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Biology 11 - Kingdom Animalia Notes

Kingdom Animalia

Characteristics of animals

Animal cell anatomy

Animal cells differ from those of plants in several respects:

1


Major trends in animal evolution

1.

2.

3.

4.

1. Body symmetry

There are three symmetries found in animals:

1. asymmetry –

2. radial symmetry –

3. bilateral symmetry –

Evolution of body symmetry

cephalisation =

2

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2. Embryonic germ layers

Each layer forms different adult tissues:

1. ectoderm =

2. mesoderm =

3. endoderm =

3. Body cavities

three types of body cavities are defined by the shape of the germ layers:

1. acoelom =

2. pseudocoelom =

3. coelom =

3


4. Organ Systems

in animals we see these systems evolve:

1. digestive –

2. excretory –

3. circulatory –

4. nervous –

Animal phyla we will study:

Porifera -

Cnidaria -

Platyhelminthes -

Nematoda -

Annelida -

Arthropoda -

Mollusca -

Echinodermata -

Chordata -

4


Phylum Porifera

Sponge anatomy

sponges have four different cells:

1. choanocytes =

2. porocytes =

3. pinacocytes =

4. amoebocytes =

5


Sponge feeding

1.

2.

3.

Sponge skeleton

Organ systems

The birth of animals

6


Phylum Cnidaria

Cnidarian anatomy

Cnidarians come in two different forms:

1. polyp –

2. medusa –

Organ systems

7


Feeding in cnidarians

gastrovascular cavity =

Anatomy of Obelia

there are two kinds of polyps:

1. feeding polyps –

2. medusa polyps –

8


Life cycle of Obelia

9


Cnidarian diversity

Class Hydrozoa

Class Cubozoa

Class Anthozoa

Class Scyphozoa

10


Phylum Platyhelminthes – the flatworms

Digestive system

Nervous systemFlatworms are the first to show cephalisation:

eyespots =

auricles =

11


Excretory system

flame cells =

Flatworm reproduction

testes =

ovary =

uterus =

yolk gland =

genital pore =

12


Flatworm diversity

Class Turbellaria

Class Trematoda – the flukes

divided into two groups:

1.

2.

Class Cestoda – the tapeworms

13


Tapeworm anatomy

The body of tapeworms is divided into:

scolex =

proglottids =

Life cycle of a tapeworm

14

http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/Thumbnails/showimage.cfm?File_name=CEST003B&File_type=GIF%00%E5%A1%B9%EF%92%81%E1%B4%BB%E4%A1%BF%E2%B2%AF%E5%B6%82%E8%97%84%E6%8C%A7%00%00%EA%AE%A5


Phylum Nematoda

Organ systems

15


Roundworm reproduction

Parasitic roundworms

Importance of roundworms

16


Phylum Annelida

Anatomy of annelids

Organ systems

nephridium =

17


Feeding in segmented worms

Annelid reproduction

18


Annelid diversity

There are three main groups of annelids:

Class Oligochaeta –

Class Polychaeta –

Class Hirudinea –

Class Oligochaeta

19


Class Polychaeta

Class Hirudinea

20


Phylum Mollusca

Basic mollusc body plan

A typical mollusc has these 4 features:

1. shell =

2. mantle =

3. foot =

4. visceral mass =

21


Organ systems

Circulatory system

Life cycle of molluscs

trochophore larva =

22


Molluscan diversity

There are 3 main groups of living molluscs:

1. Class Bivalvia –

2. Class Gastropoda –

3. Class Cephalopoda –

Class Bivalvia

Class Gastropoda

23


Class

Cephalopoda

24


Phylum Arthropoda

Basic arthropod body plan

The body is made of 3 main parts:

1. head –

2. thorax –

3. abdomen –

25


Digestive systemThe gut contains, in order from mouth to anus, the following organs:

1. pharynx =

2. crop =

3. caeca =

4. stomach =

5. intestine =

6. rectum =

Excretory system

Malphigian tubules =

Nervous system

26


Circulatory system

Exoskeleton

Arthropod diversityWe will look at three groups of arthropods:

1. Crustaceans –

2. Arachnids –

3. Insects –

27


Crustaceans

Diversity of crustaceans

barnacles =

krill =

sea lice =

28


Arachnids

Diversity of arachnids

spiders =

scorpions =

mites =

29


The insects

Diversity of insects

About 85% of insects are found in 4 Orders:

1. Coleoptera –

2. Lepidoptera –

3. Diptera –

4. Hymenoptera –

30


Invertebrate evolution

Phylum Echinodermata

Water vascular system

madreporite =

31


Echinoderm anatomy

Echinoderm diversityThere several important groups of living echinoderms:

1. asteroids –

2. ophiuroids –

3. echinoids –

4. holothuroids –

5. crinoids –

32


Phylum Chordata

Basic chordate body plan

All chordates have, at some time in their life, these three characteristics:

1. notochord –

2. pharynx with slits –

3. dorsal hollow nerve cord (DHNC) –

33


Organ systems1. digestive system =

2. excretory system =

3. circulatory system =

4. nervous system =

Invertebrate chordates

34


Vertebrate chordates

Vertebrate diversityThere are 7 Classes of living vertebrates:

1. Agnatha –

2. Chondrichthyes –

3. Osteichthyes –

4. Amphibia –

5. Reptilia –

6. Mammalia –

7. Aves –

Class Agnatha

35


Class Chondrichthyes

Class Osteichthyes

36


Terrestrial vertebrates

swim bladder =

lung =

Class Amphibia

37


Class Reptilia

Class Mammalia

Class Aves

38

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