*The Digestive System

*DigestionProcessing of foodTypesMechanical (physical)ChewTearGrindMashMixChemicalCatabolic reactionsEnzymatic hydrolysisCarbohydrateProteinLipid

*DigestionPhasesIngestionMovementDigestionAbsorptionFurther digestion

*Digestive System Organization

Gastrointestinal (Gl) tract (Alimentary canal)Tube within a tubeDirect link/path between organsStructuresMouthOral CavityPharynxEsophagusStomachDuedenum JejenumkIleumCecumAscending colonTransverse colon

*Digestive System OrganizationDescending colonSigmoid colonRectumAnusAccessory structuresNot in tube pathOrgansTeethTongueSalivary glandsLiverGall bladderPancreas

*Anatomy of the Mouth and Throat

*Human Deciduous and Permanent Teeth

*Dorsal Surface of the Tongue

*The Major Salivary Glands

*Deglutition (swallowing)SequenceVoluntary stagePush food to back of mouthPharyngeal stageRaiseSoft palateLarynx + hyoidTongue to soft palateEsophageal stageContract pharyngeal musclesOpen esophagusStart peristalsis

*Deglutition (swallowing)ControlNervesGlossopharyngealVagusAccessoryBrain stemDeglutition center Medulla oblongataPonsDisordersDysphagiaAphagia

*EsophagusUsually collapsed (closed)3 constrictionsAortic archLeft primary bronchusDiaphragm Surrounded bySNS plexusBlood vesselsFunctionsSecrete mucousTransport food

*Peristalsis and Segmentation

*EsophagusSphinctersUpperLowerAbnormalitiesAchalasiaAtresiaHerniaBarrets esophagusEsophageal varices

*StomachUsually J shapedLeft side, anterior to the spleenMucous membraneG cells make gastrinGoblet cells make mucousGastric pit Oxyntic gland Parietal cells Make HClChief cells Zymogenic cellsPepsinGastric lipase

*Anatomy of the Stomach

*Stomach3 muscle layersObliqueCircularLongitudinalRegionsCardiac sphincterFundusAntrum (pylorus)Pyloric sphincterVascularInner surface thrown into folds RugaeContains enzymes that work best at pH 1-2

*StomachFunctionsMix foodReservoirStart digestion ofProteinNucleic acidsFatsActivates some enzymesDestroy some bacteriaMakes intrinsic factor B 12 absorptionDestroys some bacteria

AbsorbsAlcoholWaterLipophilic acidB 12

*Small IntestineExtends from pyloric sphincter ileocecal valveRegionsDuodenumJejenumIleumMovementsSegmentationPeristalsis

*Small IntestineHistologyIntestinal glands Intestinal enzymesDuodenal glands Alkaline mucousPaneth cells LysozymeMicrovilliLactealsPlica circularisSmooth muscleLymphatic tissue GALTVascular

*Small IntestineAbsorbs80% ingested waterElectrolytesVitaminsMineralsCarbonatesActive/facilitated transportMonosaccharidesProteinsDi-/tripeptidesAmino acidsLipidsMonoglyceridesFatty acidsMicellesChylomicrons

*Structure of the Villi in the Small Intestine

*Small IntestineSecretes digestive enzymesPeptidasesAmino-Di-Tri-SucrasesMaltaseLactaseSaccharidasesDi-Tri-LipaseNucleases

*Small IntestineControlRequires pancreatic enzymes & bile to complete digestion

*Large IntestineExtends from ileocecal valve to anusRegionsCecum AppendixColonAscendingTransverseDescendingRectumAnal canal

*Anatomy of the Large Intestine

*Large IntestineHistologyNo villiNo permanent circular foldsSmooth muscleTaeniae coliHaustraEpiploic appendagesOtherwise like rest of Gl tract

*Large IntestineFunctionsMechanical digestionHaustral churningPeristalsisReflexes GastroilealGastrocolicChemical digestion Bacterial digestionFerment carbohydratesProtein/amino acid breakdown AbsorbsMore waterVitamins

Concentrate/eliminate wastes

*Feces Formation and DefecationChyme dehydrated to form fecesFeces compositionWaterInorganic saltsEpithelial cellsBacteriaByproducts of digestionDefecationPeristalsis pushes feces into rectumRectal walls stretchControlParasympatheticVoluntary

*LiverLocationR. HypochondriumEpigastric region4 LobesLeft QuadrateCaudateRightEach lobe has lobules Contains hepatocytes Surround sinusoids Feed into central vein

*LiverFunctionsMakes bileDetergent emulsifies fatsRelease promoted by:Vagus nSecretinContainsWaterBile saltsBile pigmentsElectrolytesCholesterolLecithin

*LiverDetoxifies/removesDrugsAlcoholStoresGycolgenVitamins (A, D, E, K)Fe and other mineralsCholesterolActivates vitamin DFetal RBC productionPhagocytosisMetabolizes absorbed food moleculesCarbohydratesProteinsLipids

*LiverDual blood supplyHepatic portal veinDirect input from small intestineHepatic artery/veinDirect links to heart

*The Duodenum and Related Organs

*The Organs and Positions in the Abdominal Cavity

*Structures of the Alimentary Canal

SELESAI