ms hiD)<n) nvlkYiai[mi> simi(jk B[dBiv :

Yi[ms hiD)<n) nvlkYiai[mi> g\imjni[ j[ simi(jk B[dBivni[ Bi[g bn[ C[ a[ni

m*LB*t kirNi[mi> kyi>k a[mn) gr)b), kyi>k a[mn) Xi(t, ti[ kyi>k aNGD gim(DyipN&>

jvibdir hi[y C[.ai bibti[n[ l)F[ smijni mi[Bidir vg< oiri a[mn&> apmin an[

avgNni Yiy C[, a[mn[ t&μCkirvimi> aiv[ C[.a[ li[ki[ p\Ry[ni kiymni aLKimNi> vlNn[

l)F[ a[ li[ki[ pi[t[ h)n hi[vin) lG&tig\>(Y an&Bv[ C[.p(rNim[ a[ li[ki[ h>m[Si dbiy[li-

kcDiy[li rh[ C[ an[ m*>g[ mi[Q[ a[mn[ Yti> simi(jk aºyiy shn kyi< kr[ C[. T[sni (pti

j[k Db)<(fÃDn[ jyir[ jiN Yiy C[ k[ t[ai[ a[k umdi umriv k&T&>b D"ab<r(vÃsni v>Sj C[

Ryir[ t[ai[ j[ r)t[ pi[tini[ ain>d a(BÄykt kr[ C[ t[mi> t[mN[ smijni n)cli vg<ni Äy(kt

tr)k[ an&Bv[li d&:K-dd<ni dS<n Yiy C[.

a[l[k oiri jit)y Si[PNY) len[ a[ºjl siY[ni l³n s&F) T[s pi[tin&> aiRmsºmin

jiLvvi miT[ s>GP< kr[ C[.a[ni aiRmsºminn[ vir>vir q[s phi[>c[ C[ kirN k[ t[ gr)b C[ an[

a[n&> k&T&>b a(t simiºy simi(jk mi[Bi[ Friv[ C[. a[>jl siY[ni l³n bid T[s a[ni p(t

smx pi[tini[ kl>(kt B*tkiL Cti[ kr[ C[ an[ a[ni p(t pis[ a[ miT[ xmin) yicni kr[ C[

Ryir[ a[>jl a[n[ kh[ C[ k[ mi#i xmi aipviY) p(r(AY(tmi> ki[e f[r pDvini[ nY).pi[tin[

aidS<vid) an[ uμc k&T&>bni[ nb)ri[ gNti[ a[>jl T[sn[ utir) piDti kh[ C[ :

''Don't Tess ; don't argue. Different societies, different manners, you

almost make me say you are an uncomprehending peasant woman ..... ""43

a[l[k T[s upr bLiRkir g&jir[ C[ an[ a[>jl[ T[s siY[ni l³n ph[li> l>Dnmi> a[k

A#i)n[ Bi[gv) hi[y C[.pr>t& a[ miT[ smij a[mn[ di[(Pt q[rvti[ nY) k[ a[mni d&OkZRyn[

260

vKi[Dti[ nY).aim, jit)y AKlnn[ smijni uμc vg<mi> td`n shj an[ sih(jk p$k\yi

gNvimi> aiv[ C[. pr>t& ai j bibt T[s j[v) simiºy A#i) miT[ pip-p&·yni[ p\Ån bn[ C[

an[ t[N[ smijn) aikr) T)ki-(T¼pN)ni[ simni[ krvi[ pD[ C[.

'jy&D F ai[¾skyi[r"n[ hiD)< a[n) p\Ativnimi> 'tragedy of unfulfilled

aims"tr)k[ ai[LKiv[ C[.aim Cti> a[mn) ai kZ(tn[ gr)b an[ (nriFir g\imjni[n[ kcD)

niKt) smij ÄyvAYi an[ simi(jk aºyiy sim[ pi[kirvimi> aivti b>D tr)k[ pN

ai[LKiv) Skiy.

nvlkYin) S$aitmi> j nvlkYikir aipNn[ jy&Dn) a(t simiºy (AY(tni[

aiCi[-pitLi[ ²yil aip[ C[. jy&Dn[ ai smijmi> a(nμCn)y biLk tr)k[ vN<vvimi> aiÄyi[

C[ an[ a[n) kik) a[v&> (vcir[ C[ k[ a[ni mi-bip mZRy& piÀyi Ryir[ t[n[ pN p\B&a[ pi[tin)

pis[ le l)Fi[ hi[t ti[ si@> Yit. aim, biLpNY) j jy&Dn[ aºy pr ai(~t an[

(n:shiy dSi<vvimi> aiÄyi[ C[.S$aitY) j jy*D a[ni gim m[r)g$nn) a[k gimq) SiLimi>

a¿yis kr[ C[ an[ t[ biLpNY) j a[k Xin(ppis& (vwiY)< C[. a[ Xinngr) (k\AT(mºsTrmi>

a¿yis krvin) a[ni pr F*n svir Yiy C[. a[ ngrn[ jy&D 'heavenly Jerusalem "tr)k[

ai[LKiv[ C[.pi[tini Xinmig<mi> a[n[ mig<dS<n aipnir&> ki[e nY). t[ jitmh[nt[ l[(Tn an[

g\)k BiPin&> ÄyikrN S)Kvin) mYimN kr[ C[.pr>t& a[m krti a[ an&Bv[ C[ k[ yi[³y

mig<dS<k vgr a[ni Xin p\i¼t krvini p\yRni[ ÄyY< C[. a(h> hiD)< lK[ C[ :

''Somebody might have come along that way who would have asked

him his troubles; and might have cheered him by saying that his

grammarian. But nobody did come, because nobody does."" 44

jy&D aigim) #iN-cir vPi[< s&F) pi[tini[ a¿yis cil& riK[ C[.a[ 'Doctor of

Divinity’ an[ ‘Bishop’ bnvin) mh_vki>xi Friv[ C[.arb[li siY[ni l³n(vμC[d bid

261

jy&D pi[tin) mh_vki>xi s>ti[Pvi vF& a¿yisiY[< (k\AT(mºsTr jiy C[.a[ni Jvnni ai

tbÊ[ a[n) gr)bie an[ a[n&> simiºy simi(jk Atr a[ni Xinmig<mi> mi[T&> (v¹n si(bt

Yiy C[.an[ a[ vitni[ ²yil aiv[ C[ k[ Äyv(AYt k[LvN) vgr a[ pi[tin) p\g(t siF) Sk[

a[m nY).an[ a[ k[LvN)mi> Bi[gvvi[ pDti[ Kc< a[n[ pi[Piy a[m nY).a[n) t[ smyn)

aivkmi>Y) bct kr[ ti[ pN m[T^)k pr)xmi> u_i)N< Yvimi> a[n[ p>dr vP< j[Tli[ smy lig[.t[

pi[tin[ shiyn) ap[xia[ pi>c j[Tli jiN)ti (SxNSiA#i)ai[n[ p#i lK[ C[, j[mi>ni mi#i

a[k (SxNSiA#i) a[n[ p\Ry&_ir piqv[ C[.an[ a[ni[ a[ p#i vi>c) a[n) tmim mh_vki>xi pD)

Bi>g[ C[ an[ htiS jy&D di$ni nSi oiri pi[tin) (nshiyti an[ (nriSin&> dd< hLv&> krvini[

p\yRn kr[ C[.aim, yi[³y mig<dS<n an[ mdd vgr a[k p$tBiSiL) g\iÀy y&vk k[v) r)t[ ai

smijmi> (SxNY) v>(ct rh[vi pim[ C[ an[ a[n) p\(tBi v[Dfiy C[ a[n&> (nriSivid) (n$pN

hiD)<a[ ai kZ(tmi> ky&<> C[.

'aºDr F g$nv&D T^)" ni[ kYiniyk D)k D[v) t[ni (pti $b[n, didi (vl)ym an[

k&T&>bni aºy s¿y siY[ aprm[lATi[k nimni gimDi>mi> rh[ti[ hi[y C[.Äyvsiy[ t[ai[

milvihk C[.D)k an[ t[ni k[Tli>k kir)gr (m#ii[ m[lATi[k kviyr nimn) s>g)t-m>DL) cliv[

C[.aim, D)k a[ td`n simiºy Grni[ Ci[kri[ C[.pr>t& t[ s&K)-s>pºn Grn) Ci[kr) an[ gimn)

SiLimi> (S(xkin) ni[kr) krt) f[ºs)ni p\[mmi> pD[ C[ an[ t[n) siY[ l³n krvi mi>g[

C[.f[ºs)ni ~)m>t (pti jyi[f\[ bij&ni p[lb[r) gimmi> rh[ti hi[y C[. D)k f[ºs)ni[ hiY mi>gvi

a[ni (ptin[ mLvi jiy C[, pr>t& f[ºs)ni (pti D)kn[ kqi[rtiY) kh[ C[ k[ f[ºs) a[k (S(xt

s>Akir) kºyi C[.pi[t[ p]sidir C[ an[ t[ pi[tin) d)kr)n[ ki[e (vkir k[ Di[kTrn) siY[ prNivvi

mi>g[ C[.f\[ºs) D)k krti dr[k bibt[ c(Qyit) C[.t[Y) t[ D)k j[vi mim&l) g\iÀyjnn[ prN[ t[

yi[³y nY).D)k (nriS Ye Ryi>Y) cil) n)kL[ C[. ai j simi(jk B[dBiv an[ gr)b)

262

am)r)n) asmintin[ l)F[ (m(ss yi[b\ieT oiri r)Dlm[nni[ Yi[m[s)nn[ prNvini[ p\Ativni[

aAv)kir Yiy C[ an[ m[lbr) S[q g\[sn[ gieÃs siY[ n prNivti a[n&> l³n pi[tini

simi(jk mi[Bin[ an&$p Di[kTr f)zp)as< siY[ kr[ C[.

{b} c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> simi(jk B[dBiv :

Xi(tp\Yi Birt)y smijn) a[k a(ot)y (vS[Pti C[. p\ic)nkiLY) Birtn) t[ a[k

piyin) ÄyvAYi C[.aij[ pN a[k mh_vni simi(jk p(rbL tr)k[ Birt)y smijJvnni>

(v(vF x[#ii[mi> p\Ryx yi pri[x r)t[ Xi(tni[ p\Biv ji[vi mL[ C[.ai s>dB[< smijSiA#i) T).

a[m. Dik jNiv[ C[ :

''Another social institution which has contributed great deal in

shaping of the socio-economic life of Indisn people is the caste

system.Though part of Hindu society, caste system has influenced other

religious communities as well. Besides determining social status of different

groups in the society, it tends to mould the behaviour pattern of people and

regular interpersonal reliations and communication between different

groups.""45

(vVni aºy ki[e d[Smi> Birtmi> ji[vi mL[ a[v) p\bL an[ p\BivSiL) Xi(t-Äy

vAYi ji[vi mLt) nY). Birt)y e(thisni (v(Bºn y&gi[ dr(myin Xi(tp\Yia[ (v(vF Av$pi[

FirN kyi<> C[ an[ a[mi> k[Tli>k p(rvt<ni[ pN aiÄyi> C[.aim Cti> Xi(ts>AYia[ t[n&> m*LB*t

Av$p aij[ pN Tkiv) ri²y&> C[.c&n)lil m(Dyia[ pN pi[tin) nvlkYiai[mi> b\iMN,

rjp**t, vi(Nyi, li[hiNi, l&hir, mi[c), Gi>c), ki[L), h(rjn, m&slmin vg[r[ Xi(tai[n[

aivr) l[t&> Birt)y simi(jk miLK&> rj* ky&>< C[.ai miLKimi> b\iMN, rjp*t, vi(Nyi j[v)

263

p\Biv) Xi(tai[ C[ j[ aºy p[TiXi(tai[ upr simi(jk B[dBiv riK) dbdbi[ jiLv[ C[,

a[mn&> Si[PN kr[ C[ ti[ kyi>k a[mn[ simi(jk aºyiy pN kr[ C[.

'l)l&D) Frt)"mi> Sid*L j[vi[ drbirni[ d)kri[ 'ki>(TyivrN" s>t&n) aib$ siY[

Brbjir vμc[ K)lviD kr) Sk[ C[. a[n[ a[ miT[ p*CviviL&> ki[e nY). pr>t& s>t&n[ jyir[

Gi[Din) lid le Gr[ aivti mi[D&> Yiy C[ Ryir[ a[ni ci(r#y a>g[ an[k tk<-(vtk< Yiy C[.s>t&

a[n) b[ejjt) krvi bdl Sid*Ln) sim[ him B)D[ C[, Ryir[ s>t&ni[ (pti T)hi[ s>t&n[

smjivti kh[ C[ :

''tir) vit h>F)y si[ni j[v) C[, d)kri ! pN aipN&> Ki[rD&> gm[ a[v&> ti[ d*bL&> gNiy.

aipN[ dbiyli> miNh. aivi ji$ki jN hiy[< v[rz[r Jrvvini aipNi> gji> ne.""46

aim, m*>g[ mi[Q[ aºyiy shn krvi[, pr>t& sim&> miY&> u>ckv&> n(h a[v) ji[h&km) a[

smy[ p\vt<min ht).ni(Ly[rn) rmtmi> gi[br a>bimin) T*k[ ni(Ly[r niKvi jiy C[ a[n)

s>giY[ gimni m&K)n) aiXiY) Tp&> viL>d[ pN a[n) mig<mi> pgc>p) an[ srBri krvi miT[

mn[-kmn[ jv&> pD[ C[. ai bibt[ pi[tin) p[TbLtri Äykt krti Tp&n) vh& $D) kh[ C[ :

“j&vi[ ti[ Kri ai d&(nyi ?rm[ rmvi viLi n[ a[n) pgc>p) kr[ miri[ vr! amir)

viL>dn) jiRyni[ t) ki>e avtir bÇyi[ C[, mir) b] !”47

Tp& viL>d pN aiKi rAt[ a[n[ m*K) oiri si[>pvimi> aiv[l kim p\Ry[ aNgmi[ Äykt

krti[ rh[ C[. jyir[ gi[br m&K)n[ Tp&n[ a[ni pgc>p)ni kimmi>Y) m&kt krvin&> s*cn kr[ C[,

Ryir[ m&K) gi[brn[ Tp& viL>d (vP[ n)c[ni S¾di[ kh[ C[ :

''ai vhviyin) jiRyn[ j vrdin C[. e ti[ U>T j[vi jnivr gNiy, n[ U>T ti[

gi>grti> j pliNiy.""48

264

aim, Birt)y smijmi> p\Biv) Xi(t oiri n)cl) ki[mni Äy(ktai[n) Ryi> s&F)

avgNni an[ apmin Yiy C[ k[ mn&Oy an[ p\iN) vμc[n) B[dr[Ki pN B*>sie jiy

C[.ainiY) pN vF& kfi[D) hilt ti[ h(rjni[n) C[.vrsidmi> (vl>b Yiy ti[ pN a[ li[ki[a[

p*tLi> m>tyi< hS[ a[m min) a[mn[ jvibdir q[rv), mir mirvimi> aiv[ C[.

'S[viLni Stdl" mi> (grjini[ bip rGi[gi[r b\iMN hti[, pr>t& mi s&YirN ht),

prBi gi[r an[ zv[r gi[riN) a[n[ pRy[ aiBDC[T riK[ C[.a[ li[ki[ m(hn[ aiq $(pyi vs*l)

(grjin[ jmiD[ C[ pr>t& a[n[ miT[n&> jlpi#i an[ Bi[jnni YiL)-viTki alg riKvimi> aiv[

C[.a[ni oiri upyi[gmi> l[viy[li visNi[ pN (grjia[ jit[ mi>J niKvi pD[ C[. n[mi

vi(Nyin) (vjyin&> l³n jyir[ b(m<S Q[fli siY[ gi[qviy C[ Ryir[ gimli[ki[ a[ l³nn) hi>s)

uDiv[ C[ :

''kyi> vi(Nyin) jit n[ kyi> ai[Ãyi[ pirki[ prd[S) brmi[?n(h nitni[ m[L, n(h

jitni[ m[L. ar[ mlkni[y m[L n(h.""49

k[Tli>k li[ki[ ti[ a[ l³nni[ sk\)y (vri[F pN kr[ C[. a[vi (vri[F)ai[mi> prBi gi[r

ag\[sr C[. a[mni mt[ a[ l³nn[ p(rNim[ aiy< s>AkZ(t aBDiy C[. an[ t[Y) a[ l³n (nOfL

j C[.t[ai[ (vjyi an[ Q[flini l³nmi> pi[tin) gi[rmhirijn) B*(mkini[ aAv)kir kr[

C[.jyir[ t[ai[ a[ l³n kr) aipvin) ni piD[ C[ Ryir[ (grji[ aigL aiv[ C[ an[ a[

l³n(v(F s>pºn krvin) t]yir) btiv[ C[. a(h> gimli[ki[ K&d (grjin) j a[k b\iMN

tr)k[n) liykit sim[ vi>Fi[ uqiv[ C[ :

''(grji[ trBiN&> zil) j k[m Sk[ ? a[ kyi> S&¹F b\iMN C[? ai t[i mi m*Li[ n[ bip

gijr j[vi[ vN<S>kr.....b[ cir siAtr vi>c) ni>²y[ ki>e b\iMN Ye jviy ?""50

265

gimli[ki[ni (vri[Fn[ pN avgN)n[ jyir[ (grji[ (vjyi an[ Q[flini l³n kriv)

aip[ C[ Ryir[ a[ l³n SiA#i(vr&¹F jNiti> smijni (nt)rxki[ a[ l³nmi> (n(m_i bnnir

(grjin[ gimmi>Y) hdpirn) sji frmiv[ C[.

'Äyijni[ virs"ni aiBiSin) m[D)n&> pCviD&> s>(F li(Kyirni f(Lyimi> pDt&> ht&>.

a[mn) m[D)n) piCLn) bir)ai[ pN li(Kyirn) ai[Sr)n) bribr sim[ j uGDt)

ht).aiBiSini p(Rn minv>t) GN)vir ti[ bir)a[ UBi> UBi> j ai[Sr)mi> kim krt)

li(Kyirni k*bimi> b[s) pN aivt). ti[ ki[ek vir li(Kyirni GrviLiai[ pN minv>t)ni

aig\hn[ vS Ye aiBiSin) hv[l)n) ai[Sr)n) ki[r[ klik[k b[s) jti>.ai avrjvrn) jyir[

aiBiSin[ jiN Yiy C[ RyirY) t[ai[ pDi[Smi>n) ai ki>(TyivrNn) vsiht a>g[ (c>ti s[v[

C[.t[ai[ a[v) eμCi kr[ C[ k[ li(Kyirni l[Ni> p[T[ a[ni mkin g)ri[mi> K>D) l[vi an[

pDi[Smi>Y) ki>(TyirNni[ By d*r krvi[. an[ t[ai[ a[ p\miN[ krti a>t[ li(Kyirn&> Ki[rD&>

pciv) pN piD[ C[. jyir[ li(Kyir pi[tin&> Ki[rD&> an[ Avmin hNiyini[ afsi[s Äykt krti

kh[ C[ k[ mir) nitmi> mir&> nik kpie gy&>, Ryir[ ctrBj a[n[ kh[ C[ :

''hv[ tmir[ ki>(TyivrNn[ nik bik S&> ? e ti[ ai[l) viL>dn) virtimi> aiv[ C[ a[m

nv[ nik[ (dviL). ""51

aim, uj(Lyitn[ mn smijni d(lt vg<ni Äy(ktn&> Avmin k[ aiRmsºmin hi[e

Sk[ a[ vit akÃpn)y ht)>.Ryi> s&F) k[ d(lt vg<ni hiY[ piN) n p)v&> k[ uj(Lyitni Grmi>

m&slminni nimn&> uμcirN s&¹Fi> vj<y ht&>.a[mni p\Ry[ni aivi ai[rmiyi viN), vt<n, an[

Äyvhirn[ l)F[ t[ai[ smijni simiºy p\vihY) (vm&K an[ a(l¼t a(AtRv Friv[ C[.a[mni

p\Ry[ diKvvimi> aivti[ simi(jk B[dBiv a[mn) min(sktin[ asr kr[ C[ an[ pi[t[ pN

(hntin) ligN) an&Bv[ C[ j[ m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> Dgl[ n[ pgl[ Äykt Yiy C[.

266

{4} diÀpRyJvn an[ an](tk s>b>Fi[ :

{a} Yi[ms hiD)<n) nvlkYiai[mi> diÀpRyJvn an[ an](tk s>b>Fi[ :

Yi[ms hiD)<n) nvlkYiai[mi> l³n a[Tl[ d&:K, dd< an[ d&sihs.p(rN)t y&glni

Bi³ymi> kyir[ pN s&K, Si>(t an[ c[n hi[ti nY). kdic ai kirNi[sr j hiD)<n) mi[TiBign)

ni(ykiai[ prNvi bibt[ KckiT an&Bv[ C[. aN)ni smy[ k[Tliy l³ni[ mi[k*f rKiy C[, ti[

a>(tm GD)a[ k[Tliy l³ni[ gi[qviy C[.'hi" an[ 'ni" vμc[ m*>zit) A#i)ai[n[ zDp) piDvi

miT[ p&r&Pi[ stt p\yRnS)l hi[y C[.ai upri>t hiD)<ni v[s[ksmi> l³n[tr s>b>Fi[ td`n

AviBi(vk an[ shj C[. a[mn) nvlkYiai[mi> b[vfi p\[m)ai[ ti[ b[jvibdir, aÃlD an[

mi[hk p\[(mkiai[Y) Fbkt) rh[ C[.hiD)<ni (vVmi> aipNn[ A#i) an[ p&r&Pi[ni s>b>Fi[mi> rh[li>

akL v](v¹y an[ (vri[FiBisni dS<n Yiy C[.a(h> p\mi(Nk p\[m)ai[n[ p\[m krvin) tk Bi³y[

j si>pD[ C[ an[ a[ li[ki[ni[ p\[m t[ai[ miT[ (vniS an[ (vp(_iai[ni d*tn&> kiy< kr[ C[.pi[t[

kr[l) B*li[ni pVitipni p(rNim[ pi#ii[ a>t[ simi(jk n](tktin[ tib[ Yiy C[.an[ a>drY)

g&ni(ht ligN) an&Bv[ C[. hiD)<a[ a[mni Jvnmi> a[vi k[Tliy l³ni[n) ni[>F l)F) hS[ j[

(nOfL n)vDyi hS[ an[ miT[ j a[mN[ a[ (vPyn[ k[ºWmi> riK) 'jy&D F ai[¾skyi[r", 'T[s

ai[f D'ab<rv)Ãs" vg[r[ nvlkYia[[in) rcni kr) C[.

'jy&D F ai[¾skyi[r"mi> a[v&> kh[viy C[ k[ hiD)< a[ 'T[s"n) kYin[ ulTiv) niK)

C[.'T[s"mi> hiD)< 'Flesh"{Sr)r} an[ 'Spirit" {aiRmi}n[ p\(tkiRmk r)t[ rj* krti b[ p&r&P

pi#ii[ vμc[ aTvit) a[k A#i)n) kYi kh) C[, ti['jy&D F ai[¾skyi[r"mi> 'Flesh" an[

'Spirit" n[ p\(tkiRmk r)t[ rj* krt) b[ A#i)ai[ vμc[ a[k y&vin aTviy C[.jit)y aiv[gn)

(vniSk vZ(_i a[ ai kZ(tni[ (vPy C[. jy&D kyi>k kyi>k F)r-g>>>>>>B)r d[Kiy C[. aim Cti>,

a[nimi> jit)y aiv[g qi>s)qi>s)n[ Byi[< C[ an[ t[Y) j a[ arb[li miT[ visni s>ti[Pvin&>

267

a[kdm an&k*L an[ an&$p siFn mi#i si(bt Yiy C[. j[ r)t[ a[n) bi](Fk mh_vki>xiai[n[

S]x(Nk s>AYiai[ oiri fgiv) d[vimi> aiv[ C[, a[ j p\miN[ a[n) p\[m an[ visnin) B*K

s>ti[Pti s>b>Fi[ AYi(pt krvin) eμCin[ b[ A#i)ai[ oiri fgiv) d[vimi> aiv[ C[. p(rNim[ jy&D

pi[tini Jvnmi> sfL p\[m) k[ p>(Dt bnvimi> (nOfL jiy C[.

ai kZ(t hiD)<ni k[vi p\miN[, 'a deadly war waged between flesh and

spirit"C[.52arb[lin[ 'flesh" ni p\(tk $p[ rj* kr[ C[.an[ Ay&n[ 'spirit"ni p\(tk $p[. ai b[

A#i)ai[ smg\ nvlkYimi> a[kb)ji siY[ stt GP<Nmi> utrt) ji[vi mL[ C[.ai nvlkYini

Big-1mi> arb[li jy&D upr hlil kr[li B*>Dn&> (SÆn f[>k[ C[.a[n) ai c[OTi a[ jy&Dn[

Sir)(rk s>b>F bi>Fvi miT[ni aim#i>Nn&> p\(tk C[. Ryirbidn) a[n) jy&D siY[n) vitc)tmi>

a[ jy&Dn[ pi[tini[ p\[m) bnivvi llciv[ C[. tk mLti a[ jy&Dn[ Sir)(rk s>b>F bi>Fvi uÆk[r[

C[ an[ a[n) a[ cilmi> sfL Yiy C[. aim, arb[lin) jy&D p\Ry[n) jit)y (k\yi-

p\(t(k\yiai[mi> a[nimi> rh[l) pS&ti Äykt Yiy C[. a[nimi> bi](Fk rs$c)ni[ sd>tr aBiv

hi[y C[ an[ a[n[ jy&Dn) mh_vki>xin) jripN drkir hi[t) nY).aiRmin) p(v#iti-n](tkti

a[v) ki[e bibtn&> a[n[ jri pN Bin hi[t&> nY).an[ t[Y) j ai[AT^[(lyimi> t[ ki[epN jitni

r>j vgr b)ji l³n kr[ C[.Ryi>Y) e>³l[>D piCi frti, a[k birmi> t[n) m&likit jy&D siY[

Yiy C[. Ryi>Y) t[ jy&Dn[ t[n) siY[ rit (vtivvi hi[Tlni $mmi> le aiv[ C[. hiD)< arb[lin[

nvlkYini a>tmi> 'a woman of rank passions" tr)k[ s>bi[F[ C[ a[mi> kS&> Ki[T&>

nY).a[ni Diƒ. (vÃbT< p\Ry[ni a(Bgmmi> pN aipNn[ a[nimi> rh[l) (vkZ(t d[Kiy aiv[

C[.aim, arb[li a[ Sir)(rk visnin&> p\t)k C[ j[ni p\Ry[ jy&D aikPi<y C[ an[ tk mLti

a[n[ tib[ Yiy C[.

268

b)J bij&, Ay& aiRmin&> p\(tk C[. Sir)(rk s>b>Fi[ bi>Fvi p\Ry[ a[ lgBg a$(c an[

aNgmi[ dSi<v[ C[. t[ f)li[Tsn siY[ l³n kr[ C[ pr>t& t[n) siY[ Sir)(rk s>b>F bi>Ft) nY).

t[ jy&D siY[ vgr l³na[ mi#i a[k p\[(mkini $p[ rh[vin&> ps>d kr[ C[. an[ jy&Dn[ pN

Sir)(rk s>b>F bi>Fvi miT[ prving) aipt) nY). t[ (nKilspN[ jy&D smx kb*l[ C[ k[ t[

aºy A#i)ai[n) j[m kim*k nY). a(h> jy&D t[n[ n)c[ni S¾di[mi> s>bi[F[ C[ :

''You spirit, you disembodied creature, you dear tantalizing phantom -

hardly flesh at all.""53

Ay& pN (vcir[ C[ k[ pi[t[ m*LB*t minv)y vZ(_iai[ miT[ vF& pDt) Si>t an[ si]Ày C[ -

'a being too gentle to be human."

ai b>n[ A#i)ai[ jy&Dn[ pimvi miT[ a[kb)ji siY[ s>GP<mi> utr[ C[ an[ ai s>GP<n[

j aipN[ p\(tkiRmk r)t[ 'the war waged between flesh and spirit" tr)k[ ai[LKiv)

Sk)a[.Ay& arb[lin[ nfrt kr[ C[ an[ jy&D a[n) siY[ ki[epN p\kirni[ s>b>F riK[ a[ a[n[

m>j*r nY).jyir[ jy&D Ay&n[ jiN kr[ C[ k[ hilmi> a[ li[ki[ j[ hi[Tlmi> utyi< C[ a[mi> a[N[

arb[li siY[ rit (vtiv) ht), Ryir[ Ay&n[ mnd&:K Yiy C[ an[ t[ kh[ C[ :

''You have been false to me ; you, my last hope ! And I shall naver

forget it, never.""54

aiTl&> kh) pYir)mi> t[ miY&> Ki[s) d[ C[ an[ rD[ C[.aºy a[k p\s>g[ t[ arb[lin[ ‘a

fleshy, coarse woman" kh)n[ s>bi[F[ C[. Ay&n[ arb[li siY[n) dr[k m&likit aS&B lig[

C[.t[ jy&Dn[ arb[lin[ mLvi $mn) bhir jvin) prving) aipt) nY). t[ jy&D siY[ l>Dn

jvi t]yir Yt) nY) kirNk[ Ryi> arb[li hi[e Sk[. aim, Ay& miT[ arb[li asH C[.

269

ti[ b)J bij&, arb[li jy&Dn[ Ay& pis[Y) ai>ck) l[vi h>m[Si p\yRnS)l rh[ C[.

jyir[ arb[li a[ b>n[n[ a[k kZ(P-p\dS<nmi> siY[ ji[e C[ Ryir[ t[ a[n) (m#i a[n)n[ kh[ C[ k[

jy&D Kr[Kr si[himNi[ y&vk C[.an[ t[ hj& a[n[ Bi[gvvi mi>g[ C[. arb[li a(h> Ay&n&>

(nr)xN krti ni[>F[ C[ k[ Ay&n[ p\[m k[v) r)t[ krvi[ t[ni[ ²yil nY) an[ t[ni[ ch[ri[ j ai

bibt ciD) Kiy C[. vF&mi> t[ jy&D (vP[ kh[ C[ :

'He is more mine than hers."55

Yi[Di> smy pC) t[ jyir[ (fli[Tsnn[ mL[ C[ Ryir[ t[n[ kh[ C[ k[ t[N[ Ay&n[ ai r)t[ jy&D siY[

jvi d)F) a[ ayi[³y C[.arb[li jy&D siY[ fr) l³n krvimi> sfL Yiy C[ an[ a[n) jy&D

siY[n) dl)lbiJmi> t[ Ay&n[ v[Æyi kh[ C[. aim, j[ r)t[ Ay& arb[li p\Ry[ d&ÆmnivT diKv[

C[, a[ j p\miN[ arb[li Ay& p\Ry[ v[rBiv riK[ C[.

pr>t& ai b>n[ A#i)ai[, 'Flesh and Spirit" hk)ktmi> jy&Dni Äy(ktRvni j b[

(vri[FiBis) pisi> C[, an[ a[ b>n[ vμc[ni[ s>GP< a[ jy&Dni ai>t(rk-min(sk s>GP<n[

p\(tkiRmk r)t[ Äykt kr[ C[. ai bibt[ hiD)<n) miºyti dSi<vti k[.a[m.j[n kh[ C[ :

''Hardy believed that evil is both external and internal.By the external

evil, he meant our enviornment, including circumstances, chance and

coincidence, and society. By the internal evil, he meant the unbriddled

instincts and emotion e.g. love and sex, greed and ambition, jealousy and

hatred etc.""56

jy&Dn) (voin pidr) bnvin) mh_vki>xia[ a[ni aiRmini[ avij C[.a[nimi> rh[l)

visni an[ a[n&> (vjit)y aikP<N a[n) mh_vki>xini mig<mi> aDcNi[ UB) kr[ C[. jyir[ a[

a[ni a¿yismi> ÄyAt an[ m³n hi[y C[ Ryir[ arb[li a[n[ aikP<vini[ p\yRn kr[ C[ an[ t[

270

arb[lini mi[hpiSni[ (Skir bn[ C[. a[ pi[tini a¿yisn[ bij& pr riK) Sr)(rk ain>d

l*>Tvimi> m³n bn[ C[.

jyir[ arb[li a[n[ Ci[D)n[ jt) rh[ C[ Ryir[ a[n) bi](Fk mh_vki>xiai[ fr) b[q)

Yiy C[, pr>t& a(h> t[ Ay&ni p\[mmi> pD[ C[.e(ºWyi[ u_i[Jt Yiy C[, an[ aiRmia[ p)C[hq

krv) pD[ C[. a[ pidr) bnvi miT[ a¿yis krti[ hi[y C[, pr>t& a[n) Ay& miT[n) visni a[n[

Kl[l phi[>ciD[ C[.ai tbÊ[ t[ an&Bv[ C[ k[ vF& pDt) visnin[ l)F[ t[ a[k siri[ pidr) bn)

Sk[ a[m nY).'Flesh" an[ 'Spirit" vμc[ni[ s>GP< vF& t)v\ bnti jy&D p\iY<nini[ shiri[ l[

C[.pr>t& t[ kirgt n)vDti[ nY). a[Tlimi> jy&Dn[ Ay&n[ c&>bn krvin) tk si>pD[ C[. an[ a[

c>&bn hiD)<ni kh[vi p\miN[ jy&Dn) kirk)d)<mi> mh_vni[ vLi>k si(bt Yiy C[. hv[ jy&D miT[

Fm<SiA#ini[ a¿yis cil& riKvin&> aSky bn[ C[.a[n) mh_vki>xin[ a[k mi[Ti[ fTki[ pD[

C[.a[ nkk) nY) kr) Skti[ k[ Äy(ktni ai¹yi(Rmk (vkismi> avri[F uRpÒ krnir p(rbL ky&>

?-A#i), smij k[ pi[tinimi> rh[l) s&P&¼t visni ? kirN j[ hi[y t[ pr>t& jy&D a[ni[

ai¹yi(Rmk (vkis aTkiv) d[ C[ an[ t[ni tmim p&Atki[n[ sLgiv) m*k[ C[.

aim, hiD)< 'aºDr F g\)nv&D T^)"mi> p\Nyni nynrÀy (n$pNY) len[ 'jy&D F

ai[¾skyi[r" j[v) nvlkYiai[mi> p\Nyn) piCL rh[l) pS&ti, htiSi an[ (nriSiai[ni>

p(rpkv an[ g>B)r (ndin s&F)n) sfr kr[ C[. t[ai[ a[mni smy[ p\vt<min S]x(Nk

ÄyvAYin) (vcirNi upri>t ai kZ(tmi> l³np\Yin) sfLti-(nOfLtin[ T)kiRmk r)t[ S>kini

diyrimi> aivr) l[ C[.

'T[s ai[f D'ab<r(vÃs" mi> pN hiD)< 'Flesh" an[ 'Spirit" vμc[ B[dr[Ki di[r) T[sn[

a[ni upr a[l[k oiri Yy[l bLiRkir bid pN a[ 'a pure woman"C[ a[v&> AYi(pt krvini[

p\yRn kr[ C[. T[sn[[i ki]miyg Yyi[ hi[viY) 19m) sd)ni[ (vkTi[r)yn smij T[sn) p(v#iti

271

sim[ ai>gL) c)>>F[, pr>t& hiD)<ni mt[ bLiRkir j[vi FZNiApd s>ji[gi[ n[ ai(Fn Yy[li

ki]miygni[ aY< a[vi[ nY) k[ T[s[ aiRmin) p(v#iti pN g&miv) d)F) C[. T[sni a[l[k

siY[ni an&Bv bid a[ k&>vi(rki rh) nY), pr>t& a[N[ a[ni aiRmin) S&¹Fti ti[ jiLv) j

riK) C[.a[n&> mi#i Sr)r d&(Pt Yy&> C[, n(h k[ a[ni[ aiRmi. ai Ø(OTki[NY) ji[ti> hiD)< T[sn[

'a pure woman" kh)n[ s>bi[F[ a[ AvBi(vk C[.

T[sni ci(r#yn) S&¹Ftini[ p\Ån t[ni a[l[k siY[ni s>b>Fi[ni Av$pni s>dB<mi> j

m*lv) Skiy. T[sni a[l[k siY[ni shvisni #iN mh_vni tbkki C[ : a[l[k oiri T[sn&>

jit)y Si[PN, a[n) s>ji[gi[n[ ai(Fn a[l[kn[ SrNig(t an[ a>t[ a[ni oiri a[l[kn&> K*n.

a[l[k jyir[ T[sn[ ph[l) vir j&a[ C[, Ryir[ j a[ T[sni Sir)(rk si]>dy<Y) aikPi<y

C[, pr>t& T[s a[nimi> mi#i ri[jgir) m[Lvvi p*rti[ j rs diKv[ C[. jyir[ a[l[k pi[tini hiY[

T[sn[ AT^i[b[r) KvDivvini[ p\yRn kr[ C[ Ryir[ t[ a[l[kn[ a[m krti aTkiv[ C[. Ryirbid

T^ºT)j jt) vKt[ a[l[k a[n[ c&>bn krvini[ p\yRn kr[ C[ Ryir[ T[s p)C[hq kr[ C[.pr>t& a[l[k

T[sn[ c&>bn ci[D) d[ C[ Ryir[ T[sn) ai>Ki[mi> ai>s& uBrie aiv[ C[ an[ t[ $milY) pi[tini

gil l*C) ni>K[ C[. jyir[ a[l[k a[n[ fr) c&>bn kr[ C[ Ryir[ T[s Gi[DigiD)mi>Y) n)c[ utr) pD[

C[ an[ bik)n&> a>tr pgpiLi p*$> kr[ C[.aim, a[l[k jyir[ jyir[ T[s p\Ry[ pi[tini[ p\[m dSi<v[

C[ Ryir[ Ryir[ T[s a[ni a[ vlN p\Ry[ aNgmi[ an[ avgNni dSi<v[ C[.

Ryirbid nvlkYimi> an[ T[sni Jvnmi> pN a[k (nNi<yk GTni bn[ C[, an[ a[ C[

a[l[k oiri T[sn&> jit)y Si[PN.a(h> aipNn[ Kbr C[ k[ T[s a[ni (m#ii[ siY[ni zGDin[ l)F[

Sir)(rk r)t[ Yik[l) an[ min(sk r)t[ h[rin-pr[Sin hi[y C[. t[Y) t[ t>WivAYimi> sr) pD[ C[.

a[n) a[ ab&F avAYini[ liB len[ a[l[k a[n) siY[ Sir)(rk s>b>F bi>Fvimi> sfL Yiy

C[.t[ smy[ T[s ki[epN r)t[ a[l[kn[ aTkivvi smY< hi[t) nY), a[Tl&> j n(h a[n) siY[ S&>

272

Ye rH&> C[ a[n&> pN a[n[ Bin hi[t&> nY) an[ jyir[ Bin Yiy C[ Ryir[ K*b (vl>b Ye c*kyi[

hi[y C[. T[s Gr[ piCi frti a[l[kn[ kh[ C[ :

''My eyes were dazed by you for a little, and that was all.I didn't

understand your meaning till it was too late.""57

Gr[ aiv)n[ T[s j[ k>e Yy&> a[n[ miT[ pi[tin) mitin[ di[P d[ C[. an[ qpki[ aip[ C[ k[ Si miT[

a[n) mitia[ p&$Pi[mi> rh[l) ai vZ(_i bibt[ a[n[ sjig kr) nh) an[ a[n[ mig<dS<n p*$>

piDy&> n(h. aim, a[l[k siY[ni smigmmi> T[sn&> Sr)r s>Di[viy C[, pr>t& a[n&> ãdy a[ bibt[

td`n a(l¼t an[ ajiN hi[y C[.t[Y) j a[ GTnin[ aipN[ bLiRkir Kpiv) Sk)a[.T[sn&>

Sr)r d&(Pt j$r Yy&> C[, pr>t& a[ni aiRmin) p(v#iti ti[ aApZOy an[ akb>F rh[vi pim[

C[.ai s>dB[< T[r) eglTn jNiv[ C[:

''When Alec kisses her,...she makes herself 'dead' ,turning herself into

an object in order to resist his attempts to do the same.When he seduces her,

her spirit detaches itself dreamily from her body, leaving it a kind of

corpse.... In a materialistic society, dematerializing yourself may prove the

only way to survive.....In any case denying that you have a body may well

play into the hands of those male idealists who see women as all spirit.""58

jyir[ T[s ai GTni bid pi[tini gimn) nJk aiv[li j>gli[mi> ri#i[ BTk[ C[ Ryir[ t[ a[k

p\kirn) g&ni(ht ligN) an&Bv[ C[. a(h> hiD)< T[sni[ bciv krti kh[ C[ k[ a[ni oiri

sv<Av)kZt simi(jk kiydini[ B>g Yyi[ hS[, pr>t& a[N[ a[n) aispisn) p\kZ(tni ki[e

kiydini[ B>g kyi[< nY).

T[sni[ p(t a[ºjl a[n[ Ci[D)n[ b\i(zl jti[ rh[ C[, pr>t& a[n[ pN piCLY) pi[tin)

(vcirsrN)mi>> rh[l) B*l smjiy C[.t[ n](tktini j*nviN) mipd>Di[n[ (FÊir[ C[.t[n[ smjiy

273

C[ k[ ci(r#y bibt[ S&B-aS&B a[N[ S&> ky&<> C[ a[mi> nY) pr>t& t[ S&> eμC[ C[ t[mi> rh[l&>

C[.a[n[ a[ni utivLi (nN<yni[ pAtiv[i Yiy C[.

T[sni Jvnmi> aºy mh_vni[ vLi>k Ryir[ aiv[ C[, jyir[ t[ a[l[kn[ SrN[ jiy C[,

pr>t& a[ Av[(μCk SrNig(t nY). a[N[ a[l[kn[ lK[li p#ii[ni[ a[ni trfY) ki[e p\Ry&_ir mLti[

nY). hv[ t[ pi[tini k&T&>bni[ Bir vhn kr) Sk[ a[v) (AY(tmi> hi[t) nY). a[ni Bieai[ an[

bh[ni[n[ miY[ Cipr&> nY). hv[ a[n) pis[ a[k j rAti[ bik) rh[ C[, an[ t[ C[ a[l[kn[ SrN[

jvini[. a(h> T[sn) mni[dSi a[ j C[ j[ mni[dSi a[l[k oiri bLiRkir Yyi[ Ryir[ a[n) ht).

T[sn&> Jvn brbid Yiy C[ a[ miT[ a[l[k upri>t a[ni[ p(t a[ºjl pN ai[C[v_i[

a>S[ jvibdir C[. ji[ a[ºjl[ a[ni[ Ryig n kyi[< hi[t ti[ ki]miygn[ bid krti T[sni

Jvnmi> ki[e k$Ni>(tki sji<e n hi[t. aim, a[ºjl a[k p(t tr)k[ pi[tin) jvibdir)mi>

UNi[ utr[ C[. T[sn) kikl*d) an[ (vnvN)n) a[ni upr ki[e asr Yt) nY). a[ni oiri

T[sni Ryig bid T[sni Jvnmi> z>zivit f*>kiy C[.a[n[ miT[ pi[tin&> a(AtRv Bir$p bn[

C[.a[ a[ºjln) K*b rih j&a[ C[, a[ aiSia[ k[ a[ni AvBivmi> rh[l) udirti a[n[ pi[tin)

pis[ piCi[ K[>c) livS[. t[ a[ºjlni mibipn[ mLvi jiy C[. t[ pi[tini p(tn[ ãdyWivk

p#ii[ lK[ C[.pr>t& ki[e p\Ry&_ir mLti[ nY).an[ t[N[ a>t[ a[l[kn[ SrN[ jv&> pD[ C[.a[ºjl

pi[tin) B*l smjiti piCi[ fr[ C[, pr>t& Ryir[ GN&> mi[D&> YE c*ky&> hi[y C[. aim, T[s a[k a[v)

Ci[kr) C[ j[n&> Jvn b[ p&r&Ppi#ii[ kDv&> z[r kr) niK[ C[, a[k a[ni[ kimi>F p\[m) a[l[k an[

b)ji[ a[ni[ aidS<vid) p(t a[ºjl. T[sni ci(r#ymi> a[v) ki[e aigL pDt) #i&T) nY) k[

j[n[ l)F[ a[N[ aiTl&> d&:K an[ v[dni shn krv) pD[.aim Cti> a[ j[ Sr)rn) shnS)lti

an[ mnn) mkkmti diKv[ C[ a[ bibt a[n[ Kri> aY<mi> ni(yki si(bt kr[ C[.

274

' fir f\i[m F m[(D>g k\iuD"mi> a[k A#i) an[ t[n[ p\[m krti #iN p&r&Pi[n) kYi kh[vimi>

aiv) C[.a[ #iN p\[m)ai[ C[; g[b\)l ai[k, sijºT< Tî[y an[ b[iÃDv&D. ai #iN[y p\[m)ai[ a[k

A#i) p\Ry[ pi[tini[ (Bºn-(Bºn p\kirni[ p\[m p\d(S<t kr[ C[. ai[k a[vi p\[m)ai[n&> p\(t(n(FRv

kr[ C[ j[ai[ pi[tin) p\[(mki miT[ Ryig an[ (nAviY< Biv Friv[ C[ an[ a[mi> j t[ai[ ain>d

an&Bv[ C[. bi[ÃDv&Dni p\[mmi> mi(lk)pNini[ Biv C[ an[ t[ pi[tin) p\[(mki upr pi[tini[ j

hÊ AYi(pt krvi mr(Nyi p\yisi[ kr[ C[.jyir[ Tî[yni p\[mmi> B|\mrvZ(_i rh[l) C[ an[ a[n[

miT[ A#i)ai[ Bi[g-(vlisn&> siFn mi#i C[. ai #iN[y p&r&Pi[ni biYS[bi p\Ry[ni vlNi[mi>

v](v¹y an[ (vri[FiBis rh[li C[.

biYS[bi oiri ai[kni[ aAv)kir Yyi bid pN t[ni biYS[bi p\Ry[ni p\[m an[

ligN)mi> ki[e f[r pDti[ nY). a[ni p\[mmi> s(hON&ti an[ sitRy rh[li C[. a[ni[ p\[m a[Tl[

b(ldin aipv&> an[ a[ b(ldinni bdlimi> ki[epN ap[xi riKv) n(h.a[ a[vi[ (nAviY< p\[m)

C[ j[ ki[epN p(r(AY(tmi> biYS[bin) pDK[ UBi[ rh[ C[. t[ biYS[bin) vfidir)p*v<k s[vi kr[

C[ an[ a[n[ mdd krvi h>m[Si tRpr rh[ C[, a[Tli miT[ n(h k[ t[ biYS[bini[ pgirdir

km<cir) C[, pr>t& a[Tli miT[ k[ t[ t[n[ sici[ p\[m kr[ C[. t[ biYS[bini K[tr an[ G[>Tin)

d[Kr[K riK[ C[ an[ a[ni[ (htrxk C[.jyir[ biYS[bi bi[ÃDv&D siY[ rmt rm[ C[ an[ Tî[y j[vi

aiviri p&r&P p\Ry[ aikPi<y C[ Ryir[ ai[k a[n[ c[tv[ C[ an[ a[n) nirijg) vhi[r)n[ pN a[n[

qpki[ aip[ C[. pi[tin) (nAviY< s[vi, (nOqi an[ n)(t oiri ai[k biYS[bi miT[ a(nviy< bn)

rh[ C[ an[ t[Y) j biYS[bi a>t[ t[ni sd`g&Ni[ p\rRv[ sBinti k[Lv) a[n) siY[ l³n kr[ C[.

Tî[y a[ h>m[Si Bi[g-(vlisn) Si[Fmi> BTkti[ y&vin C[.a[n[ miT[ p\[m a[k rmt C[. t[

mi#i ain>d miT[ A#i)ai[ siY[ p\[Nyni fig K[l[ C[. t[ f[n)n&> ji(ty Si[PN kr[ C[ an[

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275

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C[.a[mi> pN a[n) AviY)< y&(kt-p\y&(kt rh[l) C[. a[ni si[himNi d[Kiv an[ li[BimN)

vik`CTin[ l)F[ ki[epN s&>dr A#i)n[ pi[tini mi[hpiSmi> jkDvimi> a[ sfL Yiy C[. pr>t& t[

ki[epN A#i)n[ p\imi(NkpN[ p\[m krvin[ asmY< C[. biYS[bi siY[ni t[ni l³n bid trt j

t[mni diÀpRyJvnmi> mnd&:K an[ klh ji[vi mL[ C[.a[ biYS[bin) ligN)ai[ p\Ry[

b[drkir an[ b[¹yin C[.a[ Gi[Din) r[smi> biYS[bini niNi> div pr lgiv[ C[ an[ a[n)

(mlktni[ d&r&pyi[g kr[ C[. jyir[ biYS[bi Tî[yn) G(DyiLni piCLni Bigmi> a[k A#i)ni

viLn) lT j&a[ C[ an[ a[n[ a[ viLn) lT ke A#i)n) C[ a[m p*C[ C[ Ryir[ Tî[y biYS[bin)

s>v[dnin) prvi kyi< (vni a[n[ kh[ C[, t[ a[ A#i)ni viLn) lT C[ j[n[ biYS[bi siY[ m&likit

Ye t[ ph[li> t[ prNvi mi>gti[ hti[.59aim, Tî[y f[n) an[ biYS[bi a[m b>n[ A#i)ai[ siY[

td`n (ndy<pN[ vt[< C[ an[ a[mn) ligN)ai[n[ q[s phi[>ciDvimi> jripN s>ki[c an&Bvti[

nY)>. jyir[ t[ ki[e A#i)n[ fsivvi mi>gti[ hi[y C[ Ryir[ t[ A#i)n) s&>drtin) K*b udirtiY)

p\S>si kr[ C[, pr>t& a[kvir a[ A#i)n[ Bi[gv) l)Fi bid t[nimi> a[ jripN rs diKvti[

nY).an[ t[Y) j jyir[ a[ kmi[t[ mr[ C[ Ryir[ pN aipN) shin&B*(tn) pi#iti k[Lv) Skti[

nY).

bi[ÃDv&D pN a[k AviY)< p\[m) j C[ pr>t& j[ r)t[ Tî[y AviY)< C[ a[ r)t[ a[ AviY)<

nY).bi[ÃDv&D an[ Tî[y vμc[ GNi[ tfivt C[. Tî[yni[ biYS[bi miT[ni[ p\[m c>cL an[

ap(rpkv C[, jyir[ bi[ÃDv&D biYS[bi bibt[ (AYr an[ g>B)r C[. pr>t& a[ni biYS[bi

p\Ry[ni vlNmi> mi(lk)pNini[ Biv rh[li[ C[.jyi> s&F) biYS[bi a[n[ l³n krvin&> vcn aip[

n(h Ryi> s&F) a[ b[c[n rh[ C[. a[ni p\[mmi> a[k p\kirni aiv[S-aiv[g rh[li C[. a[

biYS[bin[ gi>DpNn) hd[ p\[m kr[ C[.t[ aºy kim bij& pr riK) h>m[Si biYS[bi bibt[

276

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p\[mmi> mL[l) (nOfLtin[ pciv) jiN[ C[, bi[ÃDv&D miT[ a[ j bibt asH bn[ C[. bi[ÃDv&Dn&>

biYS[bi trfn&> K[>ciN a[ni miT[ min(sk tiN an[ #iismi> p(rNm[ C[.a[n) atZ¼t visni

a[n[ gi>Di[ kr) niK[ C[. aim, jyir[ ai[k pi[tin) ligN)ai[ upr s>ym diKv) Sk[ C[,

bi[ÃDv&Dn&> (c_i a[k j piTi upr di[D[ C[. jyir[ bi[ÃDv&Dn[ Kbr pD[ C[ k[ biYS[bia[ Tî[y

siY[ l³n kr) l)Fi C[, Ryir[ a[ni (c_imi> KLBLiT Äyip) jiy C[, an[ pi[tini kZ(P-s>b>F)

mh_vni tmim kiyi[<mi>Y) a[ni[ rs UD) jiy C[.a[n&> biYS[bi miT[n&> gi>DpN prikiOqia[

phi[>c[ C[ jyir[ t[ biYS[bi siY[ bLjbr) krti Tî[yn) b>d*kn) gi[L) mir) hRyi kr[ C[60

an[ j[lB[gi[ Yiy C[.

biYS[bi K*b uRsih) an[ uRs&k y&vin A#i) C[.Tî[yn) mirkN) mdi<ng) upr a[

vir) jiy C[. t[ a[ni p\[mmi> pD[ C[ an[ t[n) siY[ l³n kr) l[ C[.pr>t& Tî[y a[n[ miT[

dgibij p(t si(bt Yiy C[. jyir[ a[n[ Tî[y an[ f[n)ni p\[ms>b>Fn) jiN Yiy C[ Ryir[ t[

t)v\ aiGit an&Bv[ C[.Tî[y a[n[ pi[tiniY) d*r hDs[l[ C[ an[ t[n[ kh[ C[ k[ a[k pidr) smx

mi#i ai]pci(rk (v(FY) l³n lig& piD) Skiti nY). t[Y) t[N[ biYS[bini[ pRn) tr)k[ Av)kir

kyi[< C[ a[v&> minv&> B*l Br[l&> C[, an[ t[ biYS[bin[ trCi[D) ciÃyi[ jiy C[.biYS[bi miT[

Jvnni[ ai tbÊi[ K*b kTi[kT) Byi[< si(bt Yiy C[.pi[tini p(tn) mZRy&n) afviY) an[

bi[ÃDv&Dni a(tSy aig\hn[ vS Ye t[ t[n[ C vPi[< rih ji[yi bid t[n) siY[ l³n krvin&>

vcn aip[ C[.pr>t& Tî[y piCi[ fr[ C[ an[ biYS[bi pr p(t tr)k[ hk-divi[ kr[ C[.bi[ÃDv&D

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pN a(t kT& an[ kDvi[ rh[vi pim[ C[.nvlkYin[ a>t[ t[ ai[k siY[ l³n kr[ C[. pr>t& a[

277

AvBi(vk C[ k[ pi[tini B*tkiLn) a[ d&:Kd xNi[ a[n[ jyir[ jyir[ yid aivS[ Ryir[ Ryir[ t[

p)Di an&BvS[.

'F r)Tn< ai[f F n[T)v" a[ a[vi b[-#iN Äy(ktai[n) kYi C[ j[ai[ p\kZ(ta[ a[mni

miT[ (nyt kr[l p(r(AY(tmi> m*>ziy C[. t[ai[ t[mni Jvnmi> a[ p(r(AY(tn[ an&k*L Yvini[ ti[

kyir[k a[mi> bdliv livvini[ ÄyY< p\yRn kr[ C[.t[ai[n[ a[mN[ Jvnmi> Bjvv) pDt) B*(mki

sji smin lig[ C[.kl)m a[k trf pi[tin) miti ti[ b)J bij& pi[tin) pRn) vμc[ smti[ln

jiLvvini[ K*b p\yRn kr[ C[.a[ pi[tin) pRn)n[ Kitr miti siY[ s>GP<mi> utr[ C[, t[ aipN[

ji[y&>. pr>t& b)J bij&, t[ai[ pi[tpi[tin) Avt>#i eμCiai[n[ len[ a[kb)ji siY[ pN an&k*ln

siF) Skti nY).kl)m an[ y&AT[(syini l³nJvnmi> B>giN pD[ C[, a[n[ miT[ m&²yRv[

n)c[n) #iN bibti[ jvibdir C[: {1}a[k trf y&AT[(syin) p[(rsmi> Bi](tkvid) Jvn

Jvvin) G[lCi ti[ b)J trf kl)mni[ a[³Dn h)Y upr j AYie Yvini[ (nN<y {2} (m(ss

yi[b\ieTn&> mZRy& an[ j[ r)t[ t[ai[ mZRy& pim[ C[ t[ s>ji[g {3} (vÃD)vn) c>cLti.

y&AT[(syi jyir[ a[k (k\Ams piT)<mi> kl)mn[ j&a[ C[ Ryir[ t[ a[ni p\[mmi> pD[ C[.t[

t[ni (vÃD)v siY[ni p\[ms>b>Fi[mi> p*N<(vrim m*kvin&> nkk) kr[ C[ an[ t[ a[k p#i lK) trt j

a[ni[ aml kr[ C[.t[ni[ ai (nN<y (vÃD)vni Yi[m[s)n siY[ni an[ kl)mni y&AT[(syi siY[ni

l³nmi> p(rNm[ C[.hv[ a[v) ap[xi riKv) k[ ai b>n[ y&gli[ s&K) diÀpRyJvn JvS[ a[

hiD)<n) nvlkYimi> aSky C[.y&AT[(syia[ kl)m siY[ a[ ap[xia[ l³n kyi<> hi[y C[ k[ t[

a[n[ p[(rs le jS[ an[ Ryi> t[ s&K-s&(vFip*N< aiF&(nk Jvnni[ ain>d l*>TS[.kl)m siY[

l³n krt) vKt[ t[ p[itini AvBivmi> rh[l) #i&T) (vP[ sBin hi[y C[ an[ t[ kl)m smx

(nKilspN[ kb*l kr[ C[ k[ t[ a[k sir) Gr[l&> pRn) bn) Sk[ a[m nY). pr>t& kl)mn[ a[v&> pN

278

kh[ C[ k[ t[ a[n[ sici[ p\[m kr[ C[ an[ t[ pi[tini p(t Kitr a[ni p[(rsmi> rh[vini> Av¼nni[

Bi[g aip) Sk[ a[m C[ :

''To be your wife and live in Paris would be heaven to me ; but I

would rather live with you in a hermitage here than not be yours at all.""61

aim, y&AT[(syi an[ kl)mni l³n B(vOymi> t[ai[ p[(rsmi> AYie YS[ a[v) ki[e

Srti[n[ ai(Fn Yyi nY) an[ y&AT[(syi pN a[³Dn h)Y upr rh)n[ pN kl)mn[ p\[m krvin)

t]yir) dSi<v[ C[.aim Cti>, l³n bid t[ mni[mn p[(rs jvi z>K[ C[ an[ F)m[ F)m[ a[n) a[

z>Kni p\bL bn[ C[, pr>t& kl)m ti[ p[(rs n jvini[ an[ a[³Dn h)Y upr j Jvn psir

krvini[ piki[ (nN<y kr) b[qi[ hi[y C[.hv[ y&AT[(syi pi[tini JvnY) as>t&OT C[ an[ a[n)

a[³Dn h)Y miT[n) nfrt a[ni as>ti[Pn[ vF& aikri[ bniv[ C[.

y&AT[(syi miT[ a[ p(r(AY(t vF& (vPm Ryir[ bn[ C[ jyir[ kl)m t[n) Ø(OTmi> zi>Kp

aivti a[n) S]x(Nk yi[jniai[ pDt) m*k[ C[ an[ 'fz<-kTr"ni[ Äyvsiy apniv[ C[.kl)m

a[k simiºy mj*r) kim krti[ hi[viY) y&AT[(syi an&Bv[ C[ k[ a[mni simi(jk mi[Bin[ hi(n

phi[>c) C[.a[k (dvs t[ kl)mn[ pi[itn&> kiy<< krti g)t giti[ si>BL[ C[ Ryir[ t[n[ smjit&> nY)

k[ kl)m k[v) r)t[ pi[tini a[ simiºy kim siY[ smiFin siF) Sk[. kl)m pN ni[>F[ C[ k[

y&AT[(syini t[ni trfni vlNmi> ai[T aiv) C[. t[ y&AT[(syin[ p*C[ C[ k[ S&> t[ an&Bv[ C[ k[

t[ni a[n) siY[ni utiv(Lyi l³nn[ l)F[ a[ni Jvnn) ujL) tki[ a[N[ g&miv) d)F) C[ an[

y&AT[(syi a[ni a[ svilni[ pri[x r)t[ hkirmi> jvib aip[ C[.aim, kl)m j[ r)t[ pi[tini

d&Bi<³y siY[ an&k*ln siF) l[ C[ t[ j bibt y&AT[(syi miT[ aiGitjnk si(bt Yiy

C[.kl)m a[n[ j[ Jvnn) B[T Fr[ C[ a[niY) a[ a(t as>t&OT C[.a[N[ j[ p(r(AY(t h[qL

279

Jvn Jvv&> pD[ C[ a[niY) a[ K*b niK&S C[, p(rNim[ a[mni diÀpRyJvnn) k$Nti an[

kmns)b) S$ Yiy C[.

gimni a[k m[Limi> y&AT[(syin) (vÃD)v siY[n) aik(Amk m&likit a[mni Jvnmi>

GN) g>*cvNi[ p[di kr[ C[.a[ m[Limi> t[ mi#i mni[r>jn m[Lvvini h[t&Y) j ge hi[y C[, pr>t&

Ryi> a[n) m&likit (vÃD)v siY[ Yti> t[ a[n) siY[ mi#i vitc)t j nY) krt) pr>t& a[n) siY[

nZRymi> pN Big l[ C[ an[ (vÃD)vni s>giY[ m[Limi>Y) Gr[ piC) fr[ C[. (vÃD)vmi> a[n[ fr)

jig[li[ rs a[ a[mni diÀpRyJvn miT[ aS&B a[>FiN C[.t[ pi[tini p(tY) t[n) (vÃD)v

siY[n) m&likitn) vit C*piv[ C[.a(h> y&AT[(syin[ a[ vitn) Kbr hi[t) nY) k[ r)Dlm[n a[n[

(vÃD)v siY[ Gr[ piCi frti ji[e gyi[ hi[y C[. hv[ y&AT[(syini vlNmi> b[ bibti[ ApOTpN[

vti<y C[: (vÃD)v siY[n) m&likitn[ a[ aivkir[ C[-a[n) siY[ fr) s>Di[vimi> a[ s>ki[c

an&Bvt) nY) an[ b)J bij&, kl)m Yk) a[nimi> ud`Bv[l) htiSi an[ (nriSimi> u_iri[_ir

vFiri[ ji[vi mL[ C[.

a[k (dvs (vÃD)v jyir[ a[ni Grn) m&likit l[ C[, Ryir[ t[n[ mLvimi> t[ jri pN

nirijg) k[ nimrJ dSi<vt) nY).ai p\s>g[ t[ (vÃD)vn[ p\i[Rsihn p*>$> piD[ C[ an[ kh[ C[ k[ t[

a[ni Jvn Yk) as>t&OT C[.ai a[ j xN C[ jyir[ (m(ss yi[b\ieT a[mni Grni birN[

Tki[ri> mir[ C[.ai smy[ y&AT[(syin) a[ jvibdir) bn[ C[ k[ a[N[ birNi> uGiDvi ji[ea[.pr>t&

a[ j Grmi> s*t[li[ kl)m jig) gyi[ hS[ an[ a[ birNi> Ki[lS[ a[m min) a[ (m(ss

yi[b\ieTni birN[ Tki[rini[ ki[e p\(tsid aipt) nY).b)J bij&, (m(ss yi[b\ieT a[v&> (vcir[

C[ k[ kl)m an[ y&AT[(syi a[mn[ pi[tini Grmi> p\v[S aipvi eμCti nY) an[ B³n ãdy[

t[ai[ pi[tini d)krin[ mÇyi (vni piCi fr[ C[.mig<mi> t[mn[ z[r) sip krD[ C[ an[ t[ai[ mZRy&

pim[ C[. piCLY) pi[tin) mi kyi s>ji[gi[mi> mZRy& pim) a[n) jiN kl)mn[ Yti> p(t-pRn)

280

vμc[ g>B)r zGDi[ Yiy C[. y&AT[(syi a(h> pN k&(Tlti diKvti (m(ss yii[b\ieT[ birN[ Tki[ri

miyi< Ryir[ a[n) AiiY[ ke Äy(kt hijr ht) a[n) ai[LK Ct) krt) nY). kl)m y&AT[(syin[

qpki[ aipti kh[ C[ :

''You shut the door- you looked out of the window upon her- you had

a man in the house with you - you sent her away to die.The inhumanity-the

treachery.Stand away from me -and confess every word .""62

kl)m oiri kh[vimi> aiv[li aikri> S¾di[ shn n Yti> y&AT[(syi a[n[ Ci[D)n[ pi[tini

didin[ Gr[ jt) rh[ C[ jyi> a[ aiRmhRyi krvini[ (vcir kr[ C[.

b)J bij&, (vÃD)vn[ virsimi> a(gyir hjir piuºD mLti> y&AT[(syi (vcir[ C[ k[

hv[ (vÃD)v a[n) tmim Bi](tkvid) eμCiai[ s>ti[Pvi sxm C[-a[ eμCiai[ j[ kl)m s>ti[P)

Skyi[ nY).ai (vcir pC) y&AT[(syin&> (vÃD)v trfn&> K[>ciN vF) jiy C[.t[ kyir[ pN a[n)

p[(rsmi> mi[Jl&> Jvn Jvvin) t)v\ eμCin[ dbiv) Skt) nY). a[n) ai atZ¼t eμCi a[n[

a>t[ g[rmig[< di[r[ C[. t[ (vÃD)vn) slihY) p[(rs jvi miT[ a[³Dn h)Y Ci[D) d[vini[ a[Tl[ k[

kl)mn[ Ci[D) jvini[ (nN<y l[ C[. a>t[ t[ piN)ni p\vihmi> tNiy jiy C[ an[ siY[ siY[

a[n) tmim aiSiai[, aiki>xiai[ an[ t[ni U>Di (nsisiai[ pN.

aim, y&AT[(syin) mi[jSi[KviL&> aiF&(nk Jvn Jvvin) G[lCi, a[ni Bi](tkvid)

Ø(OTki[Nn[ l)F[ pi[tini p(tni sd`g&Ni[ n ji[e Skvin) asmY<ti, a[n&> kl)m siY[ l³n bid

pN (vÃD)v trfn&> K[>ciN, a[ni[ g*Q an[ c>cL AvBiv an[ a[ni[ a[³Dn h)Y miT[ni[ t)v\

(trAkir a[mni diÀpRyJvnmi>> ud`Bv[l) g[rsmj, g>B)r zGDi an[ a[ni miqi> p(rNimi[

miT[ kirNB*t si(bt Yiy C[.

'F v&D l[ºDs<" n[ hiD)<n) ~[Oq nvlkYiai[n) hri[Lmi> m*kvimi> aivt) nY), Cti> ai

kZ(tn[ li[ki[ hj& pN rsp*v<k vi>c[ C[ an[ a[n[ miT[ sºminn)y Ø(OTki[N Friv[ C[. a[

281

nvlkYi a[ r)t[ ni[>Fpi#i bn[ C[ k[ hiD)< oiri ai kZ(tni sj<n bid a[mn) nvlkYiai[[

(vvidni G[rivimi> spDiy C[.a[mn) l[Kk tr)k[n) kir(kd)<ni ai tbÊ[ t[ai[ jit)yti,

Sir)(rk aikP<N, l³n, C*TiC[Di, l³n[tr s>b>Fi[ an[ a[ni an](tk tirNi[ vg[r[ (vvidiApd

(vPyi[n[ C>C[D[ C[.

ai kZ(tn) viti< giQ j>glmi> aiv[li (lTl(hºTi[k nimni a[k nini gimmi> aikir

pim[ C[.jyi> gieÃs (vºTrbi[n< nimni[ a[k k(qyir[i a[n) biL(m#i g\[s m[lbr)n[ cih[ C[,

an[ a[n) siY[ l³n krvi miT[ uRs&k hi[y C[.aim ti[ a[mn) sgie Ye ge hi[y C[.pr>t&

g\[sni (pti m[lbr) pitin) d)kr)n[ Sh[rmi> aiF&(nk (SxN an[ Sh[r) r)tBit (SKvvi

miT[ mi[kl) aip[ C[.g\[s jyir[ pi[tini gimmi> piC) fr[ C[ Ryir[ t[ pi[tini (ptin) ap[xi

m&jb Sh[rn) a[k (S(xt an[ aiF&(nk y&vt) hi[y C[. t[Y) m[lbr) hv[ gmir gieÃsn[

pi[tin) d)kr) g\[s miT[ yi[³y m*r(tyi[ gNti nY).a[ gimmi> a[Dr[D f)zp)as< nimni[ Sh[r),

(S(xt an $piLi[ diktr rh[ti[ hi[y C[. t[n) g[\s siY[n) a[k m&likit dr(myin t[ g\[s p\Ry[

aikPi<y C[.m[lbr) S[qn[ jyir[ ai vitni[ ²yil aiv[ C[ Ryir[ t[mn[ g\[s an[ f)zp)as<

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an[ g\[s an[ f)zp)as< a[kb)jin) nJk aiv[ a[ miT[ p\i[Rsihn p*>$> piD[ C[. g\[sn[ diktr

miT[ p\[m krti aidr vF& hi[y C[.Cti> t[ai[ prN[ C[.l³n bid t[ai[ m[lbr) S[qni mkinni

a[k vNvpriy[li Bigmi> rh[vin) S$ait kr[ C[.l³nni Yi[Di> (dvsi[ bid j g\[sni[ diktr

p(t a[k p]sidir (vFvi (m(ss cimi[<ºD siY[ aiDis>b>Fi[mi> s>Di[viy C[, an[ t[ g\[s siY[

udis)n vlN apniv[ C[. ai l³n[tr s>b>Fi[ li>bi smy s&F) C*pi rh) Skti nY) an[ a[k

ri#i[ jyir[ t[ p[itin) p(Rnn[ Ci[D)n[ (m(ss cimi[<ºDn[ mLvi n)kL) pD[ C[ Ryir[ m[lbr)

S[qn[ a[ni viAt(vk ci(r#yni[ ²yil aiv[ C[.

282

hv[ m[lbr) S[qY) pi[tin) d)kr)n&> d&:K ji[e Skit&> nY), t[Y) t[ai[ a[mni C*TiC[Di

Yiy an[ g\[s-gieÃs ni l³n Sky bn[ a[vi p\yRni[ aidr[ C[.pr>t& a[mi> t[mn[ sfLti

mLt) nY).jyir[ f)zp)as< (m(ss cimi[<ºD siY[ zGDi[ kr) (lTl (hºTi[k piCi[ fr[ C[ an[

g\[s siY[ smiFin krvini[ p\yRn kr[ C[ Ryir[ g\[s Gr Ci[D)n[ gieÃs pis[ phi[>c) jiy C[

an[ a[n) mdd mi>g[ C[.gieÃs mi[T) mi>dg)mi> spDiyi[ hi[y C[ an[ tij[trmi> j a[mi>Y)

bhir aiÄyi[ hi[y C[, Cti> a[ g\[sn[ pi[tin) z*>pD)mi> s*vi miT[ j³yi fiLv) aip[ C[ t[mj

p[it[ ti[fin) ritmi> bhir s*a[ C[.p(rNim[ t[ mZRy& pim[ C[.nvlkYin[ a>t[ g\[s pVitip krti

p(t f)zp)as< trf piC) vL[ C[. a[k gimDi>n) Ci[kr) miT)< siuYn[ bid krti bFi> j

pi[tpi[tini Jvnmi> fr) m³n bn[ C[.mi#i miT)< j gieÃsni mZRy&ni[ K[d an&Bv[ C[, kirNk[

t[ni[ gieÃs miT[ni[ p\[m a[ni mZZZZZZZRy& bid pN a(vcL an[ a(vrt C[ an[ a[ miT)< j C[ j[

gieÃs miT[ s&yi[³y pi#iti Frivt) hi[y C[.an[ t[Y) j g\[s nvlkYin) m&²y ni(yki hi[vi

Cti> a[nimi> ni(ykimi> ji[vi mLt) BÄyti an[ Bivnini[ aBiv vti<y C[.nvlkYin)

S$aitY) j a[ b[ (vri[FiBis) F&\vi[ vμc[, b[ (vri[FiBis) smij an[ s>AkZ(t vμc[, gieÃs k[

f)zp)as<n) JvnsiY) tr)k[ ps>dg)-nips>dg) vμc[ (oFi an&Bvt) ji[vi mL[ C[.t[ t[ni

diktr siY[ni l³n ph[li> pN, pi[tini gieÃs miT[ni p\[mni[ K&Ãli[, (nKils Av)kir an[

a[krir krt) nY).gieÃs a[n[ miT[ jyir[ an[k yitni shn kr[ C[ an[ pi[tini AviA¸yni

Bi[g[ pN a[n[ aiSri[ aip[ C[ Ryir[ t[ T*>k smy miT[ a[ni trf vL[ C[, pr>t& jyir[ a[ni[

p(t piCi[ fr[ C[ an[ a[n) smx pVitipn) ligN)ai[ Äykt kr[ C[ Ryir[ t[ trt j a[ni

trf vL) jiy C[.aim, g\[s gieÃs an[ f)zp)as< trfni a[ni a(Bgmmi> a(AYr an[

aslimt ji[vi mL[ C[.

283

jyir[ m[lbr) an[ g\[sn[ f)zp)as<ni Äy(Bcirn) Kbr pD[ C[ an[ t[ai[ eμC[ C[ k[

g\[s an[ f)zp)as< C*Ti> pD[ Ryir[ t[ai[n[ 'New law"(vP[ si>BLvi mL[ C[.a[ kiydi h[qL

g\[s pi[tini p(tn[ C*TiC[Di aip) Sk[ an[ gieÃs siY[ l³n kr) Sk[. pr>t& t[ smyni[ ai

'F Diyvi[s< an[ m[T)^mi[n)yl a[kT -1857" a[mn) smAyin&> (nrikrN liv) Skti[ nY). ai

kiydi[ GDvimi> aiÄyi[ t[ ph[li> C*TiC[Di j[v) l³n(vPyk bibti[ cc< oiri s>>BiLvimi>

aivt) ht). mi[TiBigni li[ki[ miT[ l³nb>Fn a[ kiym) ÄyvAYi ht).C*TiC[Di l[vi a[

k>TiLijnk an[ K*b Kci<L p$k\yi ht).t[Y) mi#i F(nk A#i)-p&r&Pi[n[ j C*TiC[Di l[vin&>

pi[Piy a[m ht&>.pr>t& ai nvi[ kiydi[ GDiyi bid a[k p&r&P ji[ a[n) p(Rn Äy(Bcir) hi[y ti[

a[n[ C*TiC[Di aip) Sk[. an[ a[k A#i) a[ni p(tn[ C*TiC[Di Ryir[ j aip) Sk[ jyir[ a[ni[

p(t Äy(Bcirn) siY[ siY[ (h>si, (op(RnRv, agÀygmn, aRyicir aicrti[ hi[y.ji[ A#i)n[

C*TiC[Di l[vini[ Kc< pi[Piy a[m n hi[y ti[ a[n[ pi[tini p(tY) mi#i C*Ti rh[vin) m>j*r)

mLt).

aim, (vkTi[r)yn smijmi> p(rN)t A#i)ai[ p\Ry[ k[v&> kiydik)y vlN apnivit&> a[n&>

ai kiydi[ u_im udihrN C[. g\[s[ f)zp)as<n[ C*TiC[Di ai¼yi hi[t ti[ pN a[ miT[ a[N[ K*b

li>bi[ smy s&F) rih ji[v) pD) hi[t.a(h> hiD)< A#i)-p&r&Pi[ni s>b>Fi[mi> rh[l) g*>cvNi[ an[

a[n) kiydik)y mDigi>q bibt[ aipN&> ¹yin di[r[ C[.'F v&Dl[ºDs<"mi> ai l³n(vPyk smAyin&>

(nrikrN livvimi> aiÄy&> nY).pr>t& a[n) (v(vF Skytiai[ an[ pisi>ai[ avÆy tpisvimi>

aiÄyi> C[.

'F m[yr ai[f k[ATrb$j"mi> l³n an[ l³n[tr s>b>Fi[ dSi<vvimi> aiÄyi hi[vi Cti>

h[ºciD<ni[ A#i) p\Ry[ni[ a(Bgm atDi[ an[ kyir[k (trAkir Byi[< ji[vi mL[ C[. t[ p[it[ firf\[n[

kh[ C[ :

284

''And being by nature something of a woman-hater, I have found it

hardship to keep mostly at a distance from the sex.”t[n[ smg\ kZ(tmi> kyir[ pN

A#i) siY[ p\Nyni fig K[lti[ dSi<vvimi> aiÄyi[ nY).t[ kh[ C[ k[ ‘I solemnly declare that

philandering with womankind has neither been my vice nor virtue."A#i)ai[

p\Ry[ t[ n)c[ m&jbni[ mt dSi<v[ C[.

''These cursed women - there's not an inch of straight grain in

them.""63

pi[tin) pRn) s&sinmi> rh[l) #i&T)ai[ an[ a[n) siY[ni diÀpRyJvnni an&Bvn[

aiFir[ j h[ºciD< A#i)ai[ miT[ni upri[kt tirNi[ upr aiÄyi[ hi[vi[ ji[ea[.s&sin lgBg

m*K<tin) hd[ srL A#i) C[.t[Y) j t[ h[ºciD< oiri a[ni v[ciNn[ g>B)rtiY) le ºy&sn siY[

cil) n)kL[ C[. t[n) siY[ GNi> vPi[< rHi bid t[n[ ²yil aiv[ C[ k[ t[ni[ Kri[ p(t ti[ h[ºciD<

j C[. an[ h[ºciD<n) Si[Fmi> t[ k[ATrb\)j piC) fr[ C[. h[ºciD< a[n[ (Fkkir[ C[ a[n&> kirN pN

a[n) ai m*K<ti j C[. nvlkYin) S$aitmi> j h[ºciD< j[ r)t[ a[ni s&sin siY[ni l³nni[

pAtivi[ p\gT kr[ C[ a[mi> a[ li[ki[ni diÀpRyJvnn) (nOfLti ji[e Skiy C[.

b)J bij&, s&sinn) li>bi giLin) g[rhijr)mi> h[ºciD<[ aºy a[k A#i) Ãy&s[Ti siY[

aiRm)yti k[Lv) hi[y C[ an[ s&sin kd) piC) frvin) nY) a[ ap[xia[ a[N[ a[ A#i)n[

l³nn&> vcn ai¼y&> hi[y C[.pr>t& s&sin piC) frti h[ºciD< an&Bv[ C[ k[ a[n) n](tk frj

s&sinni px[ rh[vin) C[, t[Y) t[ firf[\n) mddY) Ãy&s[Tin[ p#i lK[ C[ an[ a[n[ smg\

p(r(AY(tY) vik[f kr[ C[. hv[ s&sinn[ j[ Grmi> aiSri[ ai¼yi[ hi[y C[ a[n) avirnvir

m&likit l[ C[ an[ simi(jk Ø(OTa[ a[n) siY[ fr) l³n kr[ C[. pr>t& s&sin li>bi smy s&F)

h[ºciD<ni[ siY (nBiv) Skt) nY) an[ mi>dg)n[ l)F[ a[n&> mZRy& Yiy C[.

285

smyni vh[Nmi> k[Tl)k GTniai[ a[v) bn[ C[ j[mi> h[ºciD< an[ firf\[ni s>b>Fi[ upr

p*N<(vrim m*kiy C[ an[ b)J bij&, s&sinni mZRy& bid h[ºciD<n[ Kbr pD[ C[ k[ a[(lzib[Y

j[n a[n) pi[tin) n(h, pr>t& ºy&snn) d)kr) C[ a[Y) h[ºciD< a[n) siY[ pN s>b>Fi[ kip) ni>K[

C[.

s&sinni mZRy& bid h[ºciD< siY[ l³n krvini erid[ Ãy&s[Tin&> k[ATrb\)jmi> aigmn

Yiy C[.pr>t& a[k aik(Amk m&likit dr(myin Ãy&s[Ti an[ firf\[ a[kb)ji trf aikPi<y

C[.Ãy&s[Ti h[ºciD<n[ B*l) jiy C[ an[ firf\[ a[(lzib[Yn[ B*l) jiy C[. h[ºciD<n[ trt j a[

vitni[ ²yil aiv) jiy C[ k[ firf\[ a[ni[ mi#i F>Fik)y hr)f nY). pr>t& Ãy&s[Tin[ pimvimi>

pN a[ a[ni[ kÍr hr)f C[.a[n) firf\[ miT[n) nfrt hd bhir vF) jiy C[. a[ K&Ãl[ aim

jih[r kr[ C[ k[ a[ firf\[n[ brbid kr) niKS[. firf[\n[ brbid krvini p\yRni[mi> h[ºciD< k[Tl)k

ji[Km) l[vD-d[vD kr[ C[ an[ a>t[ pi[tin) j brbid)n[ aim>#iN aip[ C[.

Ãy&s[Ti firf[\ siY[ l³n kr[ C[. pr>t& t[N[ h[ºciD< siY[ni p\Ny dr(myin a[n[ k[Tli>k

p\[mp#ii[ l²yi> hi[y C[.ai p\[mp#i[i gimni asimi(jk t_vi[ni hiY[ lig) jiy C[. a[ li[ki[

h[ºciD< an[ Ãy&s[Tini p\Ny(kAsin) gimn) gl)-gl)a[ fr) li[ki[ smx mjik uDiv[ C[ an[

t[ai[ a[mn[ jih[rmi> fj[t kr[ C[.ai apminni[ aiGit Ãy&s[Ti shn kr) Skt) nY) an[ t[

mZRy& pim[ C[.a[l)zib[Y hv[ a[kli>-aT*li> h[ºciD< siY[ rh[t) hi[y C[. t[ h[ºciD<ni[ a[kmi#i

aiFir C[ an[ a[n[ Jvvin&> p\[rkbL p*$> piD[ C[. t[Y) pi[tin) d)kr)n[ Si[Fti[ ºy&sn jyir[

h[ºciD<ni drvij[ aiv[ C[ Ryir[ t[ a[l)zib[Y ti[ mZRy& pim) C[ a[m kh) t[n[ piCi[ viL[

C[.pr>t& ºy&snn[ t[mj a[l)zib[Yn[ h[ºciD<ni ai j*qiNi>n) Kbr pD) jiy C[.h[ºciD< hv[

an&Bv[ C[ k[ hv[ a[n[ miT[ mi#i a[ ngr Ci[D) jvini[ rAti[ j bik) rh[ C[.

286

firf\[ an[ a[l)zib[Y vμc[ fr) ai(Rmyti k[Lviti ºy&snn) m>j*r)Y) a[ b[ ni l³n

gi[qviy C[.a[mni l³nn) jiN h[ºciD<n[ Yti> t[n[ a[l)zib[Yn[ ji[vin) an[ a(Bn>dn

aipvin) t)v\ eμCi Yiy C[. t[Y) t[ pi>jrimi> p*r[li a[k s&>dr px)n) B[T siY[ a[ l³nmi>

hijr) aipvi aiv[ C[.pr>t& a[l)zib[Y a[n[ aivkirvin[ bdl[ pi[tin[ an[ pi[tini (pti

ºy&snn[ C[trvini[ a[ni upr airi[p m*k[ C[. t[Y) h[ºciD< B³nãdy[ t[ AYL Ci[D) jti[ rh[

C[. a[l)zib[Y pi[tin) h[ºciD< p\Ry[n) vt<N*k bdl pVitip an&Bv[ C[. t[ an[ firf\[

h[ºciD<n) Si[Fmi> n)kL) pD[ C[.t[ai[n[ h[ºciD< mL[ C[ pr>t& Ryir[ t[ mZt hi[y C[. aim, h[ºciD<

a[ni Jvnmi> a[k (nOfL p(t, a[k (nOfL p\[m), an[ a[k (nOfL (pti p*rvir Yiy C[. an[

a[ni[ ai vitni[ r>j a[N[ mZRy& ph[li kr[li (vlnimimi> ApOTpN[ Äykt Yiy C[ :

''That Elizibeth-Jane Farfrae be not told of my death, or

made to grieve on account of me.

& that I be not bury'd in consecrated ground.

& that no sexton be asked to toll the bell.

& that nobody is wished to see my dead body.

& that no murners walk behind me at my funeral.

& that no flours be planted on my grave.

& that no man remember me.

To this I put my name.”

- Michael Henchard.64

'aºDr F g\)nv&D T^)" a[ 'fir f\[im F m[D)>g k\iuD"n[ bid krti hiD)<n) a[kmi#i

s&Kiºt nvlkYi C[. p\sºn g\iÀy vitivrN an[ ri[mi>ck p\[mn) ai kYi an[k r)t[ yidgir

C[.kYini[ niyk D)kDy&e (pti $b[n an[ didi (v(lyÀs siY[ aprm[lATi[k nimni gimDi>mi>

rh[ti[ hi[y C[. t[a[i milvhn krvini[ Äyvsiy kr[ C[. D)k an[ t[ni (m#ii[ m[lATi[k kviyr

287

nimn) s>g)tm>DL) cliv[ C[. kYin) S$ait nitilni (dvsi[Y) Yiy C[. nitiln) a[k ri#i[

bir vi³y[ t[ai[n) s>g)tm>DL) gimni Gr[Gr[ nitiln&> s>g)t vgiDt) fr) rh) hi[y C[. Yi[Di>

Gri[ fyi<> pC) m>DL) gimn) SiLini mkin[ phi[>c[ C[. S$aitmi> t[mni s>g)tni[ ki[e

p\(tBiv mLti[ nY).pr>t& a>t[ a[ SiLini mkinmi> rh[t) (S(xki bir)a[ aiv) a[mni[

aiBir min[ C[.a[ (S(xki a[k y&vin Ci[kr) C[.a[n) s>&drtiY) D)k m&³F Ye jiy C[ an[

a[ni p\[mmi> pD[ C[.

D)kn) miti nitilni p\s>g[ a[k piT)<n&> aiyi[jn kr[ C[.a[ piT)<mi> SiLin) (S(xki

j[n&> nim f[ºs) C[ a[n[ pN aim>#iN aipvimi> aiv[ C[. a[n) siY[ nZRy krvimi> D)k Avg)<y

ain>d an&Bv[ C[. pr>t& jyir[ Sienr f[ºs) siY[ nZRy kr[ C[ Ryir[ D)k eOyi< an&Bv[ C[.f[ºs)

fr) piC) D)k siY[ nZRy kr[ C[ an[ D)k f[ºs) siY[ nZRyni[ mnBr ain>d miN[ C[. D)k

f[ºs)ni gLiD*b p\[mmi> C[.piT)<n) ri#i[ f[ºs) pi[tini[ $mil D)kni Gr[ B*l) jiy C[. t[ piCi[

aipvini bhin[ t[ t[n[ mLvi jiy C[, pr>t& p\[mshj ljjin[ l)F[ t[ f[ºs) siY[ (vS[P vit

kyi< (vni piCi[ fr[ C[.t[ p\[mmi> b[c[n) an[ m)q) v[dni an&Bv[ C[.

f[ºs) ~)m>t (ptin) p&#i) C[. t[ni[ (pti jyi[f[<D[ bij&ni p[lbr) gimmi> a[k mi[Ti

mkinmi> rh[ti[ hi[y C[. f[ºs) rjiai[ giLvi (ptini Gr[ jiy C[.piCi> frti> D)k t[n[ l[vi

aiv[ C[. f[ºs)n[ Yi[D) vAt&ai[ siY[ le jvin) hi[y C[. f[ºs)ni (pti t[n[ Bi[jn miT[ ri[k[ C[.

vitc)t dr(myin t[ai[ Sienrni vKiN kr[ C[. t[Y) D)k eOyi<d&:K an&Bv[ C[. SiLini

mkin[ piCi fyi< bid D)k s>ki[citi f[ºs)n[ Sienr bibt[ p*C[ C[ Ryir[ f[ºs) jvib aip[ C[

k[ Sienr Bl[ t[n[ cihti[ hi[y pr>t& t[ a[v) ki[e p\[mn) ligN) Sienr miT[ Frivt) nY).

f[ºs)ni ai jvibY) D)k riht an&Bv[ C[. a[k (dvs a[k (v~imgZhmi> siY[ ci p)vi miT[

D)k f[ºs) smx drKiAt m*k[ C[.f[ºs) a[ drKiAt Av)kir[ C[.b>n[ aliydi ai[rDimi> ci p)ti

288

hi[y C[ Ryir[ f[ºs) a[k p&r&P siY[ a[ki>tmi> ci p)viY) s>ki[c an&Bv[ C[. t[Y) t[ D)kn[

pi[tini (pti smx v[(vSiLn) drKiAt m*kvi jNiv[ C[. t[ai[ nkk) kr[ C[ k[ f[ºs) hv[ jyir[

a[ni (ptini Gr[ jiy Ryir[ D)k[ pN jv&> an[ a[ni (pti pis[ f[ºs)ni[ hiY mi>gvi[.nkk) kyi<

p\miN[ D)k f[ºs)ni Gr[ jiy C[.pr>t& drvij[Y) j t[ Sienrn[ f[ºs)ni Grmi> j&a[ C[. Yi[D)vir

pC) t[ f[ºs)ni (ptini Grmi> p\v[S[ C[. f[ºs)ni (pti smx D)k f[ºs)ni hiYn) mi>gN) m*k[

C[. pr>t& f[ºs)ni (pti t[n[ kqi[rtiY) kh[ C[ k[ f[ºs) a[k (S(xt, s>Akir) Grn) kºyi C[ an[

t[n[ m>j*r nY) k[ t[ D)k j[vi g\iÀyjnn[ prN[.D)k (nriS Ye Ryi>Y) cil) n)kL[ C[.rjini[

aiKi[ m(hni[ t[ gmg)n)mi> giL[ C[.

a[k m(hni pC) f[ºs) (ptini Gr[Y) SiLia[ piC) frt) hi[y C[.rAtimi> ji[rdir pvn

f*>kiy C[ an[ Bir[ vrsid pD[ C[.ai~y miT[ t[ a[k Grmi> p\v[S[ C[.a[ Gr a[l)zib[Y nimn)

jid&Ti[Ni> viL) A#i)n&> hi[y C[.f[ºs) a[ A#i) smx pi[tin) h]yivriL qilv[ C[.a[l)zib[Y t[n[

vcn aip[ C[ k[ a[n) smAyini[ uk[l livvimi> t[ a[n[ mdd$p bnS[. t[ f[ºs)n[ a[k m>#i

aip[ C[ an[ Kitr) aip[ C[ k[ t[niY) t[ Fiy&<> p(rNim liv) SkS[. Yi[Di> (dvsi[ bid f[ºs)ni

(ptin[ smicir mL[ C[ k[ f[ºs)n) t(byt Krib C[ an[ t[n&> Kivi-p)vin&> ai[C&> Ye gy&>

C[.f[ºs)ni (pti a[n) d)kr)n[ mLvi aiv[ C[.t[ By an&Bv[ C[ k[ pi[tin) a[kn) a[k p&#i)

mr) jS[. aiY) t[ pi[tin) d)kr)n[ a[n) j[ ki[e tkl)f hi[y t[ jNivvi kh[ C[ an[ Kitr)

aip[ C[ k[ t[ai[ t[n) eμCi m&jb j krS[. f[ºs) (pti smx pi[tin) D)kn[ prNvin) eμCi

Äykt kr[ C[.j[ a[ni (pti g\iH riK[ C[.

a[k (dvs gimni[ pidr) m[bi[ÃD f[ºs)n[ mLvi aiv[ C[. an[ t[ f[ºs) smx kb*l[ C[ k[

t[[ t[n[ cih[ C[.an[ a[n) smx l³nn) drKiAt m*k[ C[.f[ºs) mni[mn (oFi an&Bv[ C[. a[k

trf t[ D)kn[ p\[m kr[ C[, ti[ b)J trf, m[bi[ÃDni simi(jk mi[Bi trf t[ aikPi<y C[.m[bi[ÃD

289

t[n[ p\[m t[mj a[Si[airim) Jvnn) Kitr) aip[ C[. aiv[Smi> aiv) je f[ºs) t[n[ hi piD)

b[s[ C[. b)j[ (dvs[ D)kn) m&likit m[bi[ÃD siY[ Yiy C[. t[ m[bi[ÃDn[ p[it[ T*>k smymi> f[ºs)n[

prNvini[ C[ t[ K&SKbr aip[ C[.ai vitY) m[bi[ÃDn[ aiGit lig[ C[. t[ f[ºs)n[ p#i lK)

a[ni vcnmi>Y) m&kt kr[ C[.f[ºs) pN t[n[ p\Ry&_ir piqv) jNiv[ C[ k[ pi[t[ aiv[Smi> aiv)

ge ht).t[Y) l³nn) vit rd smjv).C[vT[ D)k an[ f[ºs)ni l³n Yiy C[.Ryirbid

jyi[f[<D[ni bg)cini a[k mi[Ti g\)nv&Dni vZx n)c[ sh& ain>dY) nZRy kr[ C[.Bi[jn pC) D)k

an[ f[ºs) pi[tini Gr[ jvi n)kL[ C[. rAtimi> D)k f[ºs)n[ m[bi[ÃDn) l³nmi> g[rhijr) (vP[

p*C[ C[.f[ºs) c*p rh[vin&> ps>d kr[ C[ an[ m[bi[ÃD vμc[ j[ k>e bºy&> ht&> t[ D)kn[ kh[vin)

(h>mt diKv) Skt) nY).

aim, a(h> a[k A#i) an[ #iN p&r&Pi[ni p\[mn) kYi C[.g\iÀy vitivrNn) pVit`B*

kÃpnir>g) C[.p\[mkYin[ an&$p viti< ai(d, m¹y an[ a>tni (clicil& k\mmi> lKiy C[.a[mi>

ki[e cmRki(rk air>B k[ fl[Sb[k nY).a[ s)F)sid) p\[mkYi C[.D)k an[ f[ºs)n) p\[mkYi siY[

m[lATi[k s>g)tn) kYi si>kL) l[vimi> aiv) C[.S$mi> pi#ip(rcy pC) viti[ zDpY) aigL

vF[ C[.Yi[D) g*>c pC) prikiOqia[ phi[>c[ C[ an[ s&Kiºtmi> p(rNm[ C[.g*>c m[bi[ÃDni f[ºs)n[

cihvin[ kirN[ f[ºs)ni t[n) l³nn) drKiAt Av)kirvin[ kirN[ UB) Yiy C[, an[ s>GP<

f[ºs)ni (ptin) D)kn) nips>dg)mi>Y) an[ Sienrn) trfdir)mi>Y) ud`Bv[ C[.pr>t&

nvlkYimi> kS) g>B)r GTni bnt) nY).an[ 'All is well that ends well." p\miN[ a>t[

sh& siri>vini> Yiy C[.hiD)<n) ai kZ(t (vP[ jhi[n a[l.Dsu kh[ C[ :

''Under the Greenwood Tree, published in 1872, is a flawless gem -a

work of pure delight and Hardy's only truely ligth-hearted novel.Hardy has

now found his way.""65

290

minvJvnn[ aikir aipnir p(rbLi[mi> p\Nyn) an&B*(t an[ a(BÄy(kt mh_vni[

Big Bjv[ C[.pr>t& hiD)<n) nvlkYiai[mi> 'aºDr F g\)nv&D T^)"n[ bid krti, minvãdyn)

ai ad`B*t an&B*(t aikr) v[dni an[ ÄyYimi> p(rNm[ C[.p\Ny, l³n an[ l³n[tr s>b>Fi[

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''Hardy is the first of the major English novelist to explore sexual

politics with such an keen eye to the relations between gender and class.""66

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291

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an](tk s>b>Fi[mi> minvAvBivmi> rh[l) (vkZt visni an[ pS&tin[ t[mn) tmim hdi[ pir

krti dSi<v[ C[.

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nY).

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292

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ti[ b)J bij&, k>k& a[ Sr)r) p[\mn&> p\(tk C[.k>k& jyir[ m&³FivAYimi> hi[y C[ Ryir[

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C[.a[ GTnini[ min(sk aiGit a[n[ a[vi[ lig[ C[ k[ t[ a[n[ kyir[ pN B*l) Skt) nY).m(Dyi

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vFir[ n[ vFir[ t)v\ an[ jiN[ k[ vFir[ tiJ bn) rh) ht).a[ yitnimi>Y) a[ni nij&k

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min) l)F[li apriFni[ D>K a[n[ $>v[$>v[ cTki Br) rHi[ hti[.""67

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a[ s&>dr) a[ amin&P) p\hiri[ smx licir bn) srdirni SrN[ Ye jiy C[. a[ ØOy jien[

k>k& a[ (vj[ti Dik& upr vir) jiy C[. a(nμCia[ KvDivvimi> aiv[l) sikr pN mi[>mi> ti[

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293

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d[vS)n[ ji[yi[.Kri> bpi[rni tDkimi> uGiD[ (dl[ Fi[(ryimi> ki[diL)ni Gi pr Gi z)>k) rh[l a[

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294

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rh).ni, mi#i avli[k)n[ j n aTk); a[ni upr ai[LGi[L kr), a[ni c]tºy upr vir)

ge.""69

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j[ r)t[ aid[Si[ kr[ C[ a[mi> a[nimi> rh[l) (nOq&rti an[ pS&ti prikiOqia[ phi[>c[ C[ :

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ti[....Kbrdir jivi d)Fi[ C[ ti[ ....hv[ Jvti[ m[liy j n(h.""70

k>k& j[v) kimi>F A#i) an[ d[vS) j[vi[ kimi>F p&$P k[Tl) hd[ k\*r bn) Sk[ a[ vitni[

²yil aipNn[ a(h> aiv[ C[.ai bibt[ bLv>t jin) jNiv[ C[ :

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hi[y, a[Tl&> j n(h p&#i B)mn) hRyi s&F) d[vS) s(k\y Yiy, a[mi> p&#ivF*ni[shkir m[Lv[,

a[v&> viAtvvid) ail[Kn aRy>t sci[T, tk<p*N< an[ minsSiA#i)y p\s>gi[n[ ai[Y[ ah)> Yy&>

hi[e tYi a[ g\imJvnn) Kr)-nr) viAtvvid) sZ(OT m(Dyia[ Bir[ k&SLtiY) ail[K) hi[e

nvlkYi s(vS[P aiAviw Ye pD[ C[. ""71

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295

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g(t(v(Fai[ upr stt k[(ºWt rh[l) jNiy C[.mn&Oymi> AvBi(vk rh[l) s>t(t-virsi

m[Lvvin) aiki>xi k[ vZ(_ini> an[k (c#ii>kni[ l[Kk[ ai¼yi> C[, ti[ av]F jit)y s>b>Fi[n&>

(n$pN pN t[mN[ an[k p\s>gi[a[ ky&&<> C[.""72

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gi[br siY[ Ye gyi hi[vi Cti> t[n) njr s>t& pr m>Driy[l) rh[ C[ an[ a[[ s>t&n[ pi[tin)

krvini spnimi> ric[ C[. s>t& p(r(Nt hi[vi Cti> a[n) C[Dt) krvi s&F)n) a[ c[OTi kr[ C[.

gi[br gr)b)n[ l)F[ s>t&n&> aiN&> kr) Skti[ nY)> Ryir[ mi>DN gi[brn[ a[ bibt[ Ti[Ni[ mir[ C[ :

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an[ mi>DN vμc[ p\Ym JBiji[D) an[ mirimir) Yiy C[. ji[ k[ div aiÄy[ si[gq) mirvin)

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gi[br pr ugimvimi> aiv[li[ Gi pi[tini hiY pr z)l[ C[ an[ pi[tini[ hiY g&miv[ C[.pr>t&

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z)Ãyi[ n hi[t ti[ gi[brni rim rm) gyi hi[t an[ a[ni[ s>t&n[ m[Lvvini[ mig< m[ikLi[ Ye

gyi[ hi[t.rGi[ an[ Sid*L pN a[n[ g[rmig[< di[rti kh[ C[ k[ j[ miNs ninpNmi> j tiri

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296

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visni a[n[ (vv[kh)n bniv) m*k[ C[ an[ a[ (vv[kh)nti j s>t&-gi[brni s&K)

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297

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C[.miNsi[n[ b&(nyid) ai(dm t_vi[n&> (c#iN krt) kYiai[ vi>cvini[ Kis Si[K hi[y C[, kirN

k[ t[mnimi> pN ai t_v hi[y j C[.

5. simi(jk m*Ãyi[mi> p(rvt<n :

{a} Yi[ms hiD)<n) nvlkYiai[mi> simi(jk m*Ãyi[mi> p(rvt<n

minvJvnn) g&Nv_iini k[Tli>k ci[Ês mipd>Di[ hi[y C[. ai mipd>Di[ (s¹F krvi

miT[ Kis kr)n[ smij, si(hRy an[ Fm< oiri k[Tli>k m*Ãyi[ nkk) krvimi> aiv[ C[.pi[tini

Jvnn) g&Nv_ii s&Firvi dr[k Äy(kt a[ m*Ãyi[n[ an&srvini[ p\yRn kr[ C[. smijni[ ki[e a[k

Äy(kt a[ m*Ãyi[n&> k[v&> piln kr[ C[ a[n) s)F) k[ aiDktr) asr j[ t[ smijn) Cb) upr

pN pDt) hi[y C[.aiY) j dr[k Äy(kt a[ m*Ãyi[n&> jtn kr[ a[v) smij ap[xi riK[ C[.an[

jyir[ a[ m*Ãyi[n&> jih[rmi> K>Dn Yiy C[ Ryir[ simi(jk (vri[F an[ v>Ti[Ln&> vitivrN sji<y

C[.ji[ k[ ai simi(jk m*Ãyi[ smy, AYL p\miN[ p(rvt<nS)l hi[y C[.j[mk[ Yi[ms hiD)<n)

nvlkYiai[mi> ai]wi[(gk k\i>(tn) g\iÀysmijni pr>prigt m*Ãyi[ pr k[v) asr Ye a[n&>

p$t(b>b piDvimi> aiÄy&> C[.

'jy&D F ai[¾skyi[r"n) S$ait j ai]wi[(gkrNY) e>³l[>Dni gimDi>ai[mi> aiv) rh[li

p(rvt<ni[Y) Yiy C[. m[r)g$n gimn&> vN<n krti hiD)< kh[ C[ k[ a[ gim aim ti[ p\i(cn ht&>

pr>t& a[ni B*tkiLn) AmZ(t tr)k[ mi#i a[k k*vi[ j bik) rHi[ hti[. mi[TiBigni j*n)

306

bi>FN)ni Gri[ ti[D) piDvimi> aiÄyi hti.gimni p\i(cn cc<n) j³yia[ li[ki[n) ai>K[ kyir[y

n ji[y[l) hi[y a[v) bi>FN)n&> aiF&(nk cc< UB&> krvimi> aiÄy&> ht&>>. g\iÀy(vAtirmi> aiv[l&>

aºy p(rvt<n ht&> r[Ãv[n&> aigmn.ai kZ(tmi> r[Ãv[ni GNi> uÃl[Ki[ ji[vi mL[ C[ kirN k[ a[

smy[ e>³l[>Dni GNi> (vAtiri[mi> r[Ãv[ni piTi piYrvimi> aiv) rHi hti>.

ai ai]wi[(gkrNn[ l)F[ e>³l[>Dni biH jgtmi> aiv) rh[li AY*L f[rfiri[n) asr t[

smyni minv)n) min(skti an[ m*Ãyi[ pr k[v) pD[ C[ a[n) p\(tt) aipNn[ Ay&ni pi#imi>

Yiy C[.Ay& a[ a>g\[J nvlkYin) ph[l) bi](Fk an[ nir)vid) ni(yki C[.Bivkni (c_imi>

Ay&n) Cb) a[k 'New Woman"n) k>Diriy C[ j[ l³np\Yin[ an&srvimi> mint)

nY).simi(jk ÄyvAYi an[ (s¹Fi>ti[ bibt[ (vcirv&> an[ p\Åni[ krvi a[ a[n) aidt C[.t[

Fm<, kli, smij vg[r[ x[#i[ aiF&(nk (vciri[ Friv[ C[.pi[t[ (K\At) hi[vi Cti> m*(t<p*ji p\Ry[

aikPi<y C[. t[ s]¹Fi>(tk Fi[rN[ l³np\Yin) (vr&¹F C[ an[ a[n) siY[ s>mt nY). a[n) Ø(OTa[

l³n 'clumsy and sordid contract"C[. Ay&ni ai (vciri[ upr p\kiS piDti> s>ti[P

ck\bt)< lK[ C[ :

''With her revulsion to sex arid marriage Sue may appear as a stereo-

type of sexually reppressed woman. Her bitter experience of wedded life

with Phillotson provides her with sufficient ammunition for airing anti

marriage veiws : 'What tortures me so much is the necessity of being

responsive to this man whenever he wishes .""82

jyir[ jy&D a[ni upr l³n miT[ dbiN kr[ C[ Ryir[ t[ S>ki Äykt kr[ C[ k[ l³n bid

pN t[ a[n[ a[Tli[ p[\m krS[ j[Tli[ p[\m t[ a[n[ hilmi> kr[ C[. t[ min[ C[ k[ l³n(v(F minv)y

s>b>Fi[ miT[ (vniSk si(bt Yiy C[. an[ t[Y) j t[ jy&D siY[ a(vvi(ht avAYimi> Jvn

Jvvin&> nkk) kr[ C[, j[n[ aipN[ aij[ 'live in relationship" kh)a[ C)a[. a[Tl&> j n(h,

307

pr>t& t[ simi(jk m*Ãyi[ an[ aidSi[<n) avgNni kr)n[ pN biLki[n) k&>vir) miti bn[

C[.a[ni ai (bnpr>prigt aicir-(vcirmi> aipNn[ a[k sih(sk aiF&(nk y&v(tni dS<n

Yiy C[. Ay& a[ni aºy x[#i p\Ry[ni a(Bgmi[mi> pN aiF&(nkti diKv[ C[. j[m k[ a[ min[ C[

k[ a[ (dvsi[ v)t) gyi jyir[ d[vLi[ ngrni k[ºWmi> hti.hv[ a[n&> AYin r[Ãv[ AT[Sn[ l)F&> C[.t[

Fi(m<k p\iY<nimi> mint) nY), t[Y) j jy&D t[n[ 'Voltairean"kh[ C[.

pr>t& smy an[ GTnick\mi> Ay&ni ai aiF&(nk (vciri[ simi(jk m*Ãyi[ni pr>prigt

Qi>cimi> aikir pim[ C[.nvlkYini e(thismi> Ay& a[ a[v) p\Ym m(hli C[ j[ simi(jk m*Ãyi[

an[ aidSi[<n[ b)nj$r) b>Fn minvin) B*l kr[ C[.a[ B*l) jiy C[ k[ smij an[ simi(jk

m*Ãyi[ a[ ti[ minv)ni Jvnni[ a(nviy< aiFir C[.a[ni biLki[ni mZRy& bid a[n&>

ãdyp(rvt<n Yiy C[.t[ hv[ an&Bv[ C[ k[ t[ hj& pN (fli[Tsnn) p(Rn C[ an[ t[n[ t[ Äy(kt

siY[ni Fi(m<k (v(Fsr Yy[li l³nn) p(v#iti smjiy C[.jyir[ arb[lini[ d)kri[ a[ni jy&D

siY[ni ani]rs s>tini[n[ mir) niK[ C[ Ryir[ t[ min[ C[ k[ a[ni s>tini[ ti[ a[n&> pip hti> an[

a[mn&> mZRy& a[ ti[ a[n&> 'judgement"C[. hv[ t[ ali](kk S(ktmi> ~¹Fi Friv[ C[ an[ min[ C[

k[ a[n) eμCiai[n&> piln krv&> a[ aipN) frj C[. t[ni jy&D siY[ni s>b>Fi[ t[n[ hv[ (njin>d

an[ AvC>dti lig[ C[.an[ t[ni Ryigmi> j t[ hv[ aiRmini[ ai(vBi<v smj[ C[. t[Y) a>t[ Ay&

(fli[Tsn pis[ piC) fr[ C[ an[ t[n) siY[ p&n:l³n kr[ C[.aim, Ay& j[v) aiF&(nk (vcirFiri

Frivt) y&vt)a[ pN a>t[ simi(jk m*Ãyi[n[ SrN[ jv&> pD[ C[. an[ a[n) a[ SrNig(t a[n)

hir k[ licir) nY), pr>t& pi[tini an&Bvi[n[ aiFir[ liF[l&> Xin C[.a[ j SiNpN pN C[.

'T[s ai[f D'ab<r(vÃs"mi> a[>jl kl[rn&> pi#i S$aitmi> aiF&(nk (vcirFiri Frivt&>

hi[vini[ Bis Yiy C[. t[ a[k pidr)ni[ d)kri[ C[.a[ni (pti a[v) eμCi riK[ C[ k[ t[ pN

(ptini[ Äyvsiy apniv[ an[ a[ (dSimi> aigL vF[, pr>t& a[>jln[ a[k pidr) tr)k[ Jvn

308

Jvvimi> ki[e rs nY). flAv$p S]x(Nk kir(kd)<mi> aigL vFvini[ avkiS an[ a[mi> an[k

liBi[ hi[vi Cti> a[ mhi(vwilyni pg(Yyi> pN cQti[ nY). t[n[ K\)At) Fm<ni (s¹Fi>ti[ an[

j*nviN) (vcirFirimi> (vVis nY). an[ a[ r)t[ a[ pi[tini (ptiY) v]ci(rk B*(mki upr

a>(tm (b>d&a[ C[. a[ siri>-nrsi>ni pr>prigt mipd>Di[mi> minti[ nY). a[ aiRm(nr)xNmi>

min[ C[ pr>t& pi[tini airi¹yd[vmi> ~¹Fi Frivti[ nY).ai bibt[ a[ S>kiS)l vlN diKv[

C[.T[s a[ni aiv) aiF&(nk (vcirSrN)Y) p\Bi(vt Ye a[ni p\[mmi> pD[ C[, pr>t& l³n bid

jyir[ T[s a[n) smx pi[tini kl>(kt B*tkiLn) vit kr[ C[ Ryir[ a[>jl T[sni an[ aipNi

aiVy< vμc[ acink T[sn) p(v#iti bibt[ pi[tin) (vcirSrN)Y) (vr&¹F simi(jk mipd>Di[

lig& piD[ C[.aim, a[>jl a[ b[vDi> FiriFi[rNi[ Frivti[ Äy(kt C[. ai upri>t 'F r)Tn< ai[f

F n[T)v"mi> kl)m jyir[ pi[tin) (p\y A#i)n[ prNvi pi[tin) mitiY) C*Ti[ Ye alg Gr

vsiv[ C[. a[mi> ti[ sij<ºT T^i[y an[ f)zp)as< j[vi> C[lbTiu Äy(ktai[ j[ r)t[ l³n j[v)

g>B)r smijÄyvAYi siY[ rmt rm[ C[ an[ a[n) siY[ j[ c[Di> kr[ C[ a[mi> simi(jk m*Ãyi[ni[

C[d uD) jti[ d[Kiy C[. a[mni viN), vt<n an[ Äyvhirmi> a[k p\kirn) b[(fkrie an[

b[jvibdir)pNini (n$pN oiri hiD)< bdlit) jt) simi(jk p(r(AY(tn[ ai(Fn simi(jk

m*Ãyi[mi> aiv) rh[li p(rvt<ni[ni[ (nd[<S kr[ C[. g\iÀyp(rv[Smi> aiv) rh[li> simi(jkm*Ãyi[

an[ min(sktimi> aiv) rh[li> p(rvt<ni[ (vP[ gNpt riy lK[ C[ :

''Whenever the modern ideas creep into the minds of rural people,

they leave the villages in order to be urbanised. Hardy's novels deal with this

clash of modern and ancient ways.Eustacia Vye desires to have the colour

and luxury of life in Paris, Grace and Fancy hesitate to marry their rustic

lovers because a glimpse of the great world has made their taste

309

fastidious.........The craze for refinement and sophistication had made many

villagers forsake their native habits. They were mad after city life.""83

{b} c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> simi(jk m*Ãyi[mi> p(rvt<n :

ki[e Äy(kt p[itini Jvnmi> k[vi an[ k[Tli> aidSi[< (s¹F kr[ C[ a[ni[ mipd>D a[ni

m*Ãyi[ C[, j[ a[ bibt dSi<v[ C[ k[ ~[Oq Jvn k[v&> hi[v&> ji[ea[. Jvnmi> simi(jk m*Ãyi[n[

Av)kirvimi> j Jvnn) siY<kti rh[l) C[, kirN k[ minvJvnni m*Ãyi[ a[ Äy(ktn)

JvnS]l) an[ simi(jk miLKini[ aiFirB*t At>B C[. an[ m*Ãyi[n) avgNniY) minv)n&>

Jvn an[ simi(jk ÄyvAYi (Cºn(Bºn Ye Sk[ C[, ti[ b)J bij&, a[ j m*Ãyi[n[ ai(Fn

Jvn JvviY) a[k s&r[K an[ AvμC smijn&> (nmi<N Yiy C[. minvJvnni m*Ãyi[mi>

minv)ni Jvnni[ uRkP< smiy[li[ C[.pr>t& ai (vVmi> a[vi[ ki[e smij nY) j[ni m*Ãyi[mi>

smy, AYL an[ s>ji[g p\miN[ p(rvt<n n aivt&> hi[y.simi(jk m*Ãyi[mi> aivti p(rvt<ni[

(vP[ Diƒ.u_im pT[l lK[ C[:

''minv-J)vn ai]r m*Ãyi[m[> stt p(rvt<n hi[ti rhti h]. ngr ai]r g\im-di[>ni[> m[> yh

p(rvt<n kh)> (S(Yl ti[ kh)> g(tS)l rhti h], (jsk[ kirN minvsmijki $p p(rv(t<t hi[ti

rhti h].mn&Oyk[ pirAp(rk s>b>Fi[, unk[ (k\yi-Äyipiri[>, unk[ si[cn[-(vcirn[k[ ti]>r-t(rki[>,

unk) miºytiai[ a[vm (vVisi[ tYi unk) r)(t-n)(tai[ ai(dki p\Ryx s>b>F J)vnk) a[k

(v(SOT p\Nil)s[ hi[ti h], J)ss[ unk[ Äyvhir (ny>(#it a[vm (ny(mt hi[t[ h].yh J)vn-

p\Nil) k&C (v(SOT (s¹Fi>ti[ pr aiFi(rt hi[t) h], J)ºh[ J)vn-m*Ãy khi jiti h].smki(ln

J)vn-(AY(tai[m[> pr>prigt ai]r p&²ti m*Ãyi[k[ simn[ an[k p\Ån(cºh h].ai(Rmy s>b>Fi[m[

aiyi bdliv B) m*Ãy-s>k\mNk[ p)C[ s(k\y h].yh bdliv ngr yi mhingr-J)vnm[ h) nh)>

aiyi h], a(pt& esn[ kZPk-J)vnki[ B) zkzi[r (dyi h].""84

310

an[ ai bdliv aivvi miT[n&> si]Y) agRyn&> kirN hi[y ti[ t[ C[ ai]wi[(gkrN. kirN

k[ a[n) s)F) asr Äy(kt an[ smijn) JvnS]l) upr pD[ C[. an[ bdliy[l) JvnS]l)n)

asr miNsn) min(skti upr pD[ C[. Sid*Ln) hi[k) AT)k a[ gimDi>ni simi(jk m*Ãyi[mi>

aiv[li p(rvt<nn&> p\(tk C[. gimn) vh&-d)kr)ai[n[ pi[tin) bh[n smjv) Birt)y smijn)

s¿yti C[, pr>t& Sid*L an[ gimni C[lbTiu y&vini[ rAt[ psir Yt) y&vt)ai[n) C[Dt) kr[

C[, Ryi> s&F) k[ hi[k) AT)k vD[ s>t&ni pgmi> ai>T) mir[ C[. Sr)rn&> smti[ln jiLvvi jti

Brbjirmi> a[ni vA#ii[ u>c[ cQ) jti a[ni siYL uGiDi Ye jiy C[. Sid*L an[ (m#ii[ upr

ApOTpN[ Sh[r)krNn) asr vti<y C[.85mi>DN mi smin BiB) s>t& pis[ pi[tini Grni ri[Tli>

GDivvini mni[rY s[v[ C[. a[mi> pN simi(jk m*Ãyi[ni[ C[d uD) jti[ d[Kiy C[. cl(c#ii[n&>

jgt jDivn&> Jvn brbid kr) niK[ C[ an[ a[N[ v[Æyi bnv&> pD[ C[ ti[ a[ j cl(c#i k>k&n)

(vkZt min(sktini (vkiri[mi> vFiri[ kr[ C[ an[ ssri d[vS) siY[ Sr)rs>b>F bi>Fvi p\[r[ C[

an[ a[ pip C*pivvi pRn) oiri p(tn) ti[ (pti oiri p&#in) hRyi krvimi> aiv[ C[. ti[ b)J

bij&, nY& si[n) j[vi[ nriFm pi[tin) sg) p&#i)n[ pi[tin) visnini[ (Skir bniv[ C[ an[ q>D[

kl[j[ a[ni oiri jºm[l ani]rs s>tinn[ sg[vg[ kr[ C[.

g&>(dyiY) m&>bemi> AYie Yy[li l)l& S[qni k&T&>bmi> g\iÀysmijni m*Ãyi[ an[ aidSi[<n&>

Fi[L[ (dvs[ K*n Yiy C[.a(h> vF& aiGitjnk bibt a[ C[ k[ pi[t[ j[ d&OkZRyi[ aicyi<> C[ a[

bdl t[ai[ ki[e g&ni(ht ligN) an&Bvti nY). bFi> j k&kmi[< pN ki[epN p\kirni xi[B

vgr shjpN[ Yiy C[.Birt)y smijmi> aiv) rh[li> p(rvt<ni[ (vP[ T).a[m. Dik jNiv[ C[ :

''It is a fact that no human society is static.Every society changes

according to the nature of challenges, Indian society is not an exception to

this natural law, Modern Indian society , one of the oldest in the world, has

passed through a gradual process of evolution.Various factors as well as

311

diverse people have made their contribution its development in different

ages which had quickened the pace of social change in that particular period

of Indian history. ""86

simi(jk m*Ãyi[mi> k[Tli>k nkiriRmk p(rvt<ni[ aiv[ C[, ti[ k[Tli>k hkiriRmk

p(rvt<ni[ pN ji[vi mL[ C[.j[m k[ ''prbD) j[vi gimmi>Y) Sh[rmi> BNvi miT[ gy[li[ B*pt

pi[tini m*L s>Akiri[ Ci[D)n[ nvi s>Akiri[ apniv[ C[; a[n) tLpd) (vS[Ptiai[ l&¼t Ye jiy

C[.l[Kk pi[t[ kh[ C[ :'a[ gyi[ Ryir[ gimDi>n[ a[k K*N[ UB[li[ a[ ri[p hti[.pi[t[ ãdyY) p*j[li

am&k aidSi[< len[ bhir n)kL[li[ a[ (kSi[r aij[ piCi[ aiÄyi[ Ryir[ a[ aidSi[<n) (nOqin[

Dgmgiv) m*k[ a[v) k[Tl)k vAt&ai[ gi>q[ bi>Fti[ aiÄyi[ hti[....p(rvt<n pim)n[ piCi[ aiÄyi[

hti[."smijs[vi, rijkirN j[vi x[#ii[mi> pi[t[ aigv) r)t[ (vcirt[i Yiy C[ t[m s(k\y Big

pN l[ C[.""87

Birt)y g\iÀysmijmi> aiv[li aivi hkiriRmk p(rvt<ni[ miT[ gi>F) an[ a[mn)

(vcirFirini[ p\cir-p\sir si]Y) p\Biv) bL ht&>.gi>F) ph[li> pN 19m) sd)ni a>t Bigmi>

riji rimmi[hnriy, Avim) (vv[kin>d, ~) ar(v>di[ Gi[P, r(vºWniY Tigi[r j[vi Xin)

smijs&Firki[a[ smijmi> Äyi¼t d*PNi[ nib*d krvini p\yRni[ aidr) d)Fi hti>.a[mN[

biLl³n, s(tp\Yi, aApZÆyti j[vi simi(jk d*PNi[ Dimvi miT[ aYig p\yRni[ kyi<>.a[mN[

(nrxrti, a>F~¹Fin) sim[ z*>b[S upiD).a>g\[j srkirn) ai(Y<k Si[PNn) n)(tn[ l)F[

Birt)y p\ji,Kis kr)n[ g\iÀysmij gr)b)mi> grkiv Ye gyi[ hti[. Birt)y

smijs&Firki[a[ li[ki[n[ smijmi> Äyi¼t d*PNi[ p\Ry[ sBin krvin&> b)D&> zD¼y&> an[ a[ r)t[

aigim) sd)n) Avit>#ylDt miT[ m>c p*ri[ piDvin&> ni[>Fpi#i kiy< ky&<>. d(xN ai(f\kiY) Birt

piCi fr[li gi>F)ni aigmn[ a[ lDtmi> p\iN f*>kyi[. a[mN[ Birtmi> a(h>sini h(Yyirni[

upyi[g kr) ashkirn) lDt S$ kr).a[mni aivi mZd& an[ si]Ày vlNY) k[Tli>k ug\vid)

312

n[tiai[ akLiyi. pr>t& gi>F)a[ p)C[hq kr) nh).a[mN[ smg\ d[Sn) jntin[ Avit>#y lDtmi>

ji[Divin) hi>kl kr).a[mni oiri smg\ Birtmi> d[SB(ktni[ j&viL f*>kiyi[. Sh[r an[

gimDi>mi> jih[rsBin&> aiyi[jn Yvi li³y&>.a>g\[j srkir smx (h>d Ci[Di[ an[ Avrijn)

ApOT n)(t jih[r krvimi> aiv). j[mj[m gi>F)n) Avit>#ys>g\imn) lDt aigL vFvi lig)

a[ lDt smi>tr k[Tli>k li[ki[a[ (h>siRmk vlN pN apniÄy&>. gi>F)n[ a[mni ai vlNY)

aiGit li³yi[.jyir[ li[ki[n[i riOT^)y lDtni[ j&Asi[ prikiOqia[ phi[>μyi[ Ryir[ j t[ai[a[ Yi[Di>

smy miT[ a[ cLvL mi[k*f riK). Birtni Avit>#yn) lDtni[ j[ mig< a[mN[ nÊ) kyi[< hti[

a[ miT[[ d[Sni li[ki[ hj& min(sk r)t[ t]yir nY) a[v&> a[mn[ li³y&>>. aiY) a[ smygiLi

dr(myin Birtvis)ai[n[ Avit>#ys>g\imn) Bi(v lDt miT[ sjj krvi miT[ a[mN[

smijs&FirNin&> kiy< hiY pr l)F&>. a[ kiy<k\mmi> a[mN[ Birt)y smijni tmim vgi[<n[

aivr) l)Fi> an[ a[mni ai(Y<k, simi(jk an[ Fi(m<k (vkis upr ¹yin k[(ºWt ky&<>. Birt

gimDi>ai[ni[ bn[li[ d[S C[ a[Tl[ gimDi>ni (vkismi> j Birt d[Sni[ (vkis smiy[li[ C[.aiY)

gi>F)a[ g\iÀysmijn) uºn(t miT[ gr)b), (nrxrti, a>F~¹Fi, aApZÆyti j[vi simi(jk

d*PNi[n) nib*d) upr (vS[P Bir m*kyi[.an[ pi[tin&> ai lÈy (s¹F krvi miT[ gi>F) pi[t[ an[

a[mni kiy<kri[ Birt d[Sni gimD[-gimDi> K*>d) vÇyi>. an[ t[Y) j gi>F)n&> nim Birt d[Sni

a(t a>t(ryiL gimDi>ai[mi> pN g*>jvi li³y&>. a[ni[ pDGi[ 'pivkjviLi", 'e>FN ai[Ci>

pDyi>" j[v) p\id[(Sk nvlkYiai[mi> pN pDyi[. B*pt, B*d[v kiS)rim j[vi> pi#ii[ni aicir-

(vcirmi> j[ simi(jk m*Ãyi[mi> aiv) rh[li hkiriRmk p(rvt<ni[ni dS<n Yiy C[ a[ miT[

gi>F)vid) (vcirsrN) jvibdir C[.

6. g\imjni[ :

{a} Yi[ms hiD)<n) nvlkYia[imi> g\imjni[ :

313

S[ks(parni niTki[mi> j[ kiy< ki[rs kr[ C[ a[ kiy< hiD)<n) nvlkYiai[mi> g\imjni[

kr[ C[.t[ai[ kyir[k nvlkYimi> aivt) GTni an[ pi#ii[ (vP[ T)ki-(T¼pN) kr[ C[,

nvlkYikirni (vciri[ Bivk s&F) phi[>ciDvin>& kiy< pN kr[ C[, ti[ kyir[k nvlkYin) viti<

ke (dSimi> aigL vFvin) C[ a[ni[ (nd[<S pN kr[ C[.' F r)Tn< ai[f F n[T)v"mi> aipNn[

f[rv[, (k\Vn, g\iºDfr, k[ºTl vg[r[ni[ ti[ 'fir f\i[m F m[(D>>g k\iuD"mi> ji[s[f p&arg\[s, h[n\)f\[,

b)l) Ami[lbr), j[n ki[gn j[vi yidgir g\imjni[ni[ B[Ti[ Yiy C[.t[ai[n) kYimi> k[ºWAYin[

rh[li> pi#ii[ siY[ t&lni Sky nY) kirN k[ t[ai[ h>m[Si n[p¸ymi> rh[li> hi[y C[ an[

nvlkYimi> g\iÀyp(rv[Sn&> (nmi<N krvimi> rμyipμyi rh[ C[.t[ai[ hiD)<n) m&²y an[ g>B)r

kYivAt&n[ minvJvnni p(rp[Èymi> rj* krvi miT[ pN mdd$p n)vD[ C[.t[ai[ minvJvnni

GTnick\mi> Jvti> an[ mrti> simiºy minv)ai[n&> p\(t(n(FRv kr[ C[.t[a[i gm[t[v) aifti[n)

vμc[ pN Jvnck\n[ cil& riKvi mi>gti minv)ai[ C[.h[ºciD<, y&AT[(syi vg[r[ niyki[ an[

ni(yki p[\m kr[, nfrt kr[, s&K-d&:K Bi[gv[ an[ mZRy& pN pim[ pr>t& ai g\imjni[n)

g(t(v(Fmi> avri[F uRpºn Yti nY).a[ g\imjni[ j C[ j[ai[ biLkn[ jºm aip[ C[, l³nmi>

nZRy kr[ C[, kb\Atinmi> a>(tm (v(F miT[ B[gi> Yiy C[ an[ kbr upr Si[ki>j(l ap[<

C[.niyk-ni(ykini Jvnmi> bdliv aivti[ rh[ C[ pr>t& t[ai[ SiVt C[.t[ai[ Bivkn[ simiºy

Jvnni mipd>Di[ p*ri> piD[ C[ j[ni an&s>Finmi> Bivk m&²y pi#ii[ni Jvnmi> aivti cQiv-

utirn) t)v\tin[ ckis) Sk[ C[. hiD)<a[ pi[tin) nvlkYimi> g\imjni[ni[ a[k piV<B* tr)k[

K*b k&n[hp*v<k upyi[g kyi[< C[.

vF&mi> g\imjni[ nvlkYimi> hiAyrs (nOpºn krvin&> kiy< pN kr[ C[.a[ li[ki[ oiri

uRpºn Yti> hiAymi> kTix hi[ti[ nY).pr>t& a[ li[ki[ni T*cki> an[ T)kiai[ nvlkYini

vitivrNn[ Jv>t bniv[ C[.a[ li[ki[n) s)F)-srL viti[mi>Y) (nB[<L hiAy n)pj[ C[.a[

314

li[ki[n) ki[e AvBivgt Kim), viti[(LyipN&>, p*v<ji[n) yidi[, a[ li[ki[n&>>>> Jvnn)

viAt(vktiai[ p\Ry[n&>> aXin vg[r[ srL an[ shj bibti[ hiAy p[\r[ C[.hiD)<n)

nvlkYiai[mi> #iN p\kirni pi#i[i aiv[ C[ : p\Ym kYini niyk-ni(yki, b)ji a[mni s>pk<mi>

aivti an[ a[mn) bibti[mi> dKlg)r) krti mh_vni> pi#ii[ an[ #i)ji piV<B*mi> aivti

g\imjni[ j[ai[ gi]N hi[vi Cti> GN) vKt nvlkYini smg\ miLKimi> mh_vn) kimg)r)

bjiv[ C[.t[ai[ nvlkYimi> bnt) GTniai[n&> z)NvTBy&<> avli[kn kr[ C[ an[ nvlkYikir

vt) a[ni (vP[ sci[T T)ki-(T¼pN) pN kr[ C[, j[n&> u_im udihrN D)gi[r) v[n C[.nvlkYimi>

t[ lgBg jis*s j[v&> kiy< kr[ C[.t[ nvlkYimi> bnt) tmim GTniai[ an[ pi#ii[n) g(t(v(F

upr njr riK[ C[.a[ni oiri Bivkn[ pN piV<B*mi> bnt) GN) GTniai[n) mi(ht) si>pD[

C[.aim, hiD)<n) nvlkYiai[mi> aivti gi]N g\imjni[ biH r)t[ gmir an[ ab&F lig[ C[,

kirN k[ t[ai[n) min(sktin&> aipN) smx pZ¸YkrN krvimi> aivt&> nY).pr>t& hk)ktmi> t[ai[

smijmi> aipN) aispis frti> b&(¹FSiL) an[ ligN)S)l Äy(ktai[ j C[.ai a[ li[ki[ j

C[ j[ai[ g\iÀysmijn) pr>pri an[ s>AkZ(tn[ Jv>t riKvimi> aigv) B*(mki adi kr[ C[.

{b} c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> g\imjni[ :

si]riOT^ni Fi[riJ gim[ jºm[li> c&n)lil m(Dyi si]riOT^ni g\iÀysmijni (v(vF

Atrni minv)ai[ni giQ s>pk<mi> aiÄyi hi[viY)> t[ai[ a[ p\d[Sni li[ki[n) (v(vF

lix(Nktia[iY) s&p[r[ p(r(ct hti>. a[mn&> g\iÀysmijn&> s&Èm (nr)xN an[ (n$pN a[mn)

kZ(tai[mi> uD)n[ ai>K[ vLg[ C[.

gimDi>ni vitivrNmi> pi#ii[ an[ a[mn) g(t(v(F gimDi>n[ Fbkt&> riK[ C[.a[mn)

r)tBit, bi[l), tLpdi s>Akiri[viL) C[.a[mni hlncln an[ viN)-vt<n p\id[(Sk

Ki(syti[Y) r>giy[li C[.t[ai[ m*LkYini p\vihmi> p*rk p(rbL si(bt Yiy C[. m(Dyini

315

smijni[ n)cli[ vg<- gr)bi[, vsviyi>ai[, mj*ri[ni (n$pNmi> a[mn) a[ vg< p\Ry[n)

shin&B*(t an[ an&k>pi p\gT Yiy C[.ai s>dB<mi> Diƒ. amZt ri(N>gi lK[ C[ :

“'pivk jviLi"mi> t[mj p\At&t kYimi> m(Dyini[ dl)ti[-p)(Dti[ p\Ry[ni[

shin&B*(tByi[< a(Bgm p\gT Yiy C[.(nkisn[ kirN[ anijni[ kZ(#im d&kiL sji<y C[ an[

a[k ki[L) gL[ fi>si[ Kiy C[ a[ ail[Kn ai s>dB<mi> ni[>Fpi#i C[.""

vF&mi> ri(N>gi jNiv[ C[ :

''d(lti[,p)(Dti[ an[ Si[(Pti[ p\Ry[ m(Dyin&> shin&B*(tBy&<> vlN C[. Si[PNKi[r) sim[

m(Dyin) nirijg) j&d) j&d) nvlkYiai[mi> p\gT Yiy C[.""88

p>ciN BiBi[, (grji[, Bi>ki[, BcDi[ vid), F(nyi gi[viL, jD), vKt) Di[S), zmk&

j[vi pi#i[i g\iÀyp(rv[Sn[ Jv>t an[ hyi[<Byi[< riK[ C[.si]riOT^ni g&>disrni g\imjni[n)

lix(Nkti dSi<vti m(Dyi lK[ C[ :

''j[v) m)qiS ai[ztni piN)mi> ht) a[v) j m)qiS a(h>ni miNsi[mi> ht). Frt)mi>

rsks hti[ t[Y) a[ni Ci[r&>ai[ni> mn pN miyi mmtiY) hyi><Byi<> rh[ti>.alb_i, kv(ct kyi>k

kyi>k k*DkpT d[Kit&>.pN a[kd>r[ a(h>ni[ minv sm&diy sdicir), pipB)r&> an[ Fm<priyN

hti[.""89

GNi> (vv[cki[n[ m(Dyini upri[kt g\imjni[ a>g[ni (nv[dn an[ a[mN[ g\imjni[n&> j[

pi#iil[Kn ky&<> C[ a[n) vμc[ s&s>gttini[ aBiv d[Kiy C[.t[a[i min[ C[ k[ g&>disrni g\imjni[

j[vi p\p>c), prp)DnvZ(_iviLi, ePi<Ki[r an[ kpT) g\imjni[ kyi>y j[ivi n mL[.pr>t& aipN[

a(h> ni[Fv&> ji[ea[ k[ upri[kt tmim vZ(_iai[ g\iÀysmijmi> j[ apvid$p pi#ii[ C[ a[mi>

ji[vi mL[ C[.a[ upri>t ai apvid$p pi#ii[ pN jyir[ gimDi>n) 'mass mentality"ni

Big$p[ aiv[ C[ Ryir[ am&k nkiriRmk vZ(_iai[ni (Skir Yiy C[. a[Tl[ k[ s>t&n) a(³npr)xi

316

vKt[ B[gi> Yy[li m*k g\imjni[mi> 'h&>" an[ 'tm[" pN hi[e Sk)a[ an[ ti[ b)J bij&

Äy(ktgt Fi[rN[ s>t& miT[ aipN[ shin&B*(t an&Bv)a[.a(h> aipN[ B*lv&> n ji[ea[ k[

gimni y&vini[ ji[D[ j*Ymi> mi>DN s>t&n) qÎi-mÆkr) kr[ C[. pr>t& Äy(ktgt Fi[rN[ a[ j mi>DN

g\imjni[n[ mdd$p Yvi h>m[Si tRpr rh[ C[. a[ Sid*L j C[ j[ jD)n[ m&>beni

v[Æyibjirmi>Y) u>ck)n[ g&>disr piCi[ le aiv[ C[. jyir[ rGi[ a[k vKt a[k j*Yni Big

tr)k[ Sid*L an[ mi>DNn[ s>t&n[ pjvvi miT[ p\i[Rsihn p*$> piD[ C[, pr>t& a[ j rGi[ s>t& upr

aifti[ni[ phiD t*T) pD[ C[ Ryir[ Äy(ktgt Fi[rN[ a[n) vhir[ Yiy C[. a[Tl&> j n(h a[m

krti pi[tini p\iNn&> b(ldin aip[ C[.aim, GN) j³yia[ g\imjni[ prApr shkir an[ s>pY)

vt<ti dSi<vvimi> aiÄyi C[. a[mn) Krib vZ(_iai[ ti[ a[k 'mass mentality"ni[ Big mi#i

C[, kirN k[ sim&(hk min(sktimi> h>m[Si Äy(ktgt (vv[kni[ aBiv hi[y C[. t[Y) j m(Dyi

g&>disrni g\imjni[ a>g[ upri[kt (nv[dn kr[ C[. ai upri>t m(Dyin) nvlkYimi> pN

g\imjni[ ki[rsn&> kiy< kr[ C[.'v[Liv[Lin) Ci>yD)"mi> g\imjni[n) B*(mki (vP[ ri(N>gi lK[ C[ :

''aXin an[ p>ci(tyi a[vi> gimDi>ni jnsm*hn) vZ(_i nmt[ CibD[ b[svin) C[.j&d[

j&d[ p\s>g[ g\)k niTkni 'ki[rs" j[v) li[kcci< yi[Jn[ l[Kk[ gimDi>ni li[k sm&diyni> vZ(_i-

vlNi[n&> sci[T (c#iN ky&<> C[.""90

t[a[i nvlkYimi> bnt) GTniai[ upr T)ki-(T¼pN) kr[ C[. a[k Gr[Y) b)j[ Gr[

gimmi> bnt) GTni-d&G<Tnini s>d[Siai[n) aip-l[ kr[ C[.jºm-mZRy& j[vi> s&K-d&:Kni p\s>g[

B[gi> Yiy C[, th[vir[i ujv[ C[, ti[ kyir[k hiAy pN (nOpºn kr[ C[.j[m k[ ajviL) kik)n)

mi>DN siY[ (sn[miGr an[ m&>ben) m&likit. Sh[r) p(rv[Sn) piV<B*mi> a[n) p\id[(Skti

Bivkni (c_imi> hiAy p[\r[ C[.an[ a[ hiAyn[ l)F[ j gimDi>n) hdmi> KTpT) an[ p\p>c)

ligti g\imjni[ gimDi>n) bhirn) d&(nyimi> td`n shj, minv)y an[ Bli>-Bi[Li> lig[ C[.

317

pidT)p :

1. rivl, p\(dp :'m[GiN)-m(Dyin) nvlkYimi> smijJvn": p\v)N p&Atk B>Dir, rijki[T,

p\Ym aivZ(_i. pZ.132

2. Hardy, Thomas : 'Tess of D'Urbervilles' : Penguin Books , 1988 p.75

3. Hardy, Thomas : 'Far From The Madding Crowd' : Oxford University

Press, Delhi , 1984 p.41

4. hiD)<, Yi[ms : an&vid : h>sib[n s) pT[l : 'F v&Dl[ºDs<": nvBirt si(hRy m>(dr,

amdivid, p\Ym aivZ(_i, 1992. pZ. 9

5. a[jn. 40

6. a[jn. 85

7. m(Dyi, c&n)lil : 'Äyijni[ virs": nvBirt si(hRy m>(dr, amdivid, dsm) aivZ(_i ,

2002. pZ. 21

8. m(Dyi, c&n)lil :'e>FN ai[Ci> pDyi>": nvBirt si(hRy m>(dr, amdivid, b)J aivZ(_i,

1991. pZ. 98

9. a[jn. 115-116

10.a[jn. 101

11.m(Dyi, c&n)lil : 'v[Li> v[Li>n) Ci>yD)" : nvBirt si(hRy m>(dr, amdivid, birm)

aivZ(_i , 2008. pZ.12

12.Kishor, Usha Walters : ed.Rama Kundu : 'Thomas Hardy : A Critical

Spectrum' ; Atlantic Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi , 2002. p.24

13.Hardy, Thomas : 'The Mayor of Casterbridge' : Rohan Book Company,

Delhi, 2003 p.312

318

14.Hardy, Thomas : 'Tess of D'Urbervilles': p.119

15.Ibid., p.293

16.Ibid., p.302

17.Ibid., p.39

18.Kishor, Usha Walters : ed.Rama Kundu : 'Thomas Hardy : A Critical

Spectrum' : p.33.

19.Hardy, Thomas :'Jude The Obscure' : Oxford University Press, 1985 p.86

20. Ibid., p. 345

21.Hardy, Thomas :'The Return of The Native': Wordsworth Edtions

Limited , Heartfordshire, 2000 p.168-169

22. Ibid., p. 170

23. Jan, K.M.-Firdaus, Shabnam :'A Guide to Enlish Literature' : Atlantic

Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi , 2003 p.31

24.Maheshwari, Vinod Kumar :ed.Rama Kundu :'Thomas Hardy : A Critical

Spectrum' : p.40

25.Cecil, David :'Hardy The Novelist' : Constable & Company Ltd.,London,

1969 p. 26-27

26. m(Dyi, c&n)lil : 'v[Li> v[Li>n) Ci>yD)": pZ. 30

27. a[jn. 32

28. a[jn. 35

29. a[jn. 68

30. a[jn. 69

319

31.a[jn. 413

32.m(Dyi, c&n)lil : 'l)l&D) Frt) Big-2" : nvBirt si(hRy m>(dr, amdivid, #i)J

aivZ(_i, 2007. pZ.19

33.a[jn. 104

34.a[jn. 144

35.a[jn. 145

36.a[jn. 188

37.a[jn. 54

38.m(Dyi, c&n)lil: 'S[viLni> Stdl": nvBirt si(hRy m>(dr, amdivid, 1991.pZ.125

39.a[jn. 132

40.a[jn. 292

41.rivl, p\(dp : 'm[GiN)-m(Dyin) nvlkYimi> smijJvn": pZ. 128

42.vDgimi, n)(tn : 'c&n)lil m(Dyi": si(hRy akiD[m), nv) (dÃl), 1999. pZ.14

43.Hardy, Thomas : 'Tess of D'Urbervilles': p.302

44.Hardy, Thomas : 'Jude The Obscure' : p.27

45.Dak, T. M. :ed.T.M.Dak :'Social Transfomation in India': Ajanta

Publications, Delhi, 1990 . p. 7

46.m(Dyi, c&n)lil : ' l)l&D) Frt) Big-1": pZ.55-56

47.a[jn. 149

48.a[jn. 160

49.m(Dyi, c&n)lil: 'S[viLni> Stdl": pZ. 302

50.a[jn. 307

320

51.m(Dyi, c&n)lil :'Äyijni[ virs": nvBirt si(hRy m>(dr, amdivid, a(gyirm)

aivZ(_i, 2002. pZ. 108

52.Hardy, Thomas : 'Jude The Obscure' : p.12

53. Ibid., p.256

54. Ibid., p.275

55. Ibid., p.308

56. Jan, K.M.-Firdaus, Shabnam : 'A Guide to Enlish Literature' : p.16

57.Hardy, Thomas : 'Tess of D'Urbervilles' : p. 125

58.Eagleton, Terry : 'The English Novel : An Introduction’: Blackwell

Publishing , U.S.A. 2004. p.196

59.Hardy, Thomas : 'Far From The Madding Crowd' : p.320

60.Ibid., p. 446

61.Hardy, Thomas : 'The Return of The Native' : p. 167

62.Ibid., p. 271

63.Hardy, Thomas : 'The Mayor of Casterbridge' : p. 74-75 .

64.Ibid., p. 309

65.Dusseau, John L. : ed. Robert Hudson, Edwin Arnold : ' Thomas Hardy :

A Critical Study': Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi , 2005. p.

171

66.Eagleton, Terry : 'The English Novel : An Introduction’: p. 212

67. m(Dyi, c&n)lil : 'l)l&D) Frt) Big-2": pZ. 84

68. m(Dyi, c&n)lil: 'S[viLni> Stdl": pZ. 172-173

321

69.a[jn. 204

70.a[jn. 205

71.jin), bLv>t : 'c&n)lil m(Dyi: 'g*j<r g\>YrRn kiyi<ly": amdivid, (ot)y aivZ(_i,

2000. pZ. 9

72.(mA#i), Diƒ. B*p[ºW :'g&jrit) p\id[(Sk nvlkYi": p\kiSk Diƒ. B*p[ºW (mA#i), p\Ym

aivZ(_i, 1989. pZ. 185

73.m(Dyi, c&n)lil : 'l)l&D) Frt) Big-1": pZ.18

74.a[jn. pZ.209

75.a[jn. pZ.-15

76.m(Dyi, c&n)lil : 'Äyijni[ virs": pZ. 81-82

77.S&kl, ySv>t : s>pidki[ : umiS>kr ji[P), viD)lil Dgl) vg[r[ : 'm(Dyin&> mni[rijy":

m(Dyi Amirk s(m(t, amdivid, p\Ym aivZ(_i, 1970 pZ.6

78.a[jn. 51

79.m(Dyi, c&n)lil :'aili Fi>Fln&> z)>zivdr"; nvBirt si(hRy m>(dr, amdivid, b)J

aivZ(_i, 2001. pZ. 41

80.m(Dyi, c&n)lil : 'v[Li> v[Li>n) Ci>yD)": pZ.405

81.m(Dyi, c&n)lil : 'kYili[k": p\-nvlkYin) S(kt

82.Chakrabarti, Santosh : ed.Rama Kundu :'Thomas Hardy : A Critical

Spectrum': p.134

83.Rai, Ganpat :‘Thomas Hardy’s Realism and Pessimism’: Shipra

Publiction, 1996. p. 45-46

322

84.pT[l, Di<. u_imBie< :'Avit>#yi[_ir (hºd) upºyism[> kZPkJ)vn": Birt Birt), 2002.

pZ.122

85.m(Dyi, c&n)lil : 'l)l&D) Frt) Big-1": pZ. 33

86.Nagar, Sheela & Gupta Meena : ed. T.M.Dak : 'Social Transfomation in

India' : p.72

87.(mA#i), Diƒ. B*p[ºW : 'g&jrit) p\id[(Sk nvlkYi": pZ. 162

88.ri(N>gi, Diƒ.amZt : 'nvlkYikir m(Dyi": p\(vN p&Atk B>Dir, rijki[T, p|\Ym aivZ(_i :

1990, pZ. 21,28

89.m(Dyi, c&n)lil : 'l)l&D) Frt) Big-1": pZ.2

90.ri(N>gi, Diƒ.amZt : 'nvlkYikir m(Dyi": pZ. 37

323

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