Kingdom Archaebacteria *the oldest living organisms on Earth *there is evidence that bacteria...
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Transcript of Kingdom Archaebacteria *the oldest living organisms on Earth *there is evidence that bacteria...
Kingdom ArchaebacteriaKingdom Archaebacteria*the oldest living organisms on Earth*the oldest living organisms on Earth*there is evidence that bacteria without *there is evidence that bacteria without nuclei lived on earth 3.5 billion years nuclei lived on earth 3.5 billion years agoago
ArchaeoArchaeo= ancient= ancient
BacteriaBacteria = a unicellular micro-organism = a unicellular micro-organism
The 3 groups of ArchaebacteriaThe 3 groups of Archaebacteria
1)1) MethanogensMethanogens
2)2) Extreme HalophilesExtreme Halophiles
3)3) ThermoacidophilesThermoacidophiles
1) Methanogens:1) Methanogens:
*They are bacteria *They are bacteria that make methanethat make methane
**oxygen is a poison to oxygen is a poison to these bacteria *They these bacteria *They produce energy by produce energy by converting Hconverting H2 2 and COand CO22 into into methanemethane gas. gas.
*thrive in extreme *thrive in extreme environmentsenvironments
geothermal springs (200 m below ground)
Methanogens have been discovered in two Methanogens have been discovered in two extreme environments on Earth extreme environments on Earth
Habitat:Habitat: 1) 1) Buried under kilometres of ice in Buried under kilometres of ice in
Greenland Greenland 2) 2) living in hot, dry desert soil. living in hot, dry desert soil.
MarsMars
Some scientists have Some scientists have proposed that the proposed that the presence of methane in presence of methane in the the Martian atmosphere atmosphere may be indicative of may be indicative of native methanogens on native methanogens on that planetthat planet
http://www.space.com/http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/scienceastronomy/051220_science_tuesday.html051220_science_tuesday.html
2) Extreme Halophiles2) Extreme Halophiles
Name means: "salt-loving" bacteria live in Name means: "salt-loving" bacteria live in environments with a very high salt environments with a very high salt concentration that would kill most other concentration that would kill most other bacteria. bacteria.
*use salt to get energy*use salt to get energy
*Found in the Dead Sea, Great Salt Lake, *Found in the Dead Sea, Great Salt Lake, etc. etc.
Colonies of “salty” bacteria built Colonies of “salty” bacteria built this!!!this!!!
Habitat:Habitat: Shark bay, Australia. Shark bay, Australia. rocky formations up to 1.5 rocky formations up to 1.5
meters high which were meters high which were built by colonies of built by colonies of halophiles.halophiles.
Dead SeaDead Sea Great Salt LakeGreat Salt Lake
3) Thermoacidophiles3) Thermoacidophiles
Name Means: hot acid Name Means: hot acid loving bacterialoving bacteria
*Live in *Live in extremely hotextremely hot (110 C) and (110 C) and acidicacidic (pH 2) (pH 2) conditions. {The pH of conditions. {The pH of water is about 7}water is about 7}
3) Thermoacidophiles3) Thermoacidophiles
Habitat:Habitat:Found in Found in hot springshot springs in in Yellowstone National Park, Yellowstone National Park, in in volcanic ventsvolcanic vents on land, on land, & in c& in cracks on the ocean racks on the ocean floorfloor that leak scalding that leak scalding acidic wateracidic water
Bacteria Of Boiling Hot Springs In Bacteria Of Boiling Hot Springs In Yellowstone National ParkYellowstone National Park
Kingdom Kingdom EubacteriaEubacteria
EuEu = new or true = new or true
Shape of bacterial cellsShape of bacterial cells
a)a) CocciCocci - round - round bacterial cells. bacterial cells.
(cox-eye)(cox-eye). .
b) Bacillib) Bacilli - rod-- rod-shaped bacterial shaped bacterial cells. cells.
c) Spirilli c) Spirilli (corkscrew)(corkscrew) - - spiral-shaped bacterial spiral-shaped bacterial cells cells
AB
C
Beneficial BacteriaBeneficial Bacteria
The overwhelming majority of The overwhelming majority of bacteria are completely harmlessbacteria are completely harmless
A teaspoon of soil generally contains between 100 million and 1 billion bacteria
5 types of friendly bacteria5 types of friendly bacteria
1.1. Nature’s recyclersNature’s recyclers
2.2. In our bodyIn our body
3.3. Food productionFood production
4.4. Oil spillsOil spills
5.5. Nitrogen fixing bacteriaNitrogen fixing bacteria
Nature’s recyclersNature’s recyclers
Saprotrophic eater-eat Saprotrophic eater-eat dead things for fooddead things for food
*release nutrients back *release nutrients back into the environment into the environment
*man-made landscapes *man-made landscapes often lack these good often lack these good bacteriabacteria A scanning electron
micrograph of the aerobic soil bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens. The bacterium uses its long, whiplike flagellae to propel itself through the water layer that surrounds soil particles.
2) Our bodies:2) Our bodies:
Escherichia coliEscherichia coliis a normal resident of the is a normal resident of the intestines in healthy intestines in healthy people people
it helps us break down it helps us break down food waste productsfood waste products
We pretty much depend We pretty much depend upon upon E. coliE. coli in our in our intestines for our source intestines for our source of Vitamin K and B-of Vitamin K and B-complex vitamins. complex vitamins.
3) Food production3) Food production
Streptococcus lactisStreptococcus lactis bacteria convert milk bacteria convert milk to cheese by causing the souring of milk to cheese by causing the souring of milk that begins the cheese making process,that begins the cheese making process,
bacteria convert grapes to wine and then bacteria convert grapes to wine and then wine to vinegarwine to vinegar
The name for this process is The name for this process is FERMENTATIONFERMENTATION
FermentationFermentation
A chemical process that occurs when bacteria A chemical process that occurs when bacteria change sugar into various productschange sugar into various products
It is a way that bacterial cells get energy without It is a way that bacterial cells get energy without using oxygenusing oxygen
Examples:Examples: Grapes-----Grapes----- Wine---------- Wine---------- Vinegar Vinegar Milk -----Milk -----Yogurt or cheeseYogurt or cheese Cabbage -----Cabbage ----- Sauerkraut Sauerkraut
4) Oil spills4) Oil spills
Naturally occurring, Naturally occurring, oil-eating bacteria are oil-eating bacteria are used in response to used in response to crude oil spillscrude oil spills
without causing without causing further harm to the further harm to the environment. environment.
How do oil spills cause harm?How do oil spills cause harm?
**Birds die from oil spills if Birds die from oil spills if their feathers are covered their feathers are covered in oil. The bird will then in oil. The bird will then be poisoned because it be poisoned because it will try to clean itself. will try to clean itself.
*Oil may also cause the *Oil may also cause the death of an animal by death of an animal by entering the animal’s entering the animal’s lungs or liver lungs or liver
More than half of the seal pups living off the coast of Mid-Norway are contaminated with oil every spring
5) Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria5) Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria
some plants (peanuts, beans, some plants (peanuts, beans, peas) have pockets of bacteria in peas) have pockets of bacteria in their roots their roots
can take Nitrogen from the air can take Nitrogen from the air and make it useful for plants and and make it useful for plants and animals by making the soil fertileanimals by making the soil fertile
helps farmers save $ on helps farmers save $ on fertilizersfertilizers
plants use Nitrogen to make plants use Nitrogen to make needed proteinsneeded proteins
How do bacteria reproduce?How do bacteria reproduce?
Grow in number not in sizeGrow in number not in size Humans grow in size from child to adultHumans grow in size from child to adult
Make copies of themselves by dividing in Make copies of themselves by dividing in halfhalf Human parents create a childHuman parents create a child
USDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom©University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006
How do bacteria eat?How do bacteria eat? Some make their own food from Some make their own food from
sunlight—like plants-autotrophicsunlight—like plants-autotrophic Some are scavengers-saprotrophicSome are scavengers-saprotrophic
Share the environment around themShare the environment around them
• Example: The bacteria in your stomach Example: The bacteria in your stomach are now eating what you ate for breakfastare now eating what you ate for breakfast
Some are warriors (pathogens)Some are warriors (pathogens) They attack other living things-heterotrophicThey attack other living things-heterotrophic
• Example: The bacteria on your face can Example: The bacteria on your face can attack skin causing infection and acneattack skin causing infection and acne
Photosynthetic bacteria
Harmless bacteria on the stomach
lining
E. Coli O157:H7 is a pathogenUSDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom©
University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006
What is a pathogen?What is a pathogen?
Bacteria that make you sickBacteria that make you sick
Why do they make you sick?Why do they make you sick?
• To get food they need to survive and reproduceTo get food they need to survive and reproduce
How do they make you sick?How do they make you sick?
• They produce poisons (toxins) that result in fever, They produce poisons (toxins) that result in fever, headache, vomiting, and diarrhea and destroy headache, vomiting, and diarrhea and destroy body tissuebody tissue
USDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom©University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006
Where do you get a Where do you get a pathogen?pathogen?
Contact with people who are sickContact with people who are sick
Direct or indirectDirect or indirect
Food, Water, or other Surfaces that Food, Water, or other Surfaces that are contaminatedare contaminated
Indirect contact
Direct contact
Foods that could be
contaminated
USDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom©University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006