Bringing Korea to the K-12 Classrooms Bringing Korea to the K-12 Classrooms

Silla and the Silk Road: Silla and the Silk Road: An Early Period of An Early Period of

GlobalizationGlobalization

National Korean Studies SeminarNational Korean Studies Seminar

Copyright 2014Copyright 2014Mary Connor and Sung KimMary Connor and Sung Kim

Objectives of the LectureObjectives of the Lecture Expand the view of the Silk Road Expand the view of the Silk Road

and of international trade and and of international trade and cultural exchange found in history cultural exchange found in history books.books.

Demonstrate Korea’s integral Demonstrate Korea’s integral involvement in Silk Road trade and involvement in Silk Road trade and the transmission of Silk Road ideas the transmission of Silk Road ideas and goods from Korea to Japan.and goods from Korea to Japan.

ObjectivesObjectives Show that Silla can provide us with an Eastern Show that Silla can provide us with an Eastern

instead of a Western view of the Silk Road trade instead of a Western view of the Silk Road trade and allows us to learn that it was a time period and allows us to learn that it was a time period that produced one of the world’s golden ages.that produced one of the world’s golden ages.

Inform the audience of the cultural transmission Inform the audience of the cultural transmission along the Silk Road during early Silla (57 BCE-along the Silk Road during early Silla (57 BCE-668 C.E.) and Unified Silla (668-935 CE) during 668 C.E.) and Unified Silla (668-935 CE) during a Golden Age.a Golden Age.

ObjectivesObjectives And finally, to consider the And finally, to consider the

benefits and challenges benefits and challenges posed by globalization in a posed by globalization in a much earlier age and now.much earlier age and now.

The Silk RoadThe Silk Road The Silk Road was not really a single interstate The Silk Road was not really a single interstate

highway, but essentially a group of ancient highway, but essentially a group of ancient trade routes stretched over 6,000 miles from trade routes stretched over 6,000 miles from the Mediterranean Sea across Central Asia to the Mediterranean Sea across Central Asia to East Asia and flourished from 100 BCE to 1500 East Asia and flourished from 100 BCE to 1500 CE. CE.

In terms of commerce and culture the Silk In terms of commerce and culture the Silk Road was essentially the center of the world.Road was essentially the center of the world.

Towns along the Silk Road provided food, Towns along the Silk Road provided food, water and rest as well as an exchange of ideas water and rest as well as an exchange of ideas and goods.and goods.

The Silk RoadThe Silk Road Camel caravans and pack horses carried Camel caravans and pack horses carried

most goods across dry, harsh regions. most goods across dry, harsh regions. Spectacular mountain ranges, huge Spectacular mountain ranges, huge wind-blown deserts with 1,000 foot wind-blown deserts with 1,000 foot dunes, and vast stony waterless tracts dunes, and vast stony waterless tracts posed great obstacles for the traveler. posed great obstacles for the traveler.

In the market towns traders experienced In the market towns traders experienced a rich mixture of languages, foods, dress, a rich mixture of languages, foods, dress, customs and religious ideas.customs and religious ideas.

The Silk RoadThe Silk Road By 800 CE traffic on the Silk Road By 800 CE traffic on the Silk Road

began to decrease as traders started to began to decrease as traders started to travel by safer sea routes.travel by safer sea routes.

A final period of heavy traffic occurred A final period of heavy traffic occurred during the 13during the 13thth and 14 and 14thth centuries when centuries when the Mongols ruled Central Asia and the Mongols ruled Central Asia and China. During this time Korea was China. During this time Korea was forced to accept Yuan suzerainty, but forced to accept Yuan suzerainty, but because of the vastness of the because of the vastness of the Mongolian Empire, Korea became even Mongolian Empire, Korea became even more open to cultural and technological more open to cultural and technological influencesinfluences..

Traditional Map of the Silk Traditional Map of the Silk Road:Road:

Routes do not Include Routes do not Include Korea or Japan ConnectionsKorea or Japan Connections

Northern and Southern Silk Northern and Southern Silk Road Routes with Korea, Road Routes with Korea,

Japan and Maritime Japan and Maritime ConnectionsConnections

SillaSilla The Korean peninsula was divided into The Korean peninsula was divided into

Three Kingdoms: Goguryeo (37 BCE-668 Three Kingdoms: Goguryeo (37 BCE-668 CE), BaekJe (18 BCE-660 CE) and Silla CE), BaekJe (18 BCE-660 CE) and Silla (57 BCE-668 CE) and they frequently (57 BCE-668 CE) and they frequently fought with one another.fought with one another.

Eventually, Silla united the Three Eventually, Silla united the Three Kingdoms to form the Unified Silla Kingdoms to form the Unified Silla Kingdom (668 CE-935 CE) which laid the Kingdom (668 CE-935 CE) which laid the foundation for the historical development foundation for the historical development of the Korean people.of the Korean people.

The Silk Road and Impact The Silk Road and Impact on Sillaon Silla

The Silk Road contributed to The Silk Road contributed to Silla’s Golden Age, a fascinating Silla’s Golden Age, a fascinating period that included great period that included great architecture and sculpture, lofty architecture and sculpture, lofty ideas, new trade routes and a ideas, new trade routes and a unique political system that unique political system that allowed women to rule. allowed women to rule.

Three Kingdoms(4Three Kingdoms(4thth-mid -mid 77thth) and Unified Silla (late ) and Unified Silla (late

77thth-early 10-early 10thth))

Queen Sondok Golden Age Queen Sondok Golden Age Ruler (reigned 632-647)Ruler (reigned 632-647)

Queen Sondok was the first woman ever to Queen Sondok was the first woman ever to ascend the throne in Korea. Known as a ascend the throne in Korea. Known as a kind, respectful, wise, and farsighted kind, respectful, wise, and farsighted leader, she ruled at a time when there was leader, she ruled at a time when there was intense rivalry between Silla and the intense rivalry between Silla and the kingdoms of Goguryeo and Baekje. By kingdoms of Goguryeo and Baekje. By initiating a policy with Tang China, the initiating a policy with Tang China, the queen paved the way for the eventual queen paved the way for the eventual reunification of the Korean peninsula reunification of the Korean peninsula (Unified Silla in 668). She also improved (Unified Silla in 668). She also improved conditions for her people and supported conditions for her people and supported cultural advancement. cultural advancement.

Queen Sondok Golden Age Queen Sondok Golden Age Ruler (reigned 632-647) – Ruler (reigned 632-647) –

AchievementsAchievements Building the Nine-Story pagoda at Building the Nine-Story pagoda at

Hwangnyong TempleHwangnyong Temple Building the oldest existing astronomical Building the oldest existing astronomical

observatory in Asiaobservatory in Asia Founding Buddhist monasteries, such as Founding Buddhist monasteries, such as

the Punhwang Templethe Punhwang Temple Encouraging sculptures like the Buddhist Encouraging sculptures like the Buddhist

images in the Sokkuram Grotto.images in the Sokkuram Grotto. Sending promising students and monks to Sending promising students and monks to

study in China study in China

Pagoda at Punhwang Pagoda at Punhwang Temple (634 C.E.)Temple (634 C.E.)

Built during the reign Built during the reign of Queen Sondok, it is of Queen Sondok, it is the oldest pagoda in the oldest pagoda in Korea that can be Korea that can be dated. It originally dated. It originally had nine stories, but had nine stories, but only three exist today. only three exist today. The magnificently The magnificently carved Buddhist carved Buddhist guardians and stone guardians and stone lions are major lions are major features of the features of the pagoda.pagoda.

Ch’omsong-dae, Kyongju Ch’omsong-dae, Kyongju (634 CE)(634 CE)

It is the oldest extant It is the oldest extant observatory in Asiaobservatory in Asia

It was built during It was built during the reign of Queen the reign of Queen Sondok and part of Sondok and part of the royal palace the royal palace groundsgrounds

There are 29 layers There are 29 layers of stone, of stone, corresponding to the corresponding to the 29.5 days in a lunar 29.5 days in a lunar month.month.

Queen Sondok’s TombQueen Sondok’s Tomb

Inner Container of the Inner Container of the Kamunsa Temple Sarira Kamunsa Temple Sarira Reliquary(7Reliquary(7thth century) century)

The Kamunsa Temple in The Kamunsa Temple in Kyongju was completed Kyongju was completed in 682. This sarira in 682. This sarira reliquary is a work of reliquary is a work of art that is made for the art that is made for the purpose of holding the purpose of holding the relics of a Buddha or relics of a Buddha or Buddhist master. This Buddhist master. This work has received work has received particular attention particular attention because of it beauty because of it beauty and craftsmanship.and craftsmanship.

The Inner ContainerThe Inner Container It is intricately detailed, but it is only 18.8 cm It is intricately detailed, but it is only 18.8 cm

tall (7.4 inches), no more than the span of a tall (7.4 inches), no more than the span of a palm.palm.

In the center of the enclosure there is an urn in In the center of the enclosure there is an urn in the shape of a lotus flower with eight figures the shape of a lotus flower with eight figures with faces (each the size of a grain of rice) with with faces (each the size of a grain of rice) with distinct expressions.distinct expressions.

The roof is decorated with many ornaments, the The roof is decorated with many ornaments, the most amazing is a wind chime that includes 0.3 most amazing is a wind chime that includes 0.3 mm (1/85mm (1/85thth of an inch) gold granuals, which can of an inch) gold granuals, which can hardly be seen with the naked eye. Modern hardly be seen with the naked eye. Modern artisans have tried to replicate this artisans have tried to replicate this achievement, however, the original is more achievement, however, the original is more elegant and better made. elegant and better made.

Early Early Cultural/Technological Cultural/Technological

ExchangeExchange Early in the first millennium BCE, distinctive Early in the first millennium BCE, distinctive

bronze objects that incorporated animal motifs bronze objects that incorporated animal motifs were found all across the northern frontier of were found all across the northern frontier of Northeast Asia. Northeast Asia.

In the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern areas, In the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern areas, technicians smelted ore in small furnaces and technicians smelted ore in small furnaces and formed animal-shaped objects with smithing formed animal-shaped objects with smithing methods on an anvil. methods on an anvil.

Nomadic Scythians carried their knowledge into Nomadic Scythians carried their knowledge into eastern Siberia by 700 BCE. The Chinese eastern Siberia by 700 BCE. The Chinese invented smelting techniques on their own and invented smelting techniques on their own and made iron tools by 500 BCE. By 400 BCE both made iron tools by 500 BCE. By 400 BCE both Scythian and Chinese methods were available to Scythian and Chinese methods were available to residents of the Korean peninsula.residents of the Korean peninsula.

Tiger & Horse-Shaped Tiger & Horse-Shaped Bronze Belt Buckles from Bronze Belt Buckles from

Oun-dong, Yongch’onOun-dong, Yongch’onEarly lst Century – Belt buckles unearthed Early lst Century – Belt buckles unearthed in Korea reflect Scythian modeling and in Korea reflect Scythian modeling and vitality.vitality.

Scytho-Siberian Influences Scytho-Siberian Influences on Early Silla, 4on Early Silla, 4thth-6-6thth

CenturiesCenturies The number of metal relics and personal The number of metal relics and personal

ornaments, excavated from the Silla royal ornaments, excavated from the Silla royal tombs, indicate cultural elements transmitted tombs, indicate cultural elements transmitted from the northern Scytho-Siberian culture that from the northern Scytho-Siberian culture that became part of the indigenous society of Silla.became part of the indigenous society of Silla.

A rhyton is a Hellenistic horn-shaped drinking A rhyton is a Hellenistic horn-shaped drinking cup made from tusk, horn or silver. Iranians of cup made from tusk, horn or silver. Iranians of the Sassanian Dynasty made pottery rhytons the Sassanian Dynasty made pottery rhytons in the shape of an animal’s head. Rhtyons with in the shape of an animal’s head. Rhtyons with these Iranian adaptations were brought to these Iranian adaptations were brought to China and Korea through Central Asia.China and Korea through Central Asia.

Animal Head-shaped Animal Head-shaped PotteryPottery

Horse Head-Horse Head-shaped pottery shaped pottery rhyton from Pusan, rhyton from Pusan, 44thth century CE. century CE.

Sheep-headed Sheep-headed rhyton, Iran, 6rhyton, Iran, 6thth century BCE.century BCE.

Siberian and Manchurian Siberian and Manchurian Influences on SillaInfluences on Silla

Objects from burial sites include mandolin-Objects from burial sites include mandolin-shaped Manchurian-style bronze daggers, shaped Manchurian-style bronze daggers, polished stone arrowheads, cylindrical beads polished stone arrowheads, cylindrical beads made of jasper and exquisitely polished made of jasper and exquisitely polished comma-shaped ornaments made of precious comma-shaped ornaments made of precious stone.stone.

Early Siberian (1500 BCE) and Manchurian Early Siberian (1500 BCE) and Manchurian (100 BCE) artifacts continued to influence (100 BCE) artifacts continued to influence objects on the Korean peninsula and were objects on the Korean peninsula and were found in the imposing mound tombs in found in the imposing mound tombs in Kyongju, the capital of Silla.Kyongju, the capital of Silla.

ShamanismShamanism Shamans were common in the ancient Shamans were common in the ancient

cultures of Siberia and northern Asia, and cultures of Siberia and northern Asia, and Korean shamanism was most likely Korean shamanism was most likely introduced by these people. Tomb relics introduced by these people. Tomb relics seem to confirm the link of Silla to the seem to confirm the link of Silla to the ancient cultures of Siberia and northern ancient cultures of Siberia and northern Asia prior to the Silk Road and that Asia prior to the Silk Road and that shamanism flourished among the ancestors shamanism flourished among the ancestors of the Korean people before they first of the Korean people before they first learned of Buddhism or Confucianism.learned of Buddhism or Confucianism.

Heavenly Horse Painting, Heavenly Horse Painting, Kyongju, 5Kyongju, 5thth Century Century

Silla’s kings were buried Silla’s kings were buried with horses and horse with horses and horse trappings. This ornamental trappings. This ornamental saddle guard was the first saddle guard was the first known painting of a known painting of a heavenly horse in Korea heavenly horse in Korea and reflects early Siberian and reflects early Siberian and shamanistic influences. and shamanistic influences.

A similar image was A similar image was discovered in the Gansu discovered in the Gansu (Hexi) region in Central (Hexi) region in Central Asia, which was the Silk Asia, which was the Silk Road gateway to Asia and Road gateway to Asia and an indication of continuous an indication of continuous cultural exchange along the cultural exchange along the Silk Road.Silk Road.

Silla Gold Crown, 5Silla Gold Crown, 5thth Century CECentury CE

This Silla gold crown This Silla gold crown unearthed in unearthed in Kyongju would seem Kyongju would seem to be another link to to be another link to Siberian influences. Siberian influences. Silla crowns, often Silla crowns, often in the shape of deer in the shape of deer antlers or trees antlers or trees reaching toward reaching toward heaven, reflected heaven, reflected shamanistic beliefs.shamanistic beliefs.

Comma-shaped JadeComma-shaped Jade This glass necklace was This glass necklace was

excavated from King excavated from King Michu’s tomb, dating to Michu’s tomb, dating to the 5the 5thth-6-6thth century CE. century CE.

The comma-shape jade The comma-shape jade also reflects early also reflects early Manchurian influencesManchurian influences

One of the beads reveals One of the beads reveals a Western face. The a Western face. The technique of glass eye-technique of glass eye-beads showing human beads showing human faces has been observed faces has been observed in Mediterranean in Mediterranean regions around the regions around the 44thth/5/5thth centuries BCE. centuries BCE.

Detail of Necklace with Detail of Necklace with Inlaid Inlaid

Non-Asian Face Non-Asian Face

Middle East Influences Middle East Influences on Sillaon Silla

Glass was first produced in Mesopotamia Glass was first produced in Mesopotamia in about 3000 BCE and transparent glass in about 3000 BCE and transparent glass was made in the Roman imperial period. was made in the Roman imperial period.

The earliest glass found in Korea dates The earliest glass found in Korea dates from the 2from the 2ndnd century BCE. Glass beads century BCE. Glass beads were then regarded as more precious were then regarded as more precious than gold or silver.than gold or silver.

Glass beads and curved jades were Glass beads and curved jades were commonly placed in tombs but have also commonly placed in tombs but have also been found in dwelling sites.been found in dwelling sites.

Middle Eastern Middle Eastern InfluencesInfluences

These cups with a base These cups with a base or or

cut glass are similar in cut glass are similar in shape and manufacturing shape and manufacturing technique to the cut technique to the cut

glassglassof Iran. They probably of Iran. They probably came to Silla via the Silkcame to Silla via the SilkRoad in the 5Road in the 5thth/6/6thth century.century.

Phoenix Head-shaped Glass Phoenix Head-shaped Glass BottleBottle

The phoenix-headed The phoenix-headed shaped glass bottle shaped glass bottle was excavated from was excavated from a 4a 4thth/5/5thth century CE century CE tomb in Kyongju. tomb in Kyongju. The bottle’s shape The bottle’s shape has Syrian origins has Syrian origins and was exported and was exported from the Middle from the Middle East to Korea over East to Korea over the Silk Road .the Silk Road .

Middle East Influences in Middle East Influences in KyongjuKyongju

The tomb of King Wonsong (r. 785-The tomb of King Wonsong (r. 785-798 CE of Silla shows guards with 798 CE of Silla shows guards with Central Asian features.Central Asian features.

Each guard of King Each guard of King Wonsong’s tomb has Wonsong’s tomb has deep-set eyes, high nose deep-set eyes, high nose ridges and headbands ridges and headbands that resemble those that resemble those worn by Iranians during worn by Iranians during that time. that time.

The stone statues of the The stone statues of the civil officers resemble civil officers resemble the Uighur with their the Uighur with their square jaws, protruding square jaws, protruding noses, full beards, and noses, full beards, and large eyes.large eyes.

Jade DaggerJade Dagger Jade-inlaid gold Jade-inlaid gold

dagger excavated dagger excavated from Kyongjufrom Kyongju

The arabesque The arabesque designs can be found designs can be found on artifacts from on artifacts from western Turkestan western Turkestan from the steppe from the steppe region.region.

Dated from 5Dated from 5thth or 6 or 6thth centurycentury

The Silk Road and The Silk Road and BuddhismBuddhism

Despite initially resisting Buddhism, Silla Despite initially resisting Buddhism, Silla eventually made Buddhism its state religion. eventually made Buddhism its state religion. Many Silla monks went to China to study and Many Silla monks went to China to study and some went as far as India to gain more some went as far as India to gain more insight into Buddhism. Silla monks also insight into Buddhism. Silla monks also traveled as missionaries to Japan.traveled as missionaries to Japan.

Buddhist temples, which were inspired by Buddhist temples, which were inspired by Chinese and Indian designs, changed the Chinese and Indian designs, changed the face of Silla’s architecture, and Gandhara art face of Silla’s architecture, and Gandhara art greatly influenced Silla’s Buddhist art. greatly influenced Silla’s Buddhist art.

Gandhara ArtGandhara Art In the Gandharan region in what is now In the Gandharan region in what is now

northwestern Pakistan, the Buddha image in the northwestern Pakistan, the Buddha image in the style later to be known as Gandhara first style later to be known as Gandhara first appeared. It combined Greek, Indian and Iranian appeared. It combined Greek, Indian and Iranian elements.elements.

The Buddha’s face reveals Hellenistic influences The Buddha’s face reveals Hellenistic influences and his eyes, elongated ear lobes, and oval-and his eyes, elongated ear lobes, and oval-shaped face reveal Indian iconography.shaped face reveal Indian iconography.

It was Gandharan art, instead of the original It was Gandharan art, instead of the original Buddhist art of India, that brought the message Buddhist art of India, that brought the message of Buddha into China via the Silk Road and onto of Buddha into China via the Silk Road and onto the Korean peninsula.the Korean peninsula.

Gandhara ArtGandhara ArtBuddha (left) 8Buddha (left) 8thth

century Kyongju. century Kyongju. On right is 5On right is 5thth century, India. century, India.

Enlarged Kyongju Enlarged Kyongju Gandhara BuddhaGandhara Buddha

The enlarged image of Buddha is shown The enlarged image of Buddha is shown with straight, sharply chiseled nose and with straight, sharply chiseled nose and brow, classical lips and wavy hair, all brow, classical lips and wavy hair, all Hellenistic features. He wears a toga-like Hellenistic features. He wears a toga-like robe instead of loin cloth. But his eyes are robe instead of loin cloth. But his eyes are heavy-lidded and protruding, the lobes of heavy-lidded and protruding, the lobes of the ears elongated, and the oval-shaped the ears elongated, and the oval-shaped face fleshy - all characteristics of Indian face fleshy - all characteristics of Indian iconography. This image of Buddha moved iconography. This image of Buddha moved along the Silk Road and gradually absorbed along the Silk Road and gradually absorbed new influences in China and Korea.new influences in China and Korea.

Bulguksa, Kyongju (751 Bulguksa, Kyongju (751 CE)CE)

The builder of Bulguksa borrowed ideas The builder of Bulguksa borrowed ideas from Buddhist temples in China and from Buddhist temples in China and additional Silk Road sources, but created additional Silk Road sources, but created distinctively Korean works of distinctively Korean works of architecturearchitecture..

Sokkuram Grotto, Kyongju Sokkuram Grotto, Kyongju (751 CE)(751 CE)

The grotto contains one The grotto contains one of the most famous of the most famous statues of Buddha in Asia. statues of Buddha in Asia. Precise measurements of Precise measurements of this Buddha and travel this Buddha and travel accounts of a 7accounts of a 7thth century century monk, reveal that this monk, reveal that this figure might have been figure might have been modeled after a Buddha modeled after a Buddha in northeastern India.in northeastern India.

Bulguksa and Sokkuram Bulguksa and Sokkuram Grotto were the crowning Grotto were the crowning achievements of Unified achievements of Unified Silla.Silla.

Cultural Transmissions Cultural Transmissions to Japanto Japan

While Silla imported many materials and ideas While Silla imported many materials and ideas that had traveled along the Silk Road, it also that had traveled along the Silk Road, it also served as a conduit to Japan for the same goods served as a conduit to Japan for the same goods and concepts.and concepts.

Buddhism was transmitted via the Silk Road from Buddhism was transmitted via the Silk Road from China to Korea and then to Japan. Late in the 4China to Korea and then to Japan. Late in the 4thth century, rulers of Baekje sent monks and century, rulers of Baekje sent monks and scholars who brought books on Confucianism scholars who brought books on Confucianism written in Chinese characters.written in Chinese characters.

During Unified Silla, Korean artisans created During Unified Silla, Korean artisans created sculpture and built temples, Shinto shrines and sculpture and built temples, Shinto shrines and castles in Japan, thus extending the Silk Road castles in Japan, thus extending the Silk Road across the East Sea.across the East Sea.

Japanese Purchase OrderJapanese Purchase OrderSheet, 8Sheet, 8thth Century CE Century CE

Purchase orders from Purchase orders from Nara indicate that the Nara indicate that the Japanese imported Japanese imported perfume, medicine, perfume, medicine, ceramics, silver, silk, ceramics, silver, silk, brassware, musical brassware, musical instruments, ink instruments, ink sticks, scissors, sticks, scissors, spoons, ginseng, spoons, ginseng, Buddhist sutras, and Buddhist sutras, and numerous other items numerous other items from Silla.from Silla.

Japan Treasures Silla Japan Treasures Silla ImportsImports

Silla brassware was very popular Silla brassware was very popular among the Japanese. They called the among the Japanese. They called the brassware, “silla,” just as the British brassware, “silla,” just as the British called porcelain, “china.” Japanese called porcelain, “china.” Japanese nobleman sought after luxurious items nobleman sought after luxurious items from Silla, sometimes paying in from Silla, sometimes paying in advance to secure their purchase. Only advance to secure their purchase. Only the top five nobleman in Japan had the the top five nobleman in Japan had the right to purchase articles from Silla.right to purchase articles from Silla.

Example of Silla Exports to Example of Silla Exports to Japan:Japan:

Candle-snuffersCandle-snuffers Anap-chi, KoreaAnap-chi, Korea Nara, JapanNara, Japan

Buddhist Statue Exported Buddhist Statue Exported to Japanto Japan

The Maitreya (Buddha-The Maitreya (Buddha-of-the-Future), Koryu-ji, of-the-Future), Koryu-ji, Japan. Records indicate Japan. Records indicate that it was exported that it was exported from Korea in the 7from Korea in the 7thth century.century.

This Maitreya is slightly This Maitreya is slightly larger than its “almost larger than its “almost twin” at the National twin” at the National Museum in Seoul and is Museum in Seoul and is definitely Silla in style.definitely Silla in style.

Sillans in ChinaSillans in China Commerce between East China, Korea Commerce between East China, Korea

and Japan was dominated by men from and Japan was dominated by men from Silla. Silla.

After serving Tang China, Chang Pogo After serving Tang China, Chang Pogo (described as the Emperor of the Yellow (described as the Emperor of the Yellow Sea (790-846 CE) returned to Korea, Sea (790-846 CE) returned to Korea, recruited a private army and navy of recruited a private army and navy of 10,000, patrolled Silla’s coastal waters, 10,000, patrolled Silla’s coastal waters, ended the depredations of Chinese ended the depredations of Chinese pirates, and became master of the Yellow pirates, and became master of the Yellow Sea.Sea.

Sillans in ChinaSillans in China Koreans may well have been the most Koreans may well have been the most

numerous foreign peoples in China during numerous foreign peoples in China during Unified Silla and had worked their way into Unified Silla and had worked their way into Chinese life more thoroughly than most.Chinese life more thoroughly than most.

Many monks and scholars traveled to China Many monks and scholars traveled to China and settled there for many years. Some and settled there for many years. Some Sillans took the civil service exam and served Sillans took the civil service exam and served in the imperial guard. Flourishing in the imperial guard. Flourishing communities of Korean traders lived along communities of Korean traders lived along the eastern coast of China. Some moved the eastern coast of China. Some moved inland and became farmers.inland and became farmers.

Reflections/ConclusionReflections/Conclusion What are your thoughts now that you What are your thoughts now that you

have been introduced to Silla and the have been introduced to Silla and the Silk Road? Silk Road?

What would have been the particular What would have been the particular challenges of Silk Road exchanges? challenges of Silk Road exchanges?

What would have been the benefits of What would have been the benefits of the transmission of goods and ideas the transmission of goods and ideas over the Silk Road?over the Silk Road?

What will you particularly remember?What will you particularly remember?

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