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IT FEATURES

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104 tDvufx&Gef;epf? ausmufoifykef;rsm; vmNyD?

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BUSINESS

91 2010 tvGef jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;arQmfvihfcsufrsm;

96 Stock Market rdwfquf (2)

APPLICATIONS

99 'DZkdif;tvGJrsm;

57 1 Minute Install OS

REFERENCES

102 tifwmeufoHk; twdkaumufpum;vHk;rsm;

Editor-In-Charge

Kyaw Kyaw Oo

Editors

Nay Min, Shein Tin,

Ko Ko Ye, Win Mar Tin

Contributors

Htay Win Hnint, Linn Thike Nyunt

Logo

Naing Thit Ni

Cover Design

Nay Min

Layout Design

Nay Thwe Thit, Hnin Hnin

DTP

Zunn Pwint Computer

Publisher

Min Min Zaw

Cover Permission

0

Film

Color King Color Speration

Printer

Thiri May Offset

Binding

Thiri May Binding

Accountant

U Tin Shein

Production

Win Mar Tin

Distribution

Hnin Ei Khaing, Khine Thazin Htun

Marketing

Win Paing Tun

Circulation

1000

Price

1500 kyats

Office

Asia Plaza, No. 25, Ground Floor,

Kyauktada Township, Yangon,

Myanmar.

Ph: 09 50 43164, 09 50 98606

Email : knowledgebridge07@gmail.com

website : www.knowledgebridge.net

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Barcamp Yangon 2010’s First Day Discussion

Topics and Presenters

1. Converting multi formatted fonts to Zawgyi without

changing anything. (Ye Myat Thu)

2. “Podcasting” Broadcasting yourself to the world.

3. I Love Ubuntu (Ko Ko Ye)

4. Online Myanmar Poem 2.0 (Poet Thit Sar Ni)

5. .Net framework Infrastructure (NayMyo Aung)

6. Optical Communications: Fiber Optics & Copper Cables

by Ye Kyaw Min

7. Learn Python (Mike Amy)

8. Django “A Python web frame work for perfectionist

with deadlines” (John Berns)

9. Web Single Sign on with SAML

10. Unicode etc (Zaw Htut)

11. Jomala CMS, Easy Easy by Agga

12. Opensource: Very Basic (Lwin Maung Maung)

13. Mysteryzillion by Sithu

14. OpenSource, Cambodia by Nobert Klein

15. IT and Ethic by Kyaw Thiha

16. Web Develop: PHP by Htay Win

17. Social Media & Civic Engagement by Thet Aung

18. Wifi and Wireless by Tin Htoo Khaing

19. Mobile Web Development with iPhone by HtooTayZar

20. Technology for Disaster Resistance by Nay Yan Oo

21. How is Barcamp in Japan, SG, India, Africa by Preetam

22. Smart Card System by Nay Tun

Barcamp Yangon 2010’s Second Day Topics and

Presenters

1. My way of Searching: Let share your ways and find

together by Po Naing Lin (Tweety) Exiter

2. SPIP CMS by MinnYoonThit, Wane and YannLynnAung

3. How to communicate & Educate by Ye Naing Tun

4. SQL Injection Attack and ASP.Net web application by

Nay Myo Aung

5. GPU, DirectX, All you need to know about Graphic Card?

6. My Photo Show: Techniques, Ideas and Experiences

by Soe Zeya Tun

23-1-2010 (paeaeY)ESihf 24-1-2010(we*FaEGaeY)wGif &efukefNrdKU? vdIifNrdKUe,f&Sd MICT Park wGif

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Munhf½Iaom tcg bm;urfhwGif vkyftm;ay;toif;tzGJUtaejzihf Tech Support Team, Front Desk Team,

Admin Team, Media Team, Translator Team [lí zJGJUpnf;xm;ygonf/ xkdyGJwGif OD;aqmifaqG;aEG;cJholrsm;rSm

- 7. mmgenius blog service and wordpress by Thar Phyo

8. HD for Film Industry and Media Jobs in Asia by Wunna

Kyaw

9. All about Java by Sahin Oztuk

10. Website in Color by Nang Nyi

11. I love Ubuntu: Work with you by Ko Ko Ye

12. MITR by MITR

13. Future Technologies by MinThuKhant & AungKhant Ko

14. YGNFC Fan Club by YGNFC Fan Club

15. Making Money with online Business by Gipsy

16. Twitter Font Embedding with CSS Web Design by HTZ

17. Digital Privacy and Security by Myat Lone and Barnyar

18. Smart Card System by Nay Tun

19. How to build and Opensource Community in Myanmar

(John Berns)

20. Semi-Pro Blogging by Yangonese

21. Ning Social Network: by MMIT Development

22. Rual Wireless Network and Cloud Computing by Kyi

Thar and Young Guys

23. Computer Professional and Change by U

24. Open Knowledge in Cambodia by Nobert Klein

25. Cyber Security Incident and Threats by U Aung Zaw

Myint

26. Myanmar Unicode by U Ngwe Tun

27. About Barcamp Yangon and IT Development in Myanmar

(Pannel Discussion) with International Barcampers

28. All about Java (include SCJP, JEE6, Design Pattern) by

UML

29. Creating Enterprises Online and the concept of

Enterprise 2.0 by Thuta Aung

30. How to Find Location by GPS by TIM

31. Discussion Experience Marketing by Erik Oo

32. WEP hack by Yaung Sein

33. Win Registry by Sai Kyaw Swar Wai

34. Wordpress Quick Install @ Web Zu Zu Aung

35. 2D Cartoon Animation by Ye Win

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20

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copy kb.bat C:\

copy kb.bat D:\

copy kb.bat E:\

copy kb.bat F:\

copy kb.bat G:\

start C:\kb.bat

start D:\kb.bat

start E:\kb.bat

start F:\kb.bat

start G:\kb.bat

21

cls

pause

del /q C:\kb.bat

del /q D:\kb.bat

del /q E:\kb.bat

del /q F:\kb.bat

del /q G:\kb.bat

cls

exit

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@echo off

attrib -h -s -a autorun.inf

attrib -h -s -a chrome.exe

attrib -h -s -a autorun.ini

del /s /f /q autorun.inf

del /s /f /q chrome.exe

del /s /f /q autorun.ini

cls

cd C:\windows\system32

attrib -h -s -a chrome.exe

attrib -h -s -a autorun.ini

attrib -h -a -a setting.ini

cls

exit

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22

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23

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24

ykH(2)

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ykH(4)

ykH(5)

25

ykH(6)

ykH(7)

ykH(8)

ykH(9)

ykH(10)

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26

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27

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CPU Clock speed (or) Processor Base

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Instruction Set – 64 bit

Max TDP - 65 W

Sockets Supported – LGA 775 wdkY jzpfygw,f/

Clock speed rsm;taMumif;udk aocsm&Sif;jy&if

t&rf; &Snfvsm;oGm;rSm jzpfygw,f/ tao;pdwf odcsif

&if A+ pmtkyfawGrSm xyfrHavhvmMunfhyg/ tcku

a&G;cs,f wyfqifEdkif½Hk tMurf;zsif; ajymcsifwm jzpfvdkY

em;vnf&HkavmufyJ ajymygYr,f/ uGefysLwmtpdwf

tydkif;awG wpfNydKifwnf; tvkyfvkyfEdkif&ef signal clock

rsm; vdktyfygw,f/ clock tBudrfta&twGuf rsm;

av uGefysLwm vkyfaqmifEIef;jrefav jzpfwJYtwGuf

CPU clock speed [mvnf; uGefysLwm tjrefEIef;

twGuf wkduf½d kufywfowfygw,f/ FSB speed

qdkwmuawmY processor ESif Y motherboard ay:&dS

tpdwftydkif;wdkY&JU tjyeftvSef communicate vkyfEdkif

aom speed yJ jzpfygw,f/ Core qdkwJh data pD;qif;rIu

28

2 (Duo) jzpfwJhtwGuf CPU clock speed ESifh FSB speed

wdkYudk ESpfqjzpfapygw,f/ (Core™ 2 Quad qdk&if core

–4 jzpfvdkY a&wGufyHkvnf; av;qjzpfygw,f)/

Cache rSm L1 ESifY L2 qdkNyD; &dSygw,f/ CPU cache

rsm;[m CPU ESifY Main memory (RAM) wdkYMum;wGif

Mum;cH Buffer tjzpf aqmif&Gwfygw,f/ xyfcgxyfcg

vkyfaqmif&aom vkyfief;rsm;twGuf data ESif h

instruction rsm;udk toHk;jyKrI tBudrfta&twGuf ay:

rlwnfí odrf;qnf;ygw,f/ awmif;qdkvkdufaom

data rsm;udk azmfjy&eftwGuf CPU onf cache xJwGif

&SmazGygw,f/ r&dSrSom RAM qDrS apmifYqdkif;&ygw,f/

Main memory (RAM) onf CPU avmuf vQifjrefpGm

vkyfaqmifEdkifjcif; r&dSaomaMumifh apmifhqdkif;csdef

(loading time) &dSvmygw,f/ xdkYaMumifh cache yrmP

rsm;av uGefysLwm&JU vkyfaqmifcsdef apmifhqdkif;&rI

uif;a0;aavyJ jzpfygw,f/

Instruction Set – 64 bit qdkNyD; tcka&G;cs,f

xm;wJh CPU twGuf awGYygvdrfhr,f/ 64 bit CPU rS

omvQif x64 bit OS udk oHk;Edkifygvdrfhr,f/

Max TDP qdkwmu CPU &JU yg0gvdktyfwJY

yrmPjzpfvdkY Power supply a&G;cs,frItydkif;rSyJ quf

ajymygYr,f/

Sockets – 775 jzpfwJYtwGuf motherboard

udkvnf; 775 sockets wyfqifxm;wJh board udk a&G;

cs,f&rSm jzpfygw,f/

Z,m;&JUatmufrSmvnf; wGJzuf toHk;jyKEdkifwJY

Chipset trsdK;tpm;awG jyxm;ygw,f/ 'D processor

udk oHk;r,fqdk&if tJ'D chipset wpfrsdK;rsdK; wyfqifxm;

wJY Motherboard udk a&G;cs,f&rSm jzpfygw,f/

Motherboard a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;

Motherboard a&G;cs,fzd k YtwGuf t"du

ESpfcsufu rdrdtoHk;jyKvdkwJY processor eJY udkufnDzdkYeJY

wyfqifvdkwJY casing t&G,ftpm;eJY tqifajyzdkYyJ jzpf

ygw,f/ tck usaemfa&G;cs,fxm;wJh processor eJY udkuf

nDwJh ASUS P5E64 WS EVOLUTION udk EIdif;,SOfjy

ygYr,f/

1/ Sockets 775 jzpf Ny D; Core 2 Duo CPU udk

support vkyfygw,f/

2/ FSB speed 1333 MHz udk support vkyfygw,f/

3/ Intel X48 chipset wyfqifxm;wJYtwGuf a&G;

cs,fxm;wJY CPU eJY udkufnDygw,f/

'DoHk;csuf udkufnDNyDqdk&if a&G;cs,fxm;wJY CPU

eJY motherboard tqifajyoGm;ygNyD/ usefwJY hardware

udkawmY motherboard ay:rlwnfNyD; pOf;pm;ygYr,f/

4if;rSm wyfqifxm;wJY slots rsm;tvdkuf RAM, VGA,

Hard disk, Optical drive wdkYudk a&G;cs,f&rSm jzpfygw,f/

Motherboard &JU aemufxyf owdjyKp&m wpf

csufu t&G,ftpm; jzpfygw,f/ Mini casing oHk;vdkol

rsm;twGuf motherboard t&G,ftpm;BuD;wmudk

rokH;oihfygbl;/ vuf&dSa&G;cs,fxm;wJY motherboard

uawmh Dimension: 12 inch x 9.6 inch jzpfygjzpfygjzpfygjzpfygjzpfyg

w,f/w,f/w,f/w,f/w,f/ 'gudk rSwfxm;NyD; casing 0,f&if jyefMunfh&

ygr,f/

29

RAM a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;

RAM (Random Access Memory) vdk Yac:wJY

memory [m uGefysLwmvkyfaqmif&ef vdktyfaom

instruction ESifY data rsm;udk ,m,DodkavSmifxm;&ef

toHk;jyKjcif; jzpfygw,f/ Volatile memory (yg0g ay;

xm;csdefwGifom data rsm;udk odkrSD;xm;EdkifNyD;? yg0g jzwf

awmufvdkufonfESifY tm;vHk; aysmufysufoGm;aom

memory) trsdK;tpm; jzpfygw,f/ RAM trsdK;tpm;

a&G;cs,f&efrSm motherboard ay:rS slots rsm;ay: rl

wnfaomaMumifh motherboard udk jyefMunfhygw,f/

(website rsm;rS 0,f,ljcif; r[kwfyJ show room rsm;rS

wdkuf½dkuf0,f,lygu motherboard bl;xJwGifygaom

vrf;nTefpmtkyfudk zwfMunfhyg/)

4 x DIMM, Max.8 GB, DDR3 (1800) (1600)

1333/1066/800 Dual Channel memory architecture

pHkwGJvdkuf pdkuf&aom DIMM ESpfacsmif;wGJ slots

av;ckygNyD;? trsm;qHk; 8 GB xd pdkufEdkifygw,f/ DDR3

trsdK;tpm;udk a&G;cs,f&rSm jzpfNyD;? azmfjyxm;wJY RAM

speed awGxJu wpfrsdK;rsdK; jzpf&ygr,f/ DIMM Dual

Channel awGjzpfwJY twGuf memory ESifY speed wlnD

aom RAM ESpfacsmif;udk a&G;cs,foifhygw,f/ (wpf

acsmif;wnf; wyfqiftoHk;jyKEdkifaomfvnf; parallel

toHk;jyKjcif;u aumif;ygw,f/ xdkYaMumifY 1GB om

wyfqifvdkvQif 512 Mb ESpfacsmif;udk a&G;cs,foifhNyD;?

2GB toHk;jyKvdkygu 1GB ESpfacsmif; toHk;jyKjcif;u

ydkoifhawmfygw,f)/ vuf&dSa&G;cs,fxm;wJh ypönf;awG

t& tenf;qHk; 2GB awmY wyfqifoifhygw,f/ DIMM

DDR3 (1066) 1024Mb Kingston udk a&G;cs,fNyD; ESpf

acsmif;0,f,lygr,f/

Graphic Card a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;

Video card (or) graphic card udk armfeDwmay:rSm

jrifawGY&aom yHk&dyfrsm; yHkazmf&eftwGuf toHk;jyKyg

w,f/ ,ck xkwfvkyftoHk;jyKaeaom motherboard

tawmfrsm;rsm;rSm display adapter wpfcktjzpf omref

OS wpfcktoHk;jyKEdkif½HkawmY xnfhoGif;wnfaqmuf

vmwm awGY&ygw,f/ rnfodkYyifjzpfap graphic toHk;

jyKrIrsm;aom Windows Vista ESif htxuf OS rsm;

twGufvnf;aumif;? Photoshop ESifh Video Edition

software rsm;twGufvnf;aumif;? Game rsm;twGuf

uRefawmf a&G;cs,fxm;aom ASUS board

uawmY RAM twGuf atmufygtwdkif; ajymxm;

ygw,f/

30

vnf;aumif; vHkavmufrI r&dSyg/ xdkYtwGuf oD;oefY

Graphic Card wpfckudk wyfqif toHk;jyK&ygr,f/ VGA

card wpfck&JU memory [m RAM &JU av;yHkwpfyHkcefY

jzpfoifhygw,f/ (Oyrm-RAM udk 2GB wyfqifr,fqdk&if

VGA udk 512 MB a&G;cs,fjcif;[m toifhawmfqHk; jzpf

ygw,f)/

VGA trsdK;tpm;awGxJrSm PCI Express uawmh

,aeYaemufqHk;ay: BUS wpfrsdK;yJ jzpfygw,f/ PCI

Express rSm slot trsdK;tpm;av;rsKd; &dSygw,f/ rdrd

motherboard rSm &dSwJY slot eJY udkufnDwJY PCI Express

wpfckudk a&G;cs,frSm jzpfygw,f/ PCI Express 1X, 4X,

8X, 16X qdkNyD; av;rsdK;jzpfygw,f/ atmufygyHkrSm

oHk;rsdK;jyxm;ygw,f/ 8X uawmY 4X ESifY 16X Mum;xJu

t&G,ftpm; jzpfygw,f/

rdrda&G;cs,fxm;wJY motherboard u bm slots

udk toHk;jyKEdkifrvJ jyefMunfhNyD;? tay:u ajymcJYwJY

memory a&G;cs,frItwdkif; &SmazGMunfhyg/ usaemfwkdY

a&G;xm;wJY Motherboard u PCIe x16 slot av;ck ygNyD;?

PCIe x4 slot wpfck ygygw,f/ PCIe X16 udk dual

channel oHk;vdkY&atmif pDpOfay;xm;wJhtwGuf VGA

t&rf;aumif;zdkYvdktyfwJY puftwGuf txl;oifhavQmf

wJh motherboard yg/ tckqufa&;zdkYtwGuf ASUS EN

GTS 250 OC udk a&G;cs,fygw,f/ nVidia 512Mb DDR3

jzpfvdkY usaemfwdkY vdkcsifwJh memory yrmP udkufnDNyD;?

PCIe 16X jzpfvdkY wyfqifzdkYvnf; udkufnDygw,f/

Hard Disk a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;

HDD (Hard Disk Drive) onf tcsuftvufrsm;

udk odkavSmifay;xm;aom t"du storage device

wpfck jzpfygw,f/ non-volatile memory (yg0g ray;

xm;onfh tcsdefwGifvnf; data rsm;udk odkrSD;xm;EdkifNyD;?

rdrdudk,fwdkif Delete rvkyfrcsif; data rsm;udk xdef;odrf;

ay;xm;Edkifaom memory) trsdK;tpm; jzpfygw,f/

Capacity udk HDD xJwGif odkavSmifxdef;odrf; xm;Edkif

rnfh data yrmPjzifh azmfjyNyD; bytes(B) ,lepfpepffjzifh

wdkif;wm ygw,f/ Bytes unit system \ wGufcsufyHkrSm-

1 bit = 0 or 1

1 Byte = 8 bits (01, 001, 111)

1 KB (kilobyte) = 1024 bytes

1 MB (megabyte) = 1024 kilobytes

1 GB (gigabyte) = 1024 megabytes

1 TB (tetrabyte) = 1024 gigabytes

ponfjzifh owfrSwfwGufcsufygw,f/ (HDD

xkwfvkyfa&mif;csaom ukrÜPDrsm;onf 1000 000 KB

udk 1GB tjzpf owfrSwfum a&mif;csMuygw,f/

uGefysLwmwGif wyfqifaomtcg system rsm;u

txufyg pepftwdkif; wGufcsufjyoaomaMumifY 1GB

tjynfhrjzpfawmYyJ 953 MB cefYom usef&dSawmYwmudk

awGYMurSmyg/ Flash drive rsm;ESifh Hard disk rsm; tm;vHk;

xdktwdkif;yif jzpfygw,f/ Gigabyte b,favmuf0,f

&if b,favmufusefrvJqdkwmudk txufygpepf

31

twdkif; rdrdbmom wGufcsufMunfhEdkifygw,f)/

vuf&d StoHk;jyKaeaom Hard drive rsm;udk

t&G,ftpm;ESpfrsdK;? BudK;qufoG,frIESpfrsdK; uGmjcm;ae

wmudk awGYMuygvdrfhr,f/ 2.5" HDD ESifY 3.5" HDD

qdkNyD; t&G,ftpm; ESpfrsdK;&dSNyD;? ATA (IDE) ESifY SATA

qdkNyD; connector ESpfrsdK;&dSygw,ff/ 2.5 vu® hard disk

udk Laptop ESifh Extra Hard disk rsm;xJwGif toHk;jyKae

Muygw,f/ rlvt&G,ftpm; yg;vsao;oG,fwm

aMumifh connector t&G,ftpm;BuD;rm;wJY IDE jzifh

xkwfvkyfjcif;r&dSyJ SATA jzifYyJ xkwfvkyfygw,f/ 3.5

vu® hard disk udk PC yHk;rsm;wGif wifqiftoHk;jyKyg

w,f/ t&if extra hard disk taejzifYvnf; jyKvkyf

toHk;cscJYayr,fh t&G,ftpm;BuD;rm;jcif;aMumifh ,ck

tcgwGif PC HDD tjzpfom oHk;Muygw,f/ 3.5" HDD

udkawmY IDE a&m SATA jzifhyg xkwfvkyfygw,f/ SATA

onf IDE uJYodkY master ESifY Slave drive cGJay;&ef rvdk

jcif;? BudK;t&G,ftpm;ao;aomaMumifh PC twGif;

av0ifavxGuf ydkrdkaumif;rGefjcif;? wyfqif& ydkrdk

vG,fuljcif;wdkYaMumifh aemufydkif;rSm SATA udkom vloHk;

rsm;vmMuygw,f/ SATA rsm;&JU Data Transfer rate

[m IDE xufydkjrefNyD; 150 Mb/Sec jzpfygw,f/

Hard disk 0,f,l&eftwGuf pOf;pm;&ef ESpfcsuf

&dSygw,f/ okdavSmifrIyrmP b,favmufoHk;rSmvJ?

b,fvdk connector trsKd;tpm;oHk;rSmvJ/ t&G,ftpm;

uawmY PC qifrSmjzpfvdkY 3.5" udkyJ oHk;&ygr,f/ HDD

udk odkavSmifxdef;odrf;EdkifwJY aowåmwpfvHk;tjzpfom

oHk;wmrdkY odkavSmifrIyrmPudkawmY rdrdBudKufoavmuf

xnfhvd k Y&ygw,f/ (Windows Vista twGufawmY

tenf;qH k; 12Gb vdkwmrk d Y b,favmufrsm;rsm;

jyóem r&dSayr,fY enf;oGm;cJY&ifawmY toHk;jyKEdkifrSm

r[kwfygbl;)/ odkavSmifrIyrmPESifY

trsdK;tpm;ay: rlwnfNyD; aps;EIef;

uGmjcm;wJYtjyif cache yrmP[m

vnf; HDD &JU aps;EIef;udk tenf;

i,f uGmjcm;apygw,f/

(Oyrm - Seagate S-ATAII

250GB ,8MB qdkNyD; a&;xm;wwfyg

w,f/ 8Mb qdkwm cache jzpfNyD;?

cache ESpfqjzpfoGm;&if aps;vnf;

E Sp fq jzp foGm;wwfygw,f)/

connector trs d K ;tpm;ud kawmY

Motherboard udk MunfYNyD;awmY 0,f

,lyg/ SATA &JU tm;omcsufawG

ajymcJYNyD;ygNyD/ 'gayr,fY wdk;wufwDxGifwJY enf;ynm

topfjzpfvdkY [dk;t&ifu PIII board awGrSm SATA

rygygbl;/ SATA a&m IDE a&m ygcJYr,fqdk&ifawmY

ajymp&mawmif rvdkawmYygbl; SATA yJ oHk;rSmyg/

Optical Drive a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;

Laser udk oHk;NyD; data rsm;udk zwf½Ijcif;? a&;om;

jcif; jyKvkyfwJY Drive awGudk Optical drive vdkY ac:wm

odNyD; jzpfrSmyg/ vuf&dStaetxm;rSm Optical drive

32

wpfcka&G;r,fqdk&if tenf;qHk; DVD-RW avmufawmY

a&G;&ygvdrfYr,f/ Windows Vista u pvdkY tvm;wl

OS version tm;vHk;? Game awGtm;vHk;vdkvdkESifY Zmwf

um;rsm;[mvnf; DVD version awG jzpfaeygNyD/ Blu-

ray drive awGudk toHk;jyKvmNyDqdkayr,fY aps;EIef;

uawmY tvGefjrifhrm;aeygao;w,f/ CD-R, CD-RW,

DVD Combo, DVD-RW, BR-R qdkNyD; uGmjcm;wmESifYtrQ

trsKd;tpm;jrifhav aps;jrifhavyJaygh/ (DVD udk zwf½Hk

omzwfEdkifNyD;? CD udk a&;Edkif? zwfEdkifwJh drive udk DVD

combo drive vdkY ac:ygw,f)/ Optical drive ESifh HDD

[m storage device csif; wlwmESifhtrQ connector

trsKd;tpm;awG[mvnf; twlwlyJ jzpfygw,f/ tJ'D

twGuf optical drive rSm disc trsKd;tpm; a&G;cs,f&wm

jzpfNyD;? HDD rSm storage yrmPa&G;cs,f&wmyJ uGmyg

w,f/ usefwm twlwlygyJ/

(Motherboard twGuf wpfckjznfhajymcsifwm

u SATA [m IDE vdk ESpfcGoHk;vdkYr&wJYtwGuf SATA

slot av;ckyJyg&if HDD drive jzpfap? Optical drive jzpfap

pkpkaygif; av;ckyJ oHk;vdkY&rSm jzpfygw,f/ tJ'DtwGuf

CD Burning udk pD;yGm;jzpf oHk;vdkolrsm;twGuf SATA

Drive rsm;udk a&G;cs,fcJhr,fqdk&if? SATA Slots rsm;rsm;

ygwJh motherboard udk a&G;cs,f&rSm jzpfygw,f)

Heat sink a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;

Heat sink vdkYac:wJh CPU cooler udk jrifYrm;vSwJh

CPU tylcsdef avQmYcszdkYtwGuf r&dSrjzpf toHk;jyK&yg

w,f/ CPU 0,f,lpOfrSm Core 2 Duo T6500 - BOX

qdkNyD; awGYrdMur,f xifygw,f/ (online store rsm;rS

0,f,lolrsm;twGuf ajymwm jzpfygw,f) CPU udk

'Dtwdkif;a&;jyxm;&if CPU wpfckwnf;omjzpfNyD;? BOX

vdkYyg&if Heat sink yg wGJa&mif;wJY trsdK;tpm; jzpfyg

w,f/ Heat sink twGuf a':vm oHk;q,fcefY ydk,l

wwfygw,f/

rdrdbmom Heat sink oufouf 0,f,l wyf

qifr,fqdk&ifawmY yxrqHk; Munfh&rSmu CPU Slot

trsdK;tpm; jzpfygw,f/ Slot wlrSom txdef;ukyf&r,fh

wdkifawG pulawG wyfqifvdkY&rSm jzpfygw,f/ rdrdyHk;&JU

tus,ft0ef;ESifh Heat sink &JU tjrifYudk xnfhwGufyg/

Motherboard &JU CPU slot ywfywfvnfrSm conductors

av;0dkif;aewmrsKd; &dSwwfygw,f/ usaemfa&G;xm;cJYwJh

board uvnf; 'Dtwkdif;ygyJ/ 'Dvdk motherboard rsKd;rSm

atmufajcedrfhwJh Heat sink rsKd;oHk;cJY&if wyfqifvdkY r&

wmrsKd; &dSygw,f/ tJ'DtwGuf 'gudkvnf; xnfhpOf;pm;

ay;yg/

yefumygwJh Active Heat sink ESifY yefumrygwJh

passive Heat sink ESpfrsdK;&dSwm odMuygvdrfhr,f/ vuf&dS

toHk;jyKaewJh CPU &JU tvkyfvkyfEIef;ESifY tylcsdefawG

aMumifh yefumygwJh Active Heat sink udkyJ a&G;cs,f

oifhygw,f/ yHkoP²mefESifh trsdK;tpm;udkawmY rdrd

pdwfBudKuf a&G;cs,fEdkifygw,f/ uGefysLwmwpfckvHk;

toHtus,fqHk; qlnHwmqdkvdk Y (CD drive t&rf;

tvkyfvkyfaecsdefrS ty) Heat Sink yJ &dSygw,f/ power

supply rSmvnf; yefumygayr,fY heat sink avmuf

tywfa& rjrefygbl;/ tJ'gaMumifY qlnHoH enf;yg;wJY

Heat sink udk pHkprf;a&G;cs,foifhygw,f/

33

Power Supply a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;

Power supply udk casing rSm wpfcgwnf; wyf

qifNyD; a&mif;cswm rsm;ygw,f/ owdjyKa&G;&rSm awmY

Power ay;EdkifwJY Watt vHkavmufzdkYESifY a&G;cs,f

xm;wJ Y drive rsm;twGuf connector

rSefuefzdkYyJ jzpfygw,f/ Watt vHkavmufzdkY

twGuf wGufcsufyHkuawmY tMurf;zsif;

pdwfrSef;jzifY 0,f,lEdkifovkd twdtus

vnf; wGuf,lvdkY &ygw,f/ rdrda&G;cs,f

xm;wJY device awGjzpfwJY CPU uae DVD

drive? Heat sink wdkYtxd olwdkYrSm a&;xm;

wJh vdktyfwJYyg0gyrmP Watt tm;vHk;udk csaygif;

vdkufyg/ (device tm;vHk;&JU t&nftaoG;awG jyo

xm;wJYae&mrSm olwdkYtwGuf vdktyfwJY Watt tm;udk

vnf; a&;jyxm;ygw,f)/

rdrda&G;cs,fxm;wJY device tm;vHk;&JU vdktyfwJY

yg0gyrmP[m 250W jzpfr,fqdk&if 400W power

supply udk a&G;cs,foifhyg w,f/ Disk drive rsm;ESifY

fan rsm;wGif &d Saom motor rsm;onf yg0gcvkyf

pzGifYcsdefwGif full speed odkY a&mufatmif yg0g ydkrdk

oHk;pGJ&aomaMumifY jzpfygw,f/ a&G;cs,fxm;wJY power

supply u Watt tm;ydkae&if jyóem r&dSayr,fh

avmufiSrI&dSzdk YawmY vdktyfygw,f/ Device awG&JU

yg0gvdktyfrI tMurf;rsOf;udk azmfjyay;vdkufygw,f/

Motherboard 15-30 watts

yg0gpm;enf;aom CPU 20-50 watts

tv,ftvwfESifY tjriYfqHk;yg0gvdktyfaom

CPU 40-100 watts

RAM 128MB vQif 7 watts

PCI add-in card 5 watts

tedrfYqHk;rS tv,ftvwf graphics card 20-

60 watts

tjrifYqHk; yg0gvdktyfaom graphics card 60-

100 watts

IDE hard drive 10-30 watts

Optical drives 10-25 watts

(usaemftcka&G;cs,fxm;wJY devices awGESifh

qdkvQif 450 W Power supply toHk;jyKygu avmufiSrI

&dSygw,f)/

Casing a&G;cs,f&eftwGufa&G;cs,f&eftwGufa&G;cs,f&eftwGufa&G;cs,f&eftwGufa&G;cs,f&eftwGuf

Casing a&G;cs,fjcif;uawmY rdrdBudKufwJY t&G,f

tpm;ESifY 'DZdkif;ay:rlwnfonfhtwGuf trsm;BuD;

ajymp&m r&dSygbl;/ Optical drive rsm;rsm;wyfqifcsifol

twGuf av;ckwyfqifEd ki faom mid tower ESif h

ajcmufckESifhtxuf wyfqifEdkifaom full tower rsm;udk

toHk;jyKoifhygw,f/ Mini tower awGu optical drive

twGufae&m ESpfckcefYom yg0ifNyD; ao;i,fayr,fY

t&G,ftpm; tenf;i,fBuD;rm;wJh motherboard ESifY

VGA card wdkYtwGuf tcuftcJ&dSEdkifygw,f/ pD;yGg;a&;

vkyfief;twGuf toHk;jyKvdkolrsm;ESif h gamer rsm;

twGuf mid tower u av0ifavxGufaumif;NyD;

vGwfvyfpGm jzKwfwyfEdkifatmif us,f0ef;onfYtwGuf

toifYavsmfqHk; jzpfygw,f/ Casing rsm;rSm power

supply rsm;yg wyfqifa&mif;csjcif;jzpfvdkY rdrdvdkcsifwJY

34

casing rSm vdktyfwJY power yrmP rvHkavmufcJY&if

(odkYr[kwf) power supply rygcJh&if oD;oefY 0,f,l

wyfqif&rSm jzpfygw,f/

tjcm;aomtjcm;aomtjcm;aomtjcm;aomtjcm;aom devices rsm;twGufrsm;twGufrsm;twGufrsm;twGufrsm;twGuf

Sound card, LAN card ESifY USB port rsm;twGuf

aemufqHk;ay: motherboard rsm;rSm xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;

p&m rvdkygbl;/ Soundcard twGuf tcsKdU board rsm;rSm

6 channels txd build on yg0ifwJYtwGuf Sound

Edition twGuf Specialist r[kwfcJY&if xyfpdkufp&m

rvdkygbl;/ Sound card pdkufzdkY vdktyfcJYr,fqdk&ifvnf;

motherboard ay:&dS slot vufusefrsm;ESifY udkufnD

atmif &SmzdkYyJ vdkygw,f/ TV tuner card uJYodkYaom

Media card rsm;twGufvnf; usef&dSaom media slots

ae&mvGwfrsm;ESifY udkufnDzdkYom vdkygw,f/ uD;bkwf

ESifY armufpftwGufawmY usaemftxl;wvnf a&;

om;aep&m rvdkawmYygbl;/ PS 2 ESifY USB ESpfrsdK;om

&dSawmYwm jzpfNyD; rdrdESpfouftqifajyovdk 0,f,l

oHk;pGJEdkifygw,f/

,cka&;om;cJYaom aqmif;yg;onf uGefysLwm

&dS tpdwftydkif;rsm;tm; tenf;i,f em;vnfapNyD;

udkufnDtqifajyrI&dSaom PC wpfvHk; wnfaqmuf

Edkif&eftwGuf a&G;cs,f jyifqifrI tydkif;yif jzpfygw,f/

b,ftrsdK;tpm;? b,fwHqdyfudkrS ydkaumif;w,fvdkY

r&nfnTef;cJYygbl;/ 'Dtwdkif; wpfckcsif; tao;pdwf

vdkufrMunfYyJ uGefysLwm wyfqifolawG rsm;pGm &dSyg

vdrf Yr,f/ tvGJtacsmfr&d S twdtusa&G;cs,fNyD;

em;vnfcsifolawGtwGuf twwfEdkifqHk; BudK;pm;

a&;om;jcif;om jzpfygw,f/ bmrS rjrif&yJ tcsuf

tvufawGudkMunfhNyD; 0,f,l&wJY Online store rsm;rS

0,f,lolrsm;twGuf t"duxm;a&;cJYjcif; jzpfyg

w,f/ Showroom rsm;wGif 0,f,lygu 'Dxufydkrd k

vG,fulvdrfhr,fvdkY xifygw,f/

oHvk Hi,foHvk Hi,foHvk Hi,foHvk Hi,foHvk Hi,f

35

Definition List

trsm;tm;jzif h t"dyÜm,fzGif hqd kcsufawGrSm

oHk;ygw,f/

<html>

<head><title>Example</title></head>

<body>

<h3>Definition List</h3>

<dl>

<dt>HTML

<dd>Language used to develop Web

Pages

<dt>Image

<dd>Any graphic such as an icon,bullet,

line, photo, or illustration

</dl>

</body>

</html>

Defination List u tjcm; List awGeJY rwlygbl;/

olUrSmu defination term eJY defination yg ygw,f/

p&ifawmh dl eJY p&ygw,f/ defination term udkawmh

<dt> toHk;jyKNyD; defination udkawmh <dd> oHk;yg

w,f/ olu tjcm; list eJY rwlwJh aemufwpfcsuf

uawmh tag tydwfrygwmyJ/ </dl> wpfckyJygw,f

qdkwmudk awGUEdkifygw,f/

uJ ... tckqdk&ifawmh HTML udk tMurf;tm;

jzifhavmufawmh odavmufNyDaygh/ tckuRefawmfwdkY

awG aoaocsmcsm od&atmif aemufxyf wpfcef;

oGm;&atmif/

uRefawmfwd k UawG tpyd kif;rSm bold, italic,

underline wdkYudk odcJhjyD;ygjyD/ tck 'Dtcef;rSmawmh

36

t&ifqHk; font taMumif;av; pajymygr,f/ uRef

awmfwdkYawG font awGajymif;r,f/ font size awGajymif;

r,f/ pmvHk;awGrSm color awGxnfhr,f/

tJ'gawGudk tjyif page wpfckeJY wpfck link

csdwfwmawGvnf; yg0ifrSmyg/ tJ'gawGudk rajym

cifrSm <center> taMumif;av;eJU pvdkuf&atmif/

Optional Tag

Move To Center

olu pmvHk;awGudk center a&mufatmif vkyf

ay;ygw,f/

<html>

<head><title>Example</title></head>

<body>

<center>

This is center

</center>

</body>

</html>

This is center qdkwmav;u tv,fydkif;udk

a&mufaewmudk awGU&ygr,f/ tJ'gav;udk oHk;jyD;

pmawGudk tv,fydkif;udk a&TUxm;vdkY &ygw,f/

<html>

<head><title>Example</title></head>

<body>

<h1 align=”justify”>Test</h1>

</body>

</html>

tJ'D code rSmqd k&i fawmh header awGu

tv,fudk a&mufaewmudk awGU&ygvdrfhr,f/

Marquee

marquee uawmh pmvHk;awGudk a&GUaezdkY vkyf

aqmifay;wmyg/

<html>

<head><title>Example</title></head>

<body>

<marquee>I’m moving</marquee>

</body>

</html>

tJ'D code rSmqdk&if pmom;av;u a&GUaewm

udk awGU&ygr,f/ b,fbufuae nmbufudk a&GUvm

wmyg/

Marquee rSm&dSwJh attribute awGuawmh Z,m;

(1) rSmMunfhyg/ marquee av;vkyf&wm aysmfp&m

awmh aumif;ygw,f/ pmvHk;av;awGu a&GUa&GUoGm;

wmav;udk MunhfjyD; auseyfrIav;&Edkifygap/ tck

font ydkif;udk qufvufavhvm&atmif/

Font

Font uawmh HTML rSmta&;ygwJh tydkif;yg/

Web Page wpfckrSm udk,fvdkcsifwJh font ukd ajymif;vJzdkY

twGuf font tag udkodrS jzpfrSmyg//

<html>

<head><title>Example</title></head>

<body>

<font face=”ZawgyiQone”>Zawgyi Font

jzifhtoHk;jyKxm;onf </font>

</body>

</html>

37

Attribute Name Properties Descripton

behavior alternate b,fuaenm? nmuae b,fjyefoGm;ygw,f/

<marquee behavior=”alternate”>I’m moving</marquee>

scroll olu default value yg/ b,fuae nm? nmbufa&mufoGm;&if 0ifoGm;jyD;

b,fbufae jyefpwmyg/

<marquee behavior=”scroll”>I’m moving</marquee>

slide oluawmh b,frSnm? NyD;&if nmbufvnf;a&mufa&m &yfoGm;ygw,f/

<marquee behavior=”slide”>I’m moving</marquee>

direction left oluawmh default value yg/ nmbufuae b,fbufudk oGm;r,fvdkY qdk

wmyg/

<marquee direction=”left” >I’m moving</marquee>

right oluawmh b,fbufuae nmbufudkoGm;r,fvdkY qdkwmyg/

<marquee direction=”right” >I’m moving</marquee> Page

up oluawmh atmufuae tay:vmr,fvdkY qdkwmyg/

<marquee direction=”up” >I’m moving</marquee>

down oluawmh tay:uae atmufqif;r,fvdkY qdkwmyg/

<marquee direction=”down” >I’m moving</marquee>

loop [number] oluawmh udk,fb,fESpfMudrf marquee udk vkyfcdkif;r,fqdkjyD; number

wpfvHk;xnfhay;&ygw,f/ 1 qdk 1 MudrfyJ vkyfr,faygh/

<marquee loop=”1" >I’m moving</marquee>

scrollamount [number] wpfcga&GU&if b,favmuf pixel a&TUrvJqdkjyD; xnfhay;&wmyg/ xnfhvdkuf

wJh eHygwfrsm;avav a0;a0;a&GU jrefjrefoGm;avavyJ/

<marquee scrollamount=”10">I’m moving</marquee>

scrolldelay [number] oluawmh b,favmufMum&if a&TUrvJqdkwmyg/ olu millisecond eJUyg/

1000 vdkYxnfhvdkuf&if 1 second MumrS wpfcga&GUrSmyg/ oluawmh eHygwf

rsm;avav MumavavygyJ/

<marquee scrolldelay=”1000">I’m moving</marquee>

Bgcolor [hex code] oluawmh marquee &JU back color ta&mifav;yg/ #009933 qdk&if

OR tpdrf;a&mifav;udk background xm;jyD; a&TUoGm;rSmyg/ color ydkif;udk

[Color Name] uRefawmf a&SUrSm ajymcJhjyD;ygjyD/

<marquee bgcolor=”#009933" >I’m moving</marquee>

Z,m; (1)

38

tJ'gqdk&if <font> eJY </font> Mum;rSm ½dkufxm;

wJh pmu zawgyi-one font eJY ay:aerSmyg/ face = ”font

name” udk xnfh&wmyg/

font tag rSmoHk;vdkU&wJh attribute awGuawmh

Z,m; (2) rSmMunhfyg/ tjcm; text formatting tags

Name Properties Description

color [hex code] color uawmh odNyD;om;yg/ tay:rSmvnf; uRefawmf ajymcJhzl;ygw,f/ Oyrm -

OR <font face=”ZawgyiQone” color=”#006699">Zawgyi Font jzifh toHk;jyKxm;onf

[color name] </font>

size [number] oluawmh font &JU t&G,ftpm; ajymif;wmyg/ yHkrSefu size=3 yg/ pmvHk; size BuD;vdkvQif

size=4 uae 7 xdxnfhvdkY &ygw,f/ 1 uae 7 txd&dSygw,f/ 3 uawmh yHkrSefpmvHk;yg/

aemufjyD; +1 uae +6 &dSygw,f/ yHkrSefudk b,favmufwdk;r,fqdkyg/ +2 qdk&if yHkrSefu

3 qdkawmh 5 jzpfoGm;rSmaygh/ tJvdkrsKd;yJ Q1 uae Q6 xd&dSygao;w,f/ Q1 qdk&if yHkrSefu

3 qdkawmh 2 jzpfoGm;rSmaygh/ 'Dvdkav;oHk;vdkY &ygw,f/

<font face=”ZawgyiQone” size=”5">Zawgyi Font jzifhtoHk;jyKxm;onf</font>

<font face=”ZawgyiQone” size=”+2">Zawgyi Font jzifhtoHk;jyKxm;onf</font>

<font face=”ZawgyiQone” size=”Q2">Zawgyi Font jzifhtoHk;jyKxm;onf</font>

Z,m; (2)

Tag Description

<b></b> 'gudkawmh tay:rSmvnf; ajymjyD;ygjyD/ olu font udk blod vkyfwmyg/

<big></big> oluvnf; bold vkyfwmygyJ/

<blockquote> 'guawmh tab ckefwmaygh/ udk,fhpmydk'fav;udk wpfwef;xJ azmfjycsifwJhtcgrSm Page

</blockquote> oHk;Muygw,f/

<i></i> italic vkyfwmudk tay:rSmajymcJhbl;ygw,f/

<pre></pre> 'D code udkvnf; odrSmyg/ uRefawmfwdkYawG enter awG tab awG rvdkyJ oHk;cJhwmav/

<small></small> oluawmh pmvHk;udk yHkrSefxuf ao;atmif vkyfay;wmyg/

<strike></strike> tJ'gav;uawmh pmvHk;awG&JU tv,frSm rsOf;om;vdkufwmyg/

 oluawmh pmvHk;udk atmufem;qif;wmav;aygh/ H2 vdkrsKd;av;twGufaygh/

 oluawmh pmvHk;udk tay:wifwmyg/ 22 vdkrsKd;aygh/

<tt></tt> 'gu typing font udkajymwmyg/ typing &dkufovdk pmvHk;ay:atmiftwGufyg/

<u></u> 'gudkawmh odjyD;avmufjyDvdkY xifygw,f/ underline wm;wmyg/

awGudk Z,m; (3) rSm azmfjyvkdufygw,f/

tckqufNyD;awmh Link awG taMumif; ajymyg

r,f/ Link uawmh Web Page rSm t"du tcef;u

yg0ifygw,f/ Page wpfckeJYwpfck csdwfqufxm;zdkU

twGuf Link csdwfwwfzdkY vdkygw,f/

Z,m; (2)

39

Page Link and Image Link

Page Link vkyfw,fqdkwmuawmh page wpfck

uae aemuf page wpfckudk csdwfqufxm;ygw,f/

atmufu OyrmyHkav;udk Munhfvdkuf&if em;vnfEdkif

ygw,f/ uRefawmfwdkUawG Home Page uae Gallery

Page udk Go To Home qdkwJh pmvHk;av; EdSyfvdkufwmeJY

ul;oGm;r,f/

aemufNyD; Gallery uaevnf; Home Page udk

Home qdkwJh pmvHk;av;udk EdSyfvdkufwmeJY Home page

udk jyefa&mufoGm;r,f/ tJ'DvdkrsKd;av;jzpfatmif uRef

awmfwdkU atmufutwdkif; a&;vdkufr,f/ File 2 ck&dS&

r,faygh/ index.html eJY gallery.html aygh/ ae&m twlwl

yJ odrf;xm;aemf/ C:\example\index.html eJU C:\

example\gallery.html tJvdkrsKd;av; ae&mtwlwl jzpf

&r,f/

Index.html

Gallery

<html>

<head><title>Example</title>

<body>

<!-- Link To Gallery Page -->

<a href=”gallery.html”>Gallery</a>

</body>

</html>

Gallery.html

Home

<html>

<head><title>Example</title>

<body>

<!-- Link To Home Page -->

<a href=”index.html”>Home</a>

</body>

</html>

tay:u code udk r&Sif;jycif ar;csifwmav;

awG ygvmr,fxifw,f/ <!-- --> u bmBuD;vJ qdkNyD;

awmh/ aemufNyD;awmh home page udk home.html eJU

odrf;vdkUaum r&bl;vm;/ bmvdkU index.html eJU odrf;

wmvJ/ bmawGuGmvJ/

<!-- comment --> tJ'gu comment a&;xm;

wmyg/ <!-- eJY --> Mum;rSm a&;xm;wJh pmawGudk

tvkyf rvkyfygbl;/ uRefawmfwdkY home page udk bm

vdkY index.html eJU odrf;&vJqdk web page awGrSm pwuf

wJh page u index.html yg/ 'grSr[kwf default.html

aygh/ www.example.com vdkY ac:vdkuf&if page wpfck

wufvmr,f/ wu,fwrf;awmh www.example.

com/index.html qdkwmud k oGm;ac:xm;wmyg/

aemufu index.html rygvnf; tvkyfvkyfygw,f/

'gaMumifh Home Page qdk&ifawmh index.html

qdkNyD; oHk;&ygw,f/ 'grSr[kwf default.html qdkvnf;

40

&ygw,f/

uJ.. Link taMumif;vnf; qufoGm;&atmif/

link csdwfcsif&if <a href=”address”>Name</a>

qdkwJhyHkpHrsKd;eJY oGm;&wmaygh/ address qdkwmuawmh

udk,fcsdwfcsifwJh page aygh/ Name uawmh ay:apcsif

wJh emrnfaygh/

ar;p&mav;wpfck xyfay:vmwmudk awGU&yg

vdrfhr,f/ Link u tpuawmh tjyma&mif/ aemuf

awmh eDndKa&mif ajymif;oGm;w,f/ bmjzpfvdkYvnf;/

tJ'guawmh vistied jzpfjyD;oGm;vdk Yyg/ wpfcg click

vkyfjyD;&if tJvdkta&mif ajymif;oGm;ygw,f/ udk,f

EdSyfjyD;om;aygh/ ta&mifrajymif;csif&ifawmh body rSm

vlink qdkwJh attribute eJY link qdkwJh attribute rSm ta&mif

jyifvdkY &ygw,f/ <body vlink=”green” link= ”green”>

tJ'gqdk&ifawmh link color u tpdrf;a&mif jzpfaewmudk

awGU&rSmyg/ link vkyf&if vlwdkif;ar;wwfwhJ ar;cGef;

wpfck &dSygw,f/ file awGudk download csapcsifw,f/

b,fvdka&;&rvJ/ wu,fwrf;awmh vG,fygw,f/ link

address udk file udk ay;vdkuf½HkyJaygh/

<a href=”file.zip>Download</a> tJvdkrsKd;yHkpH

av;aygh/ uJ ... Link taMumif;a&muf&ifawmh path

vrf;aMumif;av; aumif;aumif;odzdkYvdkw,f/ awmf

awmfrsm;rsm;u rodbl;/ &Iyfw,fvdkY xifMuw,f/

wu,fwrf; tJvdkr&Iyfygbl;/

Path For Link

Path <a href=” atmufu path link”> Path </a> &Sif;vif;csuf

./file.html OR file.html ae&mwpfckxJrSm twlwlodrf;&if tJvdkac:vdkY &yg

w,f/ C:\example\index.html uae C:\example\

gallery.html udkac:&ifaygh/ ./ uawmh directory wlwlyJ

vdkY qdkwmyg/

./download/download.html OR download/ 'guawmh udk,fh folder atmufu folder udk xyfac:

download.html wmyg/

../file.html oluwmh rwlawmhbl;/ folder udk up vkyfNyD; ac:wm

yg/ b,fvdkrsKd;vJqdk&ifawmh C:\example\download\

index.html uae C:\example\gallery.html udkac:wm

aygh/ download qdkwJh folder tay:wqifhu file udk

ac:wmaygh/ ESpfqifh ac:csif&ifawmh ../../file.html

aygh/ ../ qdkwmu folder directory udk up vkyfvdkuf

wmyg/

http://www.mysteryzillion.com 'guawmh wjcm; website wpfckudk vSrf;ac:wmyg/

./download/file.zip OR download/file.zip download cszdkUtwGuf file awG image file awGudkvnf;

wdkuf½dkufac:vdkY &ygw,f/ image ydkif;awGudk uRef

awmf Page aemufydkif; qufvuf&Sif;jyygtHk;r,f/

41

'Dywfvrf;aMumif;awGtaMumif; aumif;

aumif;odzdkY vdkygw,f/ bmjzpfvdkYvnf;qdk udk,fh site

u BuD;vmwmeJYtrQ site structure u &IyfaxG;vm

rSmyg/ Link awGvnf; rsm;vmrSmjzpfvdkYyg/ 'gaMumifh

aoaocsmcsm odxm;oifhygw,f/

uJ ... tck uRefawmfwdkYawG page rSm yHkav;awG

xnfh&atmif/

Image

yHkawGuawmh web page wpfckrSm rjzpfrae

yg0if&ygw,f/ udk,fwnfaqmufwJh page udk vSy

NyD; t"dyÜm,fjynhfpHkzdkY twGufyg/ uJ ... yHkav;awG

xnfhMunhf&atmif/

<html>

<head>

<title>Example</title>

</head>

<body>

<img src=”AppleQlogo.jpg”> Apple Logo

</body>

</html>

wu,fvdkY yHkrjrif&yJ Muufajccwf(_)yJ jrif&

&ifawmh xnfhxm;wJh image ywfvrf;aMumif; rSm;wm

jzpfEdkifovdk image extension rSm;wmvnf; jzpfEdkif

w,f/ image xnfhvdkY&wJh extension awGuawmh jpg,

gif, png awGyJ/ image u size u BuD;aew,fvkdY

xifNyD; ao;csifw,fqkd&ifvJ &ygw,f/

<html> Page

<head>

<title>Example</title>

</head>

<body>

<img src=”AppleQlogo.jpg” width=80px

height=80px> Apple Logo</body>

</html>

width eJY height qdkwJh attribute u yHk&JU size udk

xdef;csKyfay;ygw,f/ udk,fBudKufwJh tvsm;udk width

rSmxnfh? aemuf tjrifhudkawmh height rSmxnfhNyD; yHk&JU

size udk jyifvdkY&w,f/

<img src=”AppleQlogo.jpg” width=80px

height=80px alt=”Apple Logo”> Apple Logo

qdk&ifawmh alt qdkwJhtxJrSm a&;xm;wJh pmom;

udk yHkay: Mouse av; oGm;wifvdkufNyD; cPMumrSm

ay:vmrSmyg/

uRefawmfwdkYuawmh tool tip vdkY ac:wmyg/

Image ydkif;rSm ajymp&mawG awmfawmfrsm;yg

w,f/ olUrSm attribute awG xyf&dSao;w,f/ bm

vnf;qdkawmh text align aygh/ text align udk img code

xJrSm align qdkwJh attribute udk oHk;w,f/

Align &Sif;jycsuf&Sif;jycsuf&Sif;jycsuf&Sif;jycsuf&Sif;jycsuf

top pmwpfaMumif;udk yHk&JU ab;em;u align rSm

tay:qHk;rSm azmfjyay;wmyg/

bottom oluawmh default yg/ pmom;udk yHk

atmufbufrSm azmfjywmudk awGU&ygr,f/

middle pmom;udk yHktv,frSm ay;wmyg/

left oluawmh yHkudk page &JU b,fbufudk ydkY

vdkufNyD; pmom;tukefvHk;udk yHkab;rSm azmfjyay;

wmyg/

right oluvnf; Left eJY twlwlygyJ/ nmbuf

udk yHka&GUoGm;NyD pmom;tm;vHk;udk yHk&JU b,fbufrSm

azmfjyay;ygr,f/

tckqdk&if image eJY ywfoufNyD; awmfawmf

av; odavmufNyD xifw,f/ aemufxyfwpfck xyf

ajymtHk;r,f/

42

yHkao;ao;av;

udk EdSyfvdkufrS yHktBuD;

BuD; ajymif;oGm;ovdk

rsKd;av;aygh/ yHk size udk

width e J Y height

attribute eJ Y csK H Uwm

r[kwfbl;aemf/ yHkESpf

yH k/ wpfyH ku tBuD;?

aemufwpfyHkutao;

ayhg/ Photo awGud k

size ao;wmud k jy

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45

46

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58

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59

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AIT

(Asian Institute of Technology)

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60

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61

pHkprf;ar;jref;Ekdifygonf/

1. ASSOC- Prof. Jayant K. Routray

(KAAD- AIT Scholarship program Liaison

person AIT)

Email : routray @ ait. ac. th

2. Admission and Scholarships Unit

(Asian Inshitute of Technology)

Email : admission@ ait.ac.th

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http:// www. Kaad.de/ english/ inhalte.thm

http:// www. ait.ac. th/ interimpage/ait-visi-

tor/ Admissions/ announce/KAAD. asp

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64

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ausmfOD;ausmfOD;ausmfOD;ausmfOD;ausmfOD;

65

All communication on the Web is carried out

among a set of computers that are interconne-cted

by a computer network. Web technology can be

used across an intranet (a network within a company

or organization) or across the global Internet. As

with all communications among computers,

computers that comprise the Web employ two types

of software: client and server (see Client/ Server

Architecture). To make information available, a

computer runs a server program. To obtain and

display information from a server, a computer user

runs a client program. The client ciontacts a server

to request information; the server responds by

sending a copy of the requested information. To

ensure that the exchange is meaningfull, the client

and server programs must follow a communication

protocol, a set of rules that the two programs use

to talk to one another. Like a language, a protocol

specifies both the form and meaning of each possible

message.

In principle, any computer can run a client or

a server. In practice, however, large, powerful

computers are usually chosen to run server software,

and small personal computers (PCs) are sufficient to

A WEB OF THE COMPUTERSM.STAR

66

run client software. Powerful computers are chosen

for server software because they must be able to

handle requests for information from millions of people

and do so quickly so that users who request

information from the server will not experience long

delays. PCs, however, are used by a single person to

requests a Web page. After a user makes a request,

the user waits for the information to be displayed.

Thus, the client program running on a user's

computer only needs to handle one activity at a

time. A server, however, must handle simultaneous

request from many clients, possibly millions.

The difference between the Web and the

Internet is similar to the difference between a

trucking service and a higway system. The Internet

corresponds to a highway that allows traffic to flow

between computers, and the Web corresponds to

a service that uses the highway to move information

from one computer to another. Confusion about the

difference between the Web and the Internet has

arisen because the Web has become extremely

popular and currently accounts for the majority of

Inernet traffic. However, other services also use the

Internet to carry their traffic. For example, the

Internet's electronic mail service permits users to

send and receive textual messages, and the file

transfer service allows a user to transfer a copy of a

file from one computer to another.

Although many services use the Internet to

carry data from one computer to another, each

service follows a separate set of rules that define

the messages used in the exchange. The Web uses

the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP), electronic

mail uses the Simple Mail Tranfer Protocol (SMTP),

and file tranfer uses the File Transfer Protocol (FTP).

The application program that users run to access

the Internet often blur the distinctoion among these

services. For example, an application program that

can send e-mail also allows a user to transfer the

contents of a file, and an application program used

to access the Web also allows the user to process

e-mail.

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67

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68

vnf; 0efaqmifrIwpfckpDwdkif;[m tokH;jyKaom

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udkom vdkufemaqmif&GufMuygw,f/ 0ufbf[m

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Protocol (FTP) udk toHk;jyKMuygw,f/ tifwmeuf

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tm; tD;ar;vfay;ydkYrIukd jyKvkyfapEdkifygw,f/

&Sif;vif;csuf

All communication on the Web is carried out

among a set of computers that are interconnected

by a computer network.

txufyg0gus&Sd rsOf;om;xm;aom pum;vkH;

rsm;udk jzKwfum atmufygtwkdif; a&;om;Ekdifyg

onf/

All communication on the Web is carried out

among a set of computers interconnected by a

computer network.

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jyKEkdifMuygonf/ Past participle verb (Ved/en) rsm;udk

txl;jyKazmfjyvkdaom Noun \ aemufwGifuyfí

Adjective taejzihf tokH;jyKonfhtcgwGif ¤if;a&SU&Sd

Relative Pronoun ESihf Be udkjzKwffí a&;&ygonf/

atmufazmfjyyg0gusrsm;udk avhvmMunhfyg/

1. The man who was helped by his wife worked

harder and harder.

The man helpled by his wife worked harder

and harder.

(ZeD;\tultnDud k &&S dc J haom olonf

tvkyfukd BudK;pm;oxufBudK;pm; vkyfukdifcJh

onf/)

2. Lessons that are learnt easily are soon

forgotten.

Lessons learnt easily are soon forgetten.

(tvG,favhvmxm;aom oifcef;pmrsm;

onf rMumrD arhaysmufoGm;onf)

3. Everyone likes the picture that was drown

by Zaw Lwin.

Everyone likes the picture drown by Zaw Lwin.

(aZmfvGifqJGcJhaom yef;csDum;csyfudk vlwkdif;

BudKufESpfoufMuonf)

4. An application program that is used to access

the web allows the users to process email.

An application program used to access the

web allows the users to process email.

M.Star

69

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ppfBudKacwfrS rif;om; cifarmif&if

70

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wpfrsKd; &Sdvdrfhrnf[k ... arQmfvifh

r dvsuf - 'Knowledge Bridge'

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"Yarma Yarma, you're fool-

ish and stubborn also

nithout brain for present

and future." ''Jumping up

is nothing for the mollusc

to imatate the frog."

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usKyfwynh f &mr qd kwJ h

aumifu usKyfudk rkef;vdkY

ajymwkdif;? usKyfvlqdk;Adkvf

jzpf&awmhrSmvm;/

'It is just a thought of cop.

(pdic constable) Being

hated, my man Yarma said

... against me .. 'Am I a

lauless Person? (bandit?)

(3) 'Dr,f ... OD;bcspf usKyf

aoewfudk cifAsm;jyef ay;

vdkuf/ rjr0if;eJY cifAsm;eJY

vufxyfwJhtcg usKyfu

aiGwpfaomif;vufzGJUr,f

b,fhES,fvJ/ rdwfaqGcsif;

awGAsm/ ulnDEd kifwJhtcg

ulnDyg/

Here ... Mr. U Ba Chit

Please, give back my pistol

(revolver). If that is so, my

good will present even

10000 kyats for wedding

Reception of you and Ma

Mya win. How about it? I

say friendly help!.

(4) cifAsm; ... rjr0if;ud k

wu,f rcspfbl;eJY wlw,f/

b,favmuf oem;p&m

aumif;ovJ/ olrsm;cspfcsif;

udkvnf; usKyfrcGJcsifygbl;

cifAsm/

"you don't really love Ma

Mya Win, do you? So Pity!

To break the other's love-

I wish not."

(5) avSeHESpfzufeif;ovdk jzpf

ae&ifvJ usKyfzufudkom

wpfzufowf eif;csvdkuf

prf;yg/ usKyfu t&ifawGU

wJh olyg rjr0if;&JU/

'You couldn't make a deci-

sion- just to love for both

of us. (If it seemed to be

pressed on both sides of

the boat.) Press on my

71

side, Please. Me, the first!.

(I'm the first man!)

(6) tcGifhoifhovdk aemufrSay:

vmwJ h tcsp fopfud kvJ

tjypfvd k Y rqd koif hygbl;

rjr0if;&JU/

"New love, by opportunity,

is not to blame, of course."

(7) a&mh aoewf? rif;ighvdkypf

prf;? rif;,SOfrypf&Jygbl;/

wu,f rypf&JwJhaumifyg/

ighvdk ypfEkdif&if rif;Adkvfvkyf

awmh/ EdkYaywJh ... rif;

abmufqmav; bmav;

awmh xdk;csifxdk;&Jr,f ...

vmavuGm... &mr/

"Here pistol!" "Shot to the

mark just like me. you dare

not. No courage! If you can

try, you lead the gang.

However, you can dare

fight- boxing. Come on-

Challenge Yarma."

(8) tdrfu aiG 300 ygvm

w,f/ 150 ½IH;oGm;NyD/ tdrf

ukd ydkufqHygroGm;&if rdef;r

u wpfjypfAs/

"I have got-300 kyats. 150

has gone. Without money

back home, I will be

blamed by my wife."

(9) vmprf;yg? 0ifupm;prf;yg/

usKyf 2000^3000 ½IH;...

bmrQr jzp fbl ;/ r de f ;r

aMumuf&if usKyfem; rvm

eJY/ (aiGaMu;wefzdk; &Sdaom

acwf jzp fí ,ckacwf

aiGESihf wGufvQif odef; 100

ausmfayrnf/)

"Come on, man, join us.

Lost, money a lot for one

is nothing - even 2000 or

3000 Kyats." "Are you

afraid of Women? yet a

way from me please!"

a&Trif;0efOD;bkef; jrih fa&Trif;0efOD;bkef; jrih fa&Trif;0efOD;bkef; jrih fa&Trif;0efOD;bkef; jrih fa&Trif;0efOD;bkef; jrih f

72

Any tD'D,HqdkonfrSm any

[laom pum;vHk; yg0ifzGJUpnf;

xm;aom tD'D,Hudk qdkvdkygonf/

atmufwGif Any tD'D,H

tcsKdUudk erlem0gusrsm;ESifh azmfjy

vdkufygonf/

any day

rnfonfhtcsdefwGifrqdk[k

t"dyÜm,f&onf/

It doesn't matter when,

any day is fine with me.

(b,ftcsdef b,ftcg&,f

vdkY r[kwfygbl;/ b,faeYrqdk jzpf

ygw,f/)

any day now

]rMumcif} [k t"dyÜm,f&yg

onf/

The letter should arrive any

day now.

(pm rMumrDa&mufvmEkdif

onf/)

There could be a storm any

day now.

(rMumcif rkefwdkif; usvm

Ekdifonf/)

any day of the week

aeYwdkif;[k t"dyÜm,f&yg

onf/

I could eat fresh corn any

day of the week.

any longer

1/ ]aemufxyf wdk;í&Snf

onf} [k t"dyÜm,f&onf/

If this skirt were any longer,

it would touch the floor. (þ

73

puwf onfxuf ydk&Snfvmrnf

qdkvQif Murf;jyifudk xdoGm;rnf/)

2/ t&ifwkef;uawmh rSefyg

onf/ ,ck r[kwfawmh[laom

t"dyÜm,fESifhvnf; oHk;onf/

they don't make that car

any longer.

(tJ'Dum; tckr[kwfawmh

bl;)

þteuft"dyÜm,fESifh oHk;

vQif no longer ESifh twlwljzpf

onf/

He no longer lives here.

(ol tck'DrSm raeawmhbl;)

any number of

many [laom teufjzifh

vnf;aumif; ? rnfonf hta&

twGufrqdk[laom teufjzif h

vnf;aumif;oHk;onf/

I can give you any number

of reasons for his absence. (ol

ysufuGuf&onfhtaMumif;awG

trsm;BuD;udk igajymEkdifonf/)

Any number of workers

might stay home [kqdkvQif b,f

avmuf ta&twGufrSe f;rod

aom tvkyform;rsm; tvkyfysuf

EkdifaMumif;udk ajymjcif;yif/

any old

bmtrsKd;tpm;rqdk [lí

t"dyÜm,f&onf/

Any old brand of detergent

suits me. (b,fvdk qyfjymrIef Y

wHqdyfrsKd;rqdkjzpfygw,f/)

Any old room would have

done.

(b,ftcef;rsKd;rqdk jzpfcJh

avmufonf/

any time

rnfonfhtcsdefwGifrqdk[k

t"dyÜm,f&onf/

Call me any time.

(ighqDudk tcsdefra&G; zkef;

qufyg/)

at any rate

bmyJjzpf jzpf ? b,fvd ky J

jzpfjzpf[k t"dyÜm,f&onf/

I may be away on business

next week, but at any rate I'll be

back by friday.

(aemuf oDwif;ywfr Sm

tvkyfudpöeJY tjyifudk a&mufae

wmrsKd;&Sdcsif&Sdr,f/ 'gayrJh aom

MumaeYavmufqdk&if jyefa&muf

rSmyg/)

At any rate, I promise to

be there even if I'm a little late.

(enf;enf;aemufuscsi f

usr,fqdkawmifrSvnf; b,fvdkyJ

jzpfjzpf uRefawmf tJ'Dudk a&muf

vmygr,fvdkY uwday;ygw,f/)

by any means

b,fenf;E Si f h rqd k[ k

t"dyÜm,f&onf/

By any means I've got to

get there.

(b,fenf;eJ Yrqdk tJ'Dudk

uRefawmfa&mufatmifoGm;&r,f)

by no means [kvnf; oHk;

onf/ ]vHk;0} [k t"dyÜm,f&onf/

She is by no means an ex-

perienced teacher.

(ol[m tawGUtBuHK&SdwJh

q&mrawmh vHk;0r[kwfygbl;/)

by any stretch/by any

stretch of imagination.

by no stretch [lívnf;

negative ESifh oHk;wwfonf/ vHk;0

rjzpfEkdif? vHk;0rrSef[lí t"dyÜm,f

&onf/

74

She could not, by any

stretch of imagination, be consid-

ered a great actress.

(olYudk wu,fhudkawmfwJh

rif;orD;ygvdkY vHk;0 ,lqvdkY r&yg

bl;/)

By no stretch can he be

called a great writer.

(olYudk wu,fhudkawmfwJh

pma&;q&mBuD;&,fvdk Y ajymvkd Y

vHk;0rjzpfEkdifygbl;)

go to any length/go to

great length

wpfpHkwpf&mtwGuf tyif

yef;cHvkyfonf/ BudK;pm;tm;xkwf

onf[k t"dyÜm,f&onf/

They would go to length

to win.

(olwdkYEkdifzkdY tpGrf;ukef BudK;

pm;Muvdrfhrnf)

in any case/in any event/

at all events

bmyJjzpfjzpf? bmawGyJjzpfcJh

jzpfcJh rnfodkYyifqdkap[k t"dyÜm,f

&onf/

In any case, I to go.

(bmyJjzpfjzpf oGm;zkd Yawmh

pDpOfxm;wmyJ? oGm;awmhoGm;rSmyJ)

There is no point complain-

ing now where leaving tomorrow

in any case.

(nnf;nLaezd k YtaMumif;

r&Sdygbl;/ bmyJjzpfjzpf reufzefqdk

xGufawmhrSmyJ/)

He may not be getting a

raise but in any case his boss

thinks highly of him.

(ol[m vpmwd k;&csifr S

&r,fjzpfaomfvnf; bmyJjzpfjzpf

olYtvkyf&Sifuawmh olwdkY txif

BuD;wmyJ/)

under any circumstances

(under no circumstances)

b,ftajctaerSmrqdk[k

t"dyÜm,f&onf/

We will phone her under

any circumstances. (b,ftajc

taerSmrqdk olYqDudk uRefawmfwdkY

zkef;qufr,f/)

Under no circumstances

should you lend Paul any money.

(aygvfudkawmh b,fvdk tajc

taewGifrS aiGracs;oifh)

isn't having any (of it)

wpfpHkwpfOD; pdwfr0ifpm;?

oabmrwl[laom t"dyÜm,f&

onf/

Oyrm - I suggested shar-

ing the cost, but he wasn't hav-

ing any of it, (ukefusp&dwfrQcHzkdY

uRefawmfu ajymw,f/ 'gayrJh

olu oabmrwlbl;/)

t*Fvdyfbmompum;wGif

tD'D,Hrsm;\ toHk;udk em;vnf&ef

ta&;BuD;ayonf/ o'gwwfvQif

0guszGJUpnf;yHkudk odEkdifaomfvnf;

tD'D,Hud k tD'D,HrSef;rodvQif

v H k ;aumuft" dy Üm, ftwd ki f ;

aumuf,loGm;rdwwfonf/ xdk

tcg qdkvdk&if; teufESifh wjcm;pD

jzpfoGm;wwfojzifh t*Fvdyfpm

avhvmvdkufpm;ol vli,frsm;

twGuf &nfpl;í þod k Yaom

aqmif;yg;rsm;udk a&;om;wifjy

aejcif;jzpfayonf/

OD;wifOD;(usL&Sif)OD;wifOD;(usL&Sif)OD;wifOD;(usL&Sif)OD;wifOD;(usL&Sif)OD;wifOD;(usL&Sif)

75

todynm? twwfynmrsm;onf vlom;rsm;

\ b0aexkdifrIykHpH [efyefrsm;tm; ajymif;vJapcJh

onfudk vlom;rsm; jzwfoef;vmcJhonfh twdwf

orkdif; ajc&mrsm;u azmfjyaeygonf/ awmeufxJrS

trSwfrxif awGU&SdcJhaomtoD;udk pm;okH;NyD; trSwf

rxif pGefYypfvkdufaom taphrS tyifaygufvmjcif;udk

od&SdcJhMuaom todynmonf vlom;rsm;udk vSnhf

vnf oGm;vmaom vltzGJUtpnf;tqifhrS tajc

pdkufaexkdifaom vlYtzGJYtpnf;tqihfodkY wufvSrf;

apEdkifcJ hygonf/ odk Y jzif h wkdif;Ed kifiHe,fedrdwfrsm;

ay:xGef;vmNyD; ? zvS,frI ? ukefoG,frIrsm;jzif h

aeYpOfb0rsm;twGif;odkY 0ifvmaeaomenf;ynmoDoDudk

76

vlom;rsm;\ b0aexd ki fr Iy H kp Huk d wpfqpfcs K d ;

wdk;wufapcJhygonf/ odcsifpdwf pl;prf;vdkpdwf jyif;jy

aom vlom;wpfcsKdU\ jyif;xefaom vHkv0D&d,rsm;

aMumifh avmued,mrrsm; ay:xGufvmum pufrI

tajcjyK vlUabmiftzGJUtpnf;udk vlom;rsm; xl

axmifEdkifcJhMujyefygonf/ avmuobm0w&m;\

vTrf;rdk;rIatmufrS avmuobm0w&m;udk xdef;csKyfyJh

udkifEdkifaom vlom;rsm; tjzpfodk Y atmifjrifpGm

wufvSrf;EdkifcJhMujyefygonf/ pufrIvGefacwfaemuf

uGefysLwmenf;ynmay:xGef; vmcJhaomtcg vlom;

rsm;\ b0&SifoefrIyHkpHrsm; onfvnf; pufrIacwfESihf

rwl qef;opfuGJJjym;jcm;em; vmjyefygonf/ ,aeY

uGefysLwm tajcjyKtifwmeuf enf;ynmonf

vlom;rsm;\ &yfwnfvIyf&Sm;rIyHkpHrsm; udk tajcrS

udkifvIyfum avmuvlYabmifopfwpfckqD odkY OD;wnf

aeygonf/ odkYaomfajymif;vJvmaeaom enf;ynm

udk qkyfudkifEdkifrI? tvSrf;uGmrIay:rlwnfí vlom;

rsm;\ pOf;pm;yHkpOf;pm;enf;rsm;? vkyfaqmifrI enf;

vrf;rsm;? zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIrsm;onfvnf; wjznf;jznf;

uGmjcm;vmaeygonf/

a&S;,cifay:xGef;cJhaom enf;ynmrsm;onf

wvrf;oGm;yHkpHomjzpfcJhygonf/ wDxGifxkwfvkyfolrS

onf pm;oHk;ol (odkYr[kwf) toHk;jyKolxHokdU a&muf

&Sdjcif;yHkpHyifjzpfonf/ pufrIacwfxdyfwef;enf;ynm

wpfckjzpfNyDF; vlxktrsm;qDodkY xdk;azmuf0ifa&mufcJh

aom &kyfjrifoHMum; (Telecision) onfyif? xkwfvTwf

olrSonf Munhf½Iol(odk Yr[kwf) pm;oHk;olqDodk Y[l

aom enf;ynmtjzpfom&yfwnfEdkifcJhayonf/ ,aeY

tifwmeufenf;ynmwGifrl wvrff;oGm;yHkpHr[kwf

awmhyJ vlom;tm;vHk;onf xkwfvkyfolrsm;jzpfEdkifum?

wpfcsdefwnf;wGif pm;oHk;ol (odkY) toHk;jyKolrsm;jzpf

aeygawmhonf/ A[dkcsKyfudkifrI[lír&SdawmhyJ vlom;

tm;vHk;wef;wlyg0ifvkyfaqmifEd kifaom vlYtzGJU

tpnf; tjzpfod k Y ajymif;vJaeygonf/ xk d Y jyif

tifwmeuf enf;ynmonf tpOf&SifoefvIyf&Sm;

aeaom vltzGJU tpnf;qDodkYvnf; oGm;aeygonf/

þodkYaom xl; jcm;qef;opfrI0daoo&Sdonfh tif

wmeufenf;ynmonf vlom;rsm;\ vIyf&Sm;&Sifoef

rIrsm;tay: rnfonhf tusKd;oufa&mufrI&SdEkdifonf/

tem*wfwGif rnfokdYaom toGifo@mefodkY a&muf&Sd

Edkifrnfh qdkonfhawG;qcsufrsm;rSm pdwf0ifpm;bG,f

aumif; NyD;? vlom;rsm;\ aeYpOfb0wGif rnfodkYaom

tusKd; oufa&mufrIrsm;&Sdaeonfqdkaom qef;ppfrI

onfvnf; ,aeYvlom;rsm;twGuf od&S dxm;zd k Y

ta&;BuD;ygonf/

taygif;vu©Pmtaygif;vu©Pmtaygif;vu©Pmtaygif;vu©Pmtaygif;vu©Pm

tusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm;tusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm;tusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm;tusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm;tusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm;

vlom;aeYpOfb0rsm;ay:wGif vTrf;rdk;BuD;pdk;ae

aom enf;ynmrsm; (tDvufxa&mepf ypönf;u&d

,mrsm;? rmvfwDrD'D,mESif h uGefysLwm) teuf

tifwmeufonf opfvGiftpGrf;xufrIt&SdqHk;enf;

ynmwpfckyifjzpfNyD;? vlwdkif;twGuf aeYpOfESifhtrQ ydkrdk

ta&;ygvsuf&Sdaeygonf/ tifwmeufonf vlom;

b0rsm;tm;BuD;rm;pGm ajymif;vJaeynmudk atmuf

azmfjytcsufrsm;u nTef;qdkaeygonf/

owif;tcsuftvufowif;tcsuftvufowif;tcsuftvufowif;tcsuftvufowif;tcsuftvuf

&&S dE d ki fr I&& S dE d ki fr I&& S dE d ki fr I&& S dE d ki fr I&& S dE d ki fr I

owif;tcsuftvuf&&SdEkdifrIonf ,aeY 21

&mpkurÇmBuD;\ t"du toufaoG;aMumyifjzpfyg

onf/ wenf;tm;jzifhqdk&vsif ,aeYvlom;rsm;\

b0onf owif;tcsuftvufay:wGif wnf

aqmufxm;jcif;yifjzpfay&m owif;tcsuftvuf

77

tm;enf;csKdY,Gif;aeolonf aemufususef&pfcJhrnfrSm

trSef{uefyifjzpfayonf/ þodkY vlwdkif;twGuf

toufwrQta&;ygaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;

udk tifwmeufrS vG,fulpGmjzifh&&SdEkdifygonf/ tGef

vdkif;&nfnTef;pmtkyfrsm;ESifh tbd"gefrsm;u pmtkyf

qdkifrsm;ESifh pmMunhfwkdufrsm;udk z,f&Sm;aeNyDjzpfonf/

p&dwfpuBuD;rm;aom pmtkyfrsm;ae&mwGif vG,ful

oufomaom tifwmeufowif;tcsuftvufu

0ifa&mufae&m,lvdkufjcif;yifjzpfygonf/ xdk Yjyif

urÇmay:&Sd *kPfj'yf&Sdowif;pmrsm;udk tifwmeufrS

aeYpOfzwf½IEdkifNyDjzpfygonf/ tcsKdUaom owif;pm

qdkufrsm;qdkvQif owif;a[mif;rsm;udk pmzwfol&SmazG

Edkifap&ef odrf;qnf;ay;xm;Mu&m tifwmeufacwf

wGif owif;tcsuftvuf&&SdrIrSm rcufcJawmhyg/

wpfOD;E Si f hwpfOD;wpfOD;E Si f hwpfOD;wpfOD;E Si f hwpfOD;wpfOD;E Si f hwpfOD;wpfOD;E Si f hwpfOD;

qufoG,frIqufoG,frIqufoG,frIqufoG,frIqufoG,frI

(Communication)

wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;qufoG,frI (Communication)

onf tifwmeufacwfwGif xrif;pm;a&aomufudpö

rQomjzpfvmaeygonf/ tcsdef? ae&m uefYowfcsuf

rsm;r&Sdawmhyg/ urÇmhrnfonfhae&mwGif&Sdaeapumrl

wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;csufcsif; qufoG,fEkdifaom tae

txm;odkY a&muf&Sdaejcif;yifjzpfygonf/ tD;ar;vf

(e-mail) onf or&dk;uspmydkYrIae&mwGif 0ifa&mufvm

NyD;jzpfovdk? tifwmeufrS owif;wdkay;ydkYrI (Sending

SMS) onfvnf; rdkbdkif;vfzkef;toHk;jyKjcif;xufrsm;

pGm ukefusp&dwfoufomapygonf/ ,aeY tifwm

eufenf;ynmjzifh wpfOD;udkwpfOD; qufoG,f&mwGif

toHjzifh omru&kyfudkygMunfhjrif qufoG,fEkdifNyD

jzpfonf/

ynm&SmazGrIynm&SmazGrIynm&SmazGrIynm&SmazGrIynm&SmazGrI

ynm&SmazGrIwGif tGefvd kif;ynma&;onf

urÇmvlom;tm;vHk;udk wajy;nDynmrdk;&GmoGef;

ay;aeygonf/ tifwmeufacwfwGif aiGaMu;? tcsdef?

t&G,f uefYowfcsufrsm;r&SdawmhyJ ynmudkrdrdtpGrf;

&Sdoavmuf &SmazGqnf;yl;EkdifNyDjzpfygonf/ urÇm

emrnfBuD; wuúokdvfrsm;\ 0ufbfqdkufrsm;rSonf

wpfOD;csif;0ufbfqdkufrsm;txd tifwmeufwGif

tvG,fwul0ifa&mufEdkifNyDjzpf&m ynm&&SdrIonf

ynmvdkcsifrIpdwfay:wGifom rlwnfaeygawmh

ygonf/ tifwmeuf\enf;ynmwpfckjzpfaom

Video conference ukd toHk;jyKNyD; tar&duef&S d

ynma&;udk urÇmwpfjcm;ae&mrS vlwpfa,mufu

ynm&SmazGrIwGif

tGefvdkif;ynma&;onf

urÇmvlom;tm;vHk;udk wajy;nD

ynmrdk; &GmoGef;ay;aeygonf/

tifwmeufacwfwGif

aiGaMu;? tcsdef? t&G,f uefhowfcsufrsm;

r&SdawmhyJ ynmudkrdrdtpGrf;&Sdoavmuf

&SmazGqnf;yl;EkdifNyDjzpfygonf/

urÇmhemrnfBuD; wuúokdvfrsm;\

0ufbfqdkufrsm;rSonf

wpfOD;csif;0ufbfqdkufrsm;txd

tifwmeufwGif . . .

78

pmoifcef;yHkpHuJhokdY oifMum;EdkifNyDjzpfygonf/

pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;

pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif tifwmeufonfr&Sd

rjzpfenf;ynmu&d,mwpfckyif jzpfygonf/ ukef

pnfwpfck (odkY) enf;ynmwpfck (odkY) tkdif'D,mwpfck

ponfhwpfckckudk OD;aqmifaeoljzpfvsif xdkpD;yGm;a&;

vkyfief;onf aps;uGufxJwGif aiGudkvdkovdk&SmazGEkdif

oljzpfvmEkdifrnfjzpfonf/ odkYjzpf&m rdrdtwGufvdktyf

aom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk tifwmeuftGef

vdkif;rS &SmazG&,lEkdifovdk? rdrdpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;udk aps;

uGufus,fjyefYatmif tifwmeufrS wqifh wpfurÇm

vHk;odkY aMujimEdkifygonf/

vlrIpwd ki fvfrsm;vlrIpwd ki fvfrsm;vlrIpwd ki fvfrsm;vlrIpwd ki fvfrsm;vlrIpwd ki fvfrsm;

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79

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Pollux

81

onf/ SWORDS [kac:onf/

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Pollux

83

enf;ynmopfrsm;? ypönf;opfrsm; ay:xGuf

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ygw,f/

bmaMumifhqdk q,fpkwpfpktwGif; tD;bkcf

xkwfa0jzefYcsda&;[m vkyfief;ykHpHwpfcktjzpf atmif

atmifjrifjrif rjzpfvmyJ topfwDxGifrIeJY "avh

topfysKd;axmifrIvdk &Sdae&mu tarZkH&JU uif;'Jvf&JU

tD;bkcfxGufvmwJhtcg rMuHKzl;ao;wJh vufcHrI?

atmifjrifrIudk &&SdvdkufvdkY jzpfygw,f/ tD;bkcfawG[m

NyD;cJhwJh c&pörwf&moDrSm vla&G;trsm;qkH; *uf*suf

vnf; jzpfcJhw,fvdkY wcsKdUu qdkygw,f/ wcsKdUusawmh

xkwfa0a&;&JU tem*wfvdkYawmif xifjrifcsufay;Mu

w,f/ b,fvdkyJwGufwGuf tD;bkcfzwfpufawG[m

'DESpfrSmawmh owif;BuD;awGudk aqmifvmcJhMuwmyJ

jzpfw,f/ tarZkH&JU uif;'Jvf[m tarZkHa'ghuGrf

0ufbfqdkufrSm ta&mif;&qkH; xkwfukefjzpfcJhw,f/

tJ'Dhtjyif tarZkH tGefvdkif;pmtkyfqdkifuae tD;bkcf

rlawG[mvnf; ykHrSef ykHESdyfpmtkyfawGxuf ydkNyD;a&mif;cJh

&w,fvdkY yxrqkH;tBudrftjzpf tarZkHu c&pörwf

aeYrSm aMunmcJhygw,f/ azmf&ufpwm okawoeu

pdppfolawGu 2009 ckESpftwGif; tar&duefwpfEdkifiH

wnf;rSm tD;bkcfzwfpuf okH;oef;avmuf a&mif;&

r,fvdkY rSef;cJhygw,f/ 'ghtjyif 'g[mtpyJ &Sdygao;

w,f/ uif;'Jvftjyif yvyfpwpfavmh*spf (Plastic

Logic)&JU usL,ltD; (QUE)&Sdw,f? bef;pftifEdkbJvf

(Barnes and Noble)&JU EGwf(Nook) &Sdw,f/ 'Dzwfpuf

awGu uif;'JvfrSmrygwJh t*Fg&yftopfrsm;? ydkus,f

wJh ½kyfxifjrifuGif;eJY xdawGUrIudk tm½kHcHvkyfaqmif

EdkifwJhrSefjyif wdk;vmw,f/ 'DvdkeJY tD;bkcfawG[m tck

2010 rSm ydkNyD; ta&;ygvlokH;rsm;vmzdkY &Sdw,f/

tD;bkcfawG&JU wGifus,frItvm;tvmawGudk

&aecdkufrSmyJ 2009 &JU aemufqkH;vawGrSm aemufxyf

arQmfvifhp&mwpfcku xyfay:vmw,f/ tJ'guawmh

tufyJvfu xGufvmzdk Y&S dwJh wufbvuf(tablet)

uGefysLwmygyJ/ vufawGUrxGufvmcifrSm 'Dud&d,mudk

tDvufx&Gef;epf ausmufoifykef;rsm;vmNyD?

pmtkyfrsm; qkwfcGmMu&rnfavm

aX;0if;ESpf

84

tdkifpvdwf(i-slate)vdkYvnf; ac:vdrfhr,fvdkY qdkcJhMuyg

w,f/ tDvufx&Gef;epfausmufoifykef;? tdkifausmuf

oifykef;aygh/ wufbvufyJac:ac:? tdkifausmufoif

ykef;yJac:ac: rwdkifrD tufyJvf&JU ta&mif;wGifus,f

wJh *uf*sufwpfrsKd;jzpfwJh tdkifzkef;tBuD;pm;eJY wlr,fh

tJ'Dypönf;opf[m rxGufvmcifuwnf;u owif;

BuD;aecJhNyD; 2010 ck? Zefe0g&Dvukefydkif;rSmawmh

tdkifyuf'f(iPad)qdkwJh emrnfudk ,lNyD; aps;uGufxJudk

a&mufcJhygNyD/ tvm;wlyJ NyKdifbuftdkifwDukrÜPDwcsKdU

&JU wufbvufuGefysLwmxkwfr,fh owif;awGvnf;

xGufay:aeygw,f/ vufyfawmhawG&JU tokH;wGif

us,frIu 'ufpawmh pm;yGJwifuGefysLwmawGudk

tpm;xdk;rNyD;cifrSmyJ wufbvufuGefysLwm? uGefysL

wm ausmufoifykef;awGu vufyfawmhawGxuf

tokH;wGifus,fvmOD;r,fh tajctae &SdvmEdkif

ygw,f/

tck xGufvmwJh tufyJvf&JU uGefysLwm

ausmufoifykef; tdkifyuf'f[m wpfpifwDrDwmyJ xlNyD;

*&rf 700 yJ av;ygw,f/ rSefjyifudk wdkYxdNyD; apcdkif;

Edkifw,f/ BuKd;rJhtquftoG,f&w,f? tifwmeufeJY

qufEdkifw,f/ awmufywJha&mifpkH ykHazmfjrifuGif;

&Sdw,f/ csufowif;pm EdkAifeDu tufyJvfeJY tufyJvf

&JU ]tjyq&mBuD;} pwdAfa*smhbfudk csD;yykHu ]tdkifaygh'f

[m *Dwem;axmifwJh avmuudk ajymif;vJay;vdkuf

w,f/ tdkifzkef;u w,fvDzkef;qufoG,fwJh avmu

udk ajymif;vJay;w,f/ tck tdkifyuf'fu uRefawmfwdkY

&JU pmtkyfzwfykH? owif;pmzwfykHeJY "mwfykHawGMunfhykH

udk tvsiftjref ajymif;vJay;vdrfhr,f}wJh/

bmyJjzpfjzpf tdkifaygh'fudk tvkH;a& oef; 250

a&mif;NyD;om;jzpfwJh tufyJvfukrÜPDtwGuf tdkif

yuf'f xkwfa&mif;Edkifwm[m ta&;BuD;wJh vkyfief;

pD;yGm;toGifvu©PmjzpfNyD; atmifjrifrI&zdkYtwGuf

vkyfief;taeeJY ,kHMunfpdwfcsxm;EdkifwJh tajctae

jzpfygw,f/ tJ'gxuf ta&;BuD;wmu 'Dypönf;opf

uae aqmifusOf;ay;vmEd kifwJ h vlrIa&;toGif

vu©Pmudk ydkNyD; tav;ay;oifhwmygyJ/ tdkifyuf'f

[m uRefawmfwdkY&JU ,Ofaus;rIqdkif&m tavhtxawG

udk ajymif;vJapEdkifygw,f/ taMumif;&yftwGif;om;

udk zefwD;ol? wnf;jzwfxkwfay;ol? jzefYcsdolawGeJY

pm;okH;olawGMum;u yg0g[efcsufudkvnf; ajymif;

ay;Edkifygw,f/

uif;'JvftD;bkcf&JU atmifjrifcsdef? tdkifyuf'f&JU

owif;[dwfawG ajy;aepOftcsdefawGrSmyJ ykHESdyfrD'D,m

bufu owif;pmr*¾Zif;awG&JU apmifa&usrI?

aMumfjimcef;rI? tifwmeuf0ufbfqdkufawG&JU tokH;

wGifus,fjyefYvmrIawGeJYtwl tifwmeufrD'D,m&JU

tcrJh owif;tcsuftvuf &,lEdkifrIawGtay:

jyKjyifajymif;vJvdkwJh toHAvHawG xGufay:vmcJh

urÇmhpD;yGm;a&;ysufuyfrSm

tifwmeufrD'D,may:u

aMumfjim&aiGawGuvnf;

avQmusoGm;awmU

tifwmeuf&JY taMumif;&yftrsm;pk

tcrJhay;EdkifrI[m axmufwnf&mxyf&Smzdkh

jzpfvmw,f/ ½l;ywfrm;a'ghu

owif;aumfydka&;&Sif;awG[m

olwdkY&JY0ufbfqdkufawGu

taMumif;&yfawGudk

&,lzwf½IEdkifzdkY . . .

85

w,f/ urÇmhpD;yGm;a&;ysufuyfrSm tifwmeufrD'D,m

ay:u aMumfjim&aiGawGuvnf; avQmusoGm;awmh

tifwmeuf&JU taMumif;&yftrsm;pk tcrJhay;EdkifrI[m

axmufwnf&mxyf&SmzdkY jzpfvmw,f/ ½l;ywfrm;a'gh

u owif;aumfydka&;&Sif;awG[m olwdkY&JU 0ufbfqdkuf

awGu taMumif;&yfawGudk &,lzwf½IEdkifzdkY tcaMu;

aiG,lwmrsKd; ysKd;axmif&vdrfhr,fvdkY qdkvdkufygw,f/

owif;taMumif;&yfudk tcrJhay;wmudk xdef;

xm;csifwJh NyK difbufawGuawmif wpfpk Hwpf&m

tajymif;tvJudkawmh cGifhjyKvm&w,f/ Oyrmjy&&if

*g'D,ef;rD'D,mtkyfpk[m *g;'D,ef;a'ghpDtdka'gh,lau

(Guardian.co.uk) 0ufbfqdkuf&JU yifrtaMumif;&yf

awGudk tcrJhwifxm;pOfrSmyJ rD'D,m*g;'D;,ef;a'ghpDtdk

a'gh,lauvdk acgif;pOfwcsKdUeJY uRrf;usifolawG&JU

u@awGudk aemufqkH;rSm tcay;ykHpHtjzpf a&TUypfzdkY

tMuHjyKwm cH&w,f/

tJ'DrSm tD;bkcfawGeJY rD'D,mwufbvuf&JU rsKd;

opfawG 0ifvmcJhwmygyJ/ 0ufbfay:rSm taMumif;&yf

awGudk tcrJh&aeus y&dowfudk tcay;ykHpHajymif;zdkY

qGJaqmif&wm vG,fawmh rvG,fygbl;/ ud&d,m

topftay:u rwlwJhykHpHeJY&SdwJh taMumif;&yftwGuf

tcay;zdkY awmif;qdk&ifawmh enf;enf;ydk jzpfEdkifrSmyg/

'geJYyJ tD;bkcfawG&JU ysHUESHYatmifjrifrI[m pmtkyfeJY

owif;pmawGudk ykHESdyfrD'D,mawGxuf oufomvSwJh

EIef;xm;eJY tifwmeufuwpfqifh tcay;zwf½IwJh

"avh ysKd;axmifpwifEdkifr,fh tvm;tvmudkvnf;

&vmEdkifygw,f/

tckqdk&if vuf&SdzGHUNzKd;wdk;wufrIawGt& tD;

bkcfawG? uGefysLwmausmufoifykef;awG[m pm;yGJwif

uGefysLwmawG? vufyfawmhuGefysLwmawGxuf

pmtkyfawGeJY ydkeD;pyfvmygw,f/ vdk&mae&mudk vG,f

vifhwul o,faqmifvmEdkifNyD? pmtkyfeD;yg; udk,f&

wG,f&vG,ful tqifajyvmygNyD/ wpfNyKdifeufwnf;

rSmyJ w,fvDzkef;tquftoG,f? tifwmeuf tquf

toG,fvkyfvdkY&wJh qufoG,fa&;ud&d,mvnf; jzpf

aeovdk uGefysLwmtjzpfvnf; tokH;awmfcHrSm jzpfyg

w,f/ 'Dawmh ausmufoifykef;uGefysLwmudk pmtkyf?

w,fvDzkef;? uGefysLwm rsKd;pyfud&d,mvdkY qdk&ifvnf;

rrSm;avmufygbl;/

tJ'D ausmufoifykef;uGefysLwmawG[m tD;

bkcftjzpf tokH;awmfcHNyD; pmtkyfawGudk vlY,Of

aus;rIuae z,f&Sm;ypfrSmvm;/ tJ'DvdkyJ w,fvDzkef;

awGudka&myJvm;? uGefysLwmawGudka&mvm;/ enf;

ynmopfeJY ypönf;opfawG[m uRefawmfwdkY&JU xkH;

"avhawGudk tenf;eJYtrsm; ajymif;ypfrSm aocsmay

r,fh vkH;0OokHvdkYawmh wpfxpfcsa[mzdkY rjzpfEdkifyg/

'gayrJh 'Dausmufoifykef;uGefysLwmawG[m vmr,fh

ESpftenf;i,ftwGif; vlokH;rsm;wGifus,fvmEdkifwJh

ypönf;jzpfzdkY aocsmygw,f/ qufoG,fa&;ud&d,m jzpf

ovdk todynmb@mwdkuftjzpfvnf; tokH;awmfcH

ygvdrfhr,f/ wpfcsdefrSmawmh tck ausmydk;tdwfBuD;awG

azmif;um;aeatmif vG,fNyD; ausmif;wufaeMuwJh

uRefawmfwdkY uav;awG[m ausmufoifykef; uGefysL

wmav;awGudk prwfususudkifNyD; ayghayghyg;yg;

ausmif;oGm;aeEdkifvdrf hr,fqdkvdkuf&if 'gaeYcif;

tdyfrufwpfck r[kwfygbl;/ enf;enf;av;a0;w,fyJ

xm;OD;? trSefwu,f rsufarSmufjyKEdkifwJh tajctae

wpf&yf taotcsm jzpfEdkifavmufygw,f/

aX;0if;ESp faX;0if;ESp faX;0if;ESp faX;0if;ESp faX;0if;ESp f

nTef;

Are ebooks and tablets the future for printmedia? – Stuart Andrews

A look at the Nook – Lev Grossman, time.com,Jan 18, 2010

Apple’s Blank Slate – Daniel Lyons, time.comApple’s ideas influence information culture –

baltic-review.com, Jan 28, 2010

86

2010 jynhfESpf[m pma&;olwdkY EkdifiHtwGuf tjyKoabm ajymif;vJrI (positive

change) awG rsm;pGm jzpfay:vmEdkifvdrfhr,fvdkY tm;vHk;u arQmfrSef;xm;MuNyD; jzpfyg

w,f/ tJhovdk tjyKoabm ajymif;vJrIawGxJu pD;yGm;a&; tcGifhtvrf;rsm; ay:

aygufvmEdkifrIeJY ywfowfNyD; ,ckvrSm knowledge Bridge r*¾Zif;rS q&m OD;0ifhausmf

(bPfvkyfief;ynm&Sif)eJY q&mOD;at;ausmf (MHR) wdkYESifh awGUqHkar;jref;jzpfcJhyg

w,f/

ar;/ / NyD;cJhwJh Zefe0g&Dv 13 &ufaeYu AD,uferfEdkifiHrSm usif;yjyKvkyfcJhwJh

tmqD,HEdkifiHjcm;a&; 0efBuD;rsm; awGUqHkaqG;yGJrSm jrefrmEdkifiHjcm;a&;0efBuD;u ,ck

ESpftwGif;rSm vGwfvyf^w&m;rQw^,HkMunf&wJh (Free, Fair and Credible)

a&G;aumufyGJudk usif;yrnfjzpfaMumif; xyfrHtwnfjyK ajymMum;cJhygw,f/ tJhovdk

2010 tNyD;rSm jzpfay:vmr,fh uRefawmfwdkYEkdifiH&JU pD;yGm;a&;[m rsm;pGmajymif;vJ

vmvdrhfr,fvdkY arQmfvifh&ygw,f/ 'gaMumifhrdkY ueOD;taeeJY jzpfvmEdkifr,fh Expected

Conditions awGeJY ywfowfNyD; q&mwdkY&JU tjrifudk odvdkygw,f/

jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&; arQmfvifUcsufrsm;2010 tvGef

vif;okdufnGefh (jrefrmhajr)

87

OD;0ifhausmf/ / Stock Share Market BuD;ray: &if

awmifrS tckqdk&if Capital Market ay:vmNyDvdk Y

ajymvdkY&ygw,f/ Oyrm tpdk;&u aiGwdkufpmcsKyfxkwf

a&mif;wmrsKd;aygh/ aemufwpfcku EkdifiHa&;abm*aA'

(Political economic) taeeJY Munhf&ifvnf; tpdk;&

u jynfolvlxkqDudk pepfwus enf;rSefvrf;rSefeJY aiG

acs;wJh Positive Trend ukd awGU&ygw,f/ ykHrSeftm;jzihf

tpdk;&rsm;[m tJhovdkyJ jynfolvlxkqDudk aiGacs;&yg

w,f/ 'gayr,fh ckeu Business Growth jzpfvmzdkY?

Stock Market ay:vmzdk Yqdkwmuawmh trsm;yd kif

ukrÜPDawG b,favmuf EkdifiHwumpHeJYudkufnDovJ

qdkwmay:rlwnfygw,f/

[kdwkef;u vkyfxm;wJh ppfwrf;awGt&awmh

jrefrmEdkifiHrSm opfawmeJY zufpyfukrÜPDwpfckyJ

EdkifiHwumpHeJY udkufnDw,fvdkY od&ygw,f/ wu,f

wrf ; International Accounting Standard e J Y

udkufnDzdkYu jynfolvlxk (Public) udk yGihfvif;jrifom

wJh pm&if;Z,m;awG xkwfjyefzdkY vdktyfygw,f/ txl;

ojzih f ud k,f h&JUb@ma&;tajctae (Financial

Position) udk ay:ay:xifxif rjyEdkifoa&GUawmh Stock

Market ay:vmzdkY awmfawmfa0;OD;r,f/ tenf;qHk;

ig;ESpfavmuf tcsdef,l&OD;r,f/ csufcsif;BuD;awmh

ray:Edkifao;bl;/ 'gayr,fh Capilal Market awmh ay:

aeNyD/ 'gudku 'Dig;ESpfavmuftwGif;rSm pdwfcs&wJh

aiGwdkufpmcsKyfawGeJY Trading vkyfMu? wpfzufuvnf;

trsm;ydkifukrÜPDawGtaeeJY enf;vrf;wus vkyfMu

r,f qdk&ifawmh ig;ESpfavmuftwGif;rSm Stock Market

ay:vmzdkY arQmfrSef;vdkY &ygw,f/

q&mOD;at;ausmf/ / Business Environment

BuD;xJrSmu Forces tcGJuav;awGtaeeJY 'D Politi-

ocal Forces &Sdw,f/ aemuf Social wdkY Technolgi-cal

wdkY&Sdw,f/ tJh'DrSm olu qufpyfaew,f/ Politi-cal

tajctaet&rf;aumif;wJh wpfEk difiHeJ YwpfEd kifiH

qufqHa&;t&rf;aumif;wJh EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHqdk&if pD;yGm;

a&;vnf; t&rf; tqifajyEd ki fw,f/ tJ hawmh

Favuorable qdkwJhaumif;aompD;yGm;a&; ajymif;vJjcif;

vmrSm aocsmw,f/ aemufwpfcsufu EkdifiHwpfEkdifiH

taeeJYMunhf&ifawmifrS EkdifiH&JU EdkifiHa&;ajymif;vJrI

[m tJh'DEdkifiHa&;? vlrIa&; ajymif;vJrIudk jzpfap

ygw,f/

ar;/ / ,aeY uRefawmfwdkY&JU jynfwGif;pD;yGm;a&;

[m ukefoG,frI (Trade) eJY ukefpnfa&mif;0,fazmuf

um;rI Hard Economy awGay:rSmom rSDcdkae&ygw,f/

After 2010 rSm Soft Economy, Service Industry

awGjzpfwJh Cohsulantancy, Service, Law fim pwJh

knowledge Economy awGzG HU NzdK;vmEd kifyg ovm;

cifAsm/

ykHrSeftm;jzihf tpdk;&rsm;[m

tJhovdkyJ jynfolvlxkqDudk

aiGacs;&ygw,f/

'gayr,fh ckeu Business Growth

jzpfvmzdkY?

Stock Market ay:vmzdkYqdkwmuawmh

trsm;ydkifukrÜPDawG

b,favmuf EkdifiHwumpHeJh

udkufnDovJ qdkwmay:rlygw,f/

[kdwkef;u vkyfxm;wJh

ppfwrf;awGt&awmh

88

OD;0ifhausmf/ / 2010 uawmh Transaction

Period vdkjzpfaew,f/ 2009 udk oef;acgifvdkYajymvdkY

&Sd&if 2010 u oef;acgiftvGefuav;yJ&Sdao;w,f/

t&kPfra&mufao;bl;/ 'Dawmh odyfNyD; expectations

awmh vkyfvdkYr&ao;bl;/ ck 2010 Second Half aygh/

tJ'DrSmawmh enf;enf;av; pD;yGm;a&; jyefwufvm

vdrfhr,f/ bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmh wdk&pfqifrf (Tourism)

uvnf; acgif;armhvmwm&,f EU uvnf; a&xGuf

ypönf;awGudk zGihfay;vmwm&,faMumifh Local pD;yGm;

a&;[m aumif;vmEkdifw,f/ 'DMum;xJrSm EkdifiHa&;

uvnf; aumif;wJh tvm;tvm Positive Changes

jzpfcJhr,fqdk&if jrefrmEdkifiH&JU pD;yGm;a&;[m 2010?

2011 rSm aocsmaygufaumif;vmygvdrhfr,f/ cifAsm;

wdkY uRefawmfwdkY arQmfvifhxm;wJh Service Industry

vnf; trsm;BuD; zGHUNzdK;vmEdkifygw,f/

OD;at;ausmf/ / acwfawG pepfawG uvnf;

tqifhqifhwdk;wufvmwmyJav/ ck q&mwdkY jrefrm

EdkifiHu Primary Sector vdkYac:wJh v,f,mom;ig;

xkwfukef u@u ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm vkyfukdifvmcJhwm

yJav/ wpfcg Secondary Sector jzpfwJh pufrI vufrI

vkyfief;uvnf; twkdif;twmwpfcktxd &Sd vmNyD/

tJh'D wwd,tqifhjzpfwJh 0efaqmifrI (Serv-ice)

vkyfief;vTmyJ zGHYNzdK;zdkY&Sdygw,f/

tJ'D zGHUNzdK;rItvm;tvmxJu avmavm

q,f jrefrmjynfrSm cdkifcdkifrmrm jyvdkY&wmuawmh

yk*¾vdubPfvkyfief;? yk*¾vdu usef;rma&;vkyfief;?

aemuf ICT vkyfief;wdkYyg/ 'gayr,fh t&Sdeft[kef

aumif;jcif; raumif;jcif;qkdwm&,f xkxnfBuD;jcif;

ao;jcif; qdkwm&,fom pum;ajymaewmyg/ aemuf

wpfcg 'Dbufu Primary Sector yJjzpfjzpf? Secondary

Sector yJjzpfjzpf? ESpfck pvkH;yJjzpfjzpf wtm;rsm;vmNyD

pHkvmNyD qdk&if olY aemufu uyfNyD; vdkufvmwmu

wwd, Service Sector yJ/

t&ifwkef;u xkwfvkyfrIvkyfief; puf&kH 10

&kH&Sdwkef;u bmrS0efaqmifrIay;zdkY rvdktyfao;bl;

xifayr,fh puf&kH 100 jzpfvmwJhtcgrSm Production

eJY Operation udk Consultancy ay;wJh vkyfief;rsKd;awG?

Total Quality Mangement (TQM) ppfaq;aqmif &Guf

oifMum;ay;wmrsK d;awG? ISO vkyfay;r,fh tzJGU

tpnf;rsKd;awG ay:vmygvdrfhr,f/ tJhawmh Second-

ary Sector wdk Y? Primary Sector wdk Y t&Sdeft[kef

jrifhvmavav? xkxnfyrmP BuD;vmavav olYudk

Support ay;wJh Service vkyfief;awGu aemufu

vdkufvm&avavyJ/ 'Dawmh Service Sector u wdk;

udkwdk;wufvmrSmyg/ Oyrm- vGefcJhwJhtESpf 50? 60

u UK EdkifiHu0efBuD;csKyfu aemuftESpf 50 qdkolwdkY

UK EdkifiH[m urÇmudk Soft Commodities Export

vkyfwmatmifjrifwJh vkyfief;jzpfr,fvdkY BudKa[mudef;

xkwfcJhw,f/

tck British Council uwqif h Export

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U WINT KYAW

Date of Birth - 31 May, 1947

Education - B.com (Banking, Finance and Insur

ance),1967 Institute of Economics,

Yangon.

- R.L (Registerred lawyer), 1963

Department of Higher Education

Position - Course Director of LCCI Account

ing at KMD

- part Time lecturer of Management,

ABE(london)/ KMD

- part Time Lecture of Financial

Mangement, Myanmar Egress

U AYE KYAW

Date of Birth - 1959

Education - B.A (Eco-

nomics), 1980

Institute of Economics, Yangon.

- Post Graduate Diploma (CIM,UK)

- Fellow (F.A.B.E) (ABF, UK)

Position - MD, Myanmar Human Resources

(MHR)

- Senior Professional (SHRM, USA)

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Knowledge Bridge Magazine vay;rSm ,lvkdvQif6 vpmrSm,lvQif (10% Discount) 1350 _ 6 = 8100 usyf12 vpmrSm,lvQif (20% Discount) 1200 _ 12= 14400 usyf

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Knowledge Bridge Magazineemail : knowledgebirdge07@gmail.com

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99

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101

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102

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103

104