Karleskint Small Turner Chapter 8 “Lower” Invertebrates I: Sponges & Radiata.
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Transcript of Karleskint Small Turner Chapter 8 “Lower” Invertebrates I: Sponges & Radiata.
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KarleskintKarleskint
SmallSmall
TurnerTurner
Chapter 8Chapter 8““Lower” Invertebrates I: Sponges & RadiataLower” Invertebrates I: Sponges & Radiata
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Key Concepts• Sponges are asymmetric, sessile animals
that filter food from the water circulating through their bodies.
• Sponges provide habitats for other animals.• Cnidarians and ctenophores exhibit radial
symmetry.• Cnidarians possess a highly specialized
stinging cell used to capture prey and for protection.
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What Are Animals? Animals:
1. multicellular2. eukaryotic cells without cell walls3. cannot produce their own food4. Invertebrates or vertebrates
(most animals are invertebrates)
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SpongesPhylum Porifera
•Basic characteristics:– no tissues or organs– asymmetric– sessile
Anon. Wiki Commons
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Sponge Structure and Function
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Sponge Structure and Function3 basic body forms: leuconoid from most efficient, most common
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Sponge Structure and Function• Nutrition and digestion
– suspension/filter feeders– collar cells (choanocytes) filter out tiny food
particles – pinacocytes and archaeocytes (a.k.a.
amoebocytes) ingest larger food particles by phagocytosis
– Most food digested and distributed to other cells by archaeocytes
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Sponge Structure and Function• Reproduction in sponges
– asexual reproduction• budding• fragmentation
– sexual reproduction• most hermaphrodites• eggs from archaeocytes and sperm from modified collar cells
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Figure 8-4 p193
Fertilization
Sperm cell engulfed by a choanocyte
Egg cell Sperm cell (modified choanocyte)
Embryo
Sexual reproduction
Planktonic amphiblastula larva
Asexual reproduction
New sponge
New spongeLarva settles and attaches to bottom or other surface
Bud
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Ecological Roles of Sponges• Competition
– corals and bryozoans
• Predator-prey relationships– few species eat sponges
• spicules• chemical deterrents
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Ecological Roles of Sponges
• Symbiotic relationships– mutualistic or commensalistic hosts – organisms live within the canals
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Ecological Roles of Sponges
• Sponges and nutrient cycling– boring sponges
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Cnidarians: Animals with Stinging Cells
• Include jellyfish, hydroids, corals and sea anemones
• cnidocytes
ErgoSum88
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Organization of the Cnidarian Body
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Stinging Cells
• Cnida– nematocysts
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Stinging Cells
• Dangerous species– Portuguese man-of-war– box jellyfish
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Types of Cnidarians• Hydrozoans or Hydroids
– mostly colonial– colonial forms contain
2 types of polyp:• Feeding polyp• Reproductive polyp
– hydrocorals secrete a calcareous skeleton
– some produce floating colonies (e.g. P. man-o-war)
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Types of Cnidarians
• Jellyfish– scyphozoans—true jellyfish (class Scyphozoa)
• plankton• medusa is predominant• photoreceptors
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Types of Cnidarians
• Box jellyfish– box jellyfish (class
Cubozoa)• box-shaped bells• relatively strong swimmers• tropical• complex eyes (image-
forming?)• voracious predators,
primarily of fish
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Types of Cnidarians
• Anthozoans (class Anthozoa)– include sea anemones,
corals and gorgonians – sea anemones
• benthic• gastrovascular cavity
divided• though sessile, many can
change locations
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Types of Cnidarians
• Anthozoans (class Anthozoa)– coral animals
• polyps secrete a calcium carbonate skeleton
• stony corals form reefs
Nick Hobgood
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Types of Cnidarians
• Anthozoans (class Anthozoa)– soft corals
• polyps that form plant-like colonies
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Nutrition and Digestion• Gastrovascular cavity
– digestion and transport– 1 opening: mouth/anus
• Many suspension feeders• Jellyfish and box jellyfish are carnivorous• Sea anemones generally feed on invertebrates,
some large species feed on fish, shallow water species have symbiotic algae
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Reproduction
• asexual polyp stage – fission, budding common in corals– strobilation common in hydroids and jellyfish
• sexual medusa stage
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Reproduction
• Anthozoans– asexual reproduction IS COMMON
• pedal laceration• fission• budding
– sexual reproduction• male and female forms, gametes are released• planula larva
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Ecological Relationships of Cnidarians
• Predator-prey relationships– cnidarians are predators– stinging cells discourage
predation– sea turtles, some fish
and molluscs prey on hydrozoans and jellyfish
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Ecological Relationships of Cnidarians
• Habitat formation– coral polyps form
complex 3-dimensional structures inhabited by thousands of other organisms
– coral reefs provide a solid surface for attachment, places for pelagic animals to rest and hide and buffer waves and storms
Terry Hughes
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Ecological Relationships of Cnidarians
• Symbiotic relationships– Portuguese man-of-war and man-of-war fish– reef-forming corals and zooxanthellae– sea anemones:
• clownfish• hermit crab
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Ctenophores
• Planktonic, nearly transparent
• Ctenophore structure– 8 rows of comb plates– radial symmetry– lack stinging cells– bioluminescent
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Ctenophores• Digestion and nutrition
– Gastro-vascular cavity– feeds on plankton, larval fish and fish eggs– branched tentacles, adhesive cells, jellyfish
stingers to capture prey