Kingdoms of Modern Life Kingdom Monera (“Monerans”) Smallest and simplest lifeforms Unicellular...
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![Page 1: Kingdoms of Modern Life Kingdom Monera (“Monerans”) Smallest and simplest lifeforms Unicellular (one-celled) no nucleus Bacteria and cyanobacteria.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052603/56649e865503460f94b89bc3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Kingdoms of Modern Life
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Kingdom Monera (“Monerans”)
•Smallest and simplest lifeforms
•Unicellular (one-celled)•no nucleus•Bacteria and cyanobacteria
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Bacteria
•Three basic shapes: •round (cocci) •rod (bacilli) •spiral (spirilli)
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Kingdom Protista(“Protists”)
•Single-celled or multicellular
•more complex than organisms in Kingdom Monera
•nucleus•protozoans (animal-like)•algae (plant-like)
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Protozoans
•Kingdom Protista•no cell wall or chlorophyll
•internal digestion•no locomotion (some)
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Algae
•Cell walls•Chlorophyll•Photosynthetic•Placed in groups according to color and structure
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Kingdom Fungi
•Multicellular; complex•cell walls, no chlorophyll•Threadlike fungi (bread mold)
•club fungi (mushrooms)•sac fungi (yeast and mildew)
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Kingdom Plantae
•Multicellular, cell walls, and chlorophyll
•Largest and longest-living things on Earth
•Vascular or Nonvascular
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Nonvascular Plants
•CANNOT conduct water•Example: Moss•Moist environment
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Vascular Plants
•CAN conduct water•Capable of living in drier areas
•Club mosses, Ferns, Horsetails, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms
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Gymnosperms
•Seed plant•name means “naked seed”
•Most are conifers
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Angiosperms -Flowering Plants
•Seed plant•name means “covered seed”•Seeds are produced inside ovaries
•A ripened ovary is a fruit•largest/most diverse plants
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Sponges (invertebrate)•Simplest of the animal groups
•lives in salt water attached to the bottom
•Hollow central cavity•Two layers of body cells with tiny pores
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Coelenterates (invertebrate)
•Jellyfish, hydras, and corals
•two cell layers•Live in water•hollow body with a single opening
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Flatworms (invertebrate)•Flattened body; mostly parasitic
•one body opening•two eyespots (light detection)
•Turbellarians (free-living)
•Planarians (freshwater Turbellarians)
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Roundworms (invertebrate)
•Rounded shaped•two body openings (eating and waste expulsion)
•mostly free-living•Ex: Nematodes and hookworms
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Segmented Worms (invertebrate)
•Rounded, segmented bodies•two body openings•has five hearts and a brain
•Ex: leeches and marine tube worms
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Mollusks (invertebrate)
•Soft-bodies, no shell: (octopus/squid)
•well-developed organs•some with shells: (clams/oysters)
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Arthropods (invertebrate)
•Largest group of animals•multiple body segments•jointed appendages (legs/arms)
•exoskeleton (hard outer covering)
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Arthropods (continued)
•Well-developed organs•insects, lobsters, crabs, and spiders
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Echinoderms (invertebrate)
•Spiny skinned animals•star fish (sea stars), sand dollars, sea cucumbers
•flexible arms; tube feet•known for regeneration (ability to grow new body parts)
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Vertebrates•Have backbones•body with a head and most have appendages
•endoskeleton (internal skeleton for support/protection)
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Vertebrates (continued)
•Endotherm (warm- blooded); these organisms can control their body temperature from within despite changes in the environment
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Vertebrates (continued)
•Ectotherm (cold-blooded); body temperature changes with the environment
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Jawless fishes
•Ex: Sea lamprey •mouth is used for sucking fluids; no appendages (fins)
•flexible skeleton made of cartilage
•ectotherms
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Cartilaginous Fishes
•Two pairs of fins; gills•ectotherms •strong teeth (sharks)•SKELETON MADE OF CARTILAGE•stingrays, skates, sharks
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Bony fishes•Flounder, eels, trout, and others
•SKELETON MADE OF BONE•gills•streamlined bodies (narrow shape)
•most numerous group of fish
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Amphibians•Frogs, toads, salamanders•part of their life is spent on land and part of life is spent in the water; (ectotherms)
•smooth, moist skin•gills when they are young and have lungs as adults
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Reptiles
•Adapted to live on land (terrestrial)
•breathe with lungs•body covered with plates or scales
•ectotherms
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Reptiles
•Dinosaurs•Turtles, snakes, lizards, crocodiles, and alligators
•lay eggs in a leathery shell
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Birds
•Bodies adapted for flight (light, bones, feathers, and wings)
•Scaly legs and feet•lay eggs in a hard shell•endotherms
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Mammals•Advanced nervous system; highly developed brain
•Endotherms•Hairy bodies•can occupy several habitats •give birth to live young; produce milk mammary glands