KIGOMA REGION TANZANIA

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THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA KIGOMA REGION

SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE

Joint publication by: NATIONAL BUREAU OF STATISTICS (NBS)

And KIGOMA REGIONAL COMMISSIONER’S OFFICE

Coordinated by: MINISTRY OF PLANNING, ECONOMY AND EMPOWERMENT

DAR ES SALAAM JANUARY 2008

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TABLE OF CONTENTS MAP OF KIGOMA REGION .................................................................... iii

FOREWORD.....................................................................................iv

SECTION I....................................................................................... 1

1.0 LAND, PEOPLE AND CLIMATE ....................................................... 1

1.8 Topography ............................................................................ 15 1.9 Drainage ............................................................................... 15

SECTION II ................................................................................... 16

2.0 REGIONAL ECONOMY ................................................................ 16

2.3.1: Agriculture ......................................................................... 18 2.7 FISHERIES .............................................................................. 51

2.7.1 Fishing Methods ....................................................................... 52

2.8 BEEKEEPING ........................................................................... 55 SECTION III .................................................................................... 58

3.0 SOCIAL SERVICES..................................................................... 58

3.1 EDUCATION ............................................................................. 58

3.3 WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION ...............................................111

S E C T I O N V ............................................................................121

4.0 ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE ......................................................121 4.4 Air Transport ............................................................................126

S E C T I O N V .............................................................................129

SECTION VI ...................................................................................136

Investment Potential .......................................................................136

1. REFUGEE INFLUXES IN KIGOMA REGION..........................................139

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MAP OF KIGOMA REGION

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FOREWORD

1. Tanzania’s Vision 2025 continues to be the guiding beacon of all our future developmental

efforts summarized broadly as being:

- High quality livelihood including the absence of abject poverty.

- Good governance and the rule of law.

- A strong and competitive economy.

The goals of our Vision 2025 are in line with the United Nations’ Millennium Development

Goals with MKUKUTA as the main vehicle of implementation.

2. Yet at this point in our history, problems especially in rural areas are many and daunting.

Social and economic services require sustainable improvement. The high primary school

enrollment rates recently attained have to be maintained; the food situation is still

precarious; infant and maternal mortality rates continues to be high. Unemployment is still

triggering mass migration of youth from rural areas to already overcrowded urban centers.

3. Added to these problems in the menace poised by HIV/AIDS, the prevalence of which

throughout Tanzania is negating our efforts to advance into this century of science and

technology. The pandemic has been exacting a heavy toll on the economically active age

group, leaving in its wake an increasing number of orphans, broken families and much

suffering. AIDS together with environmental deterioration are the new developmental

problems. They cannot be ignored.

4. Our efforts to meet both the new and the old challenges have been hampered by many factors

including ill prepared rural development programmes followed by weak implementation,

monitoring and supervision of these programmes and sectoral strategies. The shortcomings

in policy formulation, project identification, design and implementation is in turn balanced

on the lack of reliable and adequate data and information on the rural development process.

5. The publication of the Regional Socio-economic Profile series by the Ministry of Planning,

Economy and Empowerment, in collaboration with the National Bureau of Statistics and

various regional commissioners’ offices is a major attempt at finding a solution to this data

and information gap.

6. Regional profiles cover a wide range of data and information on geography, population,

socio-economic parameters, social services, economic infrastructure and the productive

sectors. Such data and information has proved vital to many policy makers, planners,

researchers, donors and functional managers.

7. This Kigoma Regional Socio-economic Profile contains the detailed data and information on

the region and is one of the Second Edition series. The second editions take advantage of

experience gained in the production of the First Edition publications. They are proving even

more valuable and informative to our clients. Constructive view and criticisms are still

invited from readers to enable such profiles to become a better tool in the implementation of

the country’s policies.

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8. Lastly but not least, I wish to thank the staff of the Ministry of Planning, Economy and

Empowerment, the National Bureau of Statistics and the Kigoma Regional Commissioner’s

Office, for their devotion in ensuring the successful compilation of this document.

Dr. Juma Ngasongwa

MINISTER OF PLANNING, ECONOMY AND EMPOWERMENT

January, 2008

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UNIQUE FEATURES OF KIGOMA REGION

Kigoma Region has got some features that are unique in the sense that they are not

found in any other place / region in Tanzania. Below are the unique features found

only in Kigoma Region.

Dr. David Livingstone Memorial.

Kigoma Region is famous for historical events and antiquities such as Dr. David

Livingstone memorial monuments at Ujiji Old town. The site is the place where

Henry Morton Stanley, the newspaper reporter from New York Herald met Dr.

Livingstone in 1871. Dr. Livingstone came all the way through to Kigoma in his effort

to fight against slave trade in East Africa. The old Ujiji town is one of the several

important points /stations within the slave trade route to the Democratic Republic of

Congo where some of the slaves were taken to Bwagamoyo (now known as

Bagamoyo) and Zanzibar before shipment to Arabic countries and other European

countries.

The Chimpanzee of Gombe.

Gombe National Park is along Lake Tanganyika in the northerly and it is the smallest

national park in Tanzania, it can be reached by boat from Kigoma town and it takes

about one hour to reach it. The national park is under the Tanzania national parks

and currently has a population of about 80 Chimpanzees. In fact what is so

interesting is that there are a lot of wonders of the world on how close in behavior

and social life to human being the chimpanzee is.

Mahale National Park

Mahale is also located along Lake Tanganyika south of Kigoma town. It takes 4

hours by boat and 8 hours by ship (Mv. Liemba) to reach there. The park has hotel

facilities, accommodation and beautiful camping sites. It has a larger Chimpanzee

population (than Gombe) of about 500. Other primates found in Mahale not common

elsewhere include red tailored monkeys, red Columbus and the Angolan black and

white Columbus monkeys. In the eastern woodlands of the park are found

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elephants, giraffes, zebras, antelopes, buffaloes and warthogs. Predators are also

found in the park; they are lions, wolves and crocodiles and in the scavengers group

are hyenas. There are also found a variety of birds that produce beautiful sounds to

bird watchers. With regard to tourism for example, Kigoma is widely regarded as the

world’s foremost sanctuary for Chimpanzees.

Mv. Liemba

It is believed that this is the oldest passenger vessel in the World with diesel engine.

It was assembled in Germany in 1911 and built in Kigoma in 1915, and it operates

until today. It was purposely built to safeguard Germany Empires. The vessel

possesses historical peculiarity in the sense that it was sunk in shallow waters of

Lake Tanganyika by the Germans in 1918 fearing defeat by the British during World

War I. But later on it was re-floated by the British in 1925 after victory. Recently in

1993 the vessel was rehabilitated by the government of Tanzania with the aid from

Belgium. It carries up to 600 passengers.

Lake Tanganyika

The deepest lake in Africa and second deepest in the world Lake Tanganyika is up

to 1470 meters deep, 650 km. long and on average 50 km. wide. Along Kigoma

Town the lake provides beautiful beaches that need development into tourist hotels

and recreation sites. Kigoma beaches have only one tourist hotel, the Hilltop Hotel

the case that makes accommodation a big problem in Kigoma Township. The lake

provides trade route to the neighboring countries like Democratic Republic of Congo,

Rwanda, Burundi and Zambia. It also facilitates fishing activities since it comprises

a variety of fish species like Lattes Stapes (Migebuka), Stole Strica Tanganikae

(Sardine), Lattes Marie (Sangara), Lattes Angostrifore (Nonzi).

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SECTION I

1.0 LAND, PEOPLE AND CLIMATE 1.1 GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION:

Kigoma Region is located in Western part of Tanzania between latitudes 3.6 and 6.5

degrees south and longitudes 29.5 and 31.5 degrees east along the shores of Lake

Tanganyika, the second deepest fresh water lake in the world. The capital

municipality, which draws its name from the regional name Kigoma, is closely linked

with Ujiji. It has a wonderful natural beauty, nestled under the hills of the western

arm of the Great Rift Valley on the edge of the Lake. In the wet season the place is

especially spectacular, with its emerald green and clear sparkling water. The region

encompasses an area of 45,066 Sq. km. of which 8,029 Sq. km. are covered by

water. To the north the region borders Burundi and Kagera Region; it borders

Shinyanga and Tabora to the East; Rukwa Region to the South and the Democratic

Republic of Congo to the West.

1.2 LAND AREA AND ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS

The region comprises of four districts: Kigoma Urban, Kigoma Rural, Kasulu and

Kibondo. Administratively, though, Kigoma region is divided into Kasulu, Kibondo

and Kigoma districts and one Municipality; Kigoma/ Ujiji. Further the region is

divided into 19 divisions, 85 wards, 232 villages, 199 mitaa and 1512 sub-villages.

The region covers a total area of 45,066 Sq Km, which are 4.78 of the entire total

land area of Tanzania Mainland. The districts, divisions, wards, villages, mitaa and

the sub-villages are as tabulated below:-

Table 1.1: Distribution of Administrative Units by District in Kigoma Region

District Divisions Wards Villages Mitaa Sub-Villages

Kibondo 4 20 67 - 658

Kasulu 7 30 90 - 383

Kigoma Rural 6 22 75 - 471

Kigoma Urban 2 13 - 199 -

Total 19 85 232 199 1512

Source: Regional Commissioner’s Office, Kigoma, 2006

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The area distribution of the Region in Sq. Km. by District is as shown in the simple

table and the pie chart below:-

Table1.2: Area Distribution of Kigoma Region in Sq.Km. by District

District Kasulu Kibondo Kigoma (R) Kigoma (U) Total

Total Area 9,315 16,058 19,574 128 45,075


Fig: 1.1 Chart showing Total Area of Kigoma Region in Sq. Km. by District

Table1.3: Land and Water Area of Kigoma Region in Sq. Kms. By District, 2005

District Land Area Water Area Total Area

Kibondo 15,722 336 16,058

Kasulu 9,128 187 9,315

Kigoma Rural 11,545 8,029 19,574

Kigoma Urban 128 0 128

Total 36,523 8,552 45,075


Kasulu, 9,315

Kibondo, 16,058

Kigoma (R), 19574

Kigoma (U), 128

Kasulu

Kibondo

Kigoma (R)

Kigoma (U)

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Fig. 1.2 Distribution of land and water area by District in Kigoma Region

1.3 ETHINICITY

Kigoma Region found in the west of Tanzania with its four districts of Kigoma Urban,

Kigoma Rural, Kibondo and Kasulu. Various tribes including the Goma, Rundi,

Bwari, Manyema, Bemba and Jiji people have originally habited Kigoma region.

Others are Holoholo, Vinza, Nyakaramba, Hangaza, Tongwena and Waha.

Among the tribes found in Kigoma region, Waha was previously the biggest tribe in

the region. They originated from the Bantu who were living along lakes Tanganyika,

Victoria, Kivu and Lake Edward. Going by the information volunteered by elders and

historians, it shows that Waha people entered Buha (Kigoma) from the areas outside

Buha.

Waha people often use the names from their clan; moreover, the characteristic

features of the areas of their destiny influenced names or where they dwelt. The

Waha who lived around areas rich in soil for pottery were called Yungu people

LAND AND WATER AREA BY DISTRICTS

15,722

9128

11545

128

336

187

8029

00

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Rural Kigoma Urban

Districts

Area (Sq Kms)

Water Area

Land Area

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(Wayungu), whereas those Waha who lived around highland areas were known as

Nyaheru people, where their places were called Heru (Heru Areas).

Previous administrative norms and values show that their leaders (Waha leaders)

were called Mwani or Mteko. Their norms and values included practices of giving

sacrifices to their ancestors; dressing in tree barks from Mirumba trees traditionally

known as Impuzu; and dressing in animal hides and skins commonly known as

Insato. Waha people practiced anti marriage among clan members: this was highly

observed.

Among the economic activities within the society of Waha tribe included cultivation of

food crops such as maize, millet, potatoes, bananas and beans. Furthermore, there

were different trading activities as a result of various productions, and their language

turned to be an economic strength in communication. Waha people participated in

iron smelting for making of knives, arrows, and other tools of the like. Vinza people

participated in salt making in the neighboring villages and were able to do pottery

with decoration for attraction. They participated and still are participating in

commercial fishing. The ethnicity of the indigenous people and their dominance by

district are indicated in the table below;-

Table1. 4: Ethnicity of Indigenous people, 2005

District Groups District of residence

Kibondo 1 Waha

Kasulu 1 Waha

Kigoma Rural 4 Waha

Wiremeni

Wambwali

Watongwe

Kigoma Urban 5 Waha

Warundi

Wakongo

Wamanyema

Wambwali


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1.4 POPULATION SIZE AND POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS In 1978 Kigoma Region had a total population of 618,950, increasing to 854,817 in

1988: but stood at 1,674,046 in the census year 2002 almost three fold from that of

1978. Besides the fact that Kigoma growth rate is very high compared to most

regions in Tanzania, there is an added fact that the influx of refugees from the

neighboring countries that took place in the early nineties especially from DRC and

Burundi add to the already high growth rate of the population in that region. There

was a moderate increase of 31% in 1988 over 1978 figure, but that of 2002 over

1988 is an incredible 96 percent. The refugees started flowing back to their

respective countries way back in 2000. It appears that the rate of repatriation has

increased slightly after fruitful negotiations that have resulted into recent elections.

Table 1.5: Population Distribution by Census Years and by District in Kigoma Region

District Census Years Growth Rate

1978 1988 2002 1988/2002

Kasulu 255,649 320,518 626,742 4.8

Kibondo 139,991 176,262 413,777 6.1

Kigoma Rural 194,520 276,770 489,271 4.1

Kigoma Urban 58,788 84,704 144,256 3.8

Total Region 650,926 860,242 1,674,046 4.8

Source:- Census Reports for 1978,1988 and 2002

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1.4. POPULATION DENSITY

The population density in Kigoma region is rather moderate in the districts of Kasulu

and Kigoma rural compared to that of Kibondo, which is low compared to others. At

26 inhabitants per square kilometer, Kibondo’s population density is already above

many mainland’s regions, which have population densities of below 20 inhabitants

per square kilometer as indicated in the table 1.6 below:-

Table 1.6: Population Density by District in Kigoma Region 2002

District Land Area Population Population Density

Kasulu 9,128 626,742

68.7

Kibondo 15,722 413,777

26.3

Kigoma Rural 11,545 489,271

42.4

Kigoma Urban 128 144,256

1,127.0

Kigoma Region 38,044 1,674,046

44.0


Population distribution during Census years by District

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

700,000

Kasulu Kibondo Kigoma Rural Kigoma Urban

Districts

Population

1978

1988

2002

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Table 1.7: Population Density by District and by Census Years

District Land Area

Census Years

Population Density

1978 1988 2002 1978 1988 2002

Kasulu 9,128 255,649 320,518 626,742 28.0 35.1 68.7

Kibondo 15,722 139,991 176,262 413,777 8.9 11.2 26.3

Kigoma Rural 11,545 194,520 276,770 489,271 16.8 24.0 42.4

Kigoma Urban 128 58,788 84,704 144,256 459.3 661.8 1127.0

Regional Total 38,044 650,926 860,242 1,674,046 17.1 22.6 44.0


As can be noted from the table on population density above, Kasulu and Kibondo

population density has almost tripled since 1978 to 2002 census years, from 28 to

68.7 for the former district and from 8.9 to 26.3 for the latter, where the increase can

mostly be accounted for by the influx of refugees from neighboring populations

whose countries have been experiencing turbulences. The increase for population

density for Kigoma rural is about normal; and that of Kigoma urban has gone up by

about twice! In this last example, there are two factors that have attributed to the

situation; it is partly due to refugee influx but also the element of fast pace for

urbanization supplemented by rural – urban migration did also contribute to the

increase.

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Table 1.8: POPULATION BY REGION IN TANZANIA MAINLAND BY YEARS OF CENSUS


REGION 1967 1978 1988 2002

Kigoma 473,443 648,941 856,770 1,674,046

Dodoma 709,380 972,005 1,235,327 1,692,025

Arusha 610,474 926,223 744,479 1292,973

Kilimanjaro 652,722 902,437 1,104,673 1,376,702

Tanga 771,060 1,037,767 1,280,212 1,636,280

Morogoro 682,700 939,264 1,220,564 1,753,362

Pwani 428,041 516,586 636,103 885,017

Dar Es Salaam 356,286 843,090 1,360,865 2,487,288

Lindi 419,853 527,624 646,494 787,624

Mtwara 621,293 771,818 889,100 1,124,481

Ruvuma 395,447 561,575 779,875 1,113,715

Iringa 689,905 925,044 1,193,074 1,490,892

Mbeya 753,765 1,079,864 1,476,278 2,063,328

Singida 457,938 613,949 792,387 1,086,748

Tabora 502,068 817,907 1,036,150 1,710,465

Rukwa 276,091 451,897 698,718 1,136,354

Shinyanga 899,468 1,323,535 1,763,800 2,796,630

Kagera 658,712 1,009,767 1,313,594 2,028,157

Mwanza 1,055,883 1,443,379 1,876,635 2,929,644

Mara 544,125 723,827 946,418 1,363,397

Manyara - - 603,691 1,040,461

Total Population 11,958,654 17,036,499 23,170,847 34,321,502

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Table 1.9: Average inter-censual annual percentage population growth rates

by district, 1967/78 to 2002/12

2002/12*** District 1967/78* 1978/88 1988/2002

#Gross annual growth rate

##Net annual growth rate

Kigoma Rural 6.5 3.6*** 4.2*** -2.3 3.5

Kibondo 0.2 2.3** 6.3*** 0.4 3.4

Kasulu 1.9 2.2** 4.9*** 0.0 2.8

Kigoma Urban 5.1 3.8*** 3.8*** -0.8 3.8

Total 2.9 2.8** 4.8** -0.8 3.2

# Growth rate of combined refugee and non refugee population.

## Growth rate of the non refugee population only.

Source: 1.*1978 Population Census, Vol. VIII, Population of Tanzania 1978.

2. **2002 Population and Housing Census, Vol. II, Age and Sex Distribution.

3. *** Computed data.

Table 1.10: Population projections in ‘000’ between 2003 and 2012, by district

District 2003 2006 2009 2012

Kigoma Rural 464 389 351 389

Kibondo 407 386 386 427

Kasulu 616 560 576 626

Kigoma Urban 139 125 120 135

Total 1,626 1,460 1,433 1,577

Source: Computed from Table 1.8

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Table 1.11: Population projections in ‘000’ by district, 1990 to 1995

Districts Kigoma Rural

Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Urban

Total

1990 301

198 352

91 942

1991 313

211 369

95 988

1992 326

224 387

98 1,035

1993 340

238 406

102 1,086

1994 354

253 426

106 1,139

1995 369

269 447

110 1,195

Source: Computed from Table 1.9

Table 1.11 Cont’d: Population projections in (000) by district, 1996 to 2001

Districts Kigoma Rural

Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Urban

Total

1996 385 286 469 114 1,254

1997 401 304 492 118 1,315

1998 418 323 516 122 1,379

1999 435 344 541` 128 907

2000 453 365 568 133 1,519

2001 472 389 595 139 1,595

Source: Computed from Table 1.9 Table 1.12: Projected population in (000) by district, 2003 to 2008

District 2003 2004 2005 2007 2008

Kigoma Rural 464 439 414 364 339

Kibondo 407 400 393 379 373

Kasulu 416 605 594 572 560

Kigoma Urban 139 134 129 121 116

Total 1,626 1,578 1,530 1,436 1,388

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1.4.2 SEX RATIO In 1988, Kigoma Region’s Sex Ratio was 89. That is, there were 89 males per every

100 women in the regional population that year. By the time of 2002 census the ratio

had gone up to 93. It means there were proportionally more males in the population

although the female population continued to dominate. This trend was reflected in

each district of the region. There was however, a general improvement in the sex

ratio towards a balance of sexes between 1988 and 2002 in Tanzania Mainland.

Table 1.13 Sex Ratio in by district in Kigoma Region 1988 and 2002

1988 2002

District

Males Females Sex Ratio males females

Sex Ratio

Kibondo

79,823

95,762 83

199,752

214,025 93

Kasulu

147,984

171,727 86

298,294

328,448 91

Kigoma Rural

135,043

141,727 95

236,360

252,911 93

Kigoma Urban

41,060

43,644 94

70,228

74,029 95

Toatl

403,910

452,860 89

804,634

869,413 93

Source: Regional Commissioner’s Office. 2002 Population and Housing Census, Vol. II, Age and Sex Distribution

1.4.3 Dependence Ratio by District in Kigoma Region 1988 and 2002 As can be seen from table 1.14 below the dependence ratio for Kigoma Region has

dropped from 117 that was recorded in 1988 to 111 recorded in 2002. In fact the

ratios in all districts showed a drop between those two census periods although

Kibondo, Kasulu, and Kigoma Rural were still on the higher side than Kigoma Urban.

Kigoma Urban supports a lesser population at 86 dependants per 100 active

population.

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Table 1.14 dependence Ratio by District in Kigoma Region in 1988 and 2002.

Dependants' Age Groups

District 0 - 14 Years 65+ Years Economically Dependence Ratio

Active group 1988 2002

Kibondo 210,556 12,793 190,428 121 117

Kasulu 313,930 22,267 290,545 120 116

Kigoma Rural 240,773 15,093 233,405 115 110

Kigoma Urban 62,863 3,907 77,487 107 86

Total 828,122 54,060 791,865 117 111

Source: Regional Commissioner’s Office. 2002 Population and Housing Census, Vol. II, Age and Sex Distribution

1.5 CLIMATE AND SOIL

Kigoma Region has a tropical climate with Lake Tanganyika influencing the climate

leading to high temperature and humidity. The average temperature ranges between

20 degrees and 30 degrees Centigrade.

Annual rainfall ranges between 600 mm. and 1600 mm, mostly distributed along and

around the lake and the highlands of Kibondo and Kasulu Districts. The mean

rainfall is about 1100 mm. The pattern of the rainfall is uni-modal with the rainy

season lasting from October to May, followed by a prolonged dry season.

Precipitation is reliable and allows a wide range of crops to be grown with some

double planting of short season crops. Lowland areas are warm for most part of the

year, save for June when the nights are cool.

1.6 PHYSICAL FEATURES

Generally, Kigoma Region’s land surface is hilly, ranging between 800 and 2400

meters above sea level, punctuated with numerous valleys and plains. Kibondo is

the largest district occupying 35.6 percent of total area of Kigoma region followed by

Kigoma Rural District with 25.2 percent. Among the rural districts, Kasulu is the

smallest in terms of land area but is the densely populated of them all. The soil in the

region is mostly loam and clay. A sizeable amount of alluvial soil can be found,

mostly in Kibondo district. The vegetation in the region includes woodlands,

grasslands and swamps. A great part of Kibondo and Kasulu districts is covered with

woodlands and swamps, which are often infested with tsetse flies.

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The region has a lot of natural resources, especially rivers and the fresh water lake.

Most important is the river Malagarasi followed by smaller rivers Lugufu, Ugala,

Luiche, Ruchugi and Luekegele. The big rivers flow all the year round while some of

the smaller rivers flow intermittently. Lake Tanganyika constitutes one major source

of water especially for Kigoma /Ujiji Township.

Kigoma region lacks mineral wealth currently known to exist in most parts of the

country except for the famous supply of salt from the brine of salt springs at Uvinza.

1.7 AGRO ECONOMIC ZONES Kigoma region can clearly be divided into three agro-economic zones, the Lake

Shore Zone, the Lowlands Zone and the Highlands Zone.

The Highlands Zone has an altitude of between 1,500 and 1,700 meters above sea

level with an annual rainfall of 1,000 – 1,600 mm. Located above the tsetse fly belt; it

is the place where most cattle are bred. The zone is divided into two parts, in the

south; there is a separate highland area, and the Mahale Mountains reaching a

maximum altitude of 2,373 meters above sea level. Most of the mountainous area is

uninhabited and part of it has been designated the Mahale National Park. The

highlands face erosion problem that poses an acute shortage of good cultivable land

in Kigoma. Common food crops grown include maize, beans and bananas and

coffee as the most important cash crop.

The Lowlands Zone has an altitude of between 1,200 and 1,500 meters above sea

level with an annual rainfall of between 850 and 1,100 mm. It covers much of the

east and southeast, and roughly lies in the area south of the main road Kigoma -

Kasulu - Kibondo. The zone is rather an extension of the Western Plateau and is

below the highland zone. This area is also infested with tsetse flies, which has

tended to restrict migration from densely populated areas, leaving large tracts of

lowland uninhabited. However, the swampy areas found in these lowlands provide

great potential for irrigation activities. Common food crops grown include maize,

sorghum, millet, cassava and beans while oil palm and cotton constitute the main

cash crops in the area.

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The Lake Zone has an altitude of about 1,200 meters above sea level with an annual

rainfall fluctuating between 600 and 1,000 mm. The Lake Zone forms a narrow strip

and lies between the lake and the mountains. It is dissected by numerous streams

flowing into the lake creating, in the process, an area of dark red sandy clay loam

soil of fairly high potential for crop production.

Farming, including rice farming is widely practiced in the river valleys despite the

scarcity of land, which is substantially limiting agricultural activities. Small-scale

farmers grow cassava, oil palm and rice. But as is always common with people living

along rivers and lakes, fishing tends to be their principal activity. The population is

sparsely distributed with more concentration along the shores of the lake.

Table 1.15: Location of Agro Ecological Zones

Source:- Regional Commissioner’s Office, Kigoma, 2006

ZONES ALTITUDE RANGE AND COVERAGE

GENERAL MORPHOLOGY

DOMINANT SOIL

MAIN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY

ANNUAL RAINFALL

The Highland Zones

- Altitude range from to 1750m above sea level. - The zone is divided into two parts: the south which covers highlands and the Mahale Mountains

- Gentle plain with moderately slopping hills and plateaus

- Deep and acidic soil

-Agriculture: maize, beans, bananas and coffee. -Livestock: cattle/goats -Tourism: national parks

- 1300 to 1650 mm annually.

The lowlands zones

-Altitude range from 1200m to 1500 above sea level -Extension of the Western plateau and covers much of the East and South East of Kigoma.

- Gentle plain

-Red soil to sandy

-Agriculture: maize, beans, palm oil and cotton. -Livestock: Few cattle


The lake zone

-Altitude range from 1000m to 1200 above sea level -Covers a narrow strip along lake Tanganyika: the valley of River Malagarasi and area of Kigoma/Ujiji town.

- Flat plain

- Sandy clay, loam soil

-Agriculture: rice, cassava, palm oil, maize, cotton and various vegetable. -Fishing: -Livestock: Few cattle


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1.8 Topography

Kigoma Region may be divided into two distinct landscape types: the Western parts

demarcated by the Kigoma – Kibondo Road, dominated by mountains and hilly

areas and Eastern parts that are characterized by low, undulating hills and swampy

areas. The altitude for the entire region varies from the level of the Lake Tanganyika,

which is 773 meters above mean sea level, up to almost 2,000 meters above mean

sea level.

1.9 Drainage

All surface water in Kigoma Region drains into Lake Tanganyika and eventually

towards the Atlantic Ocean. A large part of the region is drained by the Malagarasi

River, which has its origin near Manyovu. The catchments comprising of

approximately 30,000 Sq. km. of the region also stretch across the Burundi border

and far into Tabora Region. Other significant catchments are the Luiche catchments,

which comprise of mountains north of Kigoma and Lugufu and Luegele catchments,

which also drain parts of the Rukwa Region. Besides these large catchments many

smaller streams drain the escarpment into Lake Tanganyika.

An outstanding hydrological feature of the region is the Malagarasi swamp close to

the regional boundary of Tabora Region. This area consists of plains with scarce

vegetation and forested patches that dry up during dry season. The swamps act as

regulators of stream flow. Due to low infiltration rates, they change from small,

scattered ponds in the dry season to shallow temporary lakes during the wet season.

16

SECTION II

2.0 REGIONAL ECONOMY

The 2002 Population and Housing Census revealed that 87.9 percent of the

population lived in rural areas although urbanization has slightly progressed. Rural

people depend heavily on agriculture and livestock keeping for their livelihood. The

main cash crops are palm oil, tobacco, coffee, cotton and groundnuts. Livestock

keeping is also practiced in Kigoma region with cattle concentration in Kasulu district

which has favourable conditions. Kibondo also has a sizeable amount of cattle but

leads in goats keeping. The most inhibiting factor for livestock keeping is the

infestation of tsetse flies in the region. In Kigoma district most cattle are

concentrated around Kalinzi only. There are practically no cattle along the lake,

south of Kigoma - Kasulu road. Factors responsible for uneven distribution pattern of

livestock in the region are altitude, the pattern of settlements, vegetation and the

presence of tsetse flies. Of late, there have been substantial and fruitful efforts of

combating the tsetse flies by trapping them with special insecticides sprinkled over a

blue / green piece of cloth specifically designed to lure the insects to death when

they come into physical contact with the cloth-like trap.

2.1 Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

The table below shows that by the year 2004 the regional wealth has been growing

at a very slow pace of about 2.4 percent over the five year period and contributed a

mere 3.3 percent to the national economy. The poor performance could be attributed

to the erratic production in the agriculture sector and uncompromisingly

underdeveloped infrastructures available in the region.

17

Table 2.1: REGIONAL GDP AT CURRENT PRICES

Billion Shs.

Region/Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Kigoma 158,754 188,712 212,940 357,088 377,048

Dodoma 226,254 264,197 303,905 324,953 350,621

Arusha 510,055 582,554 393,050 388,567 490,460

Kilimanjaro 274,676 310,701 352,292 427,374 532,907

Tanga 281,873 336,986 382,095 418,456 601,615

Morogoro 296,370 363,271 413,889 439,142 619,792

Pwani 140,741 155,014 174,066 226,488 234,546

Dar es Salaam 1,158,513 1,282,449 1,473,226 1,589,174 1,708,343

Lindi 144,018 158,814 178,333 229,264 237,683

Mtwara 255,028 296,548 333,645 291,834 302,615

Ruvuma 242,947 242,630 273,779 376,291 434,203

Iringa 359,767 424,602 486,091 542,737 605,027

Mbeya 370,450 438,082 501,523 581,086 763,343

Singida 193,923 202,192 225,126 227,114 235,535

Tabora 246,671 262,849 296,594 362,872 445,545

Rukwa 242,688 249,370 280,838 348,625 390,398

Shinyanga 520,504 589,032 677,560 667,311 692,529

Kagera 261,739 289,808 327,649 467,959 486,794

Mwanza 573,094 730,697 847,241 834,329 961,672

Mara 248,316 256,109 288,989 442,805 470,923

Manyara 277,057 273,897 345,721

TANZANIA MAINLAND 6,706,381 7,624,617 8,699,888 9,817,366 11,287,320

Source: National Accounts of Tanzania Mainland, 2005

2.2 Per Capita GDP

On the other hand, the per capita GDP has kept increasing over the years. For

instance per capita GDP for Kigoma region residents increased from 134,657

Shillings in year 2000 to Shillings 206,359 in 2004 an increase of about 53 percent

at current prices. This phenomenon could be partly explained by ever increasing

prices the country has been experiencing the past many years.

Table 2.2: REGIONAL PER CAPITA GDP AT CURRENT PRICES (Shs.)

Region/Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Kigoma 134,657 155,279 126,817 205,221 206,359

Dodoma 137,278 155,503 178,873 189,840 200,006

Arusha 251,522 278,678 303,990 293,764 355,952

Kilimanjaro 139,179 152,722 255,071 306,563 375,873

Tanga 165,576 192,028 232,699 252,128 355,712

18

Morogoro 173,501 206,304 235,190 245,299 337,032

Pwani 169,808 181,432 195,765 251,059 253,607

Dar es Salaam 518,602 556,905 589,776 616,780 634,978

Lindi 173,018 185,085 225,365 287,936 294,105

Mtwara 235,057 265,147 295,647 256,080 260,840

Ruvuma 214,306 207,622 245,066 331,186 372,028

Iringa 217,041 248,491 325,072 359,496 394,449

Mbeya 176,550 202,535 242,276 276,280 354,023

Singida 181,861 183,942 206,394 206,209 208,812

Tabora 178,352 184,363 172,649 206,064 243,886

Rukwa 222,518 221,804 245,973 298,275 321,927

Shinyanga 210,306 230,873 241,504 232,364 233,116

Kagera 140,150 150,536 161,095 225,056 226,773

Mwanza 224,468 277,635 287,967 277,556 309,577

Mara 183,194 183,290 211,157 318,093 329,655

Manyara 266,283 258,537 313,894

TANZANIA MAINLAND 210,232 231,866 259,044 286,859 320,044

Source: National Accounts of Tanzania Mainland, 2005

2.3 Productive Sectors

2.3.1: Agriculture

Agriculture is the mainstay of Kigoma residents with its activities accounting for

about 80 percent of all sectors’ economic contribution in the region. The type of

agriculture practiced in the region is peasant agriculture whereby smallholders who

employ very limited capital in their production process are the most involved.

Agricultural production in Kigoma Region is mostly dependent on rains for crop

growing. Food crops grown include cassava, maize, legumes, sweet potatoes and

banana. Cash crops include coffee, palm oil, cotton, groundnuts and tobacco.

Beans, maize and bananas are most important crops grown in the highland zone

while coffee is grown in the wetter lands which cover most parts of Kibondo and

Kasulu Districts. In the intermediate zone are grown maize, cassava, beans, oil

palm, groundnuts and sweet potatoes. There is not much crop production in the

Miombo area; this area is traditionally important for beekeeping, hunting and fishing

activities.

19

There are however, a number of obstacles that hamper agricultural development in

the region as hereunder enumerated: -

� Poor Application of Agro-inputs: As earlier pointed out that farming in the

region is that of smallholders who cannot afford to buy and use fertilizers,

agrochemicals and improved seed. Unavailability and high price of

agricultural inputs compounded by lack of reliable stockists of inputs and poor

input distribution networks has a tremendous negative impact on agricultural

production.

� Poor production Technology: Most farming uses traditional farm

implements – the hand hoe, bush knife and axes leading to non utilization of

the potential arable land available for agricultural production. Further,

although there is enough land for agricultural expansion, the poor technology

inhibits expansion due to lack of superior implements such as tractors,

ploughs and other farm machinery.

� Poor Crop Husbandry Practices: The prevalence of poor extension

services including shortage of staff, extension kits and transport facilities

inhibits good agricultural production. There is also no regular training for both

extension staff and farmers resulting into improper husbandry services which

include early land preparations, non use of recommended hybrid seeds,

improper spacing, untimely weeding, improper of fertilizers and agrochemical

applications. All these factors highly contribute to low productivity in

agricultural production.

� Traditional Processing Facilities: The extraction techniques of oil palm

adopted by farmers are the local simple and hand operated machines and

hand squeezing. The hand machines are tedious, laborious and time

consuming with as low extraction efficiency of about 25 percent. These

methods also produce poor quality of oil which is a limitation to external

markets access.

20

� Transport Infrastructure and Marketing: The marketing structures for

farmers’ produce are fragmented and poorly developed. They lack organized

farmers associations and co-operative societies. The inadequacy of transport

(especially road transport) is another set back in the marketing strategy of

agricultural produce in the region. The fact that there is a sizeable percentage

of roads that are not passable throughout the year is a good indicator of the

poor infrastructure existing in the region. There is, however, one railway line

which provides a reliable outlet of agricultural cash crops beyond the regional

borders. The proportion of the produce using this type of transport is, at any

rate, small.

Preferred interventions would require mechanization to be the alternative to

overcome poverty constraints. Tractors and efficient utilization of machinery will

lessen the labour constraints, put more land under cultivation and contribute to more

crop production. Improved roads are an ever important intervention if agriculture

produce marketing is to improve because the road infrastructure would open up the

agricultural market to include all neighboring regions.

Accounting for about 42 percent, Kigoma rural district has most of the arable land in

Kigoma region. This is followed by Kibondo district with 33 percent of the total arable

land. As expected Kigoma urban district has the minimal share of a mere 0.2

percent as the table 2.3 shows below.

Table 2.3: Distribution of Total Arable Land by District, Kigoma Region 2005

District Arable Land Area (Ha)

Kibondo 805,800

Kasulu 606,000

Kigoma Rural 1,015,630

Kigoma Urban 5,300

Total 2,432,730

Source: Regional Commissioner’s Office , Kigoma, 2006

21

The total area under food crops has generally increased over the past five years

from more than 295,000 hectares in 2000/01 to over 388,000 hectares in the year

2004/05. Consequently production has also increased through the years as is

evident from table 2.4

Table 2. 4: Estimated Area under Food Crops Production in Kigoma Region 2000/01 - 2004/05 Ha Crop/Year 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05

Maize 106,970

114,165

124,744 123,570 139,589

Sorghum 8,076

6,570

6,600 6,790 10,128

Cassava 43,103

51,968

60,587 46,112 66,908

Bananas 25,060

27,804

28,581 36,477 37,178

Beans 75,710

75,014

81,683 76,445 80,032

Groundnuts 6,436

4,250

4,360 2,675 3,887

Sweet Potatoes 18,745

22,033

24,997 31,892 28,759

Pigeon Peas 654

4,421

5,210 3,331 3,375

Paddy 10,455

10,517

8,964 11,868 18,249

Total 295,209

316,742 345,726 339,160 388,105


2..3.2 Food Sufficiency in Kigoma Region

As far as history can take us back, it shows that Kigoma is the only region, which

has never experienced food shortage and hence aid from the government in an

attempt to combat hunger in the country. The region has abundant fertile soil which

its people utilize for agriculture. The people of the region utilize their land for

cultivation of food crops especially beans, bananas, potatoes, pineapples, maize,

cassava and groundnuts; and cash crops such as palm oil, coffee, cotton and Irish

potatoes, to mention but a few. As a region, it is self-sufficient in carbohydrates

sources by over 95 percent while there appears to be surpluses for self-sufficiency in

beans and edible oils type of crops such as groundnuts and palm oil. Acreage and

22

production estimates for major food crops over the past five years are shown in table

2.5 below.

Table 2.5: Estimated Production of Major Food Crops in Kigoma Region 2000/01 - 2004/05

Tones

Crop/Year

2000/01

2001/02

2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 Yearly

Average

Maize

153,016

172,882

187,833

218,472 205,390 187,519

Sorghum

7,256

8,034

7,561

7,716 5,489 7,211

Cassava

154,840

165,380

169,726

218,309 213,221 184,295

Bananas

198,400

237,086

251,440

246,432 291,659 245,003

Beans

46,020

53,222

64224

82,155 57,259 60,576

Groundnuts

6,000

3,500

3,500

2,700 6,714 4,483

Sweet Potatoes

146,135

182,575

198,630

213,356 228,576 193,854

Pigeon Peas

2,327

2,564

2,526

2,535 2,695 2,529

Paddy

11,350

23,395

19,117

55,837 49,337 31,807

Total

725,344

848,638

904,557

1,047,512 1,060,340 917,278


23

Table 2.6: Area under Major Food Crops by District in Kigoma region 2004/05

Hectares

District/Crop Kasulu

Kibondo Kigoma

Rural Kigoma Urban Total

% of Total Area

Maize 71,357

30,816

35,616

1,800

139,589 35.8

Sorghum

3,112 7,016 - -

10,128 2.6

Cassava

14,795

11,269

40,234

610

66,908 17.2

Bananas

10,646

11,287

14,570

675 37,178 9.5

Beans

43,360

9,492

26,230

950

80,032 20.5

Groundnuts -

2,675 -

2,675 0.7

Sweet Potatoes

7,117

8,818 12,394 430

28,759 7.4

Pigeon Peas

3,375 - - -

3,375 0.9

Paddy

2,809

2,675

14,790 650

20,924 5.4

Total

156,571

84,048

143,834

5,115

389,568 100.0


Average food production in Kigoma Region in the past five years

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04

Years

tonnes

Maize

Sorghum

Cassava

Bananas

Beans

Groundnuts

Sweet Potatoes

Pigeon Peas

Paddy

24

Table 2.7: Estimated Area under Major Cash Crops Production 1999/00 - 2003/04

Year/Crop 1999/00 2000/01

2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 Average

Cotton

20

82

24

180 1,601 1,907

Tobacco

2,090

2,750

1,230

1,694 1,808 9,572

Coffee

11,950

5,487

4,149

5,083 5,405 32,074

Oil Palm

7,100

8,111

8,544

8,664 9,810 42,229

Ginger

775

685

562

495 573 3,090

Groundnuts

3,803

7,800

8,638

7,955 10,846 39,042

Irish Potatoes

320

368

372

1,029 2,842 4,931

Horticulture

420

561

606 590 2,177

Total

26,058

25,703

24,080

25,706 33,475 135,022


Estimated Area under Major Cash Crops Production

Irish Potatoes

4,931

Horticulture

2,177 Cotton

1,907

Tobacco

9,572

Coffee

32,074

Oil Palm

42,229

Ginger

3,090

Groundnuts,

39,042

25

2.3.4 Coffee Concentrated in the water areas of highland zone, coffee production has proved very

successful since its introduction in Kigoma region a few decades ago. Owing to the

fertile land and climate, Arabica coffee in Kigoma region produce the first berries at

the age of one and a half years compared to three years in other coffee production

areas. Except for the year 2003/04 when production fell to about 700 tons coffee has

been yielding a harvest of not less than 1,000 over each of the past five years.

2.3.5 Cotton The results of trial tests have shown the high potential for cultivation of cotton in the

low lands in the lakeshore zone and along the river valleys. Starting at a mere 12

tones in 1999/2000 season cotton growing has drastically increased to over seven

hundred tones in only five years. The crop is only dominant in Kibondo and Kasulu

districts where cotton is under irrigation schemes. There has been a slight increase

of about 3 percent in 2004/05 over 2003/04 production. Overall it can be said that

cotton growing is predominant in Kibondo district only. Cotton purchases in Kigoma

region ranged between 64,000 kilograms and 750,000 kilograms in the years

2002/03, 2003/04 and 2004/05 valued at between 20.8 million and 172.5 million

shillings. But despite good prices offered recently; cotton purchases nose-dived in

2005/06 in that only 186,792 kilograms were offered for sale fetching some 56.0

million shillings only!

2.3.6 Ginger Ginger is a new cash crop, which was introduced in the low lands areas in

Kasangezi Ward, Kasulu District. For the past five years, the acreage devoted to

ginger has been increasing steadily and the result has proved successful. There

exist opportune possibilities of commercializing its cultivation for both the local and

foreign markets. It appears that the emphasis given the growing of ginger is either

slackening or the prices have not been lucrative as its production has been on the

decline over the past four consecutive seasons ending 2004/05.

26

2.3.7 Horticulture Cultivation of horticulture crops may be carried along river valleys by means of

irrigation. Ample availability of water is ideal for horticulture. In Kigoma region

horticulture is mainly practiced in Kigoma Urban district where acreage has been

increasing from 420 hectares in 2000/01 to 590 hectares in the year 2003/04.

Ironically production has increased almost three fold during the period in question;

from 3,780 tons in 2000/01 to 9,440 tons realized in 2003/04. There exist

opportunities in the production of various fruits and vegetables such as pineapples,

passion fruits, tomatoes, onions and so forth, for the local and export market to the

neighboring countries. Actually production in horticulture has increased by about 38

percent in 2004/05 over that of 2003/04. Following is the trend of some of the cash

crops produced in the past five years:-

Table 2.8: Estimated Production of Major Cash Crops 2000/01 - 2004/05

Tons

Crop/Year 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 Yearly

Average

Cotton

15

15

64

745 765 320.8

Tobacco

1,132

1,226

1,440

1,190 2,322 1462.0

Coffee

1,398

1,505

1,737

710 1,574 1384.8

Oil Palm

5,680

5,906

12,079

8,775 9,786 8445.2

Ginger

10,400

8,705

8,730

2,765 596 6239.2

Groundnuts

3,998

6,673

6,577

4,742 8,004 5998.8

Irish Potatoes

2,760

2,976

6,689

19,618 28,023 12013.2

Horticulture

3,780

8,500

9,393

9,440 13,000 8822.6

Total

29,163

35,506

46,709

47985 64,070 44686.6


27

Average Production of Major Cash Crops

Oil Palm, 7446.0

Horticulture,

7778.2

Irish Potatoes,

6888.6

Ginger, 7515.0Groundnuts,

4913.8

Coffee

1327.8

Tobacco

1053.6Cotton

170.2

2.3.8 Oil Palm Oil Palm is the single income-earning crop, which can bring significant income to

large-scale farmers, medium scale and small scale out growers. The oil palm tree in

Kigoma Region produces more oil per unit area than any other vegetable oil

producing plants. It is said that one hectare of palm trees can produce up to 4.5

tones of red palm oil and 0.5 tons of kernel oil per annum. Kigoma being part of

Tanzania has high potential of vegetable oils production. Oil crops that thrive well in

the region include sesame, sunflower, groundnuts and oil palm. Oil palm production

had kept an upward trend in production between 1999/00 and 2002/03 but the

production dropped substantially in the 2003/04 season to 8,775 from 13,069 tones

the previous year. Kigoma is the main reliable source of raw material for Tanzanian

oil producing industries.

28

Table 2.9: Trend of Purchases of Selected Cash Crops in Kigoma Region 2000/01 - 2004/05

Crop/Year

2000/01

2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05

Purchases (Kg)

15,000

15,000

64,000

596,944 536,792

Cotton Value Tshs (000)

2,250

2,700

20,800

164,160 56,125

Purchases (Kg)

392,823

444,085

730,177

1,158,984 2,240,432

Tobacco Value Tshs (000)

164,799

236,666

508,432

1,010,699 2,366,811

Purchases (Kg)

515,398

290,136

1,119,918

724,958 803,000

Coffee Value Tshs (000)

370,844

209,232

729,953

955,027 803,000


Table 2.10: Coffee Production by District, in Kigoma Region 2000/01 – 2004/05

Kgs

District 2000/2001 2001/2002 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05

Kibondo 113,000 250,000 113,000 85,000 616,000

Kasulu 500,012 275,136 504,008 369,955 176,000

Kigoma (R) 492,101 386,800 551,900 355,003 1,530,000

Kigoma (U) - - - - -

Total 1,105,113 911,936 1,168,908 809,958 2,322,000


Table 2.11: Coffee Purchases in 2003/2004 and by Districts in Kigoma Region

District Crop Buyers Coffee

Purchased (Kgs)

Price (Shs/Kg)

Value of Purchases 000

Shs.

Kibondo Kanyovu Coop. Union

- - -

Kasulu Tanzania Coffee Board

369,955

1,814 671,035

Kigoma (R) Kanyovu Coop. Union

355,003

800 284,002

Total

724,958 - 955,037


29

Table 2.11 (a): Coffee Purchases in 2004/2005 and by Districts in Kigoma Region

District Crop Buyers Coffee Purchased (Kgs)

Price (Shs/Kg)

Value of Purchases 000 Shs.

Kibondo Kanyovu Coop. Union

10,000 1,000 10,000

Kasulu Tanzania Coffee Board 793,000

1,000 793,000

Kigoma (R)

Total 803,000 1,000 803,000

Source: Regional Commissioner’s Office , Kigoma, 2006 Table 2.12: Tobacco Production Trend by District, in Kigoma Region

District 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05

Kibondo 300,000

26,000

26,000

40,000

36,000

111,000

Kasulu 85636

55,780

- - 127,231

176,000

Kigoma (R) 375,621

558,505

274,849

358,449

690,177

1,436,876

Kigoma (U) - - - - -

Total

761,257

640,285

300,849

398,449

853,407 1,723,876


There is shortage of Agriculture Personnel in some districts of Kigoma region in that

there are only three (9) Agriculture Officers catering for the whole region and 93

agriculture field officers (agriculture assistants included). Kibondo, for instance,

which has a substantially large area in the region, has only one agriculture officer. In

other districts of Kigoma rural and Kasulu each has a couple of the agriculture

officers. These numbers are not adequate but strenuous to the farmers in general. In

fact there are more wards in the districts than the field officers / assistants, a

situation which calls for more attention especially for extension work. It appears,

however, that the situation is undergoing change that needs verification by the

30

agriculture regional authorities in the foreseeable future. The total workforce of the

agriculture personnel in 2006 was as presented in the table below.

Table 2.13: Type and Total number of Agriculture Sub-sector Personnel by District, 2006

District Agriculture Officers

Agriculture Field Officers

Total

Kibondo 1 34 35

Kasulu 2 19 21

Kigoma Rural 2 34 36

Kigoma Urban 4 4 8

Total 9 93 102

Source: Regional Commissioner’s Office , Kigoma, 2006 The situation of number of personnel remains more or less the same in the region as

there were three natural developments during the year; that of retirement due to old

age (1) and that caused by natural death (2). There were four cases under ‘other’

which could not be explained straight away.

Table 2.14 Attrition of all personnel in the agriculture sub-sector by district,

2006

Cause and Number of dropouts District Total personnel as at 1.1.2005

Death Retirement Brain drain Other Total

Kibondo 35 1 0 0 4 5

Kasulu 51 0 0 0 0 0

Kigoma Rural 38 1 1 0 0 2

Kigoma Urban 8 - - 0 0

Total 132 2 1 0 4 7


31

IRRIGATION Table 2.15 (a): Irrigation Prospects in Kibondo District 2005/06

Division Location Estimated Potential Area (Ha)

Area Under Irrigation (Ha)

Nyendera 200 151.2

Nyamsoma 100 80.0 Kibondo

Mgondogondo 150 120.0

Bugunga "A" 150 140.0

Bugunga "B" 150 136.8

Ruhwiti 200 140.0 Kakoko

Katengera 100 -

Kasanda Mhwazi 150 80.0

Ruguzye 2,260 400.0 Mabamba

Migende 200 80.0

Total 3,660 1,328.0

Source: Regional Commissioner’s Office , Kigoma, 2006 From the above table it shows that there is more than twice as much land as

irrigation potential than actual area under irrigation in Kibondo where area under

irrigation is about 36 percent. Some measures are called for to educate the small

farmers on how they can turn the potential for irrigation opportunity into higher

production agriculture through irrigated farms.

Table 2.15 (b): Irrigation Prospects in Kasulu District 2005/06

Division Location

Estimated Potential Area

(Ha) Area Under Irrigation (Ha)

Musambara, Kabanga and Kidyama 600 80.0

Titye, Migunga 1,000 100.0

Rungwe mpya, kaguruka 800 200.0

Kigondo, Kidyama, Ruhita 200 60.0

Murufiti, Nyansha 300 60.0

Heru Chini

Nkundutsi, Bugaga 800 150.0

Muzye, Mutala 400 100.0 Buyonga Kasangezi and Rusesa 300 85.0

Muyama Mugera, Kilelema 250 120.0

Kagerankanda, Mvinza 4,000 30.0 Makere Mwali, Nyarugusu 250 40.0

Heru Juu Munyegera, Nyamugali 450 80.0

Total 9,350 1,105.0


32

The pattern is quite different for Kasulu from that for Kibondo in that besides the

district having a larger area under irrigation than Kibondo; it utilizes only about 12

percent of the total potential irrigation area. No purposive irrigation efforts have been

made to use the Malagarasi waters for irrigation. The situation is worse in Kigoma

rural where only 2.8 percent is under irrigation of the total irrigation potential

amounting to 6,720 hectares. See table 2.15 (c), below.

Table 2.15 (c): Irrigation Prospects in Kigoma Rural District 2005/06

Division Location Estimated Potential Area (Ha) Area Under Irrigation

(Ha)

Pamila 1,000 12.0

Mkuti 100 14.0

Nyanganga 300 40.0

Kandaga 100 30.0

Mahembe Kalenge 20 10.0

Lwiche 1,500 - Mwandiga Kabeba/Bulenzi 400 -

Ilagala Machazo 1,000 60.0

Kashagulu 1,000 20.0

Mgambazi 1,000 - Buhingu Nkonkwa 300 -

Total 6,720 186.0

Source: Regional Commissioner’s Office , Kigoma, 2006 Kigoma Urban district is a bit better off than Kigoma rural where there is some 20

percent of the area under irrigation from the total potential. Irrigation is most

probably what makes horticulture thrive here; cultivating such various fruits and

vegetables as pineapples, passion, tomatoes and onions for local consumption and

for export to neighboring countries.

See table 2.15 (d)

Table 2.15 (d): Irrigation Prospects in Kigoma Urban District 2005 Division Location Estimated Potential Area (Ha) Area Under Irrigation (Ha)

Kigoma Kusini Kagera 3,000 600.0

Kigoma Kaskazini Gungu 30 5.0

Total 3,030 605.0


33

2.4 Livestock Keeping Livestock keeping practiced in Kigoma region is both traditional and commercial in

nature. A large proportion of cattle, goats and sheep are indigenous dominated by

pastoralists and agro pastoralists. There are also pigs of mixed breed in the region.

As far as poultry farming is concerned, it is practiced throughout the region; a larger

proportion of the domesticated lot is found in the rural areas while the improved

types are found in urban areas. The production system ranges from intensive small

– holder of dairy cattle/goats, pigs and poultry to the extensive traditional

management of indigenous cattle and poultry.

Table 2.16: Estimated Livestock Population by District, Kigoma Region, 2004/05 District Cattle Goats Sheep Donkeys Pigs Poultry

Kibondo

25,250

93,386

111,212 6

627 221,826

Kasulu

50,306

65,785

8,275 -

1,916 247,311

Kigoma ®

28,140

210,945

17,468 -

4,703 296,368

Kigoma (U)

2,805

3,404

1,336 -

1,670 80,147

Total

106,501

373,520

138,291 6

8,916 845,652


As it can be seen from Table 2.16, Kasulu district has almost half of the total cattle

population in Kigoma region with 50,306 herds followed by Kigoma rural with 28,140

and Kibondo district with 25,250. Kigoma urban had the fewest number of cattle at

only 2,805 herds. On the other hand Kigoma rural district has the highest percentage

of goats at 56 percent of all goats reared in Kigoma region, while Kibondo district

tops the list in sheep rearing with 111,212 out of a total of 138,291. Poultry keeping

is approximately evenly distributed in all the three rural districts of Kibondo, Kasulu

and Kigoma.

34

Fig 7: Chart showing number of different types of livestock in the region

Dif f erent t ypes o f Livest ock in t he Reg ion

373,520

138,291

106,501

8,916

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

350,000

400,000

Goats Sheep Cattle Pigs

Li vest ock

Although Kigoma region is one of the very large regions in Tanzania, most of its land

approximately (1,280,780 hectares) is infested with tsetse flies leaving only about

506,000 hectares suitable for grazing. Currently there are only 254,950 hectares

used for grazing in the whole region. Kibondo is the most infested district with

805,000 hectares i.e. 62.8 percent of the total area infested with tsetse flies in the

region. Hence the small number of cattle compared to other districts. Kibondo

District has large numbers of goats and sheep, as these two types of livestock prefer

the dry leaves and grass for their food which is available within the dwelling places

of human beings.

35

Table 2.17: Estimated Area under Grazing by District, Kigoma Region, 2004/05 District Land fit for

Grazing (Ha) Land used for Grazing (Ha)

Tsetse Fly infected Area

(Ha)

Kibondo 158,900 31,700 805,000

Kasulu 181,800 60,600 155,780

Kigoma Rural 160,000 160,000 320,000

Kigoma Urban 5300 2650 -

Total 506,000 254,950 1,280,780


2.4.1 Infrastructure Facilities

It is equally important to consider the adequacy of infrastructure facilities earmarked

for the livestock in the region. There are 33 dips, 3 hides and skins sheds, 3

abattoirs, all in working condition. Considering the number of livestock in the region

the facilities are adequate. The numbers of cattle per dip in the region are averaging

3,228, which is a much lower average than the required standard number per dip,

which is 5,000 cattle per dip. District wise the average number of cattle per dip are

Kibondo – 3,607; Kasulu –2,365; and Kigoma rural – 5,628 and Kigoma urban – no

working dip. It appears that the dips are more adequate in Kibondo and Kasulu

while they are not enough in both Kigoma rural and urban districts. There are 11

dips in Kigoma rural and only 2 dips in Kigoma urban that are not in working order at

the moment. Their revival is very vital so as to reduce the risk of disease outbreaks

and hence deaths of livestock in those districts.

Table 2.18: Livestock Infrastructure Distribution by District, Kigoma Region

2004/05

District Dips Veterinary Centers

Working Not Working

Total Working Not Working

Total

Crushes Hides Skins/ sheds

Slaughter slabs

Abattoirs

Kibondo 7 12 19 0 3 3 0 0 0 1

Kasulu 21 5 26 - 4 4 592 1 2 1

Kigoma Rural 5 11 16 - 4 4 1 - 5 -

Kigoma Urban - 2 2 - - - - 2 1 1

Total 33 30 63 0 11 11 593 3 8 3


36

2.4.2 Dairy Cattle and goats Besides the indigenous cattle producing milk, there has been a tendency by cattle

rearers of keeping specialized cattle – the Dairy Cattle - for the sole purpose of

producing milk for both consumption and sale. This activity in Kigoma Region is

more concentrated in urban centers than in rural areas probably because of the

availability of livestock medicines and a ready market for the milk.

Table 2. 19: Distribution of Dairy Cattle by District, Kigoma Region, 2004/05

District Number of Dairy

Cattle Number of Owners

Kibondo 848 58

Kasulu 899 550

Kigoma Rural 311 200

Kigoma Urban 1484 416

Total 3,542 1,224

Source: Regional Commissioner’s Office , Kigoma, 2006 Table 2.20: Distribution of Dairy Goats by District, Kigoma Region, 2004/05 and 2005/06

District Number of Dairy Goats Number of

Owners

Kibondo 676 Refugee Camp

Kasulu 105 75

Kigoma Rural - -

Kigoma Urban 462 51

Total 1,243 126


2.4.3 Livestock Diseases

Naturally due to insufficiency of medicines, livestock in Kigoma region are haunted

by various diseases notably East Coast Fever, Anaplasmosis, balesiosis, foot and

mouth disease, and helmintiasis to mention but a few. Other diseases that happen to

trouble the animals frequently are as summarized in the tables below; -

37

Table 2.21: Morbidity and deaths from Livestock diseases of Cattle by district in Kigoma Region 2004/05

Type of disease Kasulu Kibondo Kigoma Rural Kigoma Urban

Occurrence Deaths

Occurrence

Deaths

Occurrence

Deaths

Occurrence

Deaths

East Cost Fever 394 46 482

185 - - 128 19

Anaplasmosis 379 31 256 36 - - 143 2

Balesiosis 268 19 75 2 85 13 12 -

Heart Water 118 29 122 2 - - 30 -

Trypamosomosis - - 48 3 - - - -

Helminthiasis 8,364 33 - - - - - -

Foot and Mouth - - - - 432 - -

Wagana - - - - 1,675 5 - -

Ndigana (Kali and Baridi) - - - - 942 140 - -

Mastitis - - - - 715 9 45


2.4.3.1 N.C.D

Reading from the table of poultry diseases below it is conclusive that there occurred

an NCD outbreak in Kasulu and Kibondo districts from which high numbers of

poultry died. There were only 200 survivors out of a total 5,278. This suggests that

there are poor or no readily available personnel and clinics where such outbreaks

could be detected as early and the situation contained pretty fast.

2.4.3.2 Cocdyosis

There was another outbreak in Kigoma Rural in which out of 4,900 cocdyosis

occurrences in poultry, 3,700 of fowls died. It attacked Kigoma Urban rather

moderately for out of 2,446 fowls only 120 died.

2.4.3.3 Fowl pox

Fowl Pox is another deadly disease that attacks chicken. Again it was in Kigoma

Rural where the disease struck more severely, with 3,000 dead out of 25,000. It was

rather moderate in Kigoma Urban where 46 deaths were recorded out of 715

occurrences. Otherwise there were some other diseases, which occurred

occasionally killing much less poultry. They included coryza, CR disease,

38

Helminthiasis, and salmonelosis as they do appear in the table enumerating all

diseases that occurred in Kigoma region.

Table 2.22: Morbidity and deaths from diseases of Poultry by district in Kigoma Region 2004/05 Type of disease Kasulu Kibondo Kigoma Rural Kigoma Urban

Occurrence Deaths

Occurrence

Deaths

Occurrence

Deaths

Occurrence

Deaths

N.C.D 4,678 4,678 600

400 - - - -

B.W - - 100 30 - - - -

C.R - - 80 40 - - - -

Cocdyosis - - 100 60 4,900 3,700 2,446 120

Helminthiasis 2,100 - - - 820 12 - -

Salmonelosis 1,950 178 - - - - - -

Fowl Pox - - - - 25,000 3,000 715 46

Metritis - - - - 60 - - -

Coryza - - - - - - 611 86


2.5 Production and Sales of animal products

(a) Hides and Skins

Table 2.23: Production and sales of hides and skins in Kigoma Region 2000 - 2004 Production of hides 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Number of hides and skins

14,618

12,458

14,155

27,615

16,376 35,616

Value in shs (000)

17,616

17,545

17,469

47,658

24,453 57,675

Source: Regional Commissioner’s Office , Kigoma, 2006 The production of hides and skins in Kigoma region has shown an increase although

there is a dent of that production in the year 2004. Generally it has been on the

increase since the year 2000. Similarly the values have been on the increase. It

seems there is not much price fluctuation in the sales of hides and skins. The

average price of hides and skins was Shillings 1,205 in year 2000, rose to Shillings

1,726 in 2003 and fell a little to Shillings 1,620 in the year 2005. But all in all it shows

that there is potential in hides and skins market.

39

2.5.1 Animals slaughtered

Table 2.24: Number of Livestock slaughtered in Kigoma Region 2000 - 2005 Number of Animals 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Cattle 9,295 8,354 8,737 10,745 8,953 10,243

Sheep/Goats 11,595 14,573 19,498 22,152 20,951 20,573

Pigs 1,872 1,225 2,042 1,626 3,477 2,966


Looking at the two above tables there appears to be a big variance between the

number of hides and skins sold and the corresponding number of the goats and

cattle slaughtered in the same year. In the year 2000 for instance, there were 20,880

animals slaughtered but only 14,618 hides and skins were sold. Come 2002, there

were 28,135 cattle, goats and sheep slaughtered but in reality only 14,155 hides and

skins sold. I wonder if there is full exploitation of the market for the product.

2.5.2 Milk TABLE 2.25: Milk Production and Sales in Kigoma Region 2000 - 2005 Production 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005*

Volume (Litres) 2,714,745 4,893,746 6,607,119 7,172,519 7,383,836 1,074,560

Value in Shs. (000) 407,211 734,062 1,321,424 1,434,503 1,476,767 214,912

Source: Regional Commissioner’s Office , Kigoma, 2006 Note: * Refers to data for Kigoma Urban only

There is a positive indication that milk production has been on the increase in the

region at least, for the observed five years. There has been however, a slight

increase in milk prices of about 50 shillings only. A litre of the commodity sold at 150

shillings in year 2000 and by year 2004 the same litre cost 200 shillings indicating

rather stability in the price of milk. Despite its small population compared to other

rural districts, Kigoma Urban commands a sizeable volume in the production and

value of milk contributed to regional total. Here below are two tales for production

40

and sales figures for Kigoma Urban and Kigoma as a rural district for the past six

years.

Table 2.25(a): Production of milk in Kigoma Urban District

Production 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Milk in Litres 745,000 1,138,200 1,323,000 1,373,400 1,814,338 1,074,560 1,103,760

Sales (Shs. 000) 186,250 284,550 396,900 412,020 544,301 214,912 220,752,000

Table 2.25 (b): Production of milk in Kigoma Rural District

Production 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Milk in Litres 166,740 2,032,560 3,660,716 4,175,759 4,206,960 77,980

Sales (Shs.000) 33,348 406,512 732,143 835,141 841,392 15,596

Source: Regional Commissioner’s Office , Kigoma, 2006 2.5.2 Eggs

Egg producton in Kigoma region is dominated by the Kigoma urban district where

the intensive system of livestock keeping is practiced. There are small

concentrations of such livestock keeping also in other district urban centres such

as Kasulu town and Kibondo town centre. As such the number of trays of eggs

produced per year has ever been increasing save for 2004 when there was a

serious fall both in production and sales.

Table 2.26: Production and Sales of eggs in Kigoma Region 2000 - 2005 Production 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Eggs (trays) 391,539 580,949 788,638 871,137 121,093 427,626

Value in Shs (000) 55,466 97,101 138,836 158,869 98,797 612,110


This phenomenon in the fall of egg production is evidenced particularly in Kigoma

urban district, the major producer. Taking 2003 as a simple base year, it shows that

egg production fell by 91.2 points in 2004, giving rise to the overall fall in the regional

production of 86.1 points. There appears to have encountered a disaster which has

41

not been given enough weight through its identification and finally its arrest. The

disaster was a combination of N.C.D, Cocdyosis and fowl pox. These diseases

attacked the fowls and caused death to numerous chicken resulting to a drastic fall

in the egg production during 2004.

Table 2.26 (a) Production of eggs in Kigoma Urban District alone

Production 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Number (trays) 354,674 542,809 746,308 825,625 72,615 189,920 Sales 28,373 43,424 67,167 82,562 7,261 78,992

Source: Regional Commissioner’s Office , Kigoma, 2006 The total number of livestock personnel began at 86 in opening the year 2006. There were

no unusual incidents in that only two staff dropped out of the sector during the year; hence

ending the year with a total of 84 personnel of all ranks in the region as the table 2.27

below indicates.

Table 2.27: Attrition of all personnel in the livestock sub-sector by district in Kigoma Region 2006

Cause and number of dropouts

District Total personnel as at 1.1.2006 Death Retirement

Brain drain

Other Total

Kibondo 28 - - - 2 2

Kasulu 21 0 0 0 0 0

Kigoma Rural 30 - - - - 0

Kigoma (U) 7 - - - - 0

Total 86 0 0 0 2

Source: Regional Commissioner’s Office , Kigoma, 2006 Livestock officers are concentrated in Kasulu and Kigoma rural districts. Kigoma urban does

not have a resident livestock officer assuming that those in stationed in Kigoma rural carter

also for Kigoma urban. The livestock field officers are somewhat evenly distributed except

Kigoma urban which has a single digit number of field officers as it has a smaller number of

large animals (cattle, goats, sheep and pigs) compared to the rural districts. The situation as

in 2006 is as set the following table.

42

Table 2.28: Type and total number of Livestock sub-sector personnel by district, 2006

District Livestock Officers

Livestock Field Officers

Total

Kibondo 1 25 26

Kasulu 3 18 21


Kigoma Urban - 7 7

Total 8 76 84


2.6 NATURAL VEGETATION AND FORESTS 2.6.1 Natural Forests Kigoma region has great diversity of vegetation type namely montane forests,

riverine forest and closed and open miombo woodlands. Other vegetation type

includes montane grasslands, open grasslands, wooden grasslands, bush

grasslands, bamboo thickets and swampy vegetation. Miombo woodlands are the

major vegetation type occupying about 45.1 percent of the land area consisting

mostly of braches taiga, jubernardia and isoberlimia species. Kigoma has an

estimated cover of forest and woodland amounting to over 842,000 hectares and

ranks fourth after Tabora, Morogoro and Rukwa Regions in Tanzania. The swampy

vegetation is dominated by mat forming species covering the area of Malagarasi and

Muyowosi Ramser site.

Table 2.29: Forest Cover in hectares by District Kigoma Region 2005 District Natural forest

reserve area Forest

plantation area

Forest cover on

Public/village land

Other reserved land area*

Kibondo 6,149 20 2,000 -

Kasulu 214,260 367 25,140 1,000 Wet land 198,400 Nyamroha wild life management area

Kigoma Rural 120,347 241 300,000 -

Kigoma Urban 173,142 5 - -

Total 393,551 392 25,140

Estimated % cover

* National Park and Game Reserve areas outside Forest Reserves.

43

The forests and woodlands support wood-based industries as well as contribute

more than 92% of natural energy requirement in the region. Furthermore, they

support most communities by providing food, shelter, medicine, fruits and income to

many people. Forests and woodlands also provide habitats for wildlife and are a

good source of many non-wood forests products such as tourism, game (Mahale

and Gombe national parks and Muyowosi game reserve), bee production that is,

honey, beeswax, propolis and tannins.

Table 2. 30: Forest Reserves in Kigoma Region 2005

Districts Name of Forest

Reserve Type Ownership

Size in Hectares

Illegal Harvesting

level*

Encroached Area (Ha)

Buyungu Forest Reserve

Miombo

Local Authority

2128.7

Fair

Not surveyed

Kibondo Mwalye P.R. Miombo Central

Government -

- Not surveyed

Mkuti Miombo C. Govt 37448 Severe No data

North Makere Miombo C. Govt 78080

Fair No data

South Makere Miombo C. Govt 98528 Fair No data Kasulu

Makinging Hill Miombo D.council 204 Fair No data

Basanza Miombo Central Govt.

5,376

Insignificant

85

Ilunde Miombo Central Govt. 6,144 Insignificant 55

Lugufu Moist Montane “

3,584

Insignificant

60

Mkongoro Miombo “ 98.4 Severe 90

Mpanda Line Moist Montane “ 35612

Insignificant 120

Mkuti Moist Montane “ 12850

Severe 8000

Nkungwe Miombo “ 5808 Severe 4,000

Uvinza Miombo “ 16640 Insignificant 100

Rukunda Miombo “ 4500 Insignificant 5

Kigoma Rural

Kachambi Miombo “ 3525 Insignificant 7 Kigoma Urban

Kitwe Miombo Government 129ha

NIL NIL

* Severe, fair, insignificant, nil


44

2.6.2 Tree Seedlings

As it were, in the wake of aforestation in most parts of Tanzania, Kigoma has made

strides to this effect at least in the immediate past five years. All districts except

Kigoma urban have had tree seedlings raised as shown in the tables II 28a and II

28b below. Public institutions, villages, Non Government Organizations as well as

individuals have raised the seedlings. In fact like NGOs are more involved in the

plantation under the wider umbrella of environmental conservation in almost all

districts. The institutions include CARE, EMMA, BONGWE and REDESO in Kasulu

district, TACARE, CARE and SIMMORS in Kigoma rural district and TACARE in

Kigoma urban district. Those operating in Kibondo district have as their objective:

development of tree nurseries. They are REDESO, TCRS development, KIEMA and

VESCA. They are active in refugee camps, divisions and whole districts.

45


Reading from the seedling planting figures given for the past more than five years

they reveal that the activity has been going on at an impressively increasing rate.

But the seedling sustainability is not discussed anywhere in this chapter. It is hoped

that the figures pertaining to their survival are both substantial and quantifiable at

any one point in time, say, a year. Because if there are no balanced efforts for

sustainability as there are for planting the seedlings, it would appear that the planting

is more of a political move than forestation efforts as it should be. The figures in the

two following tables testify this.

TREE SEEDLING RAISED IN SIX YEARS

2,450,479

4,643,955

2,326,505

1,863,082

1,998,429

8,644,176

0 1,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,000 4,000,000 5,000,000 6,000,000 7,000,000 8,000,000 9,000,000 10,000,000

1994/95

1999/2000

2000/2001

2001/2002

2002/2003

2003/2004

Years

Number

46

Table 2.31 (a): Tree Seedlings raised by district in Kigoma region

District 1994/95 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05

Kibondo 1,176,000 630,900

450,000

300,000 650,144 635,572

621,000

Kasulu 1,074,479 2,771,055

735,887

508,582 240,285

1,102,176

470,334

Kigoma Rural 200,000 1,242,000

1,140,618

1,054,500 1,108,000

1,332,000

1,332,000

Kigoma Urban - - - - - -

-

Total 2,450,479 4,643,955 2,326,505 1,863,082 1,998,429 3,069,748 2,423,334

Source: Regional Commissioner’s Office , Kigoma, 2006 Table 2.31(b): Tree Seedlings raised by institutions in Kigoma region

Institution 1994/95 1999/2000 2000/2001 2001/2002 2002/2003 2003/2004 2004/05

C. Govt 6,422 10,826

13,658 84,892 11,843 .. ..

D. Council 2,581,773 3,598,598

1,525,763 362,368 1,201,257

663,551

709,084

Village Govt 125,000 150,000

120,000 170,000 110,000 ..

115,000

Schools 400,000 750,498

331,989 430,918 351,361

361,692 446,000

NGO’s 335,000 895,864

1,234,332 1,037,755 1,816,896

1,498,839

1,815,813

Others 139,000 343,333

49,266 288,875 195,000

300,000

616,437

Total 3,587,195 5,749,119 3,275,008 2,374,808 3,686,357 2,824,082 3,702,334

N.B. .. Figures not availed Source: Regional Commissioner’s Office , Kigoma, 2006 2.6.3 NGOs involvement It is not uncommon these days to find international and national organizations

supporting local societies in conserving environmental and other socially oriented

activities in all Tanzanian regions. Likewise Kigoma region is supported by a number

of such non-governmental organizations. They include CARE, WORLD VISION,

TANZANIA RED CROSS to mention but a few. Their true representation in various

districts in Kigoma region are as given in table 2.32.

47

Table 2.32: NGO Involved in Environmental Conservation in Kigoma Region 2005

Districts Name of

Organization Objective

Area of Operation By

District

Care Environmental conservation and tree planting

Mtabila, Muyovosi and Nyarugusu refugee camps and villages of Mugombe ,Nyakitonto, shunga Buhoro, Makere Kitagata ,Nyachenda Nyamidaho, Mvugwe ,Nyarugusu, Mvinza and Kagerankanda

EMMA Environmental conservation Nyatare and Nyasha villanges

Word vision Food security at household level

Muyama and Makere Division

IRC In camp activities (Muyovosi, Mtabila A and B )

Refugee camps

BOGWE Environmental conservation

REDESO Environmental conservation and capacity building

Refugee camps

Kasulu

Tanzania Red Cross

HIV/AIDS Control Nyarugusu Nyachenda Makere, Mgombe,Kanazi Kitema ,and Nyakitonto

TACARE Environment conservation 25 villages along the shore of

Lake Tanganyika

CARE - do - In Refugee Camps and

surrounding villages

Kigoma Rural

SIMMORS - do - Eight villages

Kigoma Urban TACARE Environmental Conservation Kigoma Urban

REDESO TREE NURSERY The whole District

TCRS DEV. TREE NURSERY The whole District

KIEMA TREE NURSERY Two division Kibondo

VESCA TREE NURSERY Two division


Another source of government revenue from forestry products is from timber sales.

As far as Kigoma region is concerned, there were just a few areas that captured

revenue from timber sales which have been reported here. Although it is not known

whether these points which captured the data are exhaustive for all districts in the

region, it can be said that the shown figures are on the low side.

48

Table 2.33: Timber Sales from Forest Reserves / Plantations Kigoma Region TAS

Name of Reserve or Plantation

2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05

Kibondo:

Nyawela 176,000

144,000 120,000 48,000

Kumwayi 136,000

152,000 104,000 224,000

1,250,000

520,000 440,000 120,000

1,020,000

1,050,000 1,350,000 1,355,000

30,000 60,000

30,000 1,670,000

30,000 120,000

Total 2,582,000

1,896,000 2,134,000 1,747,000 1,790,000

Kasulu:

Heru Juu F.P. 269,730

248,600 578,000 541,610 2,045,000

Mharuro F.P 80,922

124,400 200,500 180,540 666,400

Sales of Trees 24,070 - 22,500 30,090 1,829,600

29,878 - 66,000 60,180 325,000

112,600

304,300 313,360 2,799,730 536,000

105,600

143,200 156,690 1,399,870 69,050

Total 622,800

820,500 1,337,050 5,012,020 1,212,350

N.B: There were no timber sales for Kigoma Rural and Urban Districts.


2.6.4 Charcoal and Firewood

In the absence of reliable source of energy in Tanzania her population resorts to

various alternative sources such as charcoal and firewood depending on the

abundance of the product under consideration. In Kigoma for instance, electricity is

rather a rare commodity. Electricity is mostly available in the large industries, farms,

public lighting in towns and in households, mainly in urban centres. Charcoal and

49

firewood is then the main source of energy for cooking and households’ lighting.

Although there is an unexplainable dent in charcoal production in 2003/04, generally

its production has ever been increasing at least in the last five years. Charcoal

production is more distinct in Kigoma Rural district as the production supports two

districts; consumption in Kigoma Rural District and Kigoma Urban District which has

a limited forest cover to accommodate the activity. Kasulu District charcoal

production is generally low compared to other districts; but it has a very high

firewood production / consumption.

Table 2.34: Production of charcoal by district, Kigoma region Bags

District 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05

Kibondo 10,721 10,139 12,000

4,000

20,639

Kasulu 4,225 2,469 2,413

6,664 4,126

Kigoma Rural

14,400

16,800

20,000

13,860

9,500

Kigoma Urban - - - - -

Total 29,346 29,408 34,413 24,524 34,265


As pointed out earlier, firewood production is generally on the high side in Kasulu

District. There are two main factors influencing the situation; the availability of fairly

dense forests in Kasulu and probably the high refugee figures in the district

automatically demand the commodity especially for cooking. Production of the

commodity in the district is in millions of cubic meters! The year 2002/03 hit all the

high in that the district produced more than 4,288,000 cubic meters of firewood. It is

yet to be ascertained why there was such a demand in that particular year. Thre is

however unexplainable fall for the production in 2004/05 of some 639,200 cubic

meters. Kibondo is the second large producer of firewood in the region with mild

figures of between 36,490 and 74,467 cubic meters per year. Kigoma Rural district is

down in the table as production in the district is only about 2,000 cubic meters per

annum.

50

Table 2.35: Production of firewood in by District in Kigoma Region Cu. Mtrs.

District 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05

Kibondo 74,467 67,348 71,658 53,662 36,490

Kasulu 1,105,800 1,692,600 4,288,800 1,829,600 639,200

Kigoma Rural

2,118

1,476

1,639

1,983

1,022


Total 1,182,385 1,761,424 4,362,097 1,885,245 676,712


The staffing position of personnel in the forestry department in Kigoma Region is

manned mainly by Assistant Forest Officers and Forest Attendants. As such there

are only two Forest Officers; one in Kibondo and another one in Kigoma Rural

District.

Table 2.36: Type and total number of Forest personnel by district, 2006

District Forest Officers Assistant Forest Officers and Forest Attendants

Total

Kibondo 1 6 7

Kasulu - 13 13

Kigoma Rural 1 9 9

Kigoma Urban - 4 4

Total 2 31 33


The entry /exit situation was not all that bad in Kigoma Region in year 2006 in that

there were only two occurrences of departing the department in that year: one

natural cause, “death” and another who had opted to leave for greener pasture

elsewhere. There remained 32 staff out of the thirty four who started the year 2005

as the below shows.

51

Table 2.37: Attrition of all personnel in the Forest sub-sector by district, 2005

Cause and Number of dropouts District Total personnel

as at 1.1.2005

Death Retirement Brain drain Other Total

Kibondo 7 - - - - -

Kasulu 13 - - - - -

Kigoma Rural 10 - - 1 - 1

Kigoma Urban 4 1 - - - 1

Total 34 1 0 1 0 2

Source: Regional Commissioner’s Office , Kigoma, 2006 2.7 FISHERIES

Lake Tanganyika has high potential for fishing as it boasts more than 2,000 species

of flora and fauna and is among the richest fresh water ecosystems in the world. Of

these species, more than 600 are endemic to basin and comprise a remarkable

percentage of fish (over 250 species are cichlids), gastropods, bivalves, ostrapoda,

decapods, copepods, leeches, sponges and many other species. The lake is

incredibly rich in ornamental fish.

The main activity of the people living along / close to the shore of the lake is fishing.

It is estimated that a total of 10,000 fishermen are engaged in fishing in the four

countries surrounding the lake vis Burundi, DRC, Tanzania and Zambia. While the

fish potential in the lake is estimated at a little more than 300,000 tons; annual

catches for Tanzania stand at between 150,000 and 190,000 tons. Lake

Tanganyika’s total biomass fluctuates in line with seasonal variations of rather

common environmental factors especially levels of annual rainfall, nutrition

(plankton) and related changes, wind and temperature, among other things.

Despite the diversity of the fish varieties in Lake Tanganyika, catches are made

primarily of 6 endemic and pelagic species. They are 2 plankton-eating clupeid

sardines (Limnothrissa miodon and Stolothrissa tanganicae) locally known as the

famous “dagaa” which represent 70% of all the catches, and 4 predating

centropomidae all of genus Lates which account for 25% of the catches (Lates

stappersii known as “mgebuka”, Lates angustifrons known as “ngomba”, Lates

52

mariae known as “sangara” and Lates microlepis known as “nonzi”. The dagaa are

small fish with a short life span but highly productive and nutritious.

Table 2.38: Fisheries Resource Facilities and Fish caught by District in Kigoma Region for selected years


2.7.1 Fishing Methods In Lake Tanganyika fishing is practiced more at night because most methods consist

of attracting the clupeid by light, from night lift fishing nets with non-motorized or

motorized boats. Fishing activities stop altogether during the full moon for about 10

days or so. Traditional and artisan fishing are the two types easily identified in Lake

Tanganyika. Traditional fishing is mainly practiced for subsistence and uses a wide

variety of gears such as gill nets, scoop nets, lines and hooks, long lines and traps.

Catches are made up primarily of pelagic species. The boats used are planked or

dugout about 3 – 4 meters long and not self propelled.

Artisan fishing is practiced by using two boats/canoes in a planked of about 9.5–10

meters long with an average of 15–16 pressure lamps, a square net of 100–120

meters circumference times 800–1000 mesh down and an average of 6–7 fishermen

boat propelled by a 40–75 horse power engine. Catches are mainly pelagic–clupeids

and lattes.

Fish Caught in Tons District Number of Fishing Licenses Number of Fishermen

Number of Registered Fishing Vessels

2002/03 2004/05 2005/06 2002/03 2004/05 2005/06 2002/03 2004/05 2005/06 2000/01 2002/03 2004/05

Kibondo 120 80 121 120 80 121

100 100 106

189

199 53

Kasulu 423 336 336 423 336 336

423 328 328 9,215 9,134 2,150

Kigoma Rural 346 1,408 1,800 1,384 1,377 1,787

346 351 450

92,000

58,400

83,754

Kigoma Urban 117 213 299 660 854 1,126

117 213 299

340

376

326.65

Total 1,006 2,037 2,556 2,587 2,647 3,370

986 992 1,175

101,744 68,109

86,283

53

Table 2.39: Revenue in ‘000’ Shs. from Fishermen by District in Kigoma

Region

Source: Regional Commissioner’s Office , Kigoma, 2006 From the above table it shows the potential embedded in the fishing sector although

it has not been exploited fully. It can be said that the fishing industry has its roots in

Kigoma rural district which contributes more than half of total earnings from the

region in this sector. As of 2006 the district earned more than 10.9 Million Shillings

from the fishing industry alone accounting for more than 54 percent. Even Kigoma

Urban is very active in this activity such that the district accounts for about 20

percent of total earnings in this industry.

2.7.2 Processing and marketing:

Fish lands fresh along different fish landing areas where transactions start. Fish is

processed in artisan manner in such a way that clupeids are dried on the sand

specialized areas for that purpose. Small portions of clupeids are dried on elevated

platforms/drying racks. Another technique is that of drying the fish whole. This is

mainly done for lattes steppers I. Small-scale operators who are sometimes the

fishermen themselves and their families carry out-processing. The losses incurred

through these rudimentary processing methods are rather high in that they may

reach the 15-20% level especially during the rain season.

District

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Kibondo 536 540 882

360 544

Kasulu 2,443 854 1,621

1,196 6,619

Kigoma Rural 6,192 5,616 7,291 9,086 10,880

Kigoma Urban 1,970 1,860 2,556

2,376 2,066

Total 11,140 8,870 12,350

13,018 20,110

54

As far as ornamental fish are concerned it appears that there is a big potential and

demand from overseas! There are unorganized catching of ornamental fish which is

going round Lake Tanganyika throughout the year. Such fish have their established

markets abroad but their activities’ records are rather scanty, if any. There is no

single spot where such fishing is done and is carried out using small fishermen.

Some conceited efforts need to be done by the fisheries department in order to

gauge this upcoming and expensive activities because it ought to bring in colossal

amounts of revenue.

Table: 2.40: Attrition of all personnel in the fisheries sub-sector by district, 2006.

Cause and Number of dropouts District

Total all personnel as at

1.1.2006 Death Retirement Brain drain

Other Total

Kibondo 2 - - - - -

Kasulu 4 - - - - -

Kigoma Rural 16 - - - - -

Kigoma Urban 4 - - - - -

Total 26 - - - - -

Source: Regional Commissioner’s Office , Kigoma, 2006 For the time being staffing in the fisheries sector seems to be fairly adequate

although those in Kigoma Rural District tend to be overworked due to the longer

stretches of the shore they have to render their services. However This district has

the highest number of fisheries staff of 16 out of 26; a bout sixty two percent of the

regional total. Supposedly the fisheries officer responsible for Kigoma rural district

avails his/her services to Kigoma urban district as well although the district has a

short landing shore.

55

Table 2.41: Type and total number of Fisheries personnel by district, 2006

District Fisheries Officers

Assistant Fisheries Officers and Fisheries Assistants

Total

Kibondo 1 1 2

Kasulu - 4 4


Kigoma Urban - 4 4

Total 2 24 26

Source: Regional Commissioner’s Office , Kigoma, 2006 2.8 BEEKEEPING

The large forests endowed Kigoma Region has the potential for beekeeping, as

there are many nectar yielding tree species and flowery agricultural plants. As

expected, there are many traditional beehives than modern ones in the region with

Kibondo taking the lion’s share of about 76.0 percent, Kasulu with 21.5 percent and

Kigoma rural with fewest traditional beehives at 2.5 percent in 2005.Due to the

nature of Kigoma urban District; it had no single beehive in that year..

Table 2.42: Number of Traditional Beehives by District 2000 – 2005 in Kigoma Region

District 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Kibondo 55,549

55,549 62,179 64,292 64,324

Kasulu 16,500

16,952 17,402 18,160 18,910

Kigoma Rural 1,386

2,650 4,760 2,150 1,015


Total 73,435 75,151 84,341 84,602 84,249

Source: Regional Commissioner’s Office , Kigoma, 2006 Generally the number of morden beehives has been increasing at a slight rate.

There were 68,331 beehives in the year 2000. Their number increased to 72,049

and 72,501 in the following two years but dwindled to 17,484 and 18,033 in 2003

and 2004 respectively. However, productivity of both honey and beeswax has ever

been on the increase side by side with their values as given in the two following

tables.

56

Table 2.43: Number of Modern Beehives by District 2000 – 2005 in Kigoma Region

Number

District 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Kibondo - - 29 82 181 200

Kasulu 100 - - 150 24 326

Kigoma Rural - - 818 12 24 1,570

Kigoma Urban - - - - - -

Total 100 0 847 244 229 2,096

Table 2.44: Beekeeping Products and Value in Kigoma Region 2000 – 2005

Honey Beeswax Year

Kgs. T.shs. Kgs. T.shs.

2000 352,630 108,674,000 20,034 14,273,800

2001 230,000 69,819,000 8,980 8,921,600

2002 150,777 59,522,320 2,527 2,652,700

2003 302,356 249,816,931 14,794 8,883,316

2004 220,714 95,447,336 5,803 5,376,000

2005 153,735 110,662,900 3,268 4,243,800

Average 235,035 115,657,081 9,234 7,391,869


2.9 COMMERCE AND TRADE 2.9.1 CROSS BORDER TRADE The location of Kigoma town along Lake Tanganyika is of vital importance as a port

for cross border trade among neighboring countries of Burundi, DRC, Rwanda and

Zambia. It is estimated that about 15 million people who live around here depend on

Kigoma town as their shopping center. There is a great demand for commodities like

fish; cereals (maize, pigeon peas, beans, cassava); building materials (cement,

roofing sheets, iron bars, and lime); petroleum products; electronic products; salt

from Uvinza salt mines; plastic materials; livestock; red palm oil and palm kernel.

57

Traditionally the port of Kigoma and the central railway line has been the trades get

way for Eastern DRC, Burundi, and Rwanda. Reports from shipping operations by

APO, which operates lake port of Kigoma on lease has it that, the port has capacity

of handling up to 500,000 metric tones of general cargo to these countries per year.

The value of trade exports from and via Kigoma to neighboring countries between

2002 January and December 2004 are as shown in the three tables below:

Table: 2.45: Volume and Value of Exports to DRC, Burundi and Rwanda from

Kigoma Region, 2002 – 20004

Source: Tanzania Revenue Authority

2002 2003 2004

ITEM Volum

e Value Shs.

Volume

Value Shs.

Volume

Value

Salt (Bags) 120,12

2 647,910 439,631 1,798,151 545,117 2,321,789

Sardines (Bags) 667 30,015 37,699 1,464,666 10,687 488,222

Palm Kernel Oil (Litres) 80,000 9,600 46,800 6,940 25,000 13,906

Lime Stone (Bags) 120 72,000 0 0 0 0

58

SECTION III 3.0 SOCIAL SERVICES

3.1 EDUCATION

3.1.1 PRE-PRIMARY SCHOOLS

Over the years the Ministry of Education in Tanzania has cultivated a culture of

enrolling primary school pupils on the basis of a pre requisite of some prepatory

schooling in what used to be known as kindergarten schools now commonly known

as Pre-primary schools. The pre-primary schools have increased over years, in the

case of Kigoma Region, from 153 schools in 1995 to a remarkable 472 in 2004, an

increase of more than three times that of 1995. The pre-primary normally enrolls

pupils aged between four and six years. So the pupils do at least one year before

entering standard one in primary schools.

Government owned schools numbered 380 in 2004 while those owned by private

institutions and individuals were 92 with total enrollment of 9460 and 805 for the two

types of ownership respectively. The tables below show the number of nursery

schools and their enrollment by district:

Table 3.1 (a): PRE-PRIMARY SCHOOLS BY OWNERSHIP AND BY DISTRICT

District 1995 1998 2000 2002 2003 2004

G NG G NG G NG G NG G NG G NG

Kibondo - - - - 10 - 67 6 88 6 159 22

Kasulu 64 30 68 30 74 30 80 30 123 31 188 32

Kigoma Rural 1 22 1 22 2 22 4 23 9 30 17 34

Kigoma Urban 6 - 4 1 13 2 13 2 13 4 16 4

Total 71 52 73 53 99 54 164 61 233 71 380 92


Correspondingly, total enrolment in pre-primary schools has been increasing over

the period from 3,752 in 1995 to 18,605 recorded in 2004. This is a result of

awareness the parents who not only realize the importance of sending their children

to school but also their zeal of sending better prepared pupils to primary schools.

Along with this is the drive for the establishment of non government pre-primary

schools. This can be observed from the year 2002 when six such schools were

established enrolling at least some 180 pupils. The enrollment of pre-primary pupils

in non government schools has been erratic over the years for no apparent reason,

59

with 2003 registering the highest enrollment of 5,620 while it showed 4,532 and

2,208 the preceding two years of 2002 and 2003 respectively. It is difficult for these

facts to be conclusive as Kibondo and Kigoma rural data cells for 2004 are empty.

TABLE 3.1(b): TOTAL ENROLMENT IN PRE-PRIMARY SCHOOLS BY OWNERSHIP AND BY DISTRICT IN KIGOMA REGION

District 1995 1998 2000 2002 2003 2004

G NG G NG G NG G NG G NG G NG

Kibondo - - - -

203 -

5,821

180

3,054

1,350

6,243

Kasulu

1,920

750

2,720

900

2,960

1,050

3,200

1,050

4,435

1,187

7,247

1,267

Kigoma Rural

700

382

1,002

864

436

3,392

837

682

1,269

1,758

1,351

Kigoma Urban - -

186 -

393

90

954

296

680

1,325

1,692

805

Total

2,620

1,132

3,908

1,764

3,992

4,532

10,812

2,208

9,438

5,620

16,533

2,072

G = Government Owned NG = Non Government Owned

Source: Regional Commissioner’s Office , Kigoma, 2006 3.1.2 PRIMARY SCHOOLS Kigoma region had a total of 596 primary schools in 2005; and only 5 of the schools

belonged to non-government institutions. Actual enrolment into standard one for all

schools in the region has slightly slowed down in 2003 and 2004 from those who

were enrolled in 2002. The enrolment for four subsequent years beginning 2000 was

43,635; 72,533; 67,230 and 58,304, 158,180 and tapering off to 57,855 in 2005 and

finally to 49,297 in 2006. The actual enrolment into standard 1 for selected years

since 1995 is as shown in table 3.4

Table 3.2: DISTRIBUTION OF PRIMARY SCHOOLS BY OWNERSHIP AND BY DISTRICT

2000 2002 2004 2005 District

G NG G NG G NG G NG

Kibondo 76 - 82 - 88 - 127 -

Kasulu 90 - 95 - 164 - 207 -

Kigoma Rural 83 - 83 - 83 - 219 -

Kigoma Urban 20 1 20 3 30 4 43 5

Total 269 1 280 3 365 4 596 5


60

Coverage of the number primary schools by the number of wards and population by

district is also given.

Table 3.3: DISTRIBUTION OF PRIMARY SCHOOLS AND POPULATION BY DISTRICT DURING THE POPULATION YEAR, 2002

District Number of Wards Population Number of Primary Schools

Kibondo 20 413,777 88

Kasulu 30 626,742 174

Kigoma Rural 22 489,291 215

Kigoma Urban 13 144,257 47

Total 85 1,674,047 524


The explanation given by the table below entails that 2004 is when maximum

number of primary school pupil enrolment was highest compared to other

years. They were 158,180 pupils registered in that year. The figure has been

dwindling to 57,866 in 2005 and further down to 49,297 in year 2006. It is in

2004 when a special programme was launched; pupils of ages between

seven and thirteen were called to be accepted in class one. No over age was

entertained beginning that year onwards hence the thinning out of the total

enrollment.

Table 3.4: ACTUAL PRIMARY SCHOOL ENROLMENT INTO STD. I

Enrolment of pupils of all ages into Std. 1 District

2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Kibondo 8,138 13,704 16,881 14,659 10,616 9,374

Kasulu 16,191 20,893 22,203 22,730 21,037 18,785

Kigoma Rural 16,737 29,712 20,940 115,450 18,750 14,506

Kigoma Urban 2,569 8,224 7,206 5,341 7,452 6,632

Total 43,635 72,533 67,230 158,180 57,855 49,297


61

Table 3.5 (a) ACTUAL ENROLMENT INTO STD I KIBONDO DISTRICT, 2004 and 2006

Sex Seven Year Olds Other ages Total

2004 2006 2004 2006 2004 2006

Boys 4,361 4,459 3,024 543 7,385 5,002

Girls 4,373 4,630 2,901 700 7,274 5,330

Total 8,734 9,089 5,925 1,243 14,659 10,332


Table 3.5 (b) ACTUAL ENROLMENT INTO STD I KASULU DISTRICT, 2004 and 2005


2004 2005 2004 2005 2004 2005

Boys 5,377 6,095 6,146 4,591 11,523 10,686

Girls 5,,565 6,196 5,642 4,030 11,207 10,226

Total 10,942 12,291 11,788 8,621 22,730 20,912


Table 3.5 (c) ACTUAL ENROLMENT INTO STD I KIGOMA RURAL DISTRICT, 2004


2004 2005 2006 2004 2005 2006 2004 2005 2006

Boys 8,958 9,444 7,231 50,617 - - 59,575 9,444 7,231

Girls 8,732 9,302 7,275 47,143 - - 55,875 9,302 7,275

Total 17,696 18,750 14,506 97,760 - - 115,450 18,750 14,506

Source: Regional Commissioner’s Office , Kigoma, 2006 Table 3.5 (d) ACTUAL ENROLMENT INTO STD I KIGOMA URBAN DISTRICT, 2004


2004 2005 2006 2004 2005 2006 2004 2005 2006

Boys 1,468 3,684 3,209 1,151 93 81 2,619 3,777 3,290

Girls 1,455 3,199 2,977 998 476 555 2,453 3,675 3,532

Total 2,923 6,804 6,186 2149 569 636 5,072 7,452 6,822


62

Table 3.6 (a): DISTRIBUTION OF PSGAG AND ACTUAL ENROLMENT, BY DISTRICT IN

KIGOMA REGION 2002

District Total

Population Number of PSGAG Total Enrolment GER

bondo

413,777

89,454 50,702 57

Kasulu

626,742

127,924 99,269 78

Kigoma Rural

489,291

90,330 11,820 13

Kigoma Urban

144,257

27,509 26,956 98

Total

1,674,067

335,217 188,747 55


At the start of PEDP/MEM in 2002 a minimum of 72,533 pupils of seven years were

recruited into Std. 1 as can be deduced from 3.4. According to table 3.6 (a),

however, the Gross Enrolment Rate of 55 percent for the primary school going age

group in 2002 meant that 156,470 in the age group 7 -13 missed school that year. It

should be noted however, that the figures here are to some extent, influenced by

refugee population. The situation should be slightly different in the subsequent years

given that the refugee population would be on the decrease due to repatriation.

Table 3.6(b): TOTAL ENROLMENT STD I TO STD VII BY SEX AND BY DISTRICT

2000 2002 2003 2004 2005

District Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls

Kibondo

18,225

17,339

26,259

24,443

31,378

29,155 34,627 32,775 35,272 33,595

Kasulu

33,192

31,302

51,786

47,483

56,404

52,364 61,467 51,869 64,076 60,920

Kigoma Rural

27,001

25,472

43,010

37,877

49,260

45,727 55,349 51,749 59,673 56,870

Kigoma Urban

9,206

8,538

14,101

12,855

16,855

15,505 18,087 16,507 19,895 18,748

Total

87,624

82,651

135,156

122,658

153,897

142,751 169,530 152,900 178,916 170,133


63

Table 3.7: NUMBER OF PUPILS WHO STARTED STD I IN 1992, 1995, 1997 and 2000 AND COMPLETED STD VII IN 1998, 2001, 2004 and 2006

1992 to 1998 1995 to 2001 1997 to 2004 2000 to 2006

District Started 1992

Completed

1998

Started 1995

Completed 2001

Started 1997

Completed 2003

Started 2000

Completed 2006

Kibondo 2,500 2,131 3,957 2,770

5,402 4,084 7,777 5,379

Kasulu 3,945 3,708 4,855 4,564

6,564 6,170 16,191 9,366

Kigoma Rural 4,220 2,620 5,559 4,050

6,126 4,884 16,737 8,376

Kigoma Urban 2,524 1,381 3,053 1,776

3,053 2,127 4,295 3,288

Total 13,189 9,840 17,424 13,160

21,145 17,265 45,000 26,409


There are standard reasons considered in all Tanzania regions when the number of

dropouts in primary schools is of concern. The range is from truancy, pregnancy,

death to any other reason. In the case of Kigoma Region truancy has been the

number one reason for the pupils dropping out of school. The number has actually

been decreasing very slightly from 2,679 in 1996 to 2,557 in 1998; 1,999 in 2001

and to 1,908 in 2004 a drop of about 29% over nine years. Came 2000 to 2006

batch; there were 18,591 pupils who did not complete primary education. It was a

record 41 percent dropout.

Dropping out because of pregnancy has had interesting results; in that there were 74

girls who were affected in 1996. The number of cases dropped drastically in the

years 1998 and 2001. It further dropped to 6 and 9 by 2004 and 2006 respectively

The number of dropouts due to death was rather minimal; oscillating between 6, 4,

nil and up again to 7 in the four selected years; and the ‘other’ reason has been

increasing with boys taking an upper hand and the numbers are larger than those of

truancy. The picture of dropouts in the region is as depicted hereunder in the table. It

will be of value to unpack the item “other” so as to make the analysis more

meaningful.

64

Table 3.8: NUMBER OF DROPOUTS BY REASON AND SEX FOR SELECTED YEARS IN KIGOMA REGION

1998 2001 2004 2006

Reason Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total

Truancy 235 259 494 220 237 457 90 81 171 97 79 176

Pregnancy - 2 2 - 13 13 - 6 6 - 9 9

Death 5 1 6 - 4 4 - - - 5 2 7

Other 330 311 641 417 386 803 368 378 746 - - -

Total 570 573 1,143 637 640 1,277 460 466 926 102 90 192

Total Enrolment 8,119 7,782 15,901 10,573 9,877 20,450 18,097 16,507 34,604 20,025 19,807 39,832


The total number of class seven pupils who have been sitting for the final

examinations licensing them to join form one in secondary schools over the years

has ever been increasing though not proportionately the increased number of

primary classrooms and increased number of secondary schools. The proportion of

the pupils selected to join form one to all examinees was 8% in 1998 while in 2004

the percentage of those selected to all examinees rose to 16%. On the onset, the

figures suggest that there were more vacancies in secondary schools, that is, more

DISTRIBUTION OF THE DROPOUT IN 2004

Pregnancy

29

Other

264

Truancy

1,908

Death

60

65

secondary schools were built to carter for more students over the years. Of late, the

region had 51 percent of the examinees selected to form one in 2005 and a similar

feature has continued in 2006 where at least 48 percent of the examinees have

initially been selected to join form one. There are more to come when the second

selection is due in March 2007.

The selection in 2006 was rather even between boys and girls in almost all districts

in Kigoma region. One wonders the explanation for this unusual phenomenon. The

criteria for the selection need be documented for the benefit of further analytical

work.

TABLE 3.9: NUMBER OF EXAMINEES SELECTED TO JOIN FORM I IN PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS


2000 2001 2002 2004 2005 2006 District

Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls

Kibondo

Examinees

1474 1,509 1,519 1,251 1,530 1,740 1,696 2,048 1,453 1,446 1,453 1,446

Selected

64 145 149 185 146 182 639 625 916 719 746 739

Kasulu

Examinees

2,259 2,814 5,497 4,860 2,136 2,303 3,584 3,923 2,943 2,789 2,943 2,789

Selected

183 166 204 138 200 200 509 489 2,037 1,093 1,388 1,375

Kigoma Rural

Examinees 1,610 1,483 1,654 1,509 1,846 1,690 4,844 4,080 2,576 2,242 2,579 2,242

Selected 183 153 171 169 347 149 636 286 862 827 1,263 1,250

Kigoma Urban

Examinees 1,095 1,206 1,016 934 986 849 1,299 1,115 1,489 1,115 1,489 1,115

Selected 136 125 172 165 296 203 244 244 975 852 544 543

Total

Examinees 6,438

7,012

9,686

8,554

6,498

6,582

11,423

11,166 8,461 7,592 8,464 7,592

Total Selected 566

589

696

657

989

734

2,028

1,644

4,790 3,491 3,941 3,907

66

3.1.2.1 Primary School Facilities School facilities refers to classrooms, teachers’ houses, toilets, desks and other

furniture, Good quality education at primary school level ( the basic level) depends

on availability of facilities in good time and in the number and quality required.

Limited government budget for these inputs has adversely affected the development

of primary school education. The problem can rightfully be labeled chronic. In

Kigoma for instance, the number of classrooms available in 2004 was 3,590 instead

of the required 7,302; a deficit of 50.8%. This is said to be so as per maximum ratio

of pupils per standard classroom where it requires a classroom to accommodate 45

pupils at a time. The deficit ratio of unavailability of classrooms has still loomed

around 50 percent as per 2006 data.

TABLE 3.10: STATUS OF CLASSROOMS IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS BY DISTRICT

District 1995 1999 2004 2006

Available Available Available Required Available Deficit

Kibondo 355 485 1,002 1,844 1,364 480

Kasulu 379 422 1306 3,386 1,500 1,886

Kigoma Rural - 710 970 2,514 1,076 1,438

Kigoma Urban 196 200 312 1,008 382 626

Total 930 1,817 3,590 8,752 4,322 4,430


The classroom-pupil ratios derived here are very large according to the weak data

availed. The best average classroom-pupil ratio is around 35 pupils per classroom.

Conceited efforts are called for to rectify this situation for the benefit of the region in

particular and the users of the information herein contained. The situation is more

than excellent in Kigoma rural district where a classroom accommodates 17 pupils

only whereas in Kigoma urban the situation is worst because there are 111 pupils to

a class. One keeps wondering as to when the situation is going to stabilize or

completely reverse.

67

Table 3.11: CLASSROOM PUPIL RATIO BY DISTRICT IN KIGOMA REGION IN 2004

District

Required

Available

Pupils

Pupils per Available Classroom

Kibondo 1,305 1,002

67,402 67

Kasulu 2,596 1,306

113,336 87

Kigoma Rural 2,677 970

16,539 17

Kigoma Urban 725 312

34,594 111

Total 7,303 3,590

215,332 60

source: Regional Commissioner’s Office , Kigoma, 2006

3.1.2.3 Toilet Holes in Primary Schools

The toilet holes situation in Kigoma Region is unexplainably unsatisfactory. There is

a serious shortage of permanent pit latrines in primary schools as exhibited in the

table below. That for instance in 2004 out of 14,845 pit latrines required only 2,999

were available for use leaving a deficit of 11,846 holes a deficit equivalent to 80

percent! There was an improvement in the toilet holes by the year 2006 whereby out

of the 15,682 holes required 7,337 an equivalence of about 47 percent were

available; a real turning point. This problem should be looked at in the context of

health services as well because its persistence is a threat to the basics of health of

the whole school community.

Table 3.12: STATUS OF TOILET HOLES IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS BY DISTRICT

District 1999 2003 2004 2006


Kibondo 461 501 756 3,312 903 2,409

Kasulu 422 1,190 985 6,166 2,320 3,846

Kigoma Rural 502 502 904 4,605 3,701 904

Kigoma urban 231 268 354 1,599 413 1,186

Total 1,616 2,461 2,999 15,682 7,337 8,345


68

3.1.2.4 Teachers Houses

As far as teachers’ houses are concerned, region-wide shortage was 59.5 percent.

Most districts were affected to some extent with Kigoma urban holding the worst

record at 87.7 percent shortage. In absolute numbers Kasulu District took the lead

with a shortfall of 2654 teachers’ houses. As of 2005 region-wise there were about

65.4 percent of the teachers housed at their places of work. The region is optimistic

that the percentage of available teachers houses is going to improve beginning 2006

because of the special drive which is spearheaded by the government. The

government has vowed (and has started countrywide) to improve education at both

levels; primary and secondary schools should be given quality education by building

more schools, increasing the number of teachers and teachers’ houses; and

correspondingly increase the enrollment at both levels.

Table 3.13: STATUS OF TEACHERS HOUSES IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS

District 2003 2004 2005 2006


Kibondo 283 289 323 1,844 339 1,505

Kasulu 435 461 507 3,161 507 2,654

Kigoma Rural 282 283 2,091 2,634 2,383 251

Kigoma Urban 26 31 40 471 58 413

Total 1,026 1,060 2,961 8,110 3,287 4,823

Source: Regional Commissioner’s Office , Kigoma, 2006 3.1.2.5 Pupils Desks Desks are an important component in proper education delivery. To this effect, the

availability of a desk to every child in a classroom is of high priority. There is a

serious shortage of desks in Kigoma Region standing at 44.4 percent overall. Going

by 2005 figures, the worst hit district percentage wise is Kigoma District with 57.1

percent followed by Kasulu District with a desk shortage of about 50.8 percent

compared to the district requirement though numerically it is Kasulu District, which

has the highest number at 31,722 desks. All Primary school pupils shared 82,195

desks at the ratio of 4.2 pupils per desk a ratio in normal circumstances considered

high. There ought to be done something to alleviate this situation.

69

Table 3.14: STATUS OF PUPILS DESKS IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS BY 2005

District 1999 2003 2004 2005


Kibondo 9,122 10,853 11,803 18,930 15,504 3,426

Kasulu 19,243 29,243 29,743 62,465 30,743 31,722

Kigoma Rural 23,591 23,749 30,419 53,549 30,419 23,130

Kigoma Urban 4,824 4,289 4,289 12,881 5,529 7,352

Total 56,780 68,134 76,254 147,825 82,195 65,630


Keeping the adequacy characteristic aside, to date, the number of teachers in

Kigoma region is not very dependable due to the high fluctuations of the numbers

from one year to another in some districts. In Kibondo for instance, there were some

1,848 teachers available in the year 2003. They dropped to less than a third in the

following year and the teachers were only about a third in 2005. Kigoma Rural has

also shown a slight drop in the number of teachers between 2003 and 2005. All in all

there was a deficit of 47.6 percent for grade “A and B” teachers in the whole region

in 2005. However, in Kasulu district there seems to be some consistency in the

teachers’ increase year in year out vis, 1999 had 1,544 teachers; 2003 had 1,613

teachers; 2004 had 1,839 and by 2005 they had a total of 2,128. The provisional

regional pupils/teacher ratio stood at 38 pupils per teacher, slightly above the

advisable ratio of 35 pupils per teacher.

70

Table 3.15: STATUS TEACHERS (GRADE ‘A’ AND ‘B’) IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS BY 2005

District 1999 2003 2004 2005


Kibondo

974

1,848 519 1,140 630 510

Kasulu

1,544

1,613 1,839 3,613 2,128 1,485

Kigoma Rural . .

1,284 1,204 2,914 919 1,995

Kigoma Urban

443

466 495 966 848 118

Total

2,961

5,211 4057 8,633 4,525 4,108


3.1.2.6 Water Tanks in Primary Schools

The situation of number of water tanks available at schools is deplorable in that out

of 536 tanks required in the whole region only 26 are available. That is a mere 4.8

percent! Besides this facility being very important in running a healthy school, it is

being given very low profile. Although the capacity of the tanks installed at these

schools is not known; the existing number of water tanks in different districts is

intolerable. It cannot be imagined how the school populations do with this merger

number of this important facility. One would imagine the use of four water tanks, in

Kasulu district schools, for use in both toilets and as for drinking water. It suggests

all chaos at the schools. In fact they could be the source of water borne disease. A

quick programme geared at rectifying this situation should be put in place quickly for

its implementation to save the school population from health catastrophe.

71

Table 3.16: STATUS OF WATER TANKS IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS 2006

District Number of Tanks

Required

Number of Tanks existing

Number of tanks deficient

Kibondo 128 20 108

Kasulu 174 4 170


Kigoma Urban 44 - 44

Total 536 34 532


3.1.2.7 Dropouts of Primary School Teachers

The number of dropouts in the teaching profession in Kigoma appears to be

characterized by deaths and retirees, otherwise the situation is more or less

stabilizing. Zeroing the study in the “other” category of the dropouts the data starts at

12 in 1995 increasing to 16 in 1998 then culminating to 25 in the year 2000. The

number has steadily dropped to 8 in 2002 and finally to 3 in the year 2004

suggesting either some satisfaction out of the teaching job or having equal job

opportunities in the adjoining regions, the factors that contribute a lot to drop outs.

There has surfaced a brain drain in the region as the table below shows. This item

has been on the increases from 2000 to 2004. Deaths have remained the main

cause of dropouts maintaining an increasing steady double digit figure as the table

below shows.

72

Table 3.17: STATUS OF DROPOUTS OF PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS

IN KIGOMA REGION 1995 - 2004


3.1.3 Secondary Schools

There has been an impressive improvement in the number of secondary schools in

Kigoma Region starting with one secondary school (Livingstone Secondary School)

at independence in 1961 to 17 in 1998. By the year 2004 there were 41 secondary

schools out of which 26 are government owned and 15 are private. The number of

secondary schools has grown to 83 in 2006; with 59 government schools and 24

privately owned ones. The schools have a total of 500 teachers of whom 350 are

teaching in government schools and 150 are in private schools. The distribution of

secondary schools and classification by ownership and district is for the years 1999,

2001, 20004 and 2006 are displayed in the table here below.

Table 3.18: NUMBER OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS BY OWNERSHIP AND BY DISTRICT KIGOMA

REGION FOR THE YEARS 1999, 2001, 2004 and 2006

1999 2001 2004 2006

District Govt.

Non-Govt.

Govt. Non Govt

Govt. Non Govt

Govt. Non Govt

Kibondo 2 1 2 1 6 2 16 3

Kasulu 6 - 6 2 8 3 18 8

Kigoma Rural 4 2 4 2 7 5 16 6

Kigoma (U) 2 2 2 3 5 5 9 7

Total 14 5 14 8 26 15 59 24


1995 1998 2000 2002 2004

Cause Total

Number Dropout

s Total

Number Dropouts

Total Number

Dropouts Total

Number Dropouts

Total Number

Dropouts

Death 19 15 31 34 32

Retirement 12 20 15 15 14

Brain drain none

none none

none none 7 none 12 none 18

Other 12 16 25 8 3

Total 43 51 78 69 67

73

3.1.3.1 Enrolment into secondary schools

The enrolment into secondary schools “O” level has shown marked increase in the

past five years. Overall the enrolment has increased more than five fold between

2000 with 3,325 students and 2005 with 17,951 students. Between the boys and the

girls; the boys had a slightly upper hand in the admission between 2000 and 2004.

But beginning in 2005 matters have started changing in favour of the girl students;

that 9,674 girls were selected to join form one to 8,277 boys in year 2006.

Table 3.19: TOTAL ENROLMENT IN “O” LEVEL BY SEX FOR SELECTED YEARS IN

KIGOMA REGION

Sex 1999 2000 2001 2002 2004 2005

Boys 1,604

1,668 2,130

2,688 3,940 8,277

Girls 1,688

1,657 1,846

2,667 3,631 9,674

Total 3,292

3,325 3,976

5,355 7,571 17,951


Secondary school “A” level enrolment is moderate, partly because of the small

number of schools with A level status. With that limitation and with the exception of

2002, however, in the past three years the region has had large numbers of boys

who are admitted into “A” level than girls. The boys’ proportion ranges from 74

percent in 2005; 75 percent in 2004 to 77 percent in 2006 compared with the girls’

26, 25 and 23 percent respectively.

Table 3.20: ENROLMENT IN “A” LEVEL BY SEX FOR SELECTED YEARS IN KIGOMA

REGION

Sex 2002 2004 2005 2006

Boys 60 299 327 323

Girls 125 96 115 94

Total 185

395 442 417

74

3.1.3.2 Performance in Secondary Schools Performance of “A” level students for the last eight years has been rather impressive

although there are still some small anomalies to iron out concerning the real

numbers scored. In some cases passes have a high number than the actual number

of the examinees. This is an observation which has been noted for a number of

years suggests that there could be some private candidates who have been sitting

for their examinations in centers registered in the secondary schools. It would suffice

to underline the fact that in the subsequent years of 2005 and 2006 the range of the

passes were above 88 percent of the total examinees.

Table 3.21: PERFORMANCE AT FORM VI FINAL EXAMINATIONS IN KIGOMA REGION

YEAR NUMBER OF EXAMINEES NUMBER OF PASSES

1999 80 71

2000 87 88

2001 134 133

2002 148 149

2003 172 172

2004 177 178

2005 298 261

2006 289 255


3.1.3.3 Desks

There is a perpetual deficit of about 50 percent of all desks required in the region. A

strong advice to the situation would be to rationalize facilities and other amenities

probably available in secondary teaching in other neighbouring regions.

75

Table 3.22: CLASSROOMS STATUS IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS FOR SELECTED YEARS

YEAR NUMBER REQUIRED NUMBER EXISTING

DEFICIT

1999 380 215 165

2000 488 319 169

2001 513 319 194

2002 657 384 273

2003 940 510 430

2004 1,137 599 538

2005 2,250 851 1,399

2006 2,490 1,236 1,254


3.1.3.4 Libraries in Secondary Schools

Given that there are about 60 secondary schools in Kigoma Region one would

expect that each school should have at least one library. This is not the case in

Kigoma; it looks as if most of the schools do without a library. There existed about

18.8 percent of the required libraries in 1999, 15.8 percent in 2001 and about 13.5

percent in the year 2004. This is a very serious situation for secondary school

studies and it appears that their passing of form IV and form VI examinations is

purely miraculous. The situation got worse in 2005 and 2006 where the deficit

escalated to more than 84 percent. There ought to be conceited efforts to rectify the

prevailing situation.

76

Table 3.23: STATUS OF LIBRARIES IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN KIGOMA REGION

YEAR NUMBER REQUIRED NUMBER EXISTING

DEFICIT

1999 16 3 13

2000 17 3 14

2001 19 3 16

2002 21 3 18

2003 30 4 16

2004 37 5 32

2005 59 9 50

2006 63 10 53


3.1.3.5 Laboratories in Secondary Schools The laboratories situation is very similar to that of the libraries’; the number of

schools does not match the number of laboratories whether a school has science

streams or not the students have got to learn through practices. So laboratories are

so important a facility that more efforts are called for to salvage the situation. It is

tantamount to say that the secondary schools operate without practical teaching

laboratories.

Table 3.24: STATUS OF LABORATORIES IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS 1999 TO 2006 IN KIGOMA REGION

YEAR NUMBER REQUIRED NUMBER EXISTING DEFICIT

1999 36 7 29

2000 44 11 33

2001 47 13 34

2002 55 13 42

2003 87 14 73

2004 91 15 76

2005 174 15 159

2006 182 15 167


77

3.1.3.6 Desks in Secondary Schools Again, the number of desks available in secondary schools is very similar to that

found in primary schools in Kigoma region in that they are much, much less than the

requirements. Currently there is an overall deficit of about 40 percent of the desks in

secondary schools in the region.

Table 3.25: STATUS OF STUDENT DESKS IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS BETWEEN 1999 AND 2006 IN KIGOMA REGION

YEAR

NUMBER REQUIRED NUMBER EXISTING DEFICIT

1999 41,787 31,401 10,386

2000 85,217 50,029 35,188

2001 115,844 53,535 62,309

2002 133,938 65,794 68,144

2003 154,519 81,863 72,656

2004 164,455 87,947 76,508

2005 198,310 100,436 97,874

2006 207,294 123,568 83,726


3.1.3.7 Teachers’ Houses in Secondary Schools

It would simply suffice to note that secondary school teachers’ houses sufficiency

has only been between 10 and 20 percent over the past decade. Concrete plans

should be in place at the earliest to tackle this problem.

78

Table 3.26: STATUS OF TEACHERS HOUSES IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS BETWEEN 1999 AND 2006 IN KIGOMA REGION


1999 467 77 390

2000 570 86 484

2001 715 96 619

2002 772 105 667

2003 856 122 734

2004 1,029 184 845

2005 1,747 196 1,551

2006 1,890 252 1,638


As it were, there is a huge deficit of secondary school teachers, both in government

owned and privately owned, in the region. The shortages go as far as two thirds of

requirements. For instance, between 2002 and 2006 the teacher deficits were 68.2

percent, 61.6 percent, 56.2 percent 68.6 percent and 68.4 percent in that order.

One would wonder how planning of building more schools is done without

corresponding consideration of how to match it with the number of teachers

available.

79

Table 3.27: QUALIFIED TEACHERS IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS 1999 TO 2006 IN KIGOMA REGION


1999 223 100 123

2000 302 144 158

2001 516 198 318

2002 1074 342 732

2003 1634 627 1007

2004 1771 775 996

2005 3,426 1,075 2,351

2006 3,608 1,139 2,469


3.1.3.8 Staff Offices in Secondary Schools It is always desirable to plan building schools together with staff offices. This is not

the case in not only Kigoma region but also in other regions in Tanzania, a practice

that draws back real development. This practice discourages good record keeping of

school welfare on the whole on the side of at least the students. In the modern world

of computerization, it becomes difficult for such installations to be made for lack of

proper premise. The deficits in this area run over 50 percent of total requirements in

every year which one could pick for study.

Table 3.28: STAFF OFFICES IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS 1999 TO 2006 IN KIGOMA

YEAR REQUIRED EXISTING DEFICIT

1999 33 13 20

2000 45 20 25

2001 48 24 24

2002 52 27 25

2003 76 40 36

2004 107 67 40

2005 131 78 53

2006 157 91 66


80

Generally speaking, boarding schools are preferred to day schools. There is an

added advantage of boarding schools in that students go with the school activities as

scheduled. The time wastage between activities is minimal and there appears to be

a well planned period for preparation of tomorrow’s classes. In addition the time for

students going to bed is best controlled in boarding schools than day schools. These

few mentioned advantages (there are definitely many more) are crucial to laying a

good basis for serious students who would consider themselves potential for further

education. The government and the private sector alike would concede that although

this would be an ideal situation but it call for a lot of resources especially financial;

such schools are very expensive to run. Dormitories are an important factor that

should be considered side by side when establishing boarding secondary schools.

Table 3.29: STATUS OF DORMITORIES IN BOARDING SECONDARY SCHOOLS 1999 TO 2006 IN KIGOMA REGION Number

YEAR REQUIRED EXISTING DEFICIT

1999 21 12 9

2000 29 19 10

2001 31 19 12

2002 28 21 7

2003 42 24 18

2004 51 29 22

2005 98 54 44

2006 125 76 49


81

3.1.4 Cobet Program (MEMKWA)

“Mpango wa Elimu ya Msingi Kwa Walioikosa” (MEMKWA), is a program hatched by

the government to carter for those children who were not privileged with primary

education in the school going age group of seven plus. In Kigoma region, there were

307 centers allocated for MEMKWA program of which 83 were in Kasulu District,

950 were in Kibondo District, 86 were in Kigoma Rural District and 43 were in

Kigoma – Ujiji Town Council. The plan was to enroll 26,866 children in 2005. Of that

number enrolled for Memkwa program 13,254 were boys and the remaining 13,614

were girls. There were 1,560 teachers employed and 1,560 volunteer teachers in

this program.

Table 3.30: THE ENROLMENT IN MEMKWA PROGRAM IN 2005

District Planned enrolment

Actual Enrolment

Kasulu 9,197 8,337

Kibondo 3,972 4,088


Kigoma / Ujiji 3,230 2,643

Total 26,866 25,189


In the previous few years there was very minimal impact of the MEMKWA program

in the region; but with time the enrolment picked up and reached about 94 percent in

2005

Table 3.31: AVERAGE RECRUITMENT OF CHILDREN INTO “MEMKWA” BY DISTRICT 2003 AND 2004 IN KIGOMA REGION District 2003 2004

Kibondo … 4,088

Kasulu 8,337 8,337


Kigoma Urban 3,230 2,643

Total 18,251 25,188


82

3.1.5 ADULT EDUCATION There are 557 adult education centers in Kigoma region with 405 operating and 152

centers not operating. Total adult education enrollment is 39,432 of which 17,016

are males and 22,415 are females. For those who can read and write 6,985 are

males and 9,706 are females while those who cannot read and write total 5,725: with

1,031 males and the remaining 3,704 are female. Of those who cannot read and

write 4,235 are enrolled for adult classes and the remaining 1,490 are not yet

enrolled. As far as the number of adult education centers are concerned Kibondo

district maintained the same number in 2005, that is, 127 centers with unspecified

number of participants. It was different in Kasulu district whose centers dropped from

1,832 registered in 2003 and 2004, to 690 registered in 2005 with recorded

participants 19,494. Kigoma rural and urban districts also recorded less centers and

corresponding low levels of enrolment. Kigoma rural had 45 centers with an

enrolment of 105,416. Kigoma urban had 43 centers with an enrolment of 4,863

probably suggesting that the literacy has improved in the region.

Table 3.32: ADULT EDUCATION CENTERS BY DISTRICT, 2003 AND 2004 IN KIGOMA REGION Number

Number of centers Total enrolment District

2003 2004 2003 2004

Kibondo 88

127 24,725 19,919

Kasulu 1,832

1,832 38,848 38,845

Kigoma Rural 80

90 276,770 210,832

Kigoma Urban 31

35 5,326 6,823

Total 2,031

2,084 345,669 276,419


83

3.1.6 Vocational Training Centres

Yet another stride Tanzania is generally trying her best, is making sure that her

population does not idle around too much, by establishment of vocational training

centres. Kigoma region has also made such efforts to this end by establishing

various skill centres specifically in Kibondo and Kasulu Districts. The centres carter

for carpentry, masonry, domestic science, home economics and metal works.

Electrical works and welding are also practiced.

Table 3.32: VOCATIONAL TRAINING CENTERS BY DISTRICT, KIGOMA REGION 2004

Name

District

Capacity

Total Enrolment 2004

Skills taught

Kibondo FDC Kibondo 100 35 Carpentry masonry

Kakonko Kibondo 100 56

Domestic science, welding and Mechanics

Kalema Kasulu 100 24

Masonry, carpentry, Home Economics Electrical and metal works

Mwibuye Kasulu 80 26

Masonry, carpentry, Home Economics, and metal works

Mwayaya Kasulu 80 2

Masonry, carpentry, Home Economics and metal works


84

Table 3.33 (a): TOTAL ENROLMENT OF HANDICAPPED CHILDREN INTO MAINSTREAM PRIMARY SCHOOLS, KIGOMA REGION 2004

Type of handicap Std. I Std. II Std. III Std. IV Std. V Std. VI Std. VII TOTAL

Deafness - 2 - - - - - 2

Blindness 15 2 5 2 6 1 - 31

Mental retardation 82 - - - - - - 82

Crippled 2 1 - 3 1 - - 7

Albino 1 - - 2 - - - 3

Other 13 11 21 18 6 4 4 77

Total 113 16 26 25 13 5 4 202


Table 3.33 (b): TOTAL ENROLMENT OF HANDICAPPED CHILDREN INTO MAINSTREAM PRIMARY SCHOOLS, KIGOMA REGION 2006

Type of handicap Std. I Std. II Std. III Std. IV Std. V Std. VI Std. VII TOTAL

Deafness - 2 1 - - - - 3

Blindness 2 14 5 8 2 8 2 38

Mental retardation 9 9 8 14 4 1 - 45

Crippled 2 1 - 4 1 2 3 13

Albino 1 2 1 2 - - - 6

Other 11 10 18 15 6 9 7 10

Total 25 38 30 43 13 20 12 115


3.1.7 Special schools for the handicapped

As in other regions, there has been a program of mainstreaming of the handicapped

children into normal primary schools and also there are special schools for certain

categories of the handicapped children. Most notable are the blind and the mentally

retarded who cannot cope in normal primary schools. The two categories enrolment

85

has data for two districts, Kigoma Urban and Kasulu only as shown in the two tables

for 2004 and 2006 below.

Table 3.34: TOTAL ENROLMENT INTO SPECIAL SCHOOLS FOR THE HANDICAPPED, KIGOMA REGION, 2004

District Type of school Total enrolment

Kibondo .. ..

Blindness 30 Kasulu

Mental retardation 47

Kigoma Rural .. ..

Kigoma Urban Mental retardation 34


Table 3.35: TOTAL ENROLMENT INTO SPECIAL SCHOOLS FOR THE HANDICAPPED,

KIGOMA REGION, 2006

District Type of school Total enrolment

Kibondo Mental Retardation 35

Crippled 7

Albino 3

Others 66

Mental retardation 34

Kasulu Blindness 30

Kigoma Urban Mental Retardation 40


86

3.2 HEALTH

3.2.1 Introduction

Indeed, human well-being and performance are the result of heredity, but more so

they are determined by their surrounding. In this way the health of individuals and

communities in Kigoma Region is influenced by the various factors that constitute

the surrounding and the socio-economic climate of the people. The dominance of

Lake Tanganyika to a larger extent dictates the climate, institutional status and the

prevalence of various diseases in the region. This is compounded by poor

communication system, poor water supplies, poverty, poorly run health services to

mention but a few. The mere fact of unintentional isolation from the center (Dar es

Salaam) renders smooth delivery of health services to the region impossible. On the

other hand the high temperatures influenced by the lake and the dense equatorial

forests from the neighboring country could be the dictators of the prevalence of

diseases in the region.

3.2.2 Morbidity and Mortality

The region’s health history is gauged into two criteria, morbidity and mortality. They

define the problem in the region and also show how difficult it has been in tackling

the problem. As it were in many other regions in Tanzania, Malaria topped the list all

years. In 2004 for example; Malaria had 189,988 occurrences followed by ARI with

90,842 patients and Intestinal worms come third with 30,295 occurrences in Kibondo

district. In fact Malaria came top in all districts in Kigoma region in those years.

However, the department of health had the following as working objectives in the

latest year 2004/2005: -

� To reduce the rate of outbreak of diseases particularly cholera and

meningitis.

� To reduce the rate of suffering and causes of malaria,

� To reduce new cases of HIV/AIDS transmission,

� To reduce maternal mortality rate,

� To reduce infant mortality rate,

� To increase vaccination (vaccine) rate against diseases and

� To reduce imbalanced diet among the population.

87

3.2.2.1 Most Commonly Reported Causes of Diseases in Kigoma Region

The ten most commonly reported diseases in Kigoma region have been given as:

Malaria; Diarrhea and vomiting; eye infection; skin infection; and ear infections.

Others are air transmitted diseases; intestinal worms; cholera; minor surgical

conditions, pneumonia, Upper Respiratory Tract Infection (UTI) and ARI depending

on the district under discussion. Ranking starting with majority of occurrences in

Kibondo district is as appearing in the table below. Besides malaria ranking very

high in occurrences, it had a leapt by about 66.1 percent from the year 2000 to 2005.

Table 3.36(a): TEN MOST COMMONLY REPORTED CAUSES OF MORBIDITY, IN

KIBONDO DISTRICT

Number 2000 2005 No.

District Occurrences District Occurrences

1. Malaria 117,328 Malaria 194,878

2. ARI 59,215 ARI 97,541

3. Intestinal Worm 19,033 Diarrhea `````````````29,225

4. Diarrhea 18,996 Int. Worms `````````````26,928

5. Eye Infection 13,069 Eye Infection 19,810

6. Pneumonia 10,179 Pneumonia 17,290

7. Skin Infection 5,559 Minor surgical ```````````````9,304

8. Ear Infection 2,581 Skin infection ```````````````6,852

9. Minor Surg Cond Anemia ```````````````3,770

10. Anemia UTI 4,887


The ranking is slightly different in Kasulu district but Malaria persists as number one

disease in Kasulu, too. Its increase in occurrences was slightly lower than in

Kibondo for the occurrences increased by 33.9 between 1999 and 2005. But there

are other diseases which were on the increase in terms of both occurrences and

percentages vis, intestinal worms, ADD, eye infections, pneumonia and UTI

recorded high increases between the two periods under reference.

88

Table 3.36(b): TEN MOST COMMONLY REPORTED CAUSES OF MORBIDITY, IN KASULU

Number

1999 2005 No.



2. ARI 46,775 ARI 49,535

3. Intestinal worms 2,065 Intestinal worms 31,031

4. ADD 1,171 ADD 19,070


6. Eye infection 963 UTI 13,989

7. UTI 8,545 Eye infection 11,434

8. Skin Diseases 1,021 Skin Diseases 7,565

9. Ear Infection 200 Ear Infection 6,167

10. Anemia 1,531 Anemia 2,792


Malaria still maintained its record of topping the list of occurrences in Kigoma rural

district with an increase of about 82.7 percent between 2000 and 2005. Diarrhea and

eye infection also increased substantially over the period.

Table 3.36 (c): TEN MOST COMMONLY REPORTED CAUSES OF MORBIDITY, KIGOMA RURAL

Number

2000 2005 No.



2. ARI 15,817 ARI 31,151

3. U.T.I 2,771 Diarrhea 15,333

4. Diarrhea 9,374 Intest. worms 13,833

5. Intestinal worms 5,078 Eye Infection 10,488

6. Eye Infection 8,132 Pneumonia 5,825

7. Pneumonia 4,146 Skin Infection 4,578

8. Skin Infection 2,440 Anemia 4,578

9. Anemia 2,578 U.T.I 3,296

10. Ear Infection 1,943 Ear Infection 1,943


89

The situation was very different in Kigoma urban, in that besides being a leading

disease in occurrences, malaria reported cases decreased from 473,503 to 143,342

over the same accounting period of 2000 and 2005. It may be correctly assumed

that in 2000 some of the patients reported to have had treatment in Kigoma urban

might have come from the neighboring Kigoma rural as there is no restriction of

crossing district borders in search of what could be considered good treatment by

the sick. Also on the increase were ARI, intestinal worms, and diarrhea to mention

but a few. Skin infection and Schistomiasis were very much on the decline, as there

were only 670 reported cases of Skin infection and 780 of Schistomiasis in 2005

compared to 2,989 and 2,219 of the diseases reported in the year 2000 respectively.

Table 3.36(d): TEN MOST COMMONLY REPORTED CAUSES OF MORBIDITY IN KIGOMA URBAN Number

2000 2005 No.

Disease Occurrences Disease Occurrences


2. ARI 16,679 ARI 47,225

3. Intest. Worms 10,859 Intest. Worms 31,389

4. Diarrhea 7,250 Diarrhea 23,389


6. Eye Infection 4,929 Anemia 9,631

7. UTI 4,160 UTI 6,188

8. Anemia 4,010 Eye Infection 5,319

9. Skin Infection 2,989 Schistomiasis 780

10. Schistomiasis 2,219 Skin Infection 670


Kibondo District had it that Malaria, Pneumonia, Anemia, ARI and Diarrhea were the

five most common causes of morbidity and mortality in descending order. Malaria is

the main killer disease of them all in all Kigoma Region. However, the deaths

declined in 2005 as from 194,878 inpatients only 53 deaths occurred which was a

tremendous improvement over the year 2004 with 215 deaths. However, other

90

deaths which were also slightly high occurred in inpatients of tuberculosis, ARI and

anemia.

Table 3.37 (a): TEN MOST COMMONLY REPORTED CAUSES OF MORBIDITY

AND MORTALITY (FOR INPATIENTS) IN KIBONDO DISTRICT, 2005.

MORBIDITY MORTALITY No.

Disease Cases Disease Deaths

1. Malaria 194,878 Malaria 53

2. ARI 97,541 Tuberculosis 17

3. Intestinal Worm 26,928 ARI 12

4. Diarrhea 29,225 Anemia 10

5. Eye Infection 19,810 Diarrhea 9

6. Pneumonia 17,290 Malnutrition 7

7. Minor surgical 9,304 Pneumonia 6

8. Skin Infection 6,852 Meningitis 6

9. Anemia 6,246 UTI 1

10. UTI 3,770 Burn 1


While in Kasulu the five most common causes of morbidity and mortality were

Malaria, Anemia, UTI, Neonatal Conditions and Pneumonia in descending order.

Malaria, pneumonia and anemia still assumed three digit figures of deaths

compared to the other diseases which assumed two digit figures and the other four;

including tuberculosis, intestinal worms PEM, poisoning and joint diseases have

been responsible for one digit figure in the inpatients’ deaths.

Table 3.37. (b): TEN MOST COMMONLY REPORTED CAUSES OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY (FOR INPATIENTS) IN KASULU DISTRICT, 2005



1. Malaria 11,626 Malaria 326

2. Anemia 3,001 Anemia 182

3. Pneumonia 1,085 Pneumonia 106

4. UTI 953 UTI 61

5. Intestinal worms 431 Poisoning 29

91

6. PEM 154 PEM 26

7. Neonatal cont’d. 125 TB 7

8. TB 85 Intestinal worms

6

9. Poisoning 72 Joint disease 6

10. Joint disease 8 Neonatal cont’d.

3


Table 3.37 (c): TEN MOST COMMONLY REPORTED CAUSES OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY (FOR INPATIENTS) IN KIGOMA RURAL DISTRICT 2004 AND 2005



2004 2005 2004 2005

1. Malaria 48,061 3,574 Malaria 26 69

2. ARI 15,817 179 Anemia 7 50

3. Diarrhea 9,374 165 Pneumonia 6 37

4. Eye Infection 8,132 4,146 U.T.I 0 0

5. Intestinal worms 5,078 78 ARI 0 0

6. U.T.I 2,771 186 Ear Infection 1 1

7. Anemia 2,578 719 Diarrhea 1 5

8. Skin Infection 2,440 60 Skin Infection 0 0

9. Ear Infection 1,943 124

10. Pneumonia - 289 Ear Infection 0 1


In Kigoma urban district the list of diseases commonly causing mortality was a mix of

the same diseases as in Kibondo and Kasulu in 2004 with anemia at the helm

followed by malaria. Others were Tuberculosis, Clinical Aids and Diarrhea in that

order. Malaria took over again in 2005 with 236 deaths from only 1,882 occurrences

followed by anemia. To Tuberculosis, Clinical Aids and Diarrhea; meningitis is an

another deadly disease that was a threat with more deaths in 2004.

92

Table 3.37 (d): TEN MOST COMMONLY REPORTED CAUSES OF MORBIDITY AND

MORTALITY (IN PATIENTS) IN KIGOMA URBAN DISTRICT 2004 AND 2005



2004 2005 2004 2005

1. Malaria 7,457 3,583 Anemia 198 142

2. Anemia 3,741 1,882 Malaria 82 236

3. Cholera 368 215 Tuberculosis 25 7

4. Tuberculosis 314 142 Clinical Aids 21 6

5. Diarrhea 257 277 Diarrhea 17 13

6. Clinical Aids 287 356 Meningitis 12 1

7. Card. Disorder 124 78 Card. Disorder 11 12

8. Meningitis 107 13 Burns 9 1

9. Intest. worms 61 78 Intest. worms 7 6

10. Burn 34 34 Cholera 1 5


3.2.3 HIV/AIDS PREVALENCE AND FIGHT AGAINST IT

From the regional total figures below it is vivid that new AIDS cases were on the

increase from a total of 2732 cases in year 2000 to 4262 in 2004. All through the

years, cases in women are higher than those in men except for the year 2002

where men had higher cases at 1527 compared to the women’s 1333. The fight

against HIV/AIDS wages on in that the region does not lag behind in the efforts to

fight against HIV/AIDS. Among the activities carried out in the region are; -

� The sensitization of the people on the spread of the deadly disease.

� Counseling and voluntary testing that are carried out in government

hospitals and other health centers and

� Treatment and care for the infected (people living with HIV/AIDS)

carried out through the provision of retroviral drugs at Maweni and

Kasulu hospitals.

93

These services are expected to expand to encompass participation of hospitals in

Kibondo, Kabanga, Heru Mission, Kigoma health center and Baptist hospital. In

support of these services training has already been given to the service providers.

Overall it appeared that there was a drop in the new AIDS cases in 2005 compared

to the several previous years. It was 1,145 new cases in 2005, a drop of more than

70 percent from 4,040 and 4,262 in 2003 and 2004 respectively.

Table 3.38(a): NEW AIDS CASES BY SEX IN KIGOMA REGION

Sex 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

2005

Males 1,280 1,135 1,527 1,848 1,953 535

Females 1,452 1,680 1,333 2,192 2,309 610

Total 2,732 2,815 2,860 4,040 4,262 1,145


Table 3.38 (b): DISTRIBUTION OF NEW AIDS CASES BY DISTRICT,

District 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Kibondo 30 40 37 70 100 188

Kasulu 75 31 64 49 33 54

Kigoma

Rural

60 74 120 72 107 88

Kigoma

Urban

137 118 185 823 1,334 815

Total

302

263

406

1,014

1,574

1,145


94

Table 3.38 (c) :PREVALENCE OF H.I.V. AMONG FAMILY BLOOD DONORS

1999 2004 2005 District

Total

Number of

Donors

Number

of

Donors

HIV

positive

Total

Number of

Donors

Number of

donors HIV

positive

Total

Number of

Donors

Number of

Donors HIV

Positive

Kibondo 536 25 972 224 1,465 67

Kasulu 3,205 137 3,849 98 946 54

Kigoma

Rural

569 28 771 91 916 52

Kigoma

Urban

1,595 94 3,540 148 2,800 134

Total 5,905

284

8,041

367

6,127 307


Men were more affected by Tuberculosis (TB) showing higher cases of contracting

the disease than women. This is the case also for TB relapses whereby the relapses

in men are about twice as much as in women for all the five years under

consideration. The main reason for this phenomenon is yet to be determined.

Between 2003 and 2004 there were a lot of new occurrence in both Kigoma Rural

and Urban Districts.

Table 3.39 (a): DISTRIBUTION OF NEW TB CASES BY DISTRICT,

KIGOMA REGION

District 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Kibondo 85 98 122 81 100 63

Kasulu 238 231 251 261 277 297

Kigoma Rural - 189 222 404 299 70

Kigoma Urban 291 236 241 239 247 261

Total 614

754

836

985

923

691


95

Table 3.39 (b): NEW TB CASES BY SEX IN KIGOMA REGION

Sex 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Males 654 652 666 630 480 392

Females 422 458 503 446 443 299

Total 1,076 1,010 1,169 1,076 923 691


There have been more TB relapses in Kigoma Rural district for the past two

recorded years of 2004 and 2005. Kibondo is the next highest in number after

Kigoma while Kigoma Urban had the least relapses. There is no record about

relapses for Kasulu District at the time of writing this description. As far as relapses

between men and women are concerned, men have had a lion’s share of it almost

throughout the study period as can be seen from the two tables below.

Table 3.39 (a): DISTRIBUTION OF NEW TB RELAPSE CASES BY DISTRICT,

KIGOMA REGION

District 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Kibondo 5 6 5 6 2 5

Kasulu - - - - - -

Kigoma

Rural - - 5 4 10

30

Kigoma

Urban 5 9 10 5 4

2

Total 10 15 20 15 16 37


96

Table 3.39(b): NEW TB RELAPSES CASES BY SEX IN KIGOMA REGION

Sex 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Males 6 10 16 15 21 19

Females 8 4 9 3 5 21

Total

14

14

25

18

26

40


3.2.4 COMMUNICABLE DISEASES OUTBREAK

In the five-year period the region experienced outbreaks of cholera and meningitis.

Cholera still recurs mostly in Kasulu, Kigoma rural and Kigoma urban districts. In

Kasulu, for instance, there were 75 cases reported with 3 deaths in 2005 and as

from January 2006 to April there were 293 cases reported with 3 deaths. Kigoma

rural district reported 499 cholera cases in 2005 with seven deaths. As from January

to April 2006 there were reported 228 patients accounting for 4 deaths. In the

municipal alone there were 221 patients with 3 deaths in 2005; and from January to

April there were 128 reported cases with no casualty. This gloomy situation, which

erupted from October 2005, still continued in 2006 with cases reported here and

there.

Back in 2004 the situation was worrisome for some types of diseases such as

dysentery which reported 2,309 cases resulting in 5 deaths; typhoid fever accounting

for two deaths and meningitis with 292 cases but resulting in an alarming 64 deaths.

Others were relapsing fever, rabies and animal bites. The situation is as reported

hereunder in table 3.2.6

97

Table 3.40: DISTRIBUTION OF MORBIDITY CASES FROM REPORTABLE COMMUNICABLE DISEASES, 2004


Some important statistics

� Maternal mortality rate 104/100,000

� Infant mortality rate 35/1,000

� Under–five mortality rate 55/1,000

� HIV/AIDS prevalence rate statistics from centers indicate

Female 6% Male 5.8%

Female 2% Male 1.9%

� Total vaccination (vaccine) rate is 88%

In a recent cross border meeting held in Bujumbura, Burundi that involved all

countries surrounding Lake Kivu and Lake Tanganyika, countries were urged to take

precautions against the threat of eruption of Avian Flu. The reason behind the

precaution is the movement of migrating birds from region to region that takes place

along the Rift Valley.

DISEASES

TYPHOID

FEVER

DYSENTRY

MEASLES

RABIES

MENINGITI

S

ANIMAL

BITES

RELAPSING

FEVER A.F.P

Distric

t

Cases

Deaths

Cases

Deaths

cases

Deaths

cases

Deaths

cases

Deaths

cases

Deaths

cases

Deaths

cases

Deaths

Kibond

o

168 0 317 3 0 0 0 0 24 5 74 0 0 0 7 0

Kasulu 72 0 1073 0 3 0 0 0 152 40 46 0 6 0 4 0

Kigoma

Rural

289 0 767 2 3 0 1 1 92 15 76 0 86 4 3 0

Kigoma

Urban

151 2 152 0 3 0 0 0 24 4 58 0 0 0 3 0

Total 680 2 2,30

9

5 9 0 1 1 292 64 254 0 92 4 17 0

98

Challenges that are persistent in the health sector in Kigoma Region include;

1. Lack of skilled and trained service providers such as doctors, nurses,

laboratory technicians and x-ray operators.

2. Lack of repair to the regional hospital buildings.

3. Lack of facilities such as hospital refrigerator during the hot season

4. Lack of power facilities such as fuel to operate hospital standby generators

and vehicles.

Table 3.41: DISTRIBUTION OF HEALTH FACILITIES FOR SELECTED YEARS BY DISTRICT IN KIGOMA REGION

DISTRICT Dispensaries Health Centres Hospitals

1999 2004 2006 1999 2004 2006 1999 2004 2006

Pu Pr Pu Pr Pu Pr Pu Pr Pu Pr Pu Pr Pu Pr Pu Pr Pu Pr

Kibondo 38 3 49 3 59 7 4 - 4 - 4 0 1 0 1 0 1 0

Kasulu 39 15 43 11 56 12 4 1 4 3 4 3 1 2 1 2 1 2

Kigoma Rural 46 7 61 2 58 6 3 1 4 1 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

Kigoma

Urban 10 7 10 8 10 8 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0

Total 133

32

163

24 183 33

11

3

13

5 13 5

3

2

3

2 3 2

Pu-Public

Pr-Private

Source: Regional Commissioner’s Office , Kigoma, 2006 Modern times in health activities in Kigoma region are observed closely because

besides treating or applying curative measures to the already sick, they also heed

to the saying that “prevention is better than cure”. So there are a number of

preventive measures that are practiced. They include vaccination, immunization

and inoculation. Vaccination of Tetanus toxide (TT2) was applied to expectant

mothers in varying proportions in the ten-year span beginning 1994 to 2004; but as

a matter of example only three selected years have been highlighted in all districts

as depicted in the table below. The number vaccinated women was very high in

1994, then dropped to almost a half in 1999; dropped to 45,076 in 2004 and has

picked up again to 58,429 in the following year 2005.

99

Table 3.42 DISTRIBUTION OF TT2 VACCINATIONS OF EXPECTANT MOTHERS, IN

SELECTED YEARS IN KIGOMA REGION

Total number vaccinated District

1994 1999 2004 2005 2006

Kibondo 8,867 11,152 10,385 8,823

Kasulu 75,657 19,418 14,226 32,184

Kigoma Rural - 13,036 16,618 13,827

Kigoma Urban 3,202 3,398 3,847 3,595

Total 87,726

47,004

45,076

58,429


3.2.5 Vaccine Against Tb on New Born Likewise BCG, a vaccine that is administered on newly born babies to more and

more children with time recording 22,728 in 1994 to 60,908 in 2005 almost a three

fold increase altogether.

Table 3.43: DISTRIBUTION OF BCG VACCINATION OF CHILDREN UNDER ONE YEAR

FOR SELECTED YEARS IN KIGOMA REGION


1994 1999 2004 2005 2006

Kibondo 4,679 10,963 11,411 11,891

Kasulu 1,3981 12,318 19,697 22,548

Kigoma Rural - 15,110 19,157 19,966

Kigoma Urban 4,068 6,213 6,206 6,504

Total 22,728

44,604

56,471

60,908


100

3.2.6 DPT3 /Hb3 Against Diptheria, and Titenus/ herpatitis

Drops of oral polio vaccine are given to vaccinate against Diptheria,. Three doses

are assumed to be necessary to impart immunity. DPT3 /Hb3 vaccination was

distributed for children under one year. The situations on the number of children

vaccinated over the years are as shown in the table below. Comparative figures on

the number of children required so as to arrive at percentages for those vaccinated

were not readily available.

Table 3.44: VACCINATION COVERAGE WITH DPT3 /Hb3* OF CHILDREN UNDER ONE

YEAR FOR SELECTED YEARS IN KIGOMA REGION


1994 1999 2004 2005 2006

Kibondo 6,905 9,076 10,841 11,745

Kasulu 12,260 12,941 17,496 21,373

Kigoma Rural - 12,553 13,552 17,871

Kigoma Urban 3,489 4,431 5,135 5,882

Total 22,654

39,001

47,024

56,871

*Hb3 vaccination from 2003


3.2.7 Polio and Measles

The three following tables below show how the inoculation distribution was done for

OPV3 and that of measles for children with less than one year as well as emergency

campaigns that would include children aged between nine months and five years.

Generally the increase in the distribution proportion from one year to another implies

increased awareness and anxiety among the population to have their children

immunized lest they contract communicable diseases that are preventable.

101

Table 2.45: DISTRIBUTION OF INNOCULATION WITH OPV3 OF CHILDREN UNDER

ONE YEAR, FOR SELECTED YEARS IN KIGOMA REGION


1994 1999 2004 2005

Kibondo 10,596 - 11,237 11,653

Kasulu 12,545 15,286 16,969 21,159

Kigoma Rural - 12,708 15,480 17,092

Kigoma Urban 3,572 4,533 5,808 6,297

Total 26,713 32,527 49,494 46,201

Source: Regional Commissioner’s Office , Kigoma, 2006 Table 3.46: DISTRIBUTION OF INNOCULATION WITH MEASLES VACCINE


1994 1999 2004

Kibondo - - 11,237

Kasulu 12,440 15,632 18,718

Kigoma Rural - 12,804 23,806

Kigoma Urban 3,621 4,672 5,935

Total 16,061

33,108

59,696


From the tables below it shows clearly that the campaigns were not all that

successful probably because they did not give the planning process enough time.

There was no vaccination that took place in Kibondo and Kasulu in 2002 for children

between seven and fifteen years. Come 2004, again no information is indicative on

how they faired in Kasulu and Kigoma Rural on the vaccination for children of the

ages between nine months and five years. While in 2005 nothing was done in

Kibondo and the situation is silent in both Kigoma rural and urban for children in

those same ages.

102

Table 3.47: DISTRIBUTION OF INNOCULATION WITH MEASLES VACCINE


1994 1999 2004 2005

Kibondo - - 11,237 11,613

Kasulu 12440 15632 18,718 22,311

Kigoma Rural - 12,804 23,806 16,380

Kigoma Urban 3,621 4,672 5,935 6,108

Total 16,061

33,108

59,696

56,412

Source: Regional Commissioner’s Office , Kigoma, 2006 TABLE 3 .48:DISTRIBUTION OF MEASLES VACCINATION FOR EMERGENCY CAMPAIGNS

District 7 to 15 years children 2002

9 months to 5 year children 2004

9 months to 5years children 2005

Kibondo 71,084 - 55,436

Kasulu - - 104,273

Kigoma Rural 18,820 - -

Kigoma Urban 33,860 26,465 27,146

Total 52,680

26,465

186,855

*Hb3 vaccination from 2003 Source: Regional Commissioner’s Office , Kigoma, 2006

The numbers in this table have had a high influence of the arrival of refugees

especially from Burundi and DRC. It was in 1994 when the situation fell apart in

those countries prompting a huge surge of refugees, mostly women, infants and

children into Kigoma region. As can be studied from the data there were several

thousands of children who fell in the “Severe Underweight” category than the

“Moderate underweight” category in the initial years of 1994 and 1999. The situation

has, however, improved with time and international support in the area of health

services.

103

Table 3.49: IMR and U5MR in Tanzania Mainland by Region and by Sex, 1988

Region IMR U5MR

Male Female Average Male Female Average

Arusha* 79 72 75 126 131 129

Tabora 103 99 101 169 163 166

Kilimanjaro 67 67 67 104 104 104

Kagera 133 127 130 224 213 219

Mtwara 141 134 138 238 227 233

Lindi 140 . 139 140 237 235 236

Ruvuma 115 110 113 193 183 188

Morogoro 133 118 125 224 197 211

Coast 118 109 113 199 180 189

D'Salaam 109 100 105 181 165 173

Iringa 137 124 130 231 209 220

Dodoma 136 127 132 230 114 22

Kiqoma 119 111 115 200 184 192

Mara 128 122 125 216 205 211

Mbeya 130 118 124 220 197 209

Mwanza 122 108 115 204 178 192

Rukwa 137 125 131 232 211 221

Shinyanga 114 106 110 191 175 183

Singida 98 96 96 161 152 157

Tanga 110 102 106 183 168 176

Tanzania Mainland 119 110 115 199 183 191

*Includes Manyara Region Source: 1988 Population Census, National Profile, The Analytical Report

3.2.7 Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) and Under Five Mortality Rate (U5MR) Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) and Under Five Mortality Rate (U5MR) are interesting

features in studying health well being of a particular area, in this case, for the

Kigoma Region. While there is a countrywide comparison that was deduced from

studies done around the 1988 Population and Housing Census as depicted in the

table above, more recent studies (2004) have it that Infant Mortality Rate was

35/1000 and the Under Five Mortality Rate stood at 55/1000

Also shown through 1988 Census was urban/rural residence differentials in the IMR

and U5MR for the Tanzania Mainland. Kigoma’s IMR for rural areas was 116 while

that of urban areas was 109. The U5MR for rural areas was 194 and that for urban

104

areas was 181. In both cases it shows that the rural area children are more at risk

than their urban counterparts. Table number …. below shows this comparative

situation.

Table 3.50: IMR and U5MR in Tanzania Mainland, by region and urban/rural residence, 1988

Region IMR U5MR

Rural Urban Average Rural Urban Average

Arusha* 76 72 75 130 114 129

Tabora 101 103 101 165 169 166

Kilimaniaro 66 73 67 102 115 104

Kagera 130 116 130 220 193 219

Mtwara 143 108 138 241 180 233

Lindi 143 121 129 241 204 236

Ruvuma 114 107 113 190 177 188

Morogoro 135 94 125 226 153 211

Coast 115 104 113 193 172 189

D'Salaam 121 103 105 203 169 173

Iringa 130 135 130 219 229 220

Dodoma 136 94 132 230 154 222

Kiqoma 116 109 115 194 181 192

Mara 128 101 125 216 226 211

Mbeya 128 107 124 216 177 209

Mwanza 119 97 115 200 158 192

Rukwa 134 112 131 227 186 221

Shinyanga 112 92 110 186 150 183

Singida 99 81 96 161 129 157

Tanga 109 89 106 182 144 176

Tanzania Mainland 118 114 115 197 190 191

*Includes Manyara Region Source: 1988 Population Census, National Profile, The Analytical Report

The survival indicator for mothers as a result of childbirth is the Maternal Mortality

Rate which is the death of a mother within 42 days of delivery or arbortion based on

100,000 births alive or dead. For the years 1992 to 1995 Kigoma Region’s rating has

been very high and had kept improving over the years and ranks number 2 always

behind that of Kilimanjaro. Latest figures of 2004 have it that the region’s Maternal

Mortality Rate stood at 70/100,000. Still it is a very good rate but there are no

105

comparable figures for other regions. The rankings for various regions as of 1995

are displayed in the following table 3.51.

Table 3.51 MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE IN TANZANIA FOR SELECTED YEARS

Region 1992 1993 1994 1995 Ranking

1995

Arusha* 102 158 114 159 4

Tabora 151 285 130 216 7

Kilimanjaro 126 46 107 63 1

Kagera 304 343 190 242 12

Mtwara 264 212 161 252 10

Lindi 262 289 193 264 14

Ruvuma 225 189 186 177 8

Morogoro 289 172 190 153 6

Coast 209 111 70 187 5

D'Salaam 220 398 237 328 19

Iringa 311 321 276 281 18

Shinyanqa 143 188 119 184 9

Singida 242 171 238 207 13

Dodoma 197 214 208 266 16

Kigoma 144 155 105 87 2

Mara 67 59 106 124 3

Mbeya 67 361 436 264 20

Mwanza 221 186 266 207 15

Rukwa 172 294 243 267 17

Tanga 255 172 220 195 11

Tanzania Mainland 199 211 197 208 -

� HIV/AIDS preval

* Includes Manyara Region Source: Health Statistics Abstract, Ministry of Health, Dar es Salaam

3.2.8 Average Life Expectancy

The other very important measure of success of all socio-economic interventions

including the efficacy of health care delivery system is the indicator of average life

expectancy at birth. In 1978 Kigoma had an average life expectancy of 40. The 1988

indicator was 48 years just below the national average of 50. It is expected that the

level might have gone up if various health interventions are taken into consideration.

106

Table 3.52: LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH BY REGION AND SEX 1978 AND 1988, TANZANIA MAINLAND

Region 1978 1988

Total Total Male Female

Arusha* 50 57 57 58

Tabora 44 53 53 54

Kilimanjaro 58 59 57 62

Coast 47 48 46 51

Dar es salaam 50 50 50 50

Dodoma 45 46 45 47

Iringa 41 45 44 47

Kagera 45 45 44 45

Kigoma 40 48 47 49

Lindi 42 47 46 48

Mara 44 47 46 48

Mbeya 41 47 45 48

Morogoro 44 46 45 48

Mtwara 40 46 45 48

Mwanza 44 48 46 50

Rukwa 40 45 44 48

Ruvuma 43 49 48 51

Shinyanga 42 50 48 51

Singida 44 55 54 55

Tanga 49 49 48 51

Tanzania Mainland 44 50 49 51

*Includes Manyara Region Source:- 1988 Population Census, National Profile, The Analytical Report

107

Table 3.53: CHILDREN UNDER ONE YEAR WHO ARE MODERATELY AND SEVERERLY UNDERWEIGHT AT THE TIME OF THE MEASLES VACCINATION

District 1994 1999 2004

Total

weighed

No

moder

ately

under

weight

Number

severely

under

weight

Total

weighed

Number

modera

tely

under

weight

Number

severely

under

weight

Total

weighed

Number

moderat

ely

under

weight

Number

severely

under

weight

Kibondo - - - - - - - 21281 559

Kasulu 12,639 - 901 17,834 345 20,552 - - -

Kigoma

Rural

- - 13,074 - 693 23,806 - 1,178 -

Kigoma

Urban

4,699 133 68 4637 187 15 5,935 488 126

Total 17,338

133

14,043

22,471

1,225

44,373

5,935

22,947

685


New developments in the health sector in villages include the introduction of village

health committees. These committees are meant to oversee the day to day running

of health activities in the villages. They are sort of link between the village health

requirements and higher health authorities in the region. The committees are also

used to mobilize the masses when an epidemic erupts in communicable diseases

such as cholera, plague and meningitis. In addition the committees are part of

disciplinary panel related to a village health worker.

There are many traditional medicine practitioners in Kigoma region, save for Kigoma

rural where there is no record though there might be some. It is common practice

these days to recognize them because they contribute to social services in curing

some of the diseases that do not respond easily to medical treatment. In the

districts, which have reported, Kibondo has the highest number of these practitioners

with 155 which account for about 60 percent of the total, followed by Kasulu with 79

practitioners; and Kigoma urban with 22 of them.

108

Table 3.54: DISTRIBUTION OF COMPLEMENTARY RURAL HEALTH FACILITIES 2004

District Number of

trained TBAs

Number of

VHWs

Number of

village health

committees

Number of registered

traditional medicine

practitioners

Kibondo 320 138 67 155

Kasulu 154 34 42 79

Kigoma Rural 97 87 51 -

Kigoma Urban 13 0 0 22

Total 584

259

160

256


Table 3.55: DISTRIBUTION OF HOSPITAL AND HEALTH CENTRE BEDS AND

DOCTORS

District Number of Beds Number of Doctors

1994 1999 2003 1994 1999 2004

Kibondo 248 248 - 2 1 5

551 351 351 3 3 4 Kasulu(Hosp.

(H/C) 190 190 190 3 3 3

Kigoma Rural 85 85 83 1 2 4

Kigoma Urban 260 280 290 8 11 16

Total 757 777 537 12 15 26


109

Table 3.56 ESTIMATES OF BASIC HEALTH INDICATORS BY DISTRICT 2004and 2005

District Estimated IMR Estimated U5MR Estimated MMR Estimated

Perinatal

Mortality Rate*

Estimated

Neonatal Mortality

Rate**

2004 2005 2004 2005 2004 2005 2004 2005 2004 2005

Kibondo 49/1000 32/1000 28/1000 36/1000 146/100000 101/100000 - - - -

Kasulu 27/1000 9/1000 124/1000 25/1000 97/100000 116/100000 - 4.7/1000

2/1000 4/1000

Kigoma

Rural

94/1000 69/1000 65/1,000 122/100

0

137/100000 61/100000 - 90/1000 98/1000 30/1000

Kigoma

Urban

38/1000 36/1000 29/1000 26/1000 309/100000 208/100000 8/1000 6/1000 3/1000 2/1000

Region 52/1000 37/1000 63/1000 52/1000 172/100000 121/100000 8/1000 34/1000 35/1000 12/1000

*Deaths of children from 7 months pregnancy to 28 days after birth per 1,000

**Deaths of children from day 0 to 28 days after birth per 1,000


The attrition situation is not all that bad in the health sector in Kigoma region.

Overall, there were 41 dropouts accounting for about 5 percent of all health

personnel in the region. Among the main causes of dropping out, 58 percent died

while another 34 percent retired from active service. The other two causes – brain

drain and other shared the remaining 8 percent. District wise it is Kibondo which was

affected most in that over a half of the total dropouts came from this district.

Table 3.57: ATTRITION OF ALL PERSONNEL IN THE HEALTH SUB-SECTOR BY

DISTRICT, 2004.

Cause and Number of dropouts District Total all

personnel

as at

1.1.2004

Death Retirement Brain

drain

Other Total

Kibondo 364 13 7 - 2 22

Kasulu 332 4 1 - 5

Kigoma Rural 278 6 2 1 - 9

Kigoma Urban 114 1 4 0 0 5

Total 724

24 14 1 2 41


110

Although nurses and nursing assistants play an important role in delivering medical

services, their numbers are unevenly distributed in Kigoma region. The single digit

figures shown in the KIbondo and Kigoma Rural districts’ Nursing Officers’ rows are

indicative of how serious the problem of qualified nursing Officers is at least in the

two districts both of which are fairly populated. It could however, be correctly argued

that Kigoma Urban is overstaffed with the nurses and nursing assistants’ cadres. If

this is the true picture of the prevailing distribution of nurses, then there is need to

rationalize this lopsided situation so that all districts benefit from the health services

somewhat equally.

Table 3.58: TYPE AND TOTAL NUMBER OF NURSING PERSONNEL BY DISTRICT,

2006

District Nursing Officers Nurses and

Nursing Assistants

Total

Kibondo 9 187 196

Kasulu 30 100 130



Total 73

762

835


There are other outstanding health personnel whose numbers ought to be discussed

in this sector; they are the Clinical Officers and Rural Medical Aids. The total number

of them both does not vary very much from one district to another except for Kasulu

which has aconsiderably high figure. The other three districts are somewhat

consistent in that they have more Clinical Officers than Rural Medical Aids except for

Kigoma Urban District, which has much less Rural Medical Aids than it has Clinical

Officers. Usually Rural Medical Aid, more often than not, works where there is

neither a medical doctor nor a medical assistant. The role of their job is

complementary whereas a clinical officer is supplementary to doctors / medical

assistants. As a region Kigoma tends to have a larger number of this cadre of

111

medical personnel due to make-shift health services required where the influx

refugees are of concern.

Table 3.59: CLINICAL OFFICERS AND RURAL MEDICAL AIDS PERSONNEL BY

DISTRICT, 2006

District Clinical Officers Rural Medical Aids Total

Kibondo 21 17 38

Kasulu 60 13 73



Total 151 42 193


3.3 WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION

3.3.1 WATER Introduction

Water is a very essential commodity for the well being of every living organism be it

human, animal or plant. It is such an important ingredient in almost all human

activities including agricultural as well as industrial. A larger part of the region is

endowed with water except for the eastern parts of the region which are between

and away from the flowing rivers. The region falls within the water resources

planning management and utilization system of the Lake Tanganyika water basin

situated in the western part of Tanzania. The region, however, has a unimodal

regime of rainfall with one long wet season lasting from November to May producing

an average rainfall of between 800mm and 1000 mm.

112

3.3.1.1 Water Sources

There are two types of water available in the region; surface water and ground

water.

3.3.1.2 Surface Water

Surface water runoff leads to the formation of several rivers and swamps in the

region. The most important of the perennial rivers is the Malagarasi which flows into

Lake Tanganyika. The river with a very large catchments area drains several major

swamps and semi permanent lakes such as Nyamagoma and Sagara. Together with

Lake Tanganyika, they offer the region with more than adequate surface water

resources. Other rivers that are part of surface water source are Luiche, Lugufu,

Lubalisi and Luega.

3.3.1.3 Ground Water

Kigoma lies on the flanks of the Western Rift, part of the Great African Rift Valley,

and Lake Tanganyika forms part of the Rift. A series of fissures have developed in

the bed rock parallel to the rift, which are suspected to harbour a substantial amount

of underground water. Ground water recharge mechanism is from rainfall, streams

and rivers. Boreholes equipped with hand pumps offer an economical solution in

large number of villages as illustrated in the water schemes discussed below.

3.3.1.4 Water Quality

Kigoma region water resources are chemically well suited for use in water supplies.

As a general rule, surface water sources are prone to bacteriological contamination

while ground water is usually safe in this respect. In the context of portability the

main quality deficiencies encountered on existing sources are coloration, content of

solid materials and iron content. Generally prevalence of fluorides and other salts

are non existent in the water supplies. Ground water sources are generally of better

quality compared to surface water sources.

113

3.3.1.5 Rural Water Supply

The rural population numbering more than 1,471,330 in Kigoma region is served by

Rural Water Supply Schemes including piped gravity schemes, 106 protected

springs, and 196 shallow wells with hand pumps, 79 boreholes with hand pumps. A

total of 41 catchments of rainwater harvesting schemes have been constructed in

public institutions such as schools, health centres and dispensaries. The other

schemes, both in working condition or otherwise are displayed in District tables

below.

Table 3.60: NUMBER OF RURAL WATER SCHEMES (WORKING AND NOT WORKING) BY

TYPE OF SOURCE AND BY TECHNOLOGY EMPLOYED TO GET WATER TO CUSTOMERS, IN 2004: KIGOMA REGION.

Water Source Technology

Lake Dam Charco Spring Shallow well

Bore hole

Rain water

River Total

Windmill 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Electric Pump 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 3

Diesel Pump 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 4

Hand Pump 0 0 0 0 194 76 0 0 270

Gravity Piped 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 55 67

Solar Power 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Roof catchments 0 0 0 0 0 0 39 0 39

Open 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Hydram/Other 0 0 0 94 0 0 0 0 0

Total 0 0 0 106 194 79 39 59 383


Yet, there are a sizeable number of schemes that are not functioning well or not

functioning at all. For instance there are 20 shallow wells in Kibondo; 27 in Kasulu

and 7 in Kigoma rural that are not working accounting for approximately 28% of all

the wells; and also there are 9 springs in Kibondo and 1 in Kasulu that are not

working. However, the overall picture of the water supply schemes in the region

show that about 33% only of all the schemes are out of order implying that the rural

water supply is above average as far as the available sources are concerned.

114

Table 3.62: NUMBER OF RURAL WATER SCHEMES (NOT WORKING) BY TYPE OF SOURCE AND BY TECHNOLOGY EMPLOYED TO GET WATER TO CUSTOMERS, IN 2004: KIGOMA REGION



Bore hole

Rain water

River Total

Windmill 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Elec. Pump 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Diesel Pump 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 6

Hand Pump 0 0 0 0 56 53 0 0 109

Gravity Piped 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2

Solar Power 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Roof catchments

0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2

Open 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Hydram/Other 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 9

Total 1 0 0 10 56 53 2 6 125

Source: Regional Commissioner’s Office , Kigoma, 2006 Coverage of the population by Rural Water supplies for the year 2004 by district.

Kigoma rural district had the lowest percentage of population covered by the

schemes.

Table 3.63: TOTAL NUMBER OF PEOPLE COVERED WITH SAFE WATER SUPPLIES

District Population Covered Percentage

Kibondo 315,836 76.3

Kasulu 290,352 59.9

Kigoma Rural 171,611 35.8

Total Rural Po. Supplied 777,799 57.3


115

As it happened while discussing health services the districts had health committees,

likewise in Rural Water supply schemes the villages do have Village water

committees whose job it is to oversee the activities of the schemes. Water schemes

are normally established through initially government and /or donor funded projects.

Upon handing over the functioning scheme to the relevant village, then the water

committee is formed in order to continually manage the scheme. Because even the

subsequent maintenance of the scheme is supposed to be funded by the relevant

villagers, then comes the importance of forming a village fund committee, which is

discharged with the task of handling all funds pertaining to the scheme.

Contributions are supposed to be made by the resident villagers into the fund, which

is eventually deposited in a bank. The contributions are supposed to be yearly and

continuous. Like in the tables below, Kibondo started with 29 water committees in

1994: they increased to 52 in 2004. Correspondingly the village water funds

increased by the same number resulting in increased cash from Shs. 880,460 to

Shs. 4,691,529 in the ten-year span.

Table 3.64 (a): VILLAGE WATER COMMITTEES, VILLAGE WATER FUNDS AND FUNDS IN THE VWFS KIBONDO DISTRICT

Item Village Water Committees

Village Water Funds

Total funds in T.Shs.

31st. Dec. 1994 29 29 880,460

31st. Dec. 2004 52 52 4,691,529

Change (+ or -) +23 +23 +3,811,069

Source: Regional Commissioner’s Office , Kigoma, 2006 The situation was more active in Kasulu District where they have formed more

Village Water Committees and Village Water Funds. Kasulu started with 58 water

committees and formed 57 village water funds and in ten years’ time there are 86

water committees managing 71 village water funds worth Shs. 15,508,000. It shows

that there is more awareness in Kasulu district than there is in Kibondo.

116

Table 3.64(b): VILLAGE WATER COMMITTEES, VILLAGE WATER FUNDS AND FUNDS IN THE VWFS KASULU DISTRICT


Village Water Funds


31st. Dec. 1994 58 57 10,457,000

31st. Dec. 2004 86 71 15,508,000

Change (+ or -) + 28 +14 + 5,051,000

Source: Regional Commissioner’s Office , Kigoma, 2006 The establishment and the increase of both village water committees and village

funds committees are rather moderate in Kigoma Rural district. There were 28

VWCs and 20 VWFs that increased to 43 VWCs and 30 VFCs respectively. The

funds’ worth more than doubled from year 1994 to the year 2004.

Table 3.64 ( c): VILLAGE WATER COMMITTEES, VILLAGE WATER FUNDS AND FUNDS IN THE VWFS KIGOMA RURAL DISTRICT


Village Water Funds


31st. Dec. 1994 28 20 2,100,000

31st. Dec. 2004 43 30 5,614,581

Change (+ or -) +15 +10 +3,514,581


3.3.1.6 Urban Water Supply

The urban water schemes rely upon Hand pumps technology with the bore holes as

the main source having 14 bore holes and 6 shallow wells. Electric and diesel

pumps connected to Lake Tanganyika and a river also feature. There is one roof

catchments’ source and several other technologies in the form of springs.

117

TablE 3.65: TOTAL NUMBER OF URBAN WATER SCHEMES (WORKING AND NOT WORKING) BY TYPE OF SOURCE OF WATER AND BY TECHNOLOGY EMPLOYED TO GET WATER TO CUSTOMERS, 2004 IN KIGOMA REGION URBAN CENTRES



Bore hole

Rain water

River Total

Windmill 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Elec. Pump 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

Diesel Pump 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

Hand Pump 0 0 0 0 6 14 0 0 20

Gravity Piped 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 3

Solar Power 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Roof catchments

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1

Open 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Hydram/Other 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 4

Total 1 0 0 6 6 14 1 2 30

Source: Regional Commissioner’s Office , Kigoma, 2006 It is worth noting that seven of the hand pumps comprising of ; four shallow wells

and three bore holes were not working in that year.

Table 3.66: TOTAL NUMBER OF URBAN WATER SCHEMES (NOT WORKING) BY TYPE OF SOURCE OF WATER AND BY TECHNOLOGY EMPLOYED TO GET THE WATER TO CUSTOMERS, 2004 IN KIGOMA REGION URBAN CENTRES

Water Source Technology Lake Dam Charco Spring Shallow

well Bore hole

Rain water

River Total

Windmill

Elec. Pump

Diesel Pump

Hand Pump 4 3 0 0 7

Gravity Piped

Solar Power

Roof catchment

Open

Hydram/Other

Total 4 3 0 0 7


118

As far as urban water supplies are concerned, demand for water and per capita

consumption were partially covered in all the districts but Kigoma urban. It is only

Kigoma urban that has tried to give the demand and per capita consumption of its

population. There is nothing recorded for Kigoma rural district yet the figures let a lot

to be desired.

Table 3.67: COVERAGE OF URBAN WATER SUPPLIES FOR THE YEAR 2005; KIGOMA REGIONAL URBAN CENTRES

Cubic Meters Estimated demand in cubic

meters Estimated supply in cubic meters Urban centre

Per capita Total Per capita Total

Kibondo 1,000 300 / year

Kasulu - 34,998 / year - 2,808 / year

Kigoma Rural - - - -

Kigoma Urban

65 / year 9,490 / year 27 / year 3,898 / year

Source: Regional Commissioner’s Office , Kigoma, 2006 Kigoma region was estimated to have about 181,307 households. Out of these households

only 123,286 had toilets; that is to say about 70 percent of the population had toilets facilities

and about 35 percent only had refuse disposing facilities in form of pits or bins.

Table 3.68: AVAILABILITY OF TOILET FACILITIES AND REFUSE PITS/BINS FOR THE YEAR 2004 FOR KIGOMA REGION

Area Estimated total

number of households

Total number of households with

toilets

Total number of households with refuse pits/bins

Urban centres 35,204 28,294 14,400

Rural areas 146,103 94,992 49,616

Total 181,307 123,286 64,016


119

District wise Kibondo a proportion of about 69 percent and 34 percent to the

estimated total households with toilet facilities and pits or bins facilities. While Kasulu

had 53 percent for toilet facilities and 41 percent for dust bins/ pits facilities

respectively. The tables 4.9 and 4.10 here below testify this.

TABLE 3.69: AVAILABILITY OF TOILET FACILITIES AND REFUSE PITS/BINS FOR THE YEAR 2004 FOR KIBONDO DISTRICT

Area Estimated total number of households


toilets


Urban centres 3,748 3,123 2,860

Rural areas 54,824 37,108 17,100

Total 58,572 40,231 19,960


Table 3.70: AVAILABILITY OF TOILET FACILITIES AND REFUSE PITS/BINS FOR THE YEAR 2004 FOR KASULU DISTRICT

Area Estimated total

number of households


toilets


Urban centres 5,390 4,312 1,078

Rural areas 34,532 17,711 15,547

Total 40,922 21,723 16,625


The situation is different in both Kigoma rural and urban districts. While it was an

improvement on the part of toilet facilities compared to Kibondo and Kasulu districts

by scoring at about 71 percent, Kigoma rural was a disgracel on the part of bins /pits

facilities which they recorded 30 percent of total households in the district.

120

Table 3.71: AVAILABILITY OF TOILET FACILITIES AND REFUSE PITS/BINS FOR THE YEAR 2004 FOR KIGOMA RURAL DISTRICT


Total number of households with toilets


Urban centres - - -

Rural areas 56,747 40,173 16,969

Total 56,747 40,173 16,969


On the other hand Kigoma urban turned out to be the best of all the districts in that it

recorded about 70 percent for the availability of toilets; the highest in the region.

When it came to refuse facilities they are above the regional average by five points

at 40 percent. These urban averages though low; they compare well with those

facilities available in other towns of similar magnitudes.

Table 3.72: AVAILABILITY OF TOILET FACILITIES AND REFUSE PITS/BINS FOR THE YEAR 2004 FOR KIGOMA URBAN DISTRICT



toilets


Urban centers 26,066 20,859 10,462

Rural areas - - -

Total 26,066 20,859 10,462


121

S E C T I O N V

4.0 ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE 4.1 TRANSPORTATION

While it is true that transportation is a lifeline of any economy, it requires ascertained

facts to prove the same for the economy of Kigoma Region. For all goods and

services produced in one part of the economy would in one way or another be

required in another part of the same economy and even beyond the borders of the

economy under consideration. All agricultural produce is supposed to be ferried;

either home for consumption or else should find their way through markets. In order

to do so effectively, various modes of transportation are involved in the region: Land

transport through road and railways; water transport through ports where ships and

steamers perform the much needed services and through air transportation. Of them

all, land transport is outstanding in that Road Transport seconded by Rail Transport.

4.2 ROAD TRANSPORT

4.2.1 Road network

Kigoma Region has a road network with a total length of 2,803 Kilometers graded

under trunk and regional roads providing easy access to other regions and Burundi

border; district roads providing easy access to other districts within the region and

feeder roads that normally connect the typical rural areas (villages) and the district

roads. They sometimes connect to the trunk/regional roads. Road transport in

Kigoma region is generally at low scale due to the poor conditions of the roads. The

shortest road to Dar es Salaam through Tabora – Manyoni is hardly used. The loop

through Dodoma – Singida – Nzega – Kahama – Nyakanazi takes about three days

driving from Dar to Kigoma. Train transports a larger salient of cargo between Dar

and Kigoma and the neighbouring countries. The same cargo finds its way from

Kigoma to the neighboring countries through Lake Tanganyika and part of it is

transported by road especially to Burundi through Manyovu.

122

Table 4.1: ROAD NETWORK IN KMs BY DISTRICT AND BY GRADE 2006

Grade (Kms) District

Trunk Regional District Feeder Total

Kibondo

125

114

354

167

760

Kasulu

172

92

597

268

1,129

Kigoma Rural

130

169

55

106

560

Kigoma Urban

5 -

83

266

354

Total

432

375

1,089

808

2,803


ROAD DENSITY Ranking the districts in the order of development of roads Kasulu continued to lead

at 12.4; as it had a well developed network compared to the other two rural districts

of Kigoma ruaral and Kibondo which stood at 4.9 and 4.8 respectively. The road

density per 100 Kilometres in Kigoma Region also improved from 4.8 in 1988 to 7.4

in year 2005 as depicted in the following table.

Table 4.2 ROAD DENSITY BY DISTRICT IN KIGOMA REGION

District Land Area Road network

Road density

Kibondo 15,722 760 4.8

Kasulu 9,128 1,129 12.4

Kigoma Rural 11,545 560 4.9

Kigoma Urban 128 354 276.6

Region 38,044 2,803 7.4


Of the total number of the roads in Kigoma Region, only 924 kilometers are passable

all the year round while the rest are impassable during the rainy season.

123

Table 4.2 Major road connections and road links in Kigoma region, 2005

Major Inter-Regional Road Connections Road links Quality of road surface

Kigoma region to Tabora region Nguruka to Kaliua Gravel/earth

Kigoma region to Rukwa region Uvinza to Mpanda Gravel

Kigoma region to Kagera region Kakonkoto Nyakanazi n.a

Major Intra-Regional Road Connections Road links Quality of Road

Surface

Kasulu district to Kibondo district Makere – Kitanga n.a

Kasulu district to Kigoma Rural district n.a


Hence Kigoma region can be reached from outside region by three trunk /regional

roads:-

� Mwandiga – Manyovu to Burundi Border 60 Kilometers

� Kasulu – Rukwa Regional Border 73 Kilometers and

� Kigoma – Kasulu – Kibondo – Nyakanazi 335 Kilometers

4.2.1 (a): Mwandiga – Manyovu With a length of 60 kilometers passes through an area that rises gradually with non-

rocky hills and ridges intersected by wide valley. The soils are reddish in the slopes

and red in the depressions. The road serves one of the most populated areas in

Kigoma and Kasulu districts. It also links Kigoma with Burundi. It facilitates carriage

for fruit, vegetables, and beans at the same time saves as access to Gombe

National Park the famous home of the Chimpanzee.

4.2.1 (b): Kasulu – Rukwa Regional Border Similar to the previous road in terms of reddish clays in the ridges and black soil in

the depressions or road surface, the road surface is mainly of earth and is in very

poor condition. It connects Rukwa Region at Uvinza. This road facilitates

transportation of salt from Nyanza Salt Mines at Uvinza, timber and other crops

cultivated in this area as well as providing access to Lugufu and Uvinza ranches;

and also to Katavi and Mahale National Parks and to Muyowosi Game Reserve.

124

4.2.1 ( c): Kigoma – Kasulu – Kibondo – Nyakanazi The road that covers some 335 kilometers has physical surface partly engineered

gravel or medium to fair standard and partly earth. The road is very important to the

socio economic development of the region as it passes through forestry, cash and

food crops producing areas of the region. There are many access roads joining it

including those joining the refugee camps of Mtabila, Nyarugusu, Nduta and

Kanembwa. Apart from connecting the three district headquarters it connects two

neighboring regional headquarters of Kagera and Shinyanga at Nyakanazi.

Table 4.3: LENGTH OF ROAD NETWORK BY TYPE OF ROAD SURFACE AND BY DISTRICT, 2004

Type of Surface (Kms)

District Tarmac Gravel Earth Total

Kibondo - 289.0 471.0 760.0

Kasulu - 136.8 35.2 172.0

Kigoma Rural 1.2 19.0 257.0 277.2

Kigoma Urban 17.0 542.0 691.0 1,250.0

Total 18.2 986.8 1,454.2 2,459.2


Table 4.4: LENGTH OF ROAD NETWORK BY GRADE AND TYPE OF SURFACE IN

KIGOMA REGION, 2004

Type of Road Surface (Kms.) Grade

Tarmac Gravel Earth Total

Trunk 6.2 361.8 65.2 433.2

Regional 0 213.6 121 334.6

District 12 153.5 1147.7 1313.2

Feeder 0 24 958.2 982.2

Total 18.2 752.9 2292.1 3063.2


In all only about 59 percent of the roads are passable throughout the year – during

dry and rainy seasons. This percentage is not enough because the not passable

125

roads during rainy season seem to be many and of sizeable length especially in two

districts; Kibondo and Kigoma urban. While 55 percent of all roads are impassable

during rainy season in Kibondo District; there are many more, to the tune of 75

percent of the roads in Kigoma urban that are not passable. It would be more

interesting if this situation would reverse and especially so for a region which is on

the periphery in this country.

Table 4.5: LENGTH OF ROAD NETWORK PASSABLE ALL YEAR ROUND, BY GRADE AND BY DISTRICT, 2003

Kms

District Passable all year round

Not passable in rain season

Total

Kibondo 339 421 760

Kasulu 730 398 1,129



Total 1,655 1,149 2,804


4.3 Railway Transport Kigoma Town is one of the terminals of the railway line that starts from the port of

Dar es Salaam. There are both; regular passenger trains and frequent cargo trains

plying on what is generally referred to as the central line. The 1250 km railway

branches off at Tabora 840 km (from Dar es Salaam) off northwards to Mwanza on

the shores of Lake Victoria. There are three passenger trains and on average three

cargo trains to and from Kigoma per week. The railway stations include Kigoma as a

terminal on the other end, and other smaller stations are Lwiche, Kandaga, Kalenge,

Kazuramimba, Lugufu, Uvinza, Malagarasi and Nguruka. The cargo trains carry

about 20 loaded wagons with a capacity of 2,400 metric tones; comprising incoming

cargo of mainly transit goods to DRC and Burundi such as wheat, building materials,

fertilizers, sugar and fuel. Return cargo from Kigoma to Dar es Salaam include salt

from Uvinza Salt Mines, coffee from Burundi / Kigoma, sardine, beans, fruit and

vegetables.

126

4.4 Air Transport Being away from the country’s commercial capital, Dar es Salaam (about 1,939 km)

Kigoma Region is basically served by one commercial airline – Precision Air – that

operates between Dar es Salaam and Kigoma. There is a three-hour daily flight

between the two cities. Kigoma airport can accommodate small to medium aircraft.

UNHCR and Red Cross international, who provide relief services to Burundian and

DRC refugees, also operate frequent flights between Kigoma and Dar es Salaam,

Mwanza, DRC and Burundi. Kigoma Hilltop Hotel also provides airlifts to tourists

visiting Mahale National Park and safari camps at Muyowosi Game Reserve.

According to international standards for categorization of airports, Kigoma airport is

on grade three categories. It is understood that Tanzania Airports Authority (TAA)

plans to upgrade the airport as per MONUC requirements but financing of the project

is in the pipeline subject to confirmation.

In addition to the Kigoma airport, there are ten airstrips in the region: four are in

Kigoma Rural District, one in Kibondo District and six in Kasulu District.

4.4 Water Transport 4.1 Lake Tanganyika Water transportation in Kigoma Region is mainly dominated by transport through

Lake Tanganyika which is shared by four countries namely Burundi covering 8

percent of the lake; DRC occupying 45 percent; Tanzania with another 45 percent

and Zambia which shares the remaining 2 percent. Both, passenger ships and cargo

ships do ply the waters of Lake Tanganyika docking in all the four countries listed

above. The passenger and cargo ships are Mv. Liemba with capacity of ferrying 200

tonnes of cargo and 400 passengers and Mv. Mwongozo that has capacity to ferry

80 tons of cargo and 800 passengers. There is only one tanker ship known as Mt.

Sangara with capacity of carrying 350,000 of fuel. On the Tanzanian side they call at

Kigoma and Kasanga ports only.

127

4.5 Communication Services

Traditionally, Kigoma Region heavily depends on the services of the Tanzania Posts

Corporation (POSTA) for communication by letter and Tanzania Telecommunica-

tions Company Ltd (TTCL) for telephone, telex and fax services.

There is one post office in each district and similarly one sub-post office in every

district. The total number of telephone lines by district in the region has not been

given. However, there is capacity and utilization of 2,321 telephone lines in the

region.

Of late the region has witnessed a growing demand and supply of Internet services

and the cellular phones – Vodacom, Tigo, and Celtel; and lately by Zantel. This has

been spurred by the introduction of a competitive free market for telecommunication

services. There is also an E-mail service station in every district.

The region has six radio call services and in addition it enjoys the services pf Radio

Tanzania and Radio Free Africa.

4.6: Electricity

Kigoma Region is yet to be connected to the National Transmission Grid and is

currently supplied with thermal power by Tanzania Electric Supply Company

(TANESCO) generated by diesel engines located in the town. Other urban centers

such as Uvinza, Kibondo and Kasulu have separate generation units located in their

respective centers.

4.6.1: Generation Capacity:

TANESCO has capacity to generate 4.108 MW from seven generating sets with

rated capacity of 3 MW all together. Two relatively new generators with a capacity

of 1.2 MW have been shifted to Kigoma from Kihansi to boost generation capacity.

Power distribution infrastructure for the demand in the region has been installed in

fair condition although it requires rehabilitation. Rehabilitation of the distribution

network has started at a slow pace due to lack of enough funding. The infrastructure

includes the following: -

128

� A substation comprising of seven old and two new 11/0.4 KV transformers,

two new transformers of capacity 1500 KVA and two auxiliary transformers

with a total capacity of 1800Kva.

� Electricity distribution lines with a total of 48.05Km of 11 KV distribution lines

and a total of 120 Km of low voltage distribution lines and

� Three fuel storage tanks with a total storage capacity of 176,000 litres.

4.6.2: Demand

Kigoma / Ujiji has the demand for power but actual consumption is limited to existing

capacity. Currently suppressed demand for the town is estimated at 3.5 MW while

TANESCO has a total of 6,229 customers in Kigoma/Ujiji where 9 are classified as

industrial consumers and remaining consumers are domestic. About 100

applications are awaiting connections to the power supply. Estimates put the

demand of electricity in Kigoma Region at about 10 MW where the main

consumption centers are Kigoma / Ujiji town (4.5 MW), Uvinza (2.0 MW refugee

camps (2.0MW). Industrial consumers in Kigoma /Uiiji Town are KUWASA, Radio

Tanzania, Hilltop Hotel, Prisons, Police, AMI and TTCL.

Alternatives exist for future expansion of generation capacity. The first alternative is

that of connecting to the National Power grid at Tabora, by extending transmission

line from Tabora to Kigoma TANESCO study on the option concluded that it was

not financially viable. The second alternative was that of establishing a hydro power

plant at Malagarasi River with 5 modules each with 8.0 MW.

129

S E C T I O N V

5.0 OTHER DEVELOPMENT ISSUES

A number of issues that affect the population on the whole and those affecting

specific groups such as women and children need to be addressed clearly in this

profile. Issues like day care centers are of particular interest these days; especially

when mothers are involved in productive work like working on shambas and more so

for those who are salaried employees. They ought to bring their children to day care

centers, which would guarantee them of a peaceful working day when somebody

else is taking care of the young. The day care centers also serve as a springboard

for the children who latter turn out to be the beginners in pre primary schools.

Table 5.1: DISTRIBUTION OF DAY CARE CENTRES BY DISTRICT IN KIGOMA

REGION

1999 2004 District

Number of

Centres

Number of

Pupils

Number

Centres

Number of

Pupils

Kibondo 2 200 7 230

Kasulu - - - -

Kigoma Rural - 19 14,165

Kigoma Urban -

Total 2 200 26 14,395


It is very common these days to have economic groups to trigger economic

development; many women groups have initiated a number of different women

economic groups in Kigoma region. Although Kigoma urban district does not feature

in any women economic group, there are a total of 94 women economic groups with

732 as the total membership. Out of 664 groups registered in Kibondo district 19

have been assisted financially with a total loan amounting to five million shillings.

Kasulu district with 16 women groups and Kigoma Rural with 14 women groups

have all been assisted with 82 million shillings and 13.95 million shillings

respectively. It shows that 52 percent of the groups were assisted in 2004. It is the

expectation of other established groups in Kibondo, however, that they will be

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assisted financially come year 2005 or so. Presumably Kigoma urban district will join

hands with other districts in forming women economic groups if they are to forge

ahead in development.

Table 5.2: WOMEN ECONOMIC GROUPS BY DISTRICT IN KIGOMA REGION, 2004

District Total Number

of groups

Total

membership

Number of

groups

assisted 2004

Total loaned

2004 (Tshs,)

Kibondo 64 320 19 5,000,000

Kasulu 16 80 16 82,000,000

Kigoma Rural 14 332 14 13,950,000

Kigoma Urban - - - -

Total 94 732 49 100,950,000


All but Kasulu District had established Youth Economic groups ranging from 4 in

Kigoma Rural to 84 in Kibondo, in Kigoma region. Where Kigoma rural doesnot

show the number of group members, Kibondo had 270 and Kigoma urban had 129

members. The activities the youth engaged in can be labeled various as no

indication of the type of activity has been shown. Financially Kibondo youth were

loaned a total of 7.2 million shillings, Kigoma urban 3.5 million shillings and that of

Kigoma rural a mere 0.22 of a million shillings.

Table 5.3: YOUTH ECONOMIC GROUPS BY DISTRICT IN KIGOMA REGION 2004

District Total Number

of groups

Total

Membership

Number of

groups

assisted 2004

Total loaned

2004 (Tshs)

Kibondo 84 270 84 7,200,000

Kasulu -

Kigoma Rural 4 4 220,000

Kigoma Urban 29 129 29 3,500,000

Total 117 399 117 10,920,000


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Cooperative societies as such were established a long time ago in Kigoma region

but it is not indicative as to when they established and when they started functioning.

Those shown in table 6.4 are classified as Savings and Consumer Cooperative

Societies, commonly known as (SACCOS). There are 33 SACCOS in all in the

whole region comprising of 1,842 members. They had funds totaling shillings 131.3

million as at December 31st 2004 while total loans recorded were shillings 99.4

million. No loan was recorded in Kigoma rural district.

Table 5.4: COOPERATIVE DEVELOPMENT SOCIETIES (SACCOS) BY DISTRICT IN

KIGOMA REGION 2004

Total amount

Shs. 000

loaned to

members

District Number of

SACCOS

Total

membership

SACCOS

Total Funds

Shs. 000 in

SACCOS

Accounts as

at 31.12.04 1999 2004

Kibondo 3 390 76,600 94,400

Kasulu 7 406 4,008 974

Kigoma Rural 11 400 27,972 -

Kigoma Urban 12 646 22,696 5,000 4,000

Total 33 1,842 131,276 5,000 99,374


In table 6.5 below are depicted a number of cooperative societies ranging from

consumer, service, marketing to other. The crop marketing cooperatives take the

lead both in number societies and members followed by the consumer cooperatives.

The former has 50 societies with 6,029 members and the latter has 8 societies with

846 members of the cooperatives. At 19 each, Kasulu and Kigoma rural tally in the

number of marketing cooperatives, with the latter boasting of almost twice as much

members than those in Kasulu District. The group “Other” has cooperatives

numbering 9 in the region commanding 1,125 members. The type they cooperate in

is immediately identified; but they are 4 in Kigoma urban, two each in Kibondo and

Kigoma rural while there is only one in Kasulu. The societies established in Kibondo

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turn out to comprise of many members than any other in the region. Two societies

had members amounting to 927. All these societies, add in one way or another, to

the development of the people of Kigoma Region.

Table 5.5: OTHER COOPERATIVES BY DISTRICT IN KIGOMA REGION, 2004 District Consumer

Cooperatives

Service

Cooperatives

Marketing

Cooperatives

Other Cooperatives

(other than SACCOS)

Number Total

member

s

Number Total

member

s

Number Total

member

s

Number Total

members

Kibondo - - 2 47 11 1,193 2 927

Kasulu 3 773 1 50 19 1,786 1 15

Kigoma R - - - - 19 3,007 2 80

Kigoma U 5 73 2 66 1 42 4 103

Total 8 846 4 163 50 6,029 9 1,125


The Land Bank situation in kigoma region has been summarized in table 6.6 below.

Although Kibondo District does not indicate the amount of land reserved as land

bank, there are only small proportions of land bank in each district compared to total

available land in the region. It seems no value is attached to land leasing as no

statistic had been recorded that some piece of land had been leased out by any

district during the financial year 2005/ 2006.

Table 5.6: DISTRIBUTION OF LAND BANK IN HECTARES BY DISTRICT, KIGOMA REGION

2005/06

District Total land area

Sq.Km

Total arable

land (Ha)

Total land bank

available(Ha)

Total land

bank leased

Kibondo 16,058 127,500 - None

Kasulu 9,324 606,000 16,560 None

Kigoma Rural 11,545 1,015,130 11,000 None

Kigoma Urban 128 5,000 2,432 None

Total 37,055 1,753,630 29,992 None


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Generally, proper planning of land use is very basic to any development at all and

that is what is expected of Tanzania’s all regions. The table supplied by Kigoma

region does not suffice to write adequately on Land use planning. But it shows there

is some work being done in some districts which show there is, at least, planning

going on for 12 villages and 2 urban areas in the region.

Table 5.7; LAND USE PLANNING BY DISTRICT, IN KIGOMA REGION 2006

In hand In the process District

Number of

areas

Total hectares Number of

areas

Total hectares

Kibondo - - - -

Kasulu 8 villages 83,354 2 villages 1,120

Kigoma Rural 4 villages - 9 -

Kigoma Urban 2 200 None None

Total 14 83,554 11 ..


Table 5.8: SURVEYING ACTIVITIES IN RURAL AREAS, BY DISTRICT IN KIMA REGION, 2004-

2006.

Villages surveyed Farms surveyed DISTRICT

Number Total

hectares

Number Total

hectares

Total

number of

village land

councils

formed

Kibondo 63 2 20 60

Kasulu 8 83,354 14 Farms 112 90

Kigoma Rural 1 19,000 9 486 50

Total 72

102,354

25

618

110


The number of orphans appearing in the table below is not very useful as there are

gaps in some districts such as in Kibondo; district there is no estimated number of

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orphans in 2004 and 2006, the same appears for Kigoma rural. What is worse is

there is no registered orphans for Kasulu and Kigoma rural altogether! What is

evident in this region is the fact that there are orphans but they are resistant to

voluntary registration; an element not immediately understandable because it could

be a source of under estimating their needs such as health services and other

financial support. In the wake of HIV/AIDS pandemic it becomes obvious that the

recorded figures are underestimated. It generally defeats the whole issue of

planning.

Table 5.9: THE NUMBER OF ORPHANS BY DISTRICT, 2004; 2006

District Estimated number of all

orphans

Number of orphans

registered

2004 2006 2004 2006

Kibondo - - 213 213

Kasulu 108,288 16,200 - 255

Kigoma Rural 3,500 - - 2,567

Kigoma urban 3,641 82,344 1,853 36,213

Total 115,429 98,544

2,066

49,249


Kigoma region has many NGO’s, Bilateral and Multilateral agencies which rendered

support to many projects over the years both local and international. Here below are

listed some of them which are concentrated in the refugee camps but many are

involved in development activities outside the camps. Kigoma rural district has not

listed any, though. Their activities range from capacity building, environment related,

sustainable agriculture, to health related activities. Some have been in the region for

so long that they appear to have established rather permanent offices; they are such

as UNICEF DANIDA and UNDP.

Table 5.10: LIST OF NGOS, BILATERAL AND MULTILATERAL AGENCIES AND

PROJECTS THEY HAVE SUPPORTED IN KIGOMA REGION 2002, 2003 AND 2004.

Organization Projects Supported

KIBONDO:

TCRS DEVELOPMENT Capacity building and environment conservation

UNICEF CSPD

DANIDA Environment conservation and rural water supply

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JAPAN (FOOD AID) Small scale irrigation

CITZ Sustainable agriculture

UNDP Capacity building

IRC Strengthening referral system

GTZ Seed bank and fertilizer

TACAIDS Hiv/Aids control

UNHCR Education

KASULU:

Africare Social and economic infrastructure construction

Word vision Food security at household level

Care international Environmental conservation and land use plans at village level

Tanzania red cross HIV/ AIDS control

IRC international Refugees Camps of Mtabila and Muyowozi

KIGOMA URBAN

MERD Supplies of Education equipment

NWB Home craft Center

KUDA School Buildings

SANGANIGWA Care of Orphan Children

TCCIA Business Advisory Service

TACARE Environment Conservation

SHIDEPHA+ Campaign and training of AIDS

KIVIDEA Campaign and training of AIDS

KDC SACCOS Poverty Alleviation for Women and Youth

SODESO Poverty Alleviation for Women and Youth

UWAWAKI Poverty Alleviation for Women and Youth

NDELA Poverty Alleviation for Women and Youth

KIGOMA HOMECRAFT Student Technical Training

TADERO Youth Development

KIKANGONET Poverty Alleviation

WILAC Education for Law in Women

KIGOMA MUSLIM Training of HIV/AIDS

KIMUTA Training of HIV/AIDS

TWSEDHTA Training of HIV/AIDS

UPA Training of HIV/AIDS

TAMH Mental Retardation

CACHOBAKA Training of HIV/AIDS

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SECTION VI

Investment Potential

Introduction The most outstanding sector that needs much improvement in the region is the

Tourism sector. Kigoma region is endowed with good climatic conditions producing

good green scenery with very limited level of pollution. Attractive sites suitable for

tourism in the region include: the second deepest lake in the world, Lake

Tanganyika; the Gombe National Park, famous in the world for the existence of well

researched Chimpanzee; Mahale National Park, important for big population of

Chimpanzee and other animals as well as birds; Muyowosi Game reserve important

for abundance of big game for tourist hunting; Dr. Livingstone Memorial at old Ujiji

town and the Slave Trade route. Others include Salt Springs and the Salt factory at

Uvinza, Old German buildings; the old ship known to have been used during World

War II the Liemba, the meandering nature and the waters of River Malagarasi and

beautiful indigenous forests, to mention but some.

6.1 Lake Tanganyika This lake passes along rift valley making the Africa’s deepest lake with 650 km long

and 50 km wide on average bordering three other countries of Burundi, DRC and

Zambia. Along Kigoma the lake provides beautiful beaches that need development

into tourist hotels and recreation sites. Kigoma beaches have only one tourist hotel,

the Hilltop Hotel, a case that makes accommodation a big problem in Kigoma

Township.

The lake provides vast fishing potential for investors, which in turn attract the need of

installation of fish processing plants and cool transport facilities. The lake provides

high-class fish and sardines that are highly marketable. Researches conducted by

Tanzania Fisheries Institute (TAFIRI) show that the lake’s potential is 800,000 metric

tones of fish per year. Currently about 700,000 metric tones are harvested annually.

The methods used are traditional and artisan attributing to poor fishing facilities.

Investors are invited to bring new fishing technology and processing facilities.

Sardines comprise of 70% – 80% of total fish volume caught in the lake. Sardines

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harvested in this lake are well known for more flash and better flavor than in other

parts of the world.

6.2 Gombe National Park This national park is famous and well researched since early 1960’s for

Chimpanzees behaviour by Jane Goodall Institute founded by Dr. Jane Goodall. The

park is under the Tanzania National Parks and currently has a population of about

80 Chimpanzees. Gombe National Park is along Lake Tanganyika in the northerly

and can be reached in an hour by a boat ride. At the park hotel facilities are provided

in beautiful camping sites where accommodation is limited to 10 people only. The

park also provides a wonderful opportunity where one can watch closely the

behavior in social life between human being and the Chimpanzee.

6.3 Mahale National Park

Mahale National Park is relatively bigger than Gombe and it has a bigger

Chimpanzee population estimated at about 500. Other primates found in Mahale not

common elsewhere include red tailored monkeys, red Columbus monkeys and the

Angolan black and white Columbus monkeys. The park is also located along Lake

Tanganyika south of Kigoma Town. It takes 4 hours to reach there by boat and 8

hours by Ship (Liemba). The Park has hotel facilities, accommodation and beautiful

camping sites. In the eastern woodlands of the park are found elephants, giraffes,

zebras, antelopes, buffalos and warthogs. Predators are also found in the park –

they are lions, wolfs and crocodiles and in the scavengers group are hyenas. There

is also found a stunning variety of birds that produce beautiful sounds to bird

watchers.

6.4 Dr. David Livingstone Memorial

Kigoma is also famous for historical events / antiquities such as Dr. Livingstone

Memorial monuments at Ujiji old Town. The site is the place where Henry Morton

Stanley, the newspaper reporter from New York Herald, met Dr. Livingstone in 1871.

Dr. Livingstone came all the way to Kigoma in his efforts to fight against slave trade

in East Africa. Ujiji is also a point within the slave trade route to DCR where some of

the slaves were taken to Bagamoyo and Zanzibar before shipment to Arabic

countries and elsewhere.

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6.5 Hotel Investment Opportunities

Kigoma Region is endowed with an enormous number of attractions that attract a

considerable number of tourists. On average, about 2,000 tourists visit Kigoma

annually. Further, more than 1,000 international and national personalities visit

Kigoma for various purposes viz. visit international organizations, refugee camps

etc. but there is only one tourist hotel, the Hilltop Hotel. This makes tourist

accommodation a big problem in Kigoma town, as in most cases this hotel is fully

booked. Most people visiting Kigoma face with crucial accommodation problems and

in most cases are forced to secure accommodation in substandard guesthouses and

restaurants.

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Appendix I: OTHER ISSUES

1. REFUGEE INFLUXES IN KIGOMA REGION

The geographical location of Kigoma region makes it a potential recipient of

refugees from neighboring countries of Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC),

Burundi and Rwanda.

Refugees arrived in Kigoma region from the DRC, then known as Zaire, in the

1970’s. The region has since remained the home for refugees from neighboring

countries especially Burundi. This refugee influx phenomenon is caused by armed

conflict in their land of origin that has resulted in displacement of people from their

land of origin into protected camps.

The latest and largest influx of Burundi refugees was in October 1993 when Kigoma

region had received about 550,000 refugees from Burundi. In 1994 unrecorded

number of refugees arrived from Rwanda, while in 1998 the region received another

98,000 refugees from DRC. As of 31st December 2005 there were 289,839 refugees

hosted in ten refugee camps. However, the number of refugees from Burundi and

DRC who have opted to live with residents in villages cannot currently be

ascertained. The negative impact caused by the presence of refugees in Kigoma

region can be classified in the following five broad categories:-

� Depletion of forest and vegetation resources due to high demand for forest

and non-wood vegetation materials created by large number of refugee needs

for households.

� Pollution of water through direct injection of wastewater washed directly into

the flowing rivers within the catchments areas.

� Depletion of protective forests within the catchments areas causing soil

erosion leading to excessive load of sandmen in the watercourses.

� Excessive fishing, hunting and poaching due to camps proximity to the game

reserves.

� The slippage of fire arms from some refugees and militants resulting in the

rise of armed and highway robbery and hence increasing social insecurity to

the communities.

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In order to address some of these negative impacts of refugee presence in Kigoma

region the international community and some Non Government Organizations have

been implementing some positive interventions on programmes under the umbrella

of “Refugee Affected Areas”.

Hosting refugees and subsequently addressing refugee issues can be a very

tiresome experience, especially on administrative commitment by the regional

authorities to ensure that the safety and integrity of refugees is preserved. However,

following recent peace development in DRC and Burundi, they are indications of

positive trend towards voluntary expatriation. The administration and people of

Kigoma region sigh with relief when they see more refugees being enabled by

UNCHR to return to their homeland.

2: POPULATION IN KIGOMA REGION The following population projections are based on the following assumptions:-

1. There is a very large refugee population in all the districts of the region

whose mobility has to be taken into account.

2. The distortion in the size of the population especially in the 2002 census

was due to this refugee factor.

3. Because the security situation in the DRC, Burundi and Rwanda is

becoming progressively peaceful refugees from these countries are

progressively going back.

4. Between the year of the 2002 census and 2009 all refugees have been

and will have gone back in steady stream during the six years 2003, 2004,

2005, 2006 2007 and 2008.

5. If the immediately above statement holds true then by the year 2009 there

will be no refugees.

6. The districts of Kigoma Rural and Kibondo each has about 150,000

refugees to dispose of, Kasulu about 200, 000 and Kigoma Urban about

30,000.

7. The average intercensal growth rates if not otherwise identified are gross

growth rates.

KIGOMA REGION TANZANIA

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