Kazi Kamrul Islam (Kyushu University Dipesh Joshi (Wageningen University) Sato Noriko (Kyushu...
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Transcript of Kazi Kamrul Islam (Kyushu University Dipesh Joshi (Wageningen University) Sato Noriko (Kyushu...
Kazi Kamrul Islam (Kyushu UniversityDipesh Joshi (Wageningen University)
Sato Noriko (Kyushu University)
Today’ s menu:
• Tiger status & Background information
• Research questions
•Study area
•Discussion•Social aspect•Ecological aspect•Management
• Evaluation
• Conclusions
Tiger sub species Range country Population
Royal Bengal Tiger(Panthera tigris tigris)
BangladeshBhutanIndiaMyanmarNepal
62-36267-81 (adult)2500-3750124-23193-97 (adult)
Caspian Tiger (P. tigris virgata)
Afghanistan, Iran, Chinese and Russian Turkestan, Turkey
Extinct 1970s
Amur Tiger (P. tigris altaica)
China, N Korea, Russia 360-406
Javan Tiger ; Bali Tiger(P. tigris sondaica; balica)
Java, IndonesiaBali, Indonesia
Extinct 1980s, Extinct 1940s
South China Tiger(P. tigris amoyensis)
China 20-30
Sumatran Tiger(P. tigris sumatrae)
Sumatra, Indonesia 400-500
Indo-Chinese Tiger(P. tigris corbetti)
Cambodia, China, Laos, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, Eastern Myanmar
1,227-1,785
Status of the tiger
Background In 1906 about 40,000 tiger exists in the Indian
subcontinent (Gee 1963) area But in 2008 it was only 3,176-4,556 (Tiger Action
Plan, 2010) Bengal Tiger accounts 60% of the existing tiger
subspecies of the world Nepal Govt. started the park conservation Act on
1973 and Royal Chitwan National Park (CNP ) is the first protected areas under this Act
Main Research question:• Is it possible to conserve the tiger population and its habitat
in CNP?
Sub Questions: • What are the legislation and policy of Government towards
tiger conservation? • Are the local communities accepting the tiger conservation
program?• Is the ecology of the tigers favorable for its natural
conservation process?• What are the management strategies of tiger conservation in
CNP and are they sufficient to conserve tiger or not?
Range of the tiger
Study area:
•Sub-tropical area•IUCN –II (National park), •70% tree ,20% grass, 7% riverrine forest•37 human settlements around the park areas
Source: Google.com
Social aspect
• Legislation and Govt. policy– Form NPWCA in 1973 – Hunting/poaching is strictly prohibited/banded– Fine of Rs. 50,000 -100,000 or imprisonment of 5-15 years– Because of International market poaching is not totally
banded– Govt. established Anti Poaching Unit (APU) with the
cooperation of various organization and local people
But the Execution level is problematic!!!!!
• View of the local community– Surrounded by numerous settlements and human
intervention to the core habitat is the most threat for tiger conservation
– People thought Govt. emphasis forest not them– Previously they collect NTFP from core forest area– Their livelihood depends on the forest resources since long
time agoTheir attitude towards tiger conservation is negative
Grass cutting
• Tiger-human conflict– 1.2 person/year up to 1998– 7.2 person/year 1998-2006– Huge number of livestock also– Compensation goes to whole community not individual level (Gurung et al. 2006, 2008)
• Involvement of the International agencies– UNESCO (1960-)– WWF’s (1980-)– ICDPs (1980-), UNDP, DFID, USAID, Focus on conservation
Ecology
• Reproductive capability– Gestation is short, 103 days– Female get mature at 3 yrs (3.4 mean)– Litter size is 3 common (2-5 range)– Inter-birth only 20 months
(Smith and McDougal, 1977)
• Population dynamicsGenetic diversity ( two main issue),
genetic drift (gene pool)gene flow
Little genetic diversity, and 95% genetic diversity will exist in CNP after 100 yrs (Frankham, 1995)
– Gene flow and genetic drift is not limiting factor at CNP
• Dispersal capability– Male can disperse 3 times higher than female– Most females were philopatric, settling next to their mothers– Male average 33km longest 65km– Female average 10km longest 33km– Young leaving their area 19-28months, establish new
territory(Smith, 1993; Sunquist, 1991)
• Food availability and requirement– A tiger required average 5-6 kg meat/day– Mostly occupy by deer
• (Biswas and Sankar, 2002; Sunquist, 1991)
Figure: Major prey species of tiger at CNP
Source: Biswas and Sankar (2002)
Prey species% of prey
eaten by tiger*Amount of meat
(Kg)Average body Wt of
prey species**Number of prey
spp.
Chital 33.3 86913 (75-100 kg)= 88 Kg 987
Sambar 29.3 76473 (100-150kg) = 125kg 611
Hog Deer 15.4 40194 (50-110 Kg) = 80 Kg 502
Wild Pig 10.6 27666 (70-90 Kg) = 80 Kg 345
Common Langur 4.1 10701 (4-24 kg) = 14Kg 764
Muntjac 5.7 14877 (15-20 Kg) = 18 Kg 826
Others 1.6 4176 50 Kg 84
Sources: *Biswas and Sankar (2002) on **www.worlddeer.org
Table: Estimated food requirement of 100 tiger per year in CNP
• Effect of prey– Prey density 96.65/sq.km– Total area 93,200 ha– Prey is not a limiting factor and tiger does not affect the
prey population (Biswas and Sankar 2002; McDougal 1979)
Management• Buffer zone
– Bag heralu (guard), form Buffer Zone management Council – Compensation (human life and livestock)– Lethal control (tiger)– Using pet dog (guide for human)
• Wild prey management– Maintain prey density
• Corridors– Between two fragment of forest
• Information, education awareness
Core forestBuffer Zone
Evaluation
SocialGovt. policy & regulationSociety viewsConflictInternational agencies
+--+
Ecological
Reproductive capabilityPopulation dynamicsDispersal capabilitiesFood availabilityEffect on prey
+++++
ManagementBuffer zoneWild preyCorridorInformation, awareness, etc
++/-+-
•The legislation strongly supports the tiger conservation of CNP but its execution level will need more attention. •The ecological aspects are also positive for tiger conservation•Management strategies especially local people attitude and compensations will require more emphasis. •More research will be needed to resolve the wildlife-human conflict at the CNP area.
Finally, the analysis clearly indicating that the possibility of tiger population and its habitat conservation is favorable at CNP. Still the Nepal Government has to go lot of miles for tiger conservation due to societal constraint at the CNP.
Conclusion and Recommendations
Thank you