Kaolin,Ballclay,Other clays and Shale 07 09 2015 corected.pmdIndian Minerals Yearbook 2014 (Part- III : Mineral Reviews)
53 rd
(ADVANCE RELEASE)
Indira Bhavan, Civil Lines,
E-MAIL : cme@ibm.gov.in Website: www.ibm.gov.in
29 Kaolin, Ball Clay, Other Clays and Shale
1. Kaolin (China Clay)
Kaolin, also known as china clay, is a natural clay
formed by chemical weathering of aluminium
silicate minerals like felspars through a complex
sequence of events. It is relatively pure clay
predominantly consisting of kaolinite (Al 2 Si
2 O
5 (OH)
valued for its whiteness and fine particle size which
distinguish it from other clays, such as, ball clay and
fireclay. Other physical characteristics that influence
commercial utility include brightness, glossiness,
abrasiveness and viscosity. It often contains small
amounts of impurities in the form of rock fragments,
hydrous oxides and colloidal materials. Kaolin is
produced and consumed in the country in crude &
processed forms. The major use of crude china clay in
is in Cement Industry and of processed china clay is in
Ceramic Industry. The insitu clay deposits in India is
often soft and easily extracted with no blasting required.
RESOURCES China clay resources in the country as per
UNFC system as on 1.4.2010 have been placed at
2,705.21 million tonnes. The reserves constitute only
about 7% of the resources at 177.16 million tonnes. Out
of the total reserves, 70% (about 124 million tonnes)
reserves are under proved category whereas 30% (about
53 million tonnes) reserves fall under probable category.
The resources are spread over in a number of
states of which Kerala holds about 25%, followed
by West Bengal and Rajasthan (16% each) and
Odisha and Karnataka (10% each).
Out of total resources, about 22% or
608 million tonnes fall under ceramic/pottery grade,
4% are classified under chemical, paper filler and
cement grades and about 73% or 1,980 million tonnes
resources fall under mixed grade, others, unclassified
& not-known categories. The details of reserves/
resources are given in Table - 1.
EXPLORATION & DEVELOPMENT DMG, Kerala carried out exploration for kaolin
in the districts of Kannur and Kollam,Kerala state.
The details of exploration carried out during
2013-14 are furnished in Table-2.
PRODUCTION, STOCKS & PRICES
in 2013-14 increased by 12% as compared to previous
year.
against 145 mines in the previous year. Besides, the
production of kaolin was also reported as an associ-
ated mineral by seven mines in the year 2013-14 and
ten mines in the previous year. Nine principal
producers accounted for about 66% of the total output
of kaolin in 2013-14. The private sector mines reported
almost the entire production of kaolin, nominal pro-
duction was reported by 5 public sector mines. The
contribution of natural and processed kaolin in 2013-
14 was 99% and 1%, respectively.
During 2013-14, thirty eight kaolin mines and
three associated mines each producing more than 25,000
tonnes annually accounted for 89% of the total pro-
duction of kaolin (natural) while 18 kaolin mines and
one associated mines each in the annual production
range of 10,000 to 25,000 tonnes accounted for
6 % and the remaining production of kaolin (natural)
was shared by ninety three kaolin mines and three
associated mines producing up to ten thousand tonnes
annually.
kaolin mines.
accounting for 65% of the total production in 2013-14
followed by Rajasthan (17%), Kerala (15%) and West
Bengal (2%). The remaining 1% was shared by Andhra
Pradesh, Jharkhand, Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh.
Mine-head stocks of kaolin at the end of 2013-14
were 1,067 thousand tonnes as against 900 thousand
tonnes in the beginning of the year.
The average daily employment of labour during
2013-14 was 2,431 as against 2,818 in the preceding
year.
General Review on Prices.
T a
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Agency/ Location Mapping Drilling
State/ Area/ Sampling Remarks
District Block Scale Area No. of Meterage (No.) Reserves/Resources estimated
(sq km) boreholes
Table – 2 : Details of Exploration Activities for Kaolin and other Clays, 2013-14
DMG
for china clay by core drilling. The
average thickness of variegated clay was
found out to be about 11 m. The clay
thickness varies from 6.5 m to 15 m.
Tentative resources were estimated at 13
millon tonnes.
as residual deposits. The average thickness
of overburden was 0.5 m followed by
lateritic clay, greyish yellowish, yellowish
white variegated clay. The estimation of
resources will be made after completion
of drilling & chemical analysis.
Taluk: Taliparamba China clay occurs as a sedimentary as well
as residual deposits. Resources will be
computed after completion of the
investigtion and receipt of chemical
analysis report. The average thickness of
clay is about 12 m.
Eramom - - 11 223.5 -
development of mineral-based
clay/variegated clay is about 7 m.
Estimation of resources will be computed
after receipt of chemical analysis report.
Kollam Kanjoracode area - - 11 223.5 -
Taluk: Kollam
the china clay potential of the area for
the expansion of mines. Area is partly
covered with laterite which are underlain
by sedimentary formation of cross bedded
ferruginous sandstone variegated clay to
sandy clay, pinkish clayey sand, pale white
clay, dull white clay, yellowish white sandy
clay, black carbonaceous clay. The residual
clay varies in colour from dull white to
yellow and occasionally with pink garnet
specks of parent crystalline charnockite/
leptynite. A tentative resource of 0.73
million tonnes of dull white to slightly
greyish sandy clay were estimted.
29-5
State District
Vinod P. Solanki, Gujarat Kachchh Main Bazar, Junavas, P.O. Madhapar, Taluka Bhuj-370 427, Distt. Kachchh Gujarat.
EICL Limited, Kerala Thiruvanantha- TC -79/4, Veli, puram Thiruvananthapuram-695 021, Kerala.
Satish Valji Chhanga,& Gujarat Kachchh Harilal Hira Jatiya, Village-Mamuara, Taluka Bhuj - 370 020 Distt. Kachchh, Gujarat.
H.D. Enterprises Pvt. Ltd, Gujarat Kachchh 101, Pooja Complex 'A', Above ICICI Bank Ltd., P.O. Bhuj - 370 001, Distt. Kachchh, Gujarat.
Gopal Savabhai Dangar, Gujarat Kachchh Near Ramdevpir Temple, Nadapa, Distt. Kachchh- 370 020 Gujarat
(Table - 3 Concld.)
Location of mine
State District
Manoj P. Solanki, Gujarat Kachchh Near Thakar Mandir, Junavas, Madhapar -370 020, Distt. Kachchh, Gujarat.
Shree Ram Minechem International, Gujarat Kachchh
G.I.D.C Area, Madhapar,
Bhuj- 370 020,
Khwaja Bagh,
P.O - Sawa,
D.B.Z.S.-157
(By States)
(Qty in tonnes; Value in ` '000)
2 0 1 1 - 1 2 2 0 1 2 - 1 3 2013-14 (P)
State
Quant i ty Value Quant i ty Value Quant i ty Value
India 3076795 652368 4258697 1157392 4752643 1159135
Andhra Pradesh 75115 11775 53057 8945 51957 9381
Gujarat 1517504 278365 2656099 496079 3080729 578880
Jharkhand 122412 61210 66235 31363 600 119
Karnataka 3214 8678 2836 7657 2540 7112
Kerala 747307 149883 708257 187628 712291 161427
Madhya Pradesh 6950 621 11790 1114 8200 492
Rajasthan 512145 104587 662362 355559 806189 344070
West Bengal 92148 37249 98061 69047 90137 57654
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T a
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Table – 6: Production of Kaolin (Natural), 2012-13 and 2013-14 (P)
(By Frequency Groups)
(Qty in tonnes)
Production Group mines the Group production percentage
2 0 1 2 - 1 3 2013-14(P) 2 0 1 2 - 1 3 2013-14(P) 2 0 1 2 - 1 3 2013-14(P) 2 0 1 2 - 1 3 2013-14(P)
All Groups 143(9) 149(7) 4157343 4686045 100.00 100.00 - -
Up to 500 48(3) 42 1980 2645 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.06
501-1000 5(2) 7(1) 5712 6047 0.14 0.13 0.19 0.19
1001-2000 14(1) 6(1) 24650 12260 0.59 0.26 0.78 0.45
2001-3000 7 14 17724 34572 0.43 0.74 1.21 1.19
3001-4000 6 5(1) 19633 20313 0.47 0.43 1.68 1.62
4001-5000 5 4 22589 16665 0.54 0.36 2.22 1.98
5001-10000 8 15 56879 109983 1.37 2.35 3.59 4.33
10001-25000 15 18(1) 233607 302889 5.62 6.46 9.21 10.78
25001 & Above 35(3) 38(3) 3774569 4180671 90.79 89.22 100.00 100.00
Figures in parentheses indicate the number of associated mines.
Table – 7: Production of Kaolin (Processed), 2012-13 and 2013-14(P)
(By Frequency Groups)
(Qty in tonnes)
Production Group mines the Group production percentage
2 0 1 2 - 1 3 2013-14(P) 2 0 1 2 - 1 3 2013-14(P) 2 0 1 2 - 1 3 2013-14(P) 2 0 1 2 - 1 3 2013-14(P)
All Groups 19(1) 16 101354 66598 100.00 100.00 - -
Up to 500 4 1 647 220 0.64 0.33 0.64 0.33
501-1000 - 1 - 960 - 1.44 0.64 1.77
1001-2000 4 5 6125 7564 6.04 11.36 6.68 13.13
2001-3000 5 4 13068 10209 12.89 15.33 19.57 28.46
3001-4000 1 - 3805 - 3.75 - 23.32 28.46
4001-5000 1 1 4504 4099 4.45 6.16 27.77 34.62
5001-10000 3 3 24054 19848 23.73 29.80 51.50 64.42
10001 & Above 1(1) 1 49151 23698 48.50 35.58 100.00 100.00
( ) : Figures in parentheses indicates no. of associated mines
29-9
MINING, PROCESSING &
MARKETING China clay deposits worked in India are mostly of
pocket-type. Opencast manual mining is followed in
most kaolin mines. The most common practice is to dig
trial pits for locating clay pockets or beds which are
gradually enlarged into pits of various dimensions.
China clay is often soft and easily extracted with no
blasting required. Clay and overburden are quarried in
benches. In few mines, bulldozers and excavators are
used to remove the overburden which is then
transported through trucks/tractors/trailers.
all the china clay user industries except cement,
insecticide and refractory units consume processed
china clay. The natural china clay is processed in the
country mostly by conventional method of levigation/
washing. In addition, hi-tech processes, such as,
Mozeley hydrocyclone separator, high-intensity
magnetic separator, bleaching (chemical
practice. There is a need to use more sophisticated
processing techniques like ultra froth-flotation, cryo-
filter, etc.
The recovery percentage of processed china clay
from raw china clay ranges from as low as 14% to as
high as 56%, depending upon the quality of china clay
available in different states. Large number of levigation
plants are installed in the country mostly in Kerala,
Gujarat, Jharkhand, West Bengal and Rajasthan. Kerala
has become a hub for India's processed kaolin
production. The important plants in the country are
English Indian Clays Ltd (EICL) (240,000 tpy capacity),
Veli, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala; Kerala Clays and
Ceramic Products Ltd, (10,000 tpy capacity) Payangadi,
Kannur district, Kerala; 20 Microns Ltd, Mamuara, Bhuj
district Kachchh, Gujarat (80,500 tpy capacity; a new
plant of 33,600 tpy is also installed); Amrapali China
Clay Washing Plant, Nadapa, Bhuj, district Kachchh,
Gujarat; Mokdumnagar China Clay Processing Plant
of West Bengal Projects Ltd, Mohammad Bazar,
Birbhum district, West Bengal and Hindalco's
Beneficiation Plant at Bagru Plateau in Lohardaga
district, Jharkhand. EICL has capacity to produce
240,000 tpy paper coating and filler grades of processed
china clay (hydrous), besides 60,000 tpy of calcined
clays. Popular Minerals are reported to be developing
its mine and plant in Chittorgarh, Rajasthan. Ashapura
is also establishing new production unit in
Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala with a 180,000 tpa kaolin
capacity of various grades - air floated, lumps, hydrous
and hydrous calcined kaolin reserves with 96%
kaolinite content. It also has china clay processing plant
at Bhujodi,taluka & district Bhuj, Gujarat.The new
facility is the company's second facility after the one
operational in Kerala, and make Ashapura one of the
largest producer of kaolin in Asia. Ashapura has
already acquired new mines having reserves of about
2.5 to 3.0 million tonnes in Kerala to meet high demand
for kaolin. Satish Minerals is also leading manufacturer
and processor of china clay with 18,000 tpy capacity
plant at Kachchh,Gujarat.Uma group of kaolin located in district, Gujarat engaged in mining, processing & trading of china clay. It possess min ing a rea in Dagara & Mamuara . Koa t manufacturing company is engaged in processing of hydrous kaolin, calcined kaolin & metakaolin, having plant of capacity 1000 mtpm at Kachchh, Gujarat. Hydrous Kaolin, Vadodara manufacturers Levigated/Water Washed/Deaminated/spray dried kaolin products available from 75% to 84%(ISO) brightness. Particle size 2 Micron-49% to 93%
Table – 8 : Mine-head Stocks of Kaolin (Total), 2013-14 (P)
(By States) (In tonnes)
State At the beginning of the year At the end of the year
India 900058 1067264
KAOLIN, BALL CLAY, OTHER CLAYS AND SHALE
(packing options available - 25 kg/50 kg/500 kg jumbo bags). China clay powder manufacturers: Shree Umia Sales Corpn. in GIDC Ahmedabad are exporters, suppliers Indian china clay powder, ball clay.
Processed kaolin is presently marketed
under various trade names mostly in levigated
and spray dried forms. A small quantity of
crude kaolin is also marketed. The various trade names
under which the levigated kaolin is marketed are
Highest brightness calcined clays for coated paper,
excellent partial replacement for TiO 2 . Zeta-
balanced kaolin, highest brigntness calcined clays
for a rch i tec tura l decora t ive and indus t r ia l
coatings/inks. High brightness finer hydrous clays for a l l k inds of acqueous paints , excel lent functional clays for all paints formulations. Calcined lumps for refractory grade materials non- calcined lumps for refractories. Highly reactive pozzolan, Meta kaolin for RMC and cement application; kaolin for Agrochemicals, Rubber & Plastics, soaps & detergents, Fibre glass & ceramics. Improved processing techniques could increase further the prospects of Indian kaolin in the international markets.
USES AND SPECIFICATIONS
China clay (kaolin) is used in a number of industries in both crude and processed forms. The major use for crude china clay in India is in the Cement Industry, whereas Ceramic Industry accounts for consumption of a major share of processed form of china clay. Besides ceramics, processed china clay finds use in other industries in the country, such as sealants, paper coatings, as extender in fibre glass, paint and as a filler for paper, rubber, plastic, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and textiles. Crude china clay also finds use in Insecticide and Refractory Industries. Other uses of china clay are in ink, ultramarine, synthetic zeolite, catalyst, water filter candles, soaps & dete rgen ts and exp los ives & pyro technic industries. Some of the areas where use of china clay is gaining importance are in the manufacture of plastic film, video and audio tapes where clays are used as anti-blocking agents, and in the field of biotechnology, where ceramics are widely in use for its light weight & high strength properties. EICL has been producing Metakaolin for the concrete industry for over a decade and now exporting regularly to the UAE, Kuwait and Germany for the durability of concrete by lime fixation and arresting of deterioration of concrete by weathering. Himacem has high chemical
resistance which makes the product suitable for construction of high span bridges, under-water structures and chemical plants.
The Bureau of Ind ian S tandards (BIS) has prescribed specifications for china clay to be used in different industries. They are IS:505-1995 (Third Revision, Reaffirmed 2011) for paper coating and f i l ler for paper, rubber, text i le indus t r i es , IS :1463-1983 (Thi rd Revis ion , Reaffirmed 2000) for cosmetics and IS:7589-1974 (Reaffirmed 2011) for Explosive & Pyrotechnic Industry. BIS has revised the specifications for china clay for Ceramic Industry to IS:2840-2002 (Second Revision, Reaffirmed 2008) and for paint industry to IS:68-2006. The whiteness, particle size, plasticity, contents of alumina, iron and titanium are some important factors which control the specif icat ions of china clay for different end-uses. China clay for ceramic and refractory applications is analysed for gri t , brightness, green and dry strength, fixed colour, iron and alumina contents. For filler and extender appl ica t ions , i t mus t mee t very r ig id specifications, such as, particle size, colour, b r igh tness and v i scos i ty (Tab le - 9 ) . The replacement of kaolin as a filler with precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) and ground calcium carbonate (GCC), results in lowering consumption of kaolin in paper industry.Now they are using GCC due to a switch over by paper makers from an acid-based processing route to an alkali-based route for production.
CONSUMPTION
The main consuming indust ry for raw china clay is the china clay processing/refining plants . The china clay processed by these plants in turn is consumed by various industries excep t cement , r e f rac tory and pes t ic ide indus t r i es . The da ta on raw ch ina c lay consumption by various china clay processing plants are not readily available. However, the consumption of china clay by various industries is given in Table-10.
Consumption of china clay decreased slightly to 1,432 thousand tonnes in 2013-14, from 1,455 thousand tonnes in 2012-13. Cement Indus t ry accounted for 47% consumpt ion followed by ceramic (39%), the major consumer of raw china clay. Pesticide, paint, refractory, paper, cosmetic, rubber, abrasive, asbestos products, chemical, dry cell batteries, textile, electrical, electrode and glass industries together accounted for the remaining 14%.
29-11
Table – 9 : Specifications of China Clay Required in Different Industries
Filler in Paper paper,
Sl. Characteristics coating rubber, Cosmetics Explosives No. Grade I textile
Grade II
1. Bureau of Indian Standard Specification No. 505 505 1463 7589 (1995) (1995) (1983) (1974)
2. Fineness (by weight % material retained on:) 45 microns sieve – – 2.0 – 53 microns sieve 0.8 1.0 – – 63 microns sieve – – – 1.0 90 microns sieve – – 0.1 –
3. Larger than 10 microns in diameter (% by mass, max) 5.0 15.0 – –
4. Smaller than 10 microns in diameter (% by mass, min) 75.0 60.0 – –
5. Grit (% by mass, max) – – – 0.001
6. Loss on Drying (% max) 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5
7. Loss on Ignition (% max) 14-15.5 14-15.5 15 14.0
8. Water Plasticity (%) 14.0 – – –
10. Relative/Bulk density 2.5-2.9 2.5-2.9 * 0.65-0.90(BD)
11. Colour reflectance to blue light (%) 80-85 * – –
12. Chemical (% by mass, max) – – @ – Fe
2 O
3 0.6 0.75 0.5 –
Matter soluble in HCl 0.5-1 1.5-2.5 2.0 1.5 CuO – 0.007 – – MnO – 0.013 – – Heavy metals (as Pb) – – 5 ppm – As
2 O
pH value of aqueous extract 4.5-7.5 4.5-7.5 7.5 6.0-7.5
13. Oil absorption (ml/100 g) – 50 (min) – 35-45
14. Water soluble matter (%, max) – 0.5 – 0.5
* As agreed. @ To pass test for iron and carbonate as well.
Table -10: Consumption of Kaolin (China clay)*, 2011-12 to 2013-14(P) (By Industries)
(In tonnes)
All Industries 1425100 1454800 1432700
Cement 665300(8) 695200(9) 672300(9)
Ceramic 559900(237)(e) 561500(237)(e) 561500(237)(e)
Cosmetic 2300(6) 2300(6) 2300(6)
Glass 700(3) 700(3) 700(3)
Paint 111300(26) 111100(26) 111100(26)
Paper 21700(23) 21700(23) 21700(23)
Pesticide 24800(21) 24800(21) 24800(21)
Refractory 34700(30) 32800(31) 33600(31)
Rubber 2400(31) 2400(31) 2400(31)
Figures rounded off. Figures in parentheses denote the number of units in organised sector reporting consumption. * Includes reported consumption and/or estimates wherever required.
29-12
TRADE POLICY As per the Foreign Trade Policy (FTP)
2009-2014, there are no restrictions on exports and imports of china clay (kaolin).
WORLD REVIEW The world production of kaolin remain steady at
26.4 million tonnes in 2013 as compared to the previous
year. Seven countries, namely, USA, Germany, China, Brazil, Iran,Turkey and UK accounted for about 74%
world production. The share of USA in total world production was about 23%, followed by Germany
(16%), China (12%), Brazil (8%), Iran (6%), Turkey (5%) and UK (4%) (Table-11).
Table – 12 : Exports of Kaolin (By Countries)
2012-13 2013-14 Country
All Countries 191953 736848 276165 1053487
UAE 135125 172294 205898 313147
Bangladesh 24254 107418 29010 134187
Germany 4549 63901 4753 78775
Iran 4817 48818 6349 68271
Egypt 1265 30252 1938 51468
Sri Lanka 1315 18687 1896 31877
Indonesia 810 17065 1244 27220
Malaysia 1311 24342 1356 26409
Sweden 228 3846 1506 23694
UK 498 11885 1446 23426
Other countries 17781 238340 20769 275013
Table – 11 : World Production of Kaolin (By Principal Countries)
(In '000 tonnes)
Belgium (e)
Czech Republic 660 624 609
Egypt 304 300 (e) 300(e)
France 310 308 300 (e)
Germany 4899 4399 4349
Malaysia 443 439 293
Mexico 373 515 670
Portugal 322 322 246
Spain 384 402 393
Turkey 1229 1300 (e)
FOREIGN TRADE Exports
tonnes in 2013-14 from 191,953 tonnes in 2012-13. UAE
(75%) and Bangladesh (11%) were the major importing
countries in 2013-14 (Table - 12).
Imports
tonnes in 2013-14 from 87,867 tonnes in 2012-13. Major
suppliers were USA (55%), China (14%), Ukraine (11%)
and France (6%) (Table - 13).
United Kingdom
the purchase of the kaolin operations of Goonvean Ltd.
in Cornwall. Goonvean sold kaolin primarily for ceramics
and performance minerals markets. The sale was
approved by British authorities contingent upon price
controls for certain kaolin products sold in the United
Kingdom.
with kaolin operations in Bulgaria.
USA
construction of a 225,000-metric tonne per year ceramic
proppants plant in Wrens, GA. The $235 million
purchase included kaolin reserves needed to produce
the proppants. Ceramic proppants are used to enhance
nonconventional gas and oil extraction.
29-13
FUTURE OUTLOOK India has abundant resources of kaolin which
can easily meet both the internal and the external
demands. The processing of kaolin in the country
is done mostly by conventional methods like
levigation and washing. New capacities for High-
tech processing have to be establ ished and
existing capacities in the country have to be
augmented to meet the demand of processed
kaolin in the future.
expected both for hydrous and calcined clay
particularly in paint, cables, plastics, rubber and
ceramics. The apparent demand of china clay is
estimated at 4.61 million tonnes by 2016-17 and
that of ball clay at 1.82 million tonnes by 2016-17
at 9% growth rate by the Planning Commission of
India.
kaolinite, 10-25% mica & 6-65% quartz. Ball clay
and china clay differ only in the degree of
plasticity. China clay is less plastic than ball clay.
Ball clay is a highly plastic variety of kaolin having
high b ind ing power, t ens i l e s t reng th and
Table – 13 : Imports of Kaolin (By Countries)
2012-13 2013-14 Country
All Countries 87867 1095336 80204 1420872
USA 37248 653735 44271 878669
China 12391 128700 10955 158652
France 4611 80307 4740 91538
Ukraine 1969 18162 8863 91287
Bulgaria 2594 41546 3123 64582
UK 1373 20720 2093 38112
Germany 977 14093 1058 18785
New Zealand 630 20707 399 15289
Iran 1873 10304 1918 12142
Brazil 130 892 1040 9870
Other countries 24071 106170 1744 41946
shrinkage. It is utilised generally after mixing
with non-plast ic clay to impart the desired
plasticity in pottery, porcelain and refractory
materials. It also helps in the preparation of glaze,
enamels and for imparting a dense vitrified body.
RESOURCES Deposits of ball clays are relatively scarce
due to the combination of geological factors
needed for their formation.The total resources of
ball clay as on 1.4.2010 in the country are placed
at 83.39 million tonnes. Out of these resources,
the reserves are about 16.78 million tonnes and
the remaining resources are 66.61 million tonnes.
More than 62% resources are in Andhra Pradesh,
followed by Rajasthan with 38%. Resources in
Gujarat are nominal. Out of the total resources,
ceramic/pottery grade constitutes 89%. All India
reserves/resources of ball clay are given in
Table-14.
tonnes in 2013-14 increased by 7% as compared to that
in the previous year.
production of ball clay was reported as an associated
mineral by eleven mines during 2013-14. Eight principal
producers accounted for about 71% of total produc-
tion. The share of public sector mines in the total
production was nominal as compared to about 1% in
the preceding year.
ball clay production accounting for 92% of the total
production followed by Andhra Pradesh with 7%. The
remaining one percent production was from Gujarat and
Tamil Nadu.
Mine-head stocks of ball clay at the end of the
year 2013-14 was 1,111 thousand tonnes as against
1,046 thousand tonnes in the beginning of the year.
The average daily employment of labour in
2013-14 was 594 as against 527 in the previous year.
Domestic prices of ballclay are furnished in the
General Review on 'Prices'.
T a
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Table – 15 : Principal Producers of Ball Clay, 2013-14
Location of mine Name & address of producer
State District
House of Mohanlal Mathur,
Rajasthan.
Jaichand Lal Daga, Rajasthan Bikaner 1st Floor, Labhuji Ka Katla,
Kotegate, Bikaner - 334 001,
Near M. N. Hospital,
Rathkhana Colony,
Bagree Mohalla,
Near M.N. Hospital,
Near Ramdeo Park,
Outside Nathusar Gate,
Labhu Ji ka Katla 1st Floor,
Bikaner 334 001, Rajasthan
. (Contd.)
Table – 16 : Production of Ball clay, 2011-12 to 2013-14 (P) (By States)
(Qty in tonnes; Value in ` '000)
2 0 1 1 - 1 2 2 0 1 2 - 1 3 2013-14 (P)
State
Quant i ty Value Quant i ty Value Quant i ty Value
India 1646516 693714 1750559 780732 1874049 902647
Andhra Pradesh 276799 88705 184345 99828 138702 71471
Gujarat 13527 1488 10900 1853 8600 1462
Rajasthan 1351705 598843 1541981 665585 1722103 826463
Tamil Nadu 4485 4678 13333 13466 4644 3251
Table – 17 : Production of Ball clay, 2012-13 and 2013-14 (P) (By Sectors/States/Districts)
  (Qty in tonnes; Value in `’000)
2 0 1 2 - 1 3 2013-14 (P) State/Distr ict
No. of Quant i ty Value No. of Quant i ty Value mines mines
  India 48(11) 1750559 780732 49(11) 1874049 902647
Public Sector 2 14293 13529 1 4644 3251
Private Sector 46(11) 1736266 767203 48(11) 1869405 899396 Andhra Pradesh 13(1) 184345 99828 13(1) 138702 71471
Chittor 1 715 127 1 360 199
West Godavari 12(1) 183630 99701 12(1) 138342 71272 Gujarat 2 10900 1853 2 8600 1462
Kachchh 1 350 60 1 200 34 Patan 1 10550 1793 1 8400 1428
Rajasthan 32(10) 1541981 665585 33(10) 1722103 826463
Bikaner 31(10) 1533935 664217 32(10) 1717778 824478 Pali 1 8046 1368 1 4325 1985
Tamil Nadu 1 13333 13466 1 4644 3251
Cuddalore 1 13333 13466 1 4644 3251
Figures in parentheses indicate associated mines of ball clay, clay (others), fireclay & kaolin.
29-16
2013-14 (P)
(By States)
(In tonnes)
of the year of the year
India 1 0 4 6 6 4 3 1111405
Andhra Pradesh 1 4 1 5 7 2 1 5 6 8 4 3
Gujarat 3 9 5 1 5 1 2 6 7 7 0 7
Rajasthan 4 9 9 0 8 8 6 7 9 2 5 1
Tamil Nadu 10832 7 6 0 4
SPECIFICATIONS The specifications for plastic clay and washed
plastic clay for use in Ceramic Industry are
prescribed vide IS:4589-2002 (Third Revision,
reaffirmed 2008 ).
from 585,000 tonnes in 2012-13 to 582,500 tonnes
in 2013-14 . About 97% consumpt ion was
accounted for by the Ceramic Industry. The
remaining consumption was reported by the
Refractory and Abrasive industries (Table - 19).
FOREIGN TRADE Exports
in the previous year. Exports were mainly to
Bangladesh (76%) (Table - 20).
to 130,804 tonnes in 2013-14 as compared to
156,527 tonnes in the previous year. Imports were
mainly from Ukraine (40%), Malaysia (35%), UK
(14%) and China (8%) (Table -21).
Table – 19 : Consumption* of Ball clay
2011-12 to 2013-14(P)
Abrasive 100(3) 100(3) 100(3)
Figures in parentheses denote the number of units in the
organised sector.
made wherever required.
(By Countries)
2012-13 2013-14
Bangladesh 26123 108649 27248 125715
Oman - - 6902 23088
Kuwait ++ 4 252 1452
Ethiopia - - 100 880
Mauritious - - 17 386
Sri Lanka - - 26 222
29-17
3. Clay (others) Clay under this category includes aluminous,
ferruginous and tile & brick making clays.
PRODUCTION, STOCKS &
tonnes in 2013-14 decreased by about 12% as compared
to that in the previous year.
There were 54 reporting mines in 2013-14 as against
51 mines in the previous year. Besides production of
clay (others) was reported by 32 mines as associated
mineral. About, 58% of the total production of clay
(others) was reported as an associated mineral. Entire
production of clay (others ) was contributed by private
sector. About 67% of the total production was contrib-
uted by eight principal producers.
Gujarat, the major producing state, accounted for
about 67% of the total production during the period
under review, followed by Madhya Pradesh (18%),
Andhra Pradesh (6%) and the remaining 9 percent was
reported from Kerala and Rajasthan.
Nineteen mines and thirteen associated mines
having annual production more than 10,000 tonnes con-
tributed about 96% of the total production.
Mine-head stocks of clay (others) was 197 thousand tonnes at the end of 2013-14 as against 233 thousand tonnes in the beginning of the year.
The average daily employment of labour was 588 during 2013-14 as against 461 in the previous year.
Domestic prices of clay are furnished in the General Review on 'Prices'.
Table – 21 : Imports of Ball Clay
(By Countries)
2012-13 2013-14
Ukraine 104835 684369 52554 400319
UK 14422 163496 18267 226682
Malaysia 23867 74482 45363 145379
China 9946 79504 9995 80512
Thailand 134 1337 1960 20440
Portugal 1216 11438 1508 16887
USA 161 1646 518 11548
Germany 605 13859 263 6795
France 204 2579 236 3081
Japan 260 6352 100 2565
Other countries 877 5086 40 1023
Table – 22 : Principal Producers of Clay
(Others), 2013-14
State District
Bhupndra Reva Sankar Gor, Gujarat Kachchh 66, Devkrupa Limbda Street, Bhuj, Kachchh - 370 001 Gujarat
*The ACC Ltd. Madhya- Katni ‘Cement House’, Pradesh 121, Maharshi Karve Road, Mumbai – 400 020 Maharashtra.
*Sampat Lal Daga, Rajasthan Bikaner Labhuji ka Katla,1st Floor, Bikaner-334 001 Rajashtan.
*Shankarlal Gangaram Thakkar, Gujarat Patan DBZ South-157, Zanda Chowk, Gandhidham-370 201 Distt. Kachchh, Gujarat.
Ishwarlal Nanjibhai Bhavani, Gujarat Kachchh 113-114, Pooja-B, B/h ICICI Bank, Station Road, Bhuj-370 001, Distt. Kachchh, Gujarat.
Ratanbhai Dalabhai Gohil, Gujarat Kachchh Bhimasar, Rapar-370 160, Distt. Kachchh, Gujarat
Kissan MInerals, Gujarat Kachchh Mate Building, Salari Naka, Rapar-370 165, Distt. Kachchh, Gujarat.
Raju Mahadeva Chaudhary Gujarat Kachchh C/o Kissan Minerals Mate Building, Salari Naka Road, Rapar-370 165, Distt. Kachchh, Gujarat.
* Producing clay (others) as an associated mineral
29-18
KAOLIN, BALL CLAY, OTHER CLAYS AND SHALE
Table – 23 : Production of Clay (Others), 2011-12 to 2013-14 (P) (By States)
(Qty in tonnes; Value in `’000)
2 0 1 1 - 1 2 2 0 1 2 - 1 3 2013-14 (P) State
Quant i ty Value Quant i ty Value Quant i ty Value
India 1417684 128017 2680726 353628 2360871 407713
Andhra Pradesh 99919 8502 158674 18029 136295 14644
Chhattisgarh 720 86 - - - -
Karnataka 12900 3019 - - - -
Kerala - - - - 78703 9439
Rajasthan 50 12 152534 34361 140298 81173
Tamil Nadu 260 34 4770 692 - -
Table – 24: Production of Clay (Others), 2012-13 and 2013-14(P)
(By Sectors/States/Districts)
2 0 1 2 - 1 3 2013-14 (P )
State/District No. of Quantity Value No. of Quantity Value mines mines
India 51(32) 2680726 353628 54(32) 2360871 407713 Private Sector 51(32) 2680726 353628 54(32) 2360871 407713
Andhra Pradesh 12(7) 158674 18029 12(7) 136295 14644 Adilabad 2 82100 8380 2(1) 73245 7597 Anantapur (5) 13176 2067 (3) 9843 1121 Cuddapah 3 14583 2152 3 4319 786 Godavari East - - - 1 673 135 Krishna (1) 15200 775 (1) 14100 916 Kurnool 5(1) 33615 4655 6(2) 34115 4089
Visakhapatnam *2 - - - - -
*Bhavnagar 1 - - 1 - -
Jamnagar 1 43278 4761 - - - Kachchh 23(12) 1597580 217594 27(13) 1413718 224227 Patan (3) 217090 23880 (3) 124650 19303
Kerala *1 - - 2 78703 9439 Thiruvananthapuram *1 - - 2 78703 9439
Madhya Pradesh (7) 436329 44447 1(7) 433136 53817
Jabalpur (3) 15350 3328 (2) 13600 3331 Katni (2) 417007 40450 (3) 416345 49959
Satna (2) 3972 669 1(2) 3191 527
Rajasthan 8(2) 152534 34361 8(2) 140298 81173
Bikaner 6(1) 148394 32515 6(1) 132911 77849 Jaisalmer - - - *1 - -
Karauli (1) 4050 1823 (1) 7387 3324
Nagaur 2 90 23 *1 - -
Tamil Nadu 3(1) 4770 692 *2 - -
Cuddalore (1) 4770 692 - - -
Tiruchirapalli* 2 - - 2 - -
Figures in parentheses indicate number of Associated mines of Clay (Others) with ball clay, dolomite, kaolin, laterite, laterite,limestone, ochre & steatite. * only labour or production of associated mineral reported.
29-19
Table – 25 : Production of Clay (Others), 2012-13 and 2013-14 (P)
(By Frequency Groups)
(Qty in tonnes)
Production the group production percentage
group
Upto 5000 29(17) 29(15) 58465 37112 2.18 1.57 2.18 1.57
5001 to 10000 1(2) 6(4) 27880 68656 1.04 2.91 3.22 4.48
10001 to 20000 6(2) 2(3) 124966 72350 4.66 3.07 7.88 7.55
20001 to 30000 4(1) 4(3) 110832 179950 4.13 7.62 12.01 15.17
30001 & above 11(10) 13(7) 2358583 2002803 87.99 84.83 100.00 100.00
Figures in parentheses indicate number of Associated mines of Clay (Others) with laterite, limestone, steatite &
ochre.
(By States)
(In tonnes)
State At the beginning of the year At the end of the year
India 232982 197161
19.60 thousand tonnes in 2013-14 from 22 thousand
tonnes in 2012-13. Exports were mainly to Bangladesh
(22%), Saudi Arabia (20%), Malaysia (19%), Nepal (13%)
and Sri Lanka (6%) (Table- 27).
Imports
Impor t s o f c lay (o thers ) inc reased to
17,016 tonnes in 2013-14 from 14,638 tonnes
in 2012-13. Ukraine (55%), USA (16%) and Belgium
(7%) were the main suppliers (Table - 28).
29-20
4. Shale Shale is a fine grained, clastic sedimentary rock
comprised of mud that is a mixture of flakes of
clay minerals and tiny fragments of minerals like
quartz and calcite. The ratio of clay to other
minerals is variable.
is rich in alumina content. Hitherto, shale was
considered as implacable substance that reduced
the quality of limestone due to presence of clay
minerals. Now, with advancements and better
knowledge, it is utilised as a source of alumina in
cement making.
RESOURCES The resources o f sha le were p laced a t
15.9 million tonnes as on 1.4.2010, comprising
15.3 million tonnes reserves and 0.6 million tonnes
remaining resources. All the estimated resources
are located in Andhra Pradesh (Table - 29).
Table – 27 : Exports of Clay (Others)
(By Countries)
2012-13 2013-14
Bangladesh 3739 29483 4355 25322
Malaysia 648 3951 3799 23341
Nepal 2828 19832 2503 19054
Kenya 2655 31593 719 8581
Sri Lanka 1072 7586 1125 8097
Uganda 21 56 125 6826
Mozambique 182 3064 382 6715
UK 142 2085 115 5395
UAE 1112 8447 689 5139
Other countries 3009 38116 1802 35295
Table – 28 : Imports of Clay (Others)
(By Countries)
2012-13 2013-14
USA 2298 80817 2656 89382
Ukraine 7997 55210 9424 67704
Japan 2 1518 306 32132
Spain 580 16815 1003 25481
China 3093 28008 1194 12878
Belgium 1 42 1213 9240
Netherlands - - 151 9110
Italy ++ 112 22 1524
PRODUCTION & STOCKS Production of shale, primarily used in manufactur-
ing of cement, at 2,991 thousand tonnes in 2013-14
decreased by 3% over the previous year. There were 10
reporting mines as against 8 in the previous year. About
97% of total production of shale was reported as an
associated mineral by 31 limestone mines in 2013-14.
The share of public sector was only 1% in both the
years.
Pradesh contributed 48% of the total production of shale
followed by Karnataka 22%, Madhya Pradesh 15%,
Maharashtra 9% and Andhra Pradesh 6%.
Mine-head stocks at the end of 2013-14 was
85 thousand tonnes as against 71 thousand tonnes in
the beginning of the year.The average daily employ-
ment of labour in shale mines in 2013-14 was 52 as against
32 in the previous year.
29-21
T a
b le
o f
S h
a le
a s
o n
1 .4
.2 0
1 0
(B y
Location of mine
State District
121, Maharshi Karve Road, Maharashtra Yavatmal
Churchgate, Mumbai – 400 020
Uttar Pradesh.
Elegant Business Park,
Andheri East, Mumbai- 400 059
*Ultratech Cement Ltd, Maharashtra Chandrapur
'B'Wing, 2nd floor, Ahura Centre,
Mahakali Caves road, Andheri(E), Mumbai-400 093
Rain Cements Limited Andhra Pradesh Nalgonda
No.34, Rain Centre, Srinagar colony,
Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh-500 073
H-No.6-181, Bavipalli, Peapully,
Andhra Pradesh-518 221
Core-5 Scope Complex,7
* Producing as an associated mineral with limestone.
Table – 31 : Production of Shale, 2011-12 to 2013-14 (P)
( By States)
(Qty in tonnes; Value in `'000)
2 0 1 1 - 1 2 2 0 1 2 - 1 3 2013-14 (P)
State
Quant i ty Value Quant i ty Value Quant i ty Value
India 3439775 139066 3067718 165924 2990579 162793
Andhra Pradesh 115998 8833 142617 12628 157373 15916
Himachal Pradesh 1535493 49648 1512161 77717 1430233 82014
Karnataka 825027 42901 546026 37730 670137 31496
Madhya Pradesh 543481 6321 519521 5514 452235 4629
Maharashtra 419776 31363 347393 32335 280601 28738
29-23
(By Sectors/States/Districts)
2 0 1 2 - 1 3 2013-14(P) State/Distr ict
No. of mines Quant i ty Value No. of mines Quant i ty Value
India 8(26) 3067718 165924 10(31) 2990579 162793 
Public Sector 1 39000 3276 1 24100 2042
Private Sector 7(26) 3028718 162648 9(31) 2966479 160751
Andhra Pradesh 6(15) 142617 12628 7(20) 157373 15916
Anantpur 1(7) 19897 2620 1(10) 24292 3580
Guntur 2 2086 440 1 700 140
Kurnool (8) 31634 3347 2(10) 73281 8337
Nalgonda 2 50000 2945 2 35000 1817
Rangareddy 1 39000 3276 1 24100 2042
Himachal Pradesh (3) 1512161 77717 (3) 1430233 82014
Bilaspur (1) 404100 28287 (1) 493000 28542
Solan (2) 1108061 49430 (2) 937233 53472
Karnataka (1) 546026 37730 (1) 670137 31496
Gulbarga (1) 546026 37730 (1) 670137 31496
Madhya Pradesh 2(5) 519521 5514 3(5) 452235 4629
Mandsaur 2 2145 858 3 1290 570
Rewa (5) 517376 4656 (5) 450945 4059
Maharashtra (2) 347393 32335 (2) 280601 28738
Chandrapur (1) 37450 3820 (1) 33552 3096
Yavatmal (1) 309943 28515 (1) 247049 25642
Figures in parentheses indicate associated mines with Limestone.
Table – 33 : Mine-head Stocks of Shale, 2013-14(P) (By States)
(In tonnes)
State At the beginning of the year At the end of the year
India 70696 85153