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Kinesiology of aKinesiology of a

Soccer KickSoccer Kick

By: Monica Vasquez, Joanna Tan,By: Monica Vasquez, Joanna Tan,Rahila Saeed, Archita PatelRahila Saeed, Archita Patel



HistoryHistory

The history of soccer dates back to the 2The history of soccer dates back to the 2ndnd

andand33rdrd centuries B.C. in China. ³Tsu Chu´ is acenturies B.C. in China. ³Tsu Chu´ is aphysical education exercise that consisted of physical education exercise that consisted of kicking a leather ball filled with feathers and hair kicking a leather ball filled with feathers and hair into a small net that was fixed onto long bamboointo a small net that was fixed onto long bamboo

canes. The game later flourished from the 8canes. The game later flourished from the 8thth toto1919thth centuries in the British Isles. Games oftencenturies in the British Isles. Games oftentook the form of a heated competition betweentook the form of a heated competition betweenwhole village communities. Nine years later inwhole village communities. Nine years later in1863, soccer rules had been established for the1863, soccer rules had been established for the

first time, hence, the creation of the Soccer first time, hence, the creation of the Soccer Association. The 1 Association. The 1stst match that was played withmatch that was played withthe prearranged duration of one and a half hoursthe prearranged duration of one and a half hourswas between London & Sheffield in 1866.was between London & Sheffield in 1866.



IntroductionIntroduction

Kicking movement in soccer is a series of rotational movements.Kicking movement in soccer is a series of rotational movements.

In this movement, the aim is to produce through the kinematicIn this movement, the aim is to produce through the kinematic

chain of body segments, high angular velocity to the foot.chain of body segments, high angular velocity to the foot.

³The role of the arms in kicking is primarily to maintain the balance³The role of the arms in kicking is primarily to maintain the balanceof the body. The arms are usually extended out to the sides of theof the body. The arms are usually extended out to the sides of the

body during the forward motion of the kicking leg, to help to keepbody during the forward motion of the kicking leg, to help to keep

the center of gravity over the support foot, and to increase thethe center of gravity over the support foot, and to increase the

moment of inertia of the trunk and increase resistance to rotationmoment of inertia of the trunk and increase resistance to rotation

around the spine, or the long axis of the body.around the spine, or the long axis of the body. As the kicking foot contacts the ball, the opposite arm moves As the kicking foot contacts the ball, the opposite arm moves

forward and upward across the body to help keep the trunk downforward and upward across the body to help keep the trunk down

and the body in balance.´and the body in balance.´



Goals of a Soccer KickGoals of a Soccer Kick

Production of AccuracyProduction of Accuracy ± ± stable basisstable basis

and body supportand body support

Production of SpeedProduction of Speed ± ± SuccessiveSuccessive

generation of each link of speed fromgeneration of each link of speed from

proximal to lateralproximal to lateral

Production of ForceProduction of Force ± ± Successive use of Successive use of body segments from initiation of body segments from initiation of

movement through the action phasemovement through the action phase



Video of a Soccer KickVideo of a Soccer Kick



Phases of a Soccer KickPhases of a Soccer Kick

The soccer kick is broken down into sixThe soccer kick is broken down into sixstages:stages:

1. The approach1. The approach2. Plant2. Plant--foot forcesfoot forces

3. Swing3. Swing--limb loadinglimb loading

4. Hip flexion and knee extension4. Hip flexion and knee extension5. Foot contact5. Foot contact

6. Follow6. Follow--throughthrough



Phase 1Phase 1-- The approachThe approach Children between two and three years of age generallyChildren between two and three years of age generally

waddle straight into the ball to try and kick it. As adults,waddle straight into the ball to try and kick it. As adults,they have learned a paced runthey have learned a paced run--up and have adjusted theirup and have adjusted theirapproach to the ball from frontapproach to the ball from front--on to a more diagonalon to a more diagonalangle.angle.

The diagonal approach producesThe diagonal approach produces greatergreater swingswing--limblimb

velocity forvelocity for greatergreater ball speed. Researchers have shown thatball speed. Researchers have shown thata 45a 45--degree angle of approach produces the greatest peakdegree angle of approach produces the greatest peakball velocity, compared to a 15ball velocity, compared to a 15--degree or 30degree or 30--degree rundegree run--up.up.

Elite players tend to take longer strides than novices as theyElite players tend to take longer strides than novices as theyapproach the ball.approach the ball.



Phase 2Phase 2 ² ² PlantPlant--foot Forcesfoot Forces

When kicking, there is a direct relationshipWhen kicking, there is a direct relationship

between the direction that the plant foot facesbetween the direction that the plant foot faces

and the direction in which the ball travels. Theand the direction in which the ball travels. The

optimal foot plant position for accurateoptimal foot plant position for accurate

direction is perpendicular to a line drawndirection is perpendicular to a line drawn

through thethrough the centrecentre of the ball for a straightof the ball for a straight

kick.kick.



Phase 3Phase 3 ² ² SwingSwing--limb Loadinglimb Loading

Swinging or cocking of the kicking limb inSwinging or cocking of the kicking limb inpreparation for the downward motionpreparation for the downward motiontowards the balltowards the ball

The opposite arm to the kicking leg is raisedThe opposite arm to the kicking leg is raisedand pointed in the kicking direction toand pointed in the kicking direction tocountercounter--balance the rotating body.balance the rotating body.

As the plant foot strikes the groundAs the plant foot strikes the groundadjacent to the ball, the kicking leg isadjacent to the ball, the kicking leg isextending and the knee is flexing. Beforeextending and the knee is flexing. Beforethe end of the swing phase when the hip isthe end of the swing phase when the hip is

nearly fully extended and the knee flexed,nearly fully extended and the knee flexed,the leg is slowed eccentrically by the hipthe leg is slowed eccentrically by the hipflexors and knee extensors.flexors and knee extensors.

This is the phase of the kick where there isThis is the phase of the kick where there ismaximal eccentric activity in the kneemaximal eccentric activity in the kneeextensors.extensors.



Phase 4Phase 4 -- Hip flexion andHip flexion and

knee extensionknee extension

The knee extensors then powerfully contract to swing theThe knee extensors then powerfully contract to swing theleg and foot forwards towards the ball. As the knee of theleg and foot forwards towards the ball. As the knee of thekicking leg passes over the ball, it is forcefully extendedkicking leg passes over the ball, it is forcefully extendedwhile the foot is forcefully plantarflexed.while the foot is forcefully plantarflexed.

The powerful hip flexorsThe powerful hip flexorsinitiate this next phase of theinitiate this next phase of thekick.kick.

The thigh is swung forwardThe thigh is swung forward

and downward with aand downward with aconcomitant forward rotationconcomitant forward rotationof the lower leg/foot. As theof the lower leg/foot. As theforward thigh movementforward thigh movementslows, the leg/foot begins toslows, the leg/foot begins toaccelerate.accelerate.



Phase 5Phase 5 ² ² Foot ContactFoot Contact

At the point of impact 15% of theAt the point of impact 15% of thekinetic energy of the swinging limb iskinetic energy of the swinging limb istransferred to the ball. The rest istransferred to the ball. The rest isdissipated by the eccentric activity ofdissipated by the eccentric activity of

the hamstring muscle group to slowthe hamstring muscle group to slowthe limb down.the limb down.

Because of the large forces involved,Because of the large forces involved,this stage in the kicking action is thethis stage in the kicking action is themost likely to produce injury to themost likely to produce injury to thehamstrings.hamstrings.

At the instant of impact on theAt the instant of impact on thekicking leg, the hip and knee arekicking leg, the hip and knee areslightly flexed and the foot is movingslightly flexed and the foot is movingupwards and forwards.upwards and forwards.



Phase 6Phase 6 ² ² Follow ThroughFollow Through

The followThe follow--through of the kick servesthrough of the kick servestwo purposes: to keep the foot intwo purposes: to keep the foot incontact with the ball for longer; andcontact with the ball for longer; and

to guard against injury.to guard against injury.

As in all ballistic movements, aAs in all ballistic movements, alonger contact time will maximizelonger contact time will maximizethe transfer of momentum to thethe transfer of momentum to theball and thus increase its speed. Theball and thus increase its speed. The

body protects itself from injury bybody protects itself from injury bygradually dissipating the kinetic andgradually dissipating the kinetic andelastic forces generated by theelastic forces generated by theswinging, kicking limb after contact.swinging, kicking limb after contact.

Any sudden slowing of the limb would increase the risk ofAny sudden slowing of the limb would increase the risk ofhamstring strain.hamstring strain.



Role of the Arms in KickingRole of the Arms in Kicking

Essential in helping to maintain body balance.Essential in helping to maintain body balance.

Arms extend horizontally during forward motion Arms extend horizontally during forward motion

of the kicking leg. This helps to keep the center of the kicking leg. This helps to keep the center of mass over the supporting foot and alsoof mass over the supporting foot and alsoincreases moment of inertia of the trunk.increases moment of inertia of the trunk.

It also increases rotational resistance aroundIt also increases rotational resistance around

the spine.the spine. As the kicking foot strikes the ball, the opposite As the kicking foot strikes the ball, the opposite

arm moves forward and upward to help keeparm moves forward and upward to help keepthe trunk of our body in balance.the trunk of our body in balance.



Muscle GroupsMuscle Groups Agonist Agonist -- Hip Flexors: rectus femoris, iliopsoas, sartoriusHip Flexors: rectus femoris, iliopsoas, sartorius

-- Knee extensorsKnee extensors

-- DorsiflexorsDorsiflexors

Antagonists Antagonists ± ± HamstringsHamstrings

GastrocnemiusGastrocnemiusPlantarflexorsPlantarflexors

SynergistsSynergists ± ± Hip: Internal & external rotators,Hip: Internal & external rotators,adductors, abductorsadductors, abductors

Knee: Adductors, AbductorsKnee: Adductors, Abductors

Ankle: Peroneals (lateral), post tibialis (medial) Ankle: Peroneals (lateral), post tibialis (medial)

StabilizersStabilizers ± ± Trunk stabilizers: Abdominal, psoas major, erector spinaeTrunk stabilizers: Abdominal, psoas major, erector spinae& postural muscles& postural muscles

-- Muscles of the plant foot and legMuscles of the plant foot and leg



Muscular Action during kickingMuscular Action during kicking

preparationpreparation



Muscular action during approach and kickMuscular action during approach and kick



Muscular action during followMuscular action during follow--throughthrough



Newton·s LawsNewton·s Laws Newton¶s 1Newton¶s 1stst LawLaw

-- Mass distribution about an AOR can be modified by changing theMass distribution about an AOR can be modified by changing the

limb position.limb position.

Newton¶s 2Newton¶s 2ndnd Law and Angular MotionLaw and Angular Motion

-- The amount of force applied by the kicker against the ball and theThe amount of force applied by the kicker against the ball and thedistance the ball moves in the direction the force applied duringdistance the ball moves in the direction the force applied duringthe kick.the kick.

-- When the ball is kicked, angular momentum of a limb isWhen the ball is kicked, angular momentum of a limb isincreased if the angular velocity is increased.increased if the angular velocity is increased.

Newton¶s 2Newton¶s 2ndnd Law: ImpulseLaw: Impulse--MomentumMomentum

-- Impulse is exerted by contact of the foot to the ball.Impulse is exerted by contact of the foot to the ball.

-- To give the ball higher momentum, impulse must be higher.To give the ball higher momentum, impulse must be higher.

Newton¶s 3Newton¶s 3rdrd LawLaw

-- F=ma; The kicker and the ball experience accelerations effect,F=ma; The kicker and the ball experience accelerations effect,that is dependent on its mass.that is dependent on its mass.

-- The ball will exert a force equal in magnitude to contact butThe ball will exert a force equal in magnitude to contact butopposite in direction.opposite in direction.



Linear and angular velocityLinear and angular velocity

The linear velocity of the rotating foot hitting the ball is directionThe linear velocity of the rotating foot hitting the ball is directionproportional to the sum of both the angular velocity and the radius of proportional to the sum of both the angular velocity and the radius of rotation of the consecutive segments.rotation of the consecutive segments.

Knee linear velocity reaches its peak between 40Knee linear velocity reaches its peak between 40--70 ms after peak hip70 ms after peak hipvelocity is reached The angular motion on the thigh segment stopsvelocity is reached The angular motion on the thigh segment stopswhen the knee is approximately in a position over the ball.when the knee is approximately in a position over the ball.

TorqueTorque

The release velocity of the ball with respect to timing had the strongestThe release velocity of the ball with respect to timing had the strongestrelationship to the maximal torque produced during the 1. hip flexion 2.relationship to the maximal torque produced during the 1. hip flexion 2.knee extension and 3. short ankle stabilizing in the kicking leg.knee extension and 3. short ankle stabilizing in the kicking leg.

Velocity, Acceleration, & MassVelocity, Acceleration, & Mass

Mass & VelocityMass & Velocity ± ± Greater mass of leg + greater velocity of foot =Greater mass of leg + greater velocity of foot =greater resultant velocity of ballgreater resultant velocity of ball

Acceleration Acceleration ± ± Acceleration of the kicking leg & resultant velocity are Acceleration of the kicking leg & resultant velocity aredetermined by the muscle forces that are applied by the kicker (speeddetermined by the muscle forces that are applied by the kicker (speedof ball is directly related to strength of kicker.)of ball is directly related to strength of kicker.)



Pelvic on Femoral Rotation on a relativelyPelvic on Femoral Rotation on a relativelystationary trunk is limited by lumbar spinestationary trunk is limited by lumbar spinerotational limitations. If the lumbar spinerotational limitations. If the lumbar spinerotation accompanies hip rotation, hiprotation accompanies hip rotation, hiprotation becomes limited by hip joint capsularrotation becomes limited by hip joint capsular

or boney limitationsor boney limitations



Work, power, reactive forcesWork, power, reactive forces

The largest positive power occurs by hip flexionThe largest positive power occurs by hip flexion

torque during middle to latter part of kicking.torque during middle to latter part of kicking. A Force applied along a line that does not pass A Force applied along a line that does not pass

through the center of mass will produce a torquethrough the center of mass will produce a torqueand will induce a rotation. Think of the kick as anand will induce a rotation. Think of the kick as anapplied force along a direction.applied force along a direction.

Radius of GyrationRadius of Gyration The radius of gyration in kicking is the distanceThe radius of gyration in kicking is the distance

between the hip of the planted leg and thebetween the hip of the planted leg and theopposing hip is the axis of rotation of the kickingopposing hip is the axis of rotation of the kickingmotion.motion.

IMA & EMAIMA & EMA

Hip Flexors, Knee extensors, dorsiflexors of tailor Hip Flexors, Knee extensors, dorsiflexors of tailor joint. joint.



Moment ArmMoment Arm

The moment arm is defined as the perpendicular distance from the axisThe moment arm is defined as the perpendicular distance from the axisof rotation (usually through a body joint), to the center of gravity of theof rotation (usually through a body joint), to the center of gravity of the

resistance, in this case the ball. The greater the distance from theresistance, in this case the ball. The greater the distance from thecenter of the ball, to the center of the active joints in the kick, the longer center of the ball, to the center of the active joints in the kick, the longer the lever system acting, the faster the speed of the kick. By fullythe lever system acting, the faster the speed of the kick. By fullyextending the leg at impact, and leaning away from the ball, the kicker extending the leg at impact, and leaning away from the ball, the kicker will increase the speed at the end of the foot.will increase the speed at the end of the foot.

External ForcesExternal Forces

Gravity, friction, and time (duration of contact)Gravity, friction, and time (duration of contact)

The ball will exert an equal force in magnitude to contact but opposite inThe ball will exert an equal force in magnitude to contact but opposite indirection.direction.

Internal ForcesInternal Forces

Specifically sense organs within the muscles, joints and tendons andSpecifically sense organs within the muscles, joints and tendons andnerve endings in the skin (allow sensation of the movement)nerve endings in the skin (allow sensation of the movement)

Includes the following phases: preparation, approach & kick, and followIncludes the following phases: preparation, approach & kick, and follow--

through.through.



Soccer ShoeSoccer Shoe

The soccer shoe generally has a poor protectiveThe soccer shoe generally has a poor protectivefunction mainly because it has poor ankle stability.function mainly because it has poor ankle stability.

Little attention has been paid to shock reduction or rear Little attention has been paid to shock reduction or rear

foot characteristics of the shoe. Artificial surfacesfoot characteristics of the shoe. Artificial surfacesproduce different injury profiles when compared toproduce different injury profiles when compared tonatural turf pitches. Players are at a higher risk of injurynatural turf pitches. Players are at a higher risk of injuryif they change frequently between surface types.if they change frequently between surface types.

Careful instruction and skill development as well asCareful instruction and skill development as well as

correct equipment would seem to be necessary for correct equipment would seem to be necessary for young players.young players.



ReferencesReferences

http://www.sportsinjurybulletin.com/archive/biomechanihttp://www.sportsinjurybulletin.com/archive/biomechanicscs--soccer.htmsoccer.htm

http://www.coachesinfo.com/article/106/#3http://www.coachesinfo.com/article/106/#3

http://www.coachesinfo.com/category/soccer/86/http://www.coachesinfo.com/category/soccer/86/

http://congress.akm.ch/abstract/abstract/abt.ausg_pkt_ http://congress.akm.ch/abstract/abstract/abt.ausg_pkt_ ses?xssprache=ENG&xsdesign=OPT&xnkon_nr=31&xses?xssprache=ENG&xsdesign=OPT&xnkon_nr=31&xnSESSION_NR=3382&xnCO_PROFILE=372087#nSESSION_NR=3382&xnCO_PROFILE=372087#

Neumann, D.K

inesiology of the MusculoskeletalNeumann, D.K

inesiology of the MusculoskeletalSystem. 2002. Human Kinetics.System. 2002. Human Kinetics.

www.rad.washington.edu/atlaswww.rad.washington.edu/atlas

www.fifasoccer.comwww.fifasoccer.com



Kinesiology of a Soccer KickKinesiology of a Soccer Kick -- QuestionsQuestions

1. How many phases are used in the soccer kick?1. How many phases are used in the soccer kick?a. 4a. 4b. 2b. 2

c. 9c. 9d. 6d. 6

2. Which 1 of Newton¶s Laws are not used during the kicking motion?2. Which 1 of Newton¶s Laws are not used during the kicking motion?a. 1a. 1stst

b. 2b. 2ndnd

c. 3c. 3rdrd

d. All are usedd. All are used

3. Which AOR¶s are used in the soccer kick?3. Which AOR¶s are used in the soccer kick?a. hip & kneea. hip & kneeb. knee & hipb. knee & hipc. hip, knee, & anklec. hip, knee, & ankle

d. None of the aboved. None of the above

4. The release velocity of the ball with respect to timing had the strongest relationship to the maximal torque produced4. The release velocity of the ball with respect to timing had the strongest relationship to the maximal torque producedduring the ____ ? Choose the one that does not belong.during the ____ ? Choose the one that does not belong.

a. hip flexiona. hip flexionb. hip extensionb. hip extension

c. knee extensionc. knee extensiond. short ankle stabilizing in the kicking leg.d. short ankle stabilizing in the kicking leg.

5. Which of the following are trunk stabilizers?5. Which of the following are trunk stabilizers?a. All of the belowa. All of the below

b. abdominalb. abdominalc. psoas major c. psoas major

d. erector spinaed. erector spinae

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