Kate Brown

Building Research Council

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

National Energy Situation

Efficient Buildings

Net Zero Energy Buildings

Illinois Commercial and

Residential Energy

Conservation Building Codes

Building Research Council

• Energy plays a major role in our nation’s: ▫ Security

▫ Economic prosperity

▫ Environmental quality

• Global issues providing sense of urgency: ▫ Political instability in primary energy producing regions

around the world.

▫ Rapidly rising global demand for energy, especially in developing nations.

▫ Growing awareness of the impact of fossil fuel use on the global climate.

• We must fundamentally transform our energy system in the U.S.

Source: World Energy Outlook EIA 2010

50% Increase

Source: EIA/Annual Energy Outlook 2011

21% increase by 2035

Unfortunately,

business as

usual isn’t possible.

U.S. Primary Energy Flow by Source and Sector, 2009

(Quadrillion Btu)

Source: EIA August 2010

Source: DOE/EIA Jan 2011

Actual Crude Production

2003 – 69.4 Mb/day

2004 – 72.5 Mb/day

2005 – 73.7 Mb/day

2006 – 73.4 Mb/day

2007 – 73.0 Mb/day

2008 – 73.4 Mb/day

2009 – 72.3 Mb/day

2010 – 73.5 Mb/day

Source: USDOE 2010

5 Saudi

Arabias

• Deeper and Deeper. ▫ Deep and Ultra-deep

▫ We’re at the technological

limits for now.

▫ Total recoverable resources

are ~89 GB.

• Off to the wild places. ▫ Polar ~52 GB.

▫ Heavy (incl. tar sands &

shale) ~226 GB.

BP’s Macondo Well

Source:

http://cgvi.uscg.mil/media/main.php?g2

_itemId=836285

Central location & well-developed infrastructure—a key transportation hub for crude oil and natural gas moving throughout North American

Account for 1/10 of nuclear-powered electricity

Top producer of ethanol in the nation.

The rise in fossil energy prices was driven by structural changes in the world economy that produced rapidly increasing demand at the same time rising costs of production.

We have a dip now, but higher prices will return once the world economy recovers.

Electrical restructuring will result in continued price increases (and you haven’t see anything yet.)

• Over 80 percent of the world's primary energy supply is currently derived from fossil fuels.

• Concerns around energy security, climate change, and price volatility and inflation are driving the search for cheaper and more environmentally friendly alternatives.

• It is only recently that technological advances and reduced production costs have meant renewables can fulfill this need.

Representative thin crystalline-silicon photovoltaic cells – these are from 14 to 20 micrometers thick and 0.25 to 1 millimeter across.

Energy which comes from sources

that are regenerative and virtually

inexhaustible

Several types available, including: ◦ Wind

◦ Solar Photovoltaic and Thermal

◦ Biomass (Plant materials)

◦ Hydrokinetic (Hydroelectric, Run of

River, Wave, Tidal)

◦ Geothermal (Heat from the ground)

US Energy Consumption Growth

Rates 2008-2009:

Solar/PV grew 12.6%

Wind grew 29%, cap grew 40% --

10 GW

Biofuels grew 29%

Coal fell 11%

Natural Gas fell 2.1%

Petroleum fell 4%

Electricity fell 4.2%

The transition to new

renewable energy sources

is unavoidable, but there

are some issues to

consider: o Scale of the shift.

o Energy density (Btu/lb).

o Power density (Watts/ft2).

o Intermittency.

o Geographical Distribution.

Power Density

Fossil: 10 to 100 W/ft2

Biomass: <0.1 W/ft2

PV: 2 W/ft2 Wind/Hydro: <1 W/ft2

Energy Density

Coal: 12-15 kBtu/lb

Oil: 19 kBtu/lb

Biomass: 8-9 kBtu/lb

What the future must look like:

With High Performance Energy Efficient

Buildings/Homes

With Net Zero Energy Buildings/Homes

Reduce operating costs of buildings.

Stabilize atmospheric carbon & reduce

global climate change impacts.

Improve the quality of life in our buildings

and communities.

Enhance economic development.

Meet increasingly stringent codes, qualify

for rebates, and meet LEED criteria.

The cost of saving energy is going down while

the price of has been energy is going up.

Efficiency is the cleanest, cheapest, safest, and

most secure source energy we have.

These savings from energy efficiency to date

have not yet come close to tapping the full

potential for savings.

Incentives are available under Energy Policy

Act of 2005, Energy Independence Security Act

of 2007, and ARRA 2009 and the some State

Incentive Programs. Consult DSIRE.

Potential energy savings ranged from a high of

100% to a low of 3%for existing buildings and

between 96% and 12% for new designs (the high

end incorporates renewables).

Data from 300 existing buildings show: • 29% energy savings.

• 25% energy cost savings.

• Typical savings of $45k per year.

Data from 37 new building designs show: • 50% energy savings.

• 47% energy cost savings.

• Typical savings of $53k per year.

Typical client uses $2.07/sf and can save $0.71/sf.

Energy production and use account for nearly 80% of air pollution, more than 88% of greenhouse gas emissions, and more environmental damage than any other human activity.

Residential & Commercial Buildings in the United States are responsible for: 74.5% of electricity production. 50.1% of total energy flows. 49.1% of CO2 emissions. 50% of the CFC emissions.

Overall energy consumption by the building sector continues to increase.

UIUC 2009 Solar Decathlon House

A net zero energy

building is a building

that produces as

much energy as it

uses when measured

at the site.

Zero fossil energy consumption is gaining interest

Traditional buildings use consumes 40% of the total fossil fuel energy in the U.S. and European Union.

Occurs during the design process

Successful NZEB departs from the conventional construction practices

High-efficiency equipment

Added insulation

High-efficiency windows

Natural ventilation

On-site energy harvesting

Providing tools by 2020 to enable the building community to produce market-viable NZEBs by 2030.

Building certification

Certification of professionals

Measuring actual building performance

Energy conservation

ASHRAE Path to Net Zero Energy Building Based

History

Requirements

IECC 2009

ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2007

P.A. 093-0936: IL Energy Conservation Codes

for Commercial Buildings was signed into law on

August, 2004; become effective on April 8, 2006

October 9, 2007 the law revised to mandate the

latest published edition; as of August 18, 2009,

the code for Commercial Buildings is the 2009

International Energy Conservation Code, IECC.

P.A. 096-0778 required an energy code for residential buildings was signed into law on August 28, 2009, became effective on January 29, 2010.

IECC 2009 is the official energy code for residential buildings in Illinois.

ASHRAE Standard 90.1, 2010/07? Energy Standard for Buildings except Low-Rise Residential Buildings is the official energy code for commercial buildings or IECC 2009. Must choose one and Implement all requirements.

All new commercial and residential construction

for which a building permit application is

received to follow a comprehensive statewide

energy conservation code.

Renovations, alterations, additions, and repairs

to most existing commercial and residential

buildings must follow the ILECC.

Required even if the jurisdiction does not

enforce.

Design to protect the environment and reduce energy consumption

Property owners can reduce air pollution, moderate energy demands and stabilize energy costs, electric, oil, and gas supplies

Regional variability and uncertainty in technology penetrations, estimates from U.S. DOE is the 2009 IECC will at least 18% and possibility even 22% more energy efficient than the 2006 IECC for residential and 5% for commercial buildings.

Officially designated historic buildings

Buildings exempt from a local building code

Buildings that do not use either electricity or

fossil fuels for comfort conditioning.

The Chicago Energy Conservation Code (CECC) requires residential buildings applying for building permits to comply with energy efficient measures which go beyond those required by the Illinois Building Energy Code. The applicability of the CECC to commercial construction was superseded when the state of Illinois adopted the more stringent IECC 2009 model code. Illinois state law in 2009 also mandated the IECC 2009 model code for residential buildings, but allowed for cities of home rule and more than 1,000,000 people (namely, Chicago) to adopt more stringent rules.

If there is any state

money in the project

then, you must meet Std

90.1.

Gives similar results to

IECC 2009 as it was the

reference standard.

Slight variations in

requirements.

Standard 189.1, Standard for the Design of High Performance, Green Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings, is being developed ASHRAE in conjunction with the Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) and the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC).

The standard is slated to be the first code-intended commercial green building standard in the United States.

It is expected to be published in early 2010.

The standard provides a total building sustainability package and will set the foundation for green buildings through its adoption into local codes.

Attached to ARRA Funds-State to adopt.

Applies to both residential and commercial buildings.

Results in efficiencies about 17% beyond IECC 2006 in Residential & 5-7% in Commercial Buildings.

New requirements • Building envelope tightness

• Duct testing

• Lighting equipment

• Pool controls and covers

• Snow melt controls

Building Research Council

Mandate Utilization of National Green Building Standard, ICC 700-2008

Broader Green Categories

Energy Performance Rating of existing and new

buildings is coming.

ASHRAE developing a rating system of A-G.

ASTM developing a rating system.

The new climate bill in Congress requires model

rating system development by EPA.

Disclosure of building energy usage is voluntary.

The marketability of energy hogs may be

severely reduced over time with tax base

implications for the public sector.

IECC addresses only energy

IRC addresses all codes (structural, plumbing, etc.) • Allows builder to carry only one code book

• Chapter 11 has energy

IECC addresses both residential and commercial; IRC addresses detached one- and two-family dwellings and townhouses

IRC allows compliance with IECC as an alternative to Chapter 11

Energy requirements in IRC and IECC almost identical • IRC requires 0.35 SHGC in Climate Zones 1-3; IECC requires 0.30

Chapter 1 Administrative

Chapter 2 Definitions

Chapter 3 Climate Zones

Chapter 4 Residential Energy Efficiency

Chapter 5 Commercial Energy Efficiency

Chapter 6 Referenced Standards

Focus is on building envelope • Ceilings, walls, windows, floors, foundations • Sets insulation levels, window U-factors and solar

heat gain coefficients • Infiltration control - caulk and seal to prevent air leaks

Ducts – seal and insulate Limited space heating, air conditioning, and

water heating requirements • Federal law sets most equipment efficiency

requirements, not the I-codes

No appliance requirements Lighting equipment – 50% of lamps to be high-

efficacy lamps

Residential Buildings:

IRC only for single-family, duplex, and townhouses

IECC has all low-rise (1-3 stories) houses, condos, and apartments [R-2, R-3, R-4], but not hotels/motels [R-1]

All buildings that are not

“residential” by definition are “commercial”

Includes repairs, alterations, and additions

e.g., window replacements

Very low energy use buildings (<3.4 Btu/h-ft2 or 1 watt/ft2)

Buildings (or portions of) that are neither heated nor cooled

Existing buildings (Section 101.4.1)

◦ Electrical power, lighting, and mechanical systems still apply

Buildings designated as historic (Section 101.4.2)

Conform as relates to new construction

Unaltered portions(s) do not need to comply

Additions can comply alone or in combination with existing building

Any nonconditioned space that is altered to

become conditioned space shall be required to

be brought into full compliance with this code.

Mixed occupancies

◦ Treat the residential occupancy under the applicable residential code

◦ Treat the commercial occupancy under the commercial code

Code Officials Inspection • Successive and final inspections, and reinspections if

necessary

Code Validity • Code deemed to be illegal or void shall not affect the

remainder of the code

Codes and standards considered part of the requirements of the code • Provisions take precedence

Fees • Must be paid before permit is issued • Required in accordance with schedule

DSIRE is a comprehensive source of information on state, local, utility, and federal incentives and policies that promote renewable energy and energy efficiency. Established in 1995 and funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, DSIRE is an ongoing project of the N.C. Solar Center and the Interstate Renewable Energy Council. Choose one or both databases: Renewable Energy Energy Efficiency

Federal Incentives: www.dsireusa.org

Provided through a grant from the Illinois

Department of Commerceand Economic

Opportunity

ICC will be providing 33 seminars in the state of

Illinois on the 2009 IECC. These will be provided

through grant funding by the DCEO's Illinois

Energy Office. The seminars will take place

January 2011 – May 2011

Build Absolutely Nothing Anywhere Near

Anything

Concerns around energy security, climate

change, price volatility, and inflation are driving

the search for cheaper and more

environmentally friendly alternatives.

The United States has never adopted a comprehensive national energy policy to meet goals for sustainability, economic prosperity, security, and environmental quality. … comprehensive and sustained national policies for energy production and use will be needed to achieve a timely transformation to the more sustainable, secure, and environmentally benign energy system …

America’s Energy Future: Technology and Transformation, National Academy of Sciences, 2010

• The new law sets a target of reducing the average energy consumption of buildings nearly 40 percent by 2020.

• Focus is on advanced energy performance for both old and new buildings. ▫ New buildings built after 2012 are to consume less than 50

kWh per square meter (15 kBtu/sf) per year. ▫ Those built after 2020 must be "energy positive," producing

more energy than they consume. ▫ As of 2013, old buildings must be renovated at a rate of

400,000 buildings per year, with the renovation of public buildings starting before the end of 2012.

▫ Reduce the energy consumption of public buildings by at least 40 percent and cut their greenhouse gas emissions 50 percent by 2020.

• As of 2012, renters of real estate must be informed about the energy performance of their buildings so that they can make energy costs part of their decision to rent a place or not.

Web site: www.sedac.org

Contact: info@sedac.org

1-800-214-7954

We have entered interesting times.

Enhancing energy efficiency in existing buildings

is an imperative.

New building designs have to be profoundly

more efficient.

This is not going to go away. The current dip in

energy prices is temporary and legislation will

require better designs.

NZEB presents a sound approach to deal

holistically with the issues.