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EnglishKalmyk Dictionary

Linguistic Field Methods University of Massachusetts Amherst

Spring 2016 This dictionary was created by the students in Seth Cable’s undergraduate linguistic field methods course (LING 404; Spring 2016). The purpose of the dictionary is to be both a resource for students in the class, and a permanent record of those parts of the Kalmyk lexicon documented in the course.

Due to these relatively limited interests, as well as to additional practical concerns, this dictionary is designed solely as an EnglishtoKalmyk dictionary. Each entry is constructed as follows:

Word of English Its (approximate) Kalmyk translation, represented in IPA An example sentence illustrating the Kalmyk word, along with its English translation. The name of the class participant who contributed or edited the entry The date of the contribution (or most recent edit)

The following illustrates the format for an entry in this dictionary: What: /ju/ Dordʒә ju idʒænæ

What is Dorja eating? (Seth Cable; 12/31/15)

For more information about the Kalmyk language, the reader is directed to the language page created for the course, located at: http://people.umass.edu/scable/LING404SP16/Kalmyk/

A A (one): /nɛg/ neg majtaj uwuβ

I drank a mai tai.

(Seth Cable; 3/10/16)

ɛn uχɑtɑ køkәt køβәt ɑsә negin bakʃɑn ɑlsim bolχɑ These smart boys or girls, one from these, killed the teacher (Kazuki Moriguchi; 4/3/16)

After: /høna/ kurtʃirsna høna dɛgi sanәr aruβ

After arriving, I relaxed very well. (Seth Cable; 3/10/16)

Airplane: /samәlәt/ orundan samәlt ar Garat, asχәndan budʒiruβ

I left by airplane in the morning, and I arrived at night.

(Seth Cable; 3/10/16) All: / xɑmәɡ/ unɡirsɪn dolɑn xonugtә xɑmәɡ tsɑsɪn xɑldʒɛ

All the snow melted last week.

(Jenni Coppola; 4/1/16) All /tsoktin/ dordʒɛ bolsin bortsyk tsoktin sɑndʒɛ hulhɑldʒɛ

The bortsyk made by Dorja, Sanja stole them all (Kazuki Moriguchi; 4/16/16)

Also: /basә/ tɛr joβulɣunde basә dala sandʒin saχɜn jum yzuβ

On this trip, I also saw many interesting beautiful things.


jɔrɛlχ altnasә jurɛluga zis dɛ:ri giʃә basә βɐnɐ And there is also the saying ‘Instead of gold that was not

well wished, well wished copper is better’.

( Matthew Frelinger; 1/28/16) Ancestor (pl): /øβkәnәr/ (Stephanie Sullivan; 2/25/16)

Ancestor (sg): /øβkә/ (Stephanie Sullivan; 2/25/16)

And : /bolun/ sɑruŋ ødurla dordʒɛ bortsyk bolun ɑlmɑ idna

On Mondays Dorja eats bortsyk and apples.

(Kazuki Moriguchi; 3/8/16) And so: /tigat/ tigat ɛndur tadnigә juraχaranaβ.

And so, I will tell you wellwishing today. (Ashley Lee; 1/27/16)

Appear (look): /bædәl/ dordʒә ɛndәr mu bædәltɑ

Dorja looks sad today. (Jenni Coppola; 3/9/2016)

Apple : /alma/ kykyn bolɣn alma idʒænɑ

Every child is eating an apple (Tracy Preza; 2/8/2016)

Arrive: /kyrtʃurχɑ/ tʃi hamaɣasa kyrtʃurutʃ

Where did you come from? (Nicholas Magnolia; 2/23/16)

Ask: /sulχә/ mæri bɪligә sul dʒana Mary is asking Bill. (Seth Cable; 03/10/16)

At (Dative Case): /tә/ UMASS tә bodʊk βæna There is a pond at UMASS. (Jenni Coppola; 2/9/2016)

Aunt (maternal): /nɑxtʃәiktʃә/ Mother’s sister (Lynnsey Molloy 2/11/2016)

Aunt (Paternal): /ɡɑːɣɑ/ Father’s sister (Lynnsey Molloy 2/11/2016)

B Bad: /mu/ mu kyn gidʒɛ jɑɣɑt sɑndʒɑnɑt ʃ?

Why do you think he is a bad person? (Kazuki Moriguchi; 2/22/16)

Bag: /miʃnig/ nɑndә nɛg tsøkәn miʃnig tytyrɣә kɛrktɑ

I need a few bags of rice.

(Jenni Coppola; 3/25/16) Bake: /bolɣχә/ dordʒɛ ɑlmɑ urɣәnɑ bolun bortsyk bolɣәnɑ .

Dorja grows apples and bakes bortsyk. (Kazuki Moriguchi; 3/8/16)

Banana: /bɑnɑn/ dordʒɛ ɑlmɑ bortsyk bolun bɑnɑn sɑruŋ ødurlɑ idnɑ.

Dorja eats apples, bortsyk, and bananas on Mondays. (Kazuki Moriguchi; 3/23/16)

Beautiful: /saχәn/ tɛr joβulɣunde basә dala sandʒin saχɜn jum yzuβ

On that trip, I also saw many interesting, beautiful things.

(Seth Cable; 03/10/16) Become: /bolβa/ dørdʒɛ jungɑt timә bæltsdә bolβɑ ?

Why did Dorja become this way? (Kazuki Moriguchi; 2/22/16)

Better: / dɛ:ri/ jɔrɛlχ altnasә jurɛluga zis dɛ:ri giʃә wɐsuwɐnɐ

And there is also the saying ‘Instead of gold that

was not well wished, well wished copper is better’.

(Matthew Frelinger; 1/28/16)

Book: /dɛktɛr/ ~ Dordʒa nandә dɛktɛr ɸktʃɛ /dɪktur/ Dorja gave me a book

(Tracy Preza; 2/08/2016)

sandʒɛ dørdʒdә jamaran dɪktur økt ʃɛ? Which book did Sanja give Dorja? (Kazuki Moriguchi; Feb 22, 2016)

Boom: /pɑrt/ (Kazuki Moriguchi; 2/23/16) Both : /xojrɑ/ sɑruŋ ødurlɑ dordʒɛ bortsyk ɑlmɑ xojrɑ idnɑ.

On Mondays Dorja eats both bortsyk and apples. (Kazuki Moriguchi; 3/8/16)

Bowl: /ɑɣә/ ɛn ɑɣ tә ʃølә diɡәt ɑmttɑ

This bowl of soup is very tasty.

(Jenni Coppola; 4/8/16) Box: / jarʃik/ ter mis ɛn jarʃiktә βaχa zoβta That cat might be in this box. (Haley Norris; 4/4/16) Boys: / koβut/ tɛndә βasn koβut bildʒatsχana

Over there the boys are dancing

(Meg Bresnahan; 2/17/16)

/kyβәt/ ɛn køkәt kyβәt uχɑtɑ These boys and girls are smart (Kazuki Moriguchi; 3/23/16)

Bring: / kurkχә/ manigә kitʃɑldɛ kyrktχә gidʒɛ әngigɛ suri

Let’s get him to bring us to class.

(Nicholas Magnolia; 3/28/16)

/kurg ul χә/ ɪnungør madnigә kitʃaldɛ kurɢuli ? Can you get him to bring us (to class)?

(Nicholas Magnolia; 3/28/16) Brother (older): /ɑxә/

Brother (younger): /dukøβn/ Build: /bɑrχә/ sɑndʒɛ dordʒɛ hɑmdɑn gɛr bɑrdʒɛ

Sanja and Dorja built a house together (Kazuki Moriguchi; 4/16/16)

Butter: /tosyn/ (Jenni Coppola; 1/28/16) Buy: /huldʒɑɑbuβ/ xojәr tytyrɡin ur huldʒɑɑbuβ

I bought two grains of rice. (Jenni Coppola; 4/1/16)

C

Cake: / tort / Sandʒә salgәrin tortigә itsin gidʒә dordʒɛ sandʒana Dorja thinks Sanja ate Dorja’s cake. (Tracy Preza; 04/04/16)

Call: /dʒiŋnulχә/ saglurin dʒiŋnul sәn tsaktә dordʒә surɣulsurtʃala

Dorja was studying at the time that Saglur called.


Car: / maʃi/ sondʒә maʃi tudχә zuβta βoldʒana Sonja needs to drive a car. (Haley Norris; 4/4/16)

Carrot: /ʃɑrluβәŋ/ nɛg tsøkyn ʃɑrluβәŋ yzuβ I saw a few carrots. (Jenni Coppola; 4/19/2016)

Cat: /mis/ Dordʒә mis yzdʒɛ Dorje saw the cat (Tracy Preza; 2/01/2016)

Chicken: /tɑkɑ/ ɛn ʃølәndә nɛβt ʃkәn tɑkɑ n mɑχә tɑgbuβ I put a little chicken (meat) in this soup. (Jenni Coppola; 4/8/16)

Child : /kykyn/ kykyn bolɣn alma idʒænɑ Every child is eating an apple (Tracy Preza; 2/8/2016)

Children: /bit ʃktut/ Lit.: Little ones (Jenni Coppola; 3/25/16)

Class: /kidt ʃɑl/ xojәr orjutәn kidtʃɑl dә ordʒɛ Two students went to class. (Jenni Coppola; 4/1/16)

Cold: /kiːtn/ ɛndur kiːtn It’s very cold today (Kazuki Moriguchi; 2/23/26)

Come: /irχә/ t ʃɑmɑɡә ɛsә ir sɪndɛ sɛtɡәl zoβdʒɑnɑ

Because you did not come, I am sad. (Jenni Coppola; 3/9/2016)

Contest : /marɣa/ Saglәr marɣa aβsәn gidʒә Dordʒinmetgar Sandʒɛ zarulsin

Sanja announced Dorja thinks Sagler won the contest. (Tracy Preza; 04/04/16)

Copper: /zis/ jɔrɛlχ altnasә jurɛluga zis dɛ:ri giʃә wɐsuwɐnɐ

And there is also the saying ‘Instead of gold that was not well wished, well wished copper is better’. (Matthew Frelinger; 1/28/16)

Crush: /χamχulχә/ To crush (Lynnsey Molloy; 4/1/16) Cry / ulχә/ dordʒɪn gejuɾta tudʒɪ saglurigә ululna.

Dorja's sad stories make Saglur cry. (Nicholas Magnolia; 03/30/16)

Curse : /χɑræl/ jurælin tosyn χɑrælin tɸsyn

From wellwishing butter, from curse blood (Tracy Preza, 2/01/2016)

D Dad: /dæːdә/, /bɑːbә/, /ɑʙɑ/ (Lynnsey Molloy; 2/11/16)

Dance: /bilχә/ /tɛrtʃin bildʒænɑ /

That one (informal) is dancing.

(Kazuki Moriguchi; 2/6/16) Day : /ødur/ sɑruŋ ødur lɑ dordʒɛ bortsyk ɑlmɑ xojrɑ idnɑ.

On Mondays Dorja eats both bortsyk and apples.

(Kazuki Moriguchi; 3/8/16)

Decision : /durumb ә / zursin jum ә n k ә nd ә okχ ә mini durumb ә Who I give my drawings to is my decision.

(Abigail Williams; 5/9/16)

Descend: /budʒirχә/ orundan samәltar Garat, asχәndan budʒir uβ

I left by plane in the morning, and I landed in the evening.


Difficult: / bɛrkta/ sondʒә tɛɾ tabtsdә kuɾχda bɛrkta bolχa It will be difficult for Sonja to reach that shelf.

(Haley Norris; 4/4/16)

Do: /kɛχә/ dordʒɛ gɛrin kәldulmuʃɑn kɛχәlɑ ɛsgidʒɛ ɛltә untχәlɑ, ɛkin bajrulχә If Dorja does his homework or sleeps early, his mother will be happy


Dog: /noχɑ/ Dordʒә noχɑ yzdʒɛ Dorje saw the dog


Drink: /uχә/ neg majtaj uwuβ I drank a mai tai.


Drive: /tudχә/ sondʒә maʃi tudχә zuβta βoldʒana Sonja needs to drive a car (Haley Norris 4/4/16)

E Each: /bolɣn/ sɑndʒɛ dordʒɛ xojәr gɛr bolɣn bɑrdʒɛ

Sanja and Dorja built each house


Earlier: /ɛrtә/ saglur ɛrtә park ɛrksɪn Saglur was at the park earlier. (Meg Bresnahan; 4/4/16)

Early: /ɛltә/ dordʒɛ gɛrin kәldulmuʃɑn kɛχәlɑ ɛsgidʒɛ ɛltә untχәlɑ, ɛkin bajrulχә

If Dorja does his homework or sleeps early, his mother will be happy (Kazuki Moriguchi; 3/23/16)

Eat: /itχә/ kykyn bolɣn alma idʒænɑ

Every child is eating an apple (Tracy Preza; 2/8/2016)

sɑruŋ ødurlɑ dordʒɛ bortsyk ɑlmɑ xojrɑ idnɑ . On Mondays Dorja eats both bortsyk and apples.


dordʒɛ sɑruŋ ødurlɑ bortsyk ɑlmɑ xojerigɛ idː ugo. Dorja does not eat bortsyk nor apples on Mondays.


Even: /t ʃiɡәn/ tsɑsɪn tʃiɡәn xɑldʒɛ... Even the snow melted… (Jenni Coppola; 4/1/16)

Evening: /asχәn/ orundan samәltar Garat, asχәn dan budʒiruβ I left by plane in the morning, and I arrived in the evening. (Seth Cable; 03/10/16)

Every: /βolɣn/ kyːkyn βolɣn ɑlmә idʒænɑ Every child is eating an apple (Jenni Coppola; 2/9/2016)

Explode: /pɑdәrχɑ/ ɣal pɑdrɑt odβɑ as the flames roared up (Kazuki Moriguchi; 2/23/16)

F Face: /tʃirɑ/ xojәr tʃirɑtɑ

Two faced (Kazuki Moriguchi; 4/16/16)

Fall: /unχә/ tsaktsә unχ arala

The glass was going to fall. (Meg Bresnahan; 04/11/16)

Famous: /ner aldәrʃsin/ bortsyk k ɛ χ ara χ kyn ner aldәrʃsin

The person who will make the bortsuk is famous. (Abigail Williams; 5/9/16)

Farm: /xoʃә/ gɛrim ɣolGatsә ɛrigdɛr xoʃɪn aldndә

My house is on the hill, across the river, near the farm (Tracy Preza; 03/03/16)

Father’s Generation: /gal βinr/

Also known as the fire generation (Stephanie Sullivan; 2/25/16) Fire : /ɣal/ ɣal pɑdrɑt odβɑ

as the flames roared up (Kazuki Moriguchi; 2/23/16)

Five: /toβn/ dordʒɛ gorβәn bortsyk xojәr ɑlmɑ ɑʃlɑt toβn jumun idːdʒɑnɑ.

Dorja eats 3 bortsyks, 2 apples, a total of five things. (Kazuki Moriguchi; 3/23/16)

Flourish: /dɛlgɪrχa/ kiʃәk toχom dɛlgɪrdʒɛ

May happiness flourish in your close family (Tracy Preza; 02/1/16)

Flow: / Gorχә/ mini gɛrtәn ɛrigdɛrә ɛrgasә Gordʒasin golinGatsә Bana

My house is across the river that flows from the top of the hill (Tracy Preza; 3/21/16)

Flowers: / tsetskas/ saglәr tsetskas tarχar sɛdʒala Saglur was going to plant flowers


Fox: /ɑrɑtɑ/ mɛndәtʃi ɑrɑtɑ ? How are you fox? (Impolite)


Free: /sul/ sul tsaktan Free time (Meg Bresnahan; 3/21/16)

Friend : /nәdʒә/ ɛntʃin mini ɛkin nәdʒәn naXtsә ɛktʃin ʃindʒur This is my mother’s friend’s necklace (Tracy Preza; 03/03/16)

From: /ɑsә/ ɛn uχɑtɑ køkәt køβәt ɑsә negin bakʃɑn ɑlsim bolχɑ These smart boys or girls, one from these, killed the teacher


Four: /durβɑ/ ….


G Get up (intransitive): /bosχә/ (Nicholas Magnolia; 3/7/16)

Get up (transitive) : /bosχkχa/ ɛkɪm narøn ɢarχim umnɐ (namɐgә) bos ɢuldʒɛ.

My mother made me get up before sunrise. (Nicholas Magnolia; 3/7/16)

Girl: /køkәt/ ɛn køkәt kyβәt uχɑtɑ

These boys and girls are smart (Kazuki Moriguchi; 3/23/16)

Give: / økχә/ dordʒa møɾndә χojәɾ alma øktʃɛ

Dordja gave the horse two apples. (Haley Norris; 2/15/16)

Give off: /Gar ɣχә / saglurin bolɣʤaχә bortsyk san unur Garɣʤana The bortsuk Saglur is cooking smells delicious (Abigail Williams; 5/9/16)

Glass: /tsaktsә/ tsaktsә unχarala

The glass was going to fall. (Meg Bresnahan; 04/11/16)

Go: /odχә/ nidәn dzɪlin zunar tʃi hama od utʃi? Where did you go last summer? (Seth Cable; 03/10/16)

Go around: /ɛrkχә/ autobusar arәl ɛrg at

(I) went around the island by bus. (Seth Cable; 03/10/16)

Go in: /orχa/ bidn kykytmәdɑn orundә or uldʒɑnɑβdn

We sent the kids to bed. (Nicholas Magnolia; 3/7/16)

Gold: /altәn/ jɔrɛlχ altn asә jurɛluga zis dɛ:ri giʃә wɐsuwɐnɐ And there is also the saying ‘Instead of gold that was not well wished, well wished copper is better’. ( Matthew Frelinger; 1/28/16)

Good: /san/ kejaɾaχa ylestәn san uɾin nalsuɾ uɾuχtχa gɪdʒe juɾadʒanaβ. From options that you are going to take, I wish that from

a good seed a sprout will grow. (Haley Norris; 2/3/16)

Grain: /ur/ xojәr tytyrɡin ur huldʒɑɑbuβ I bought two grains of rice. (Jenni Coppola; 4/1/16)

Grandson (along father’s line): /atʃә/ (Stephanie Sullivan; 2/25/16)

Gravel: /urmәk t ʃolun/ nɛg tsøkyn urmәk tʃolun yzuβ

I saw a little bit of gravel. (Jenni Coppola; 4/19/2016)

Great grandfather’s generation: /ɛldɪntʃәk/ (Stephanie Sullivan; 2/25/16)

Grow : /urχkχɑ/ dordʒɛ ɑlmɑ urɣәnɑ bolun bortsyk bolɣәnɑ. Dorja grows apples and bakes bortsyk.


H

Hands: /Garta/ bortsyk k ɛ ʤasin kyn Garta øta The person who is making the bortsuk is skilled.

(Abigail Williams; 5/9/16) Happy: /bɑjslәŋta/ bi bɑjslәŋtɑ βænɑ

I am happy.

(Jenni Coppola; 3/25/16)

/bɑjs/ bɑjstʃәnɑt ? How are you? (Formal) Lit.: Are you happy? (Jenni Coppola; 3/25/16)

/bɑjrulχә/ dordʒɛ gɛrin kәldulmuʃɑn kɛχәlɑ ɛsgidʒɛ ɛltә untχәlɑ, ɛkin bajrulχә If Dorja does his homework or sleeps early, his mother will be happy


Have: / βænә/ UMasstә bodyk βænә There is a pond at Umass.

(Tracy Preza; 2/8/2016)

Note: Although /βæna/ is used to express possession, it probably more literally means ‘is/exists’. The example sentence above is more literally ‘there is to UMass a pond’.

Healthy: /m ɛnd ә/ mɛndә mɛndә tɑnɑxәn t ʃ uxɑr mɛndәtә

Good, good are you all healthy?

(Tracy Preza; 02/21/2016) Hear: /soŋsχә/ orun samalatar Garsɪn kyn asχәn kurtʃatχmәn gidʒ soŋslaβ

I’ve heard that a person leaving by plane in the morning will

arrive in the evening.


Here: /ɛndɛ/ ødrin dusin ɛndɛ tɛndɛ joβat...

Throughout the day, I walked here and there. (Seth Cable; 3/10/16)

Hill: /ɛrig/ gɛrim ɛrigdɛr βæna

My house is on the hill. (Tracy Preza; 3/03/16)

Hit : /tsokχa/ Saglәr kɛnigә tsokәn bolXә jungdʒ sandʒana

Who does Sagler think she hit? (Tracy Preza; 04/11/2016)

Horse: / møɾn/ dordʒa møɾndә χojәɾ alma økt ʃɛ

Dordja gave the horse 2 apples. (Haley Norris; 2/15/16)

Hotel: /gidʒ lilɣәna gɛr/ dalan køβadә βasin gidʒ lilɣәna gɛr ta zoksuβ

I stayed at hotel by the beach. (Seth Cable; 03/10/16)

House : /gɛr/ gɛrim ɛrigdɛr βæna

My house is on the hill. (Tracy Preza; 3/03/16)

Hungry : /ulsχә/ kykәm ulstʃɑnɑ

My kid is hungry. (Jenni Coppola; 3/9/2016)

I I: /bi/ bi t ʃɑmdә durtɑv

I love you. (Jenni Coppola; 2/4/2016)

Ice: /mәsn/ nɛg tsøkyn mәsn yzuβ

I saw a little ice.

(Jenni Coppola; 4/19/2016) Influences: /bolχә/ ju zursan hama zursɪnd ә zurʤɛ bolna

Where I draw influences what I draw.

(Abigail Williams; 5/9/16) Interesting: /sandʒin/ tɛr joβulɣunde basә dala sandʒin saχɜn jum yzuβ

On that trip, I also saw many interesting, beautiful things.

(Seth Cable; 03/10/16) Island: /arәl/ autobusar arәl ɛrgat...

(I) went around the island by bus.


J Jokes /ʃok/ tʃini ʃoktʃɪn nama ɛnalɣulna

Your jokes make me laugh. (Nicholas Magnolia; 03/30/16)

K Kick /mæsәltχә/ /dørdʒә nɑmɑgә mæsәldβә /

Dorja (just now) kicked me. (Kazuki Moriguchi; 2/6/16)

Kill: /ɑlχә/ ɛn uχɑtɑ køkәt køβәt ɑsә negin bakʃɑn ɑlsim bolχɑ

These smart boys or girls, one from these, killed the teacher


Know: / medχә/ kɛza iɾχin medʒaχʃu I don't know when he will come. (Haley Norris; 3/21/16)

Knowledge /ojun/ / ojun bilig dɛlgɪrdʒɛt/ May your knowledge(wisdom) and talent flourish. (Kazuki Moriguchi; 2/1/16)

L Last (former) /nidәn/ nidәn dzɪlin zunar tʃi hama odutʃi?

Where did you go last summer? (Seth Cable; 03/10/16)

/unɡirsɪn/ unɡirsɪn dolɑn xonugtә xɑmәɡ tsɑsɪn xɑldʒɛ

All the snow melted last week. (Jenni Coppola; 4/1/16)

Laugh /ɛnaχә/ tʃini ʃoktʃɪn nama ɛnalɣulna

Your funny jokes make me laugh. (Nicholas Magnolia; 03/30/16)

Leaf: /hɑmtχɑsn/ nɛg tsøkyn hɑmtχɑsn yzuβ

I saw a few leaves. (Jenni Coppola; 4/19/2016)

Leave: /otχɑ/ ɣal pɑdrɑt odβɑ

As the flames roared up (Kazuki Moriguchi; 2/23/16)

/Garχә/ orundan samәltar Gar at, asχәndan budʒiruβ

I left by airplane in the morning; I arrived at night. (Seth Cable; 03/10/16)

/yldaχa/ ʃatsɪn ʃumrigә yldæsɪn bilæ

The candle was left lit. (Nicholas Magnolia; 3/28/16)

Lie: /kɛβχә/ dalan koβadә narәn dor kɛβtat untχar sedʒana

I want to lie on the beach, under the sun, and sleep. (Seth Cable; 03/14/16)

Light: /ʃatχә/ ʃatsɪn ʃumrigә yldæsɪn bilæ The candle was left lit. (Nicholas Magnolia; 3/28/16)

Little, a: /nɛg bit ʃkin/ nɛg bitʃkin jumәn kɛrktɑ

I need a little (of something). *Mass nouns only (Jenni Coppola; 3/25/16)

Little, a/ a few: /nɛg tsøkәn/ ɛndɛ nɛg tsøkәn kyn uldʒɛ There’s a few people left here. *Count nouns only (Jenni Coppola; 3/25/16)

Little, a: /nɛβt ʃkyn/ nɑndә nɛβtʃkyn tytyrɣә kɛrktɑ I need a little rice. *Both mass and count nouns (Jenni Coppola; 3/25/16)

Long, not: /ydylgo/ sondʒә gɛɾtan ydylgo iɾχa Sonja will come home not long (from now). (Haley Norris; 3/21/16)

Love (noun): /durɯn/ /t ʃɑmdә durtɑβ / I love you. (Jenni Coppola; 2/4/2016)

M Make: / kɛχә/ ɛn ʃølә kinin kɛwuβ

I put a lot of myself/soul into this soup. (Jenni Coppola; 4/8/16)

Manner: /bæltsdә/ dørdʒɛ jungɑt timә bæltsdә bolβɑ?

Why did Dorja become this way? (Kazuki Moriguchi; 2/22/16)

Many: /dala/ dala jum yzuβ

I saw many things. (Seth Cable; 03/10/16)

Maybe: /bɪz/ sondʒә gɛɾtan ydylgo iɾχa bɪz Sonja will maybe come home not long (from now). (Haley Norris; 3/21/16)

Me: /nɑmɑgә/ dørdʒә nɑmɑgә mæsәldʒә Dorja (some time ago) kicked me. (Kazuki Moriguchi; 2/5/16)

Meat: / mɑχә/ ɛn ʃølәndә nɛβt ʃkәn tɑkɑn mɑχә tɑgbuβ

I put a little chicken (meat) in this soup. (Jenni Coppola; 4/8/16)

Melt: / xɑldʒɛ/ unɡirsɪn dolɑn xonugtә xɑmәɡ tsɑsɪn xɑldʒɛ


Mentor: /bakʃ ә / ɛn zuruktɛ βasin mini bakʃ ә mini zursigɛ bulna

My mentor, who is in this painting, praises my work (Abigail Williams; 5/9/16)

Might: / zoβta/ ter mis ɛn jarʃiktә βaχa zoβta That cat might be in this box. (Haley Norris; 4/4/16)

/bolχɑ/ ɛn uχɑtɑ køkәt køβәt ɑsә negin bakʃɑn ɑlsim bolχɑ These smart boys or girls, one from these, killed the teacher (Kazuki Moriguchi; 4/3/16)

Mom: /ɑːkә/ (Lynnsey Molloy; 2/11/2016) Monday: /sɑruŋ ødur/ sɑruŋ ødur la dordʒɛ bortsyk ɑlmɑ xojrɑ idnɑ.

On Mondays Dorja eats both apples and bortsyks.

(Kazuki Moriguchi; 3/8/16) Moon : /sɑrɑ/ sɑru ŋ ødurlɑ dordʒɛ bortsyk ɑlmɑ xojrɑ idnɑ.

On Mondays (day of moon) Dorja eats both bortsyk and apples.

(Kazuki Moriguchi; March 8, 2016) Morning: /orun/ orun dan samәltar Garat, asχәndan budʒiruβ

I left by airplane in the morning, and I arrived at night. (Seth Cable; 03/10/16)

Most: /ykyn/ ojutnɑrin ykyn bit ʃt ʃɑnɑ

Most of the students are writing.

(Jenni Coppola; 4/19/2016) Mother: /ɪkә/ mini ɪkә sænkyn

My mom is great.

(Jenni Coppola; 2/4/2016) Mountain: /ula/ Dordʒә ula yzdʒɛ

Dorja saw a mountain (Stephanie Sullivan; 2/3/16)

My: /mini/ mini ɪkә sænkyn

My mom is great.


N Name : /ner/ bortsyk k ɛ χ ara χ kyn ner aldәrʃsin

The person who will make the bortsuk is famous. (Abigail Williams; 5/9/16)

Necklace : /ʃindʒur/ ɛntʃin mini ɛkin ʃindʒur

This is my mother’s necklace (Tracy Preza; 3/03/16)

Need: / kɛrta/ sondʒdә miʃiɣaɾ kudɪlmuʃfan kuɾχә kɛrta Sonja needs to reach work by car. (Haley Norris; 4/4/16)

Nervous: /s ɛ tkɪl zoβχә/ mini tuʤaχә maʃɪnә ɛzin s ɛ tkɪl zoβʤaχә The person whose car I am driving is nervous (Abigail Williams; 5/9/16)

New: / ʃɪn/ ɛndәɾ ʃɪn tørә pɾiʒjɑ ojutnәr And you students who are starting a new topic today (Nicholas Magnolia; 2/1/16)

Not, Negation: /uga/ jɔrɛlχ altnasә jurɛl uga zis dɛ:ri giʃә wɐsuwɐnɐ And there is also the saying ‘Instead of gold that was not well wished, well wished copper is better’. (Matthew Frelinger; 1/28/16)

/ ɛsә/ t ʃɑmɑɡә ɛsә irsɪndɛ sɛtɡәl zoβdʒɑnɑ Because you didn’t come, I am sad. (Jenni Coppola; 3/9/2016)

Now: /oda/ saglur ɛrta park ɛrksin oda gɛrtan kurtʃirsin βana Saglur was at the park earlier, but now she has gone home (Meg Bresnahan; 04/04/16

O

Ocean: /dala/ dala n køβadә βasin gidʒ lilɣәna gɛrta zoksuβ I stayed in a hotel by the ocean shore. (Seth Cable; 3/10/16)

Or: /ɛsgidʒɛ/ sandʒɛ ɛsgidʒɛ saglur dordʒdә ɛn dɪktur øgla

Did Sanja or Saglur give Dorja a book? (Meg Bresnahan; 2/24/16)

One: /neg/ neg majtaj uwuβ

I drank a mai tai. (Seth Cable; 3/10/16)


One each: /nɛdʒɑt/ sɑndʒɛ dordʒɛ xojәr nɛdʒɑt gɛr bɑrdʒɛ

Sanja and Dorja each built one house (Kazuki Moriguchi; 4/16/16)

Open: /sakkә/ park sakykt sin tsaktә dordʒә hardʒetsin bila

When the park opened, Dorja had already left. (Meg Bresnahan; 4/4/16)

Owner: / ɛ zin/ mini tuʤaχә maʃɪnә ɛ zin s ɛ tkɪl zoβʤaχә

The person whose car I am driving is nervous. (Abigail Williams; 5/9/16)

P

Paint: /zurχә/ zursin jum ә n k ә nd ә okχ ә mini durumb ә Who I give my drawings to is my decision. (Abigail Williams; 5/9/16)

Party: /narәn/ nartә k ɛ n bolu irut ʃ ɛ saglәr bortsyk økχ ә Whoever comes to the party, Saglur will give bortsuk to. (Abigail Williams; 5/9/16)

Passed: /øɡulχә/ sɑndʒә dordʒdә ɛndur ɑlmɑ øɡuldʒɛ Today Sanja passed the apple to Dorja. (Jenni Coppola; 2/21/16)

Permission: /zuβana/ dordʒә tɛr taβtsdɛ k∅ɾta zuβana Dordja can reach that shelf. (Haley Norris; 3/22/16)

Person: /kyn/ mu kyn gidʒɛ jɑɣɑt sɑndʒɑnɑt ʃ? Why do you think he is a bad person? (Kazuki Moriguchi; 2/22/16)

Plan: /zurχә/ majtaj uχar zuraldʒanaβ I plan to be drinking a mai tai. (Seth Cable; 3/14/16)

Plant: /tarχar/ saglәr tsetskas tarχar sɛdʒala Saglur was going to plant flowers. (Meg Bresnahan; 3/28/16)

Praise: /bulχә/ ɛn zuruktɛ βasin mini bakʃ ә mini zursigɛ bulna My mentor, who is in this painting, praises my work. (Abigail Williams; 5/9/16)

Present: /bilәg/ dordʒɛ nandә bilәg bilsin badulta gidʒә Sandʒә sandʒana

Dorja thinks that Sanja got him a present (Tracy Preza;04/11/16)

Pocket (pants) : /χaβtχә/ χaβtχ tan møngan durat I put some money in my pants pocket. (Seth Cable; 3/10/16)

Pond : /bodyk/ UMasstә bodyk βænә

There is a pond at Umass (Tracy Preza; 2/8/2016)

Put: /durχә/ χaβtχtan møngan dur at

(I) put some money in my pants pocket... (Seth Cable; 3/10/16)

/tɑgbχә/ ɛn ʃølәndә nɛβt ʃkәn tɑkɑn mɑχә tɑgbuβ

I put a little chicken (meat) in this soup. (Jenni Coppola; 4/8/16)

R Rain: /xur/ ɛn borɑn orχtɑ dɑlɑ xur orsin

There was a lot of rain during the storm. (Jenni Coppola; 4/1/16)

Reach: /køɾχa/ dordʒә tɛr taβtsdɛ køɾta zuβana Dordja can reach that shelf. (Haley Norris; 3/22/16)

Relax: /amәrχә/ narna eβrtɛ dalan køβadɛ amr ad untuβ I relaxed in the sun’s heat and slept. (Seth Cable; 3/10/16)

Remain: /uldʒɛ/ ɛndɛ nɛg tsøkәn kyn uldʒɛ There’s a few people left here. (Jenni Coppola; 3/25/16)

Renowned: /aldәrʃχә/ bortsyk k ɛ χ ara χ kyn ner aldәrʃsin The person who will make the bortsuk is famous. (Abigail Williams; 5/9/16)

Return: /χarχә/ asχәndan gidʒ lulɣana gɛrta χarәn ( χarat ) I will return to the hotel in the evening... (Seth Cable; 3/14/16)

Rice: /tytyrɣә/ nɑndә nɛβt ʃkyn tytyrɣә kɛrktɑ I need a little rice. (Jenni Coppola; 3/25/16)

River : /Gol/ gɛrim Gol Gatsә ɛrigdɛr

My house is on the hill, across the river (Tracy Preza; 3/03/16)

Room: /ørɑ/ ørɑ βolɣun dorβәn tɛrstɑ Every room has four windows. (Jenni Coppola; 4/1/16)

S Sad /gejuɾta/ dordʒɪn gejuɾta tudʒɪ saglurigә ululna

Dorja's sad stories make Saglur cry. (Nicholas Magnoli; 03/30/16)

Sand: /ɛlsɪn/ nɛg tsøkyn ɛlsɪn yzuβ

I saw a little sand. (Jenni Coppola; 4/19/2016)

Say: /kel/ Dordʒa bolt syk idʒænæβ gidʒe kel dʒe

Dorja said that he is eating boltsuk. (Seth Cable; 12/31/15)

See: /yzχә/ Saglәr Dordʒigә yz dʒɛ

Sagler saw Dorja. (Stephanie Sullivan; 2/3/15)

Seed : /ur/ kejaɾaχa ylestәn san uɾin nalsuɾ uɾuχtχa gɪdʒe juɾadʒanaβ.

From options that you are going to take, I wish that from a good seed a sprout will grow.


Seem: / badulχә / dordʒɛ nandә bilәg bilsin badulta gidʒә Sandʒә sandʒana

Dorja thinks that Sanja got him a present (Tracy Preza; 04/11/16)

Self (refl.) /bijan/ bijan uɣaɣat...

(I) washed myself. (Seth Cable; 3/10/16)

Self (one’s soul): /kinχә/ ɛn ʃølә kin in kɛwuβ I put a lot of myself/soul into this soup. (Jenni Coppola; 4/8/16)

Shade (window): /xɑ/ tɛrzɑ βolɣun xɑ βoltɑ Every window has a shade.


Sheep: / χәn/ χә alla

He killed the sheep


Shelf: /taβtsdɛ/ sondʒә tɛɾa taβtsdɛ k∅ɾtadʒana Sonja is able to reach that shelf.


Shore: /koβa/ dalan køβa dә βasin gidʒ lilɣәna gɛrta zoksuβ I stayed in a hotel by the shore of the ocean.


Sit: /suluχә/ dordʒɛ modә sulɣәdʒɛ

Dorja planted a tree

(Stephanie Sullivan; 2/25/16)

Skilled: /øta/ bortsyk k ɛ ʤasin kyn Garta øta The person who is making the bortsuk is skilled


Sleep: /untχә/ narna eβrtɛ dalan køβadɛ amrad unt uβ I relaxed in the heat of the sun, and slept.


Smart: /uχɑtɑ/ ɛn køkәt kyβәt uχɑtɑ

These boys and girls are smart


Smell: /unur/ saglurin bolɣʤaχә bortsyk san unur Garɣʤana

The bortsuk Saglur is cooking smells delicious.


Sneeze /natχulχә/ misin nos nasә natχulduβ The cat's fur makes me sneeze


Snow: /tsɑsɪn/ unɡirsɪn dolɑn xonugtә xɑmәɡ tsɑsɪn xɑldʒɛ All the snow melted last week. (Jenni Coppola; 4/1/16)

Soon: / sɪduɾχen/ sondʒә sɪduɾχen gɛrtan iɾχa. Sonja will come home soon. (Haley Norris, 3/21/16) Soul: /sɛtɡәl/ t ʃɑmɑɡә ɛsә irsɪndɛ sɛtɡәl zoβdʒɑnɑ

Because you didn’t come, I am sad (literally ‘my soul is suffering’) (Jenni Coppola; 3/9/2016)

Soup: / ʃølә/ ɛn ɑɣtә ʃølә diɡәt ɑmttɑ

This bowl of soup is very tasty. (Jenni Coppola; 4/8/16)

Speaker’s Generation: /garutsn/

Within the nuclear family (Stephanie Sullivan; 2/25/16)

Speaker’s Generation: /tøru/

All paternal relatives (Stephanie Sullivan; 2/25/16)

Sprout: /nalsuɾ/ kejaɾaχa ylestәn san uɾin nalsuɾ uɾuχtχa gɪdʒe juɾadʒanaβ.

From options that you are going to take, I wish that from a good seed a sprout will grow. (Haley Norris; 2/3/16)

Start: /ɪkɪlχɑ/ ɛndәɾ ʃɪn tørә ɪkɪldʒɑχɑ ojutnәr

" And you students who are about to start a new topic today" (Nicholas Magnolia; 2/1/16)

Stay: /zoksχә/ dalan køβadә βasin gidʒ lilɣәna gɛrta zoks uβ I stayed in a hotel by the beach. (Seth Cable; 3/10/16)

Steal: /hulhɑlχә/ dordʒɛ bolsin bortsyk tsoktin sɑndʒɛ hulhɑldʒɛ The bortsyk made by Dorja, Sanja stole them all


Stories /tudʒɪ/ dordʒɪn gejuɾta tudʒɪ saglurigә ululna. Dorja's sad stories make Saglur cry.


Storm: /borɑn/ ɛn borɑn orχtɑ dɑlɑ xur orsin There was a lot of rain during the storm.


Student: /orjutәn/ xojәr orjutәn kidt ʃɑldә ordʒɛ Two students went to class.


Study: / surʏulsurχa/ dordʒә surʏul sur dʒana Dorja is studying.

( Meg Bresnahan; 3/2/16)

Suffer: /zoβχә/ t ʃɑmɑɡә ɛsә irsɪndɛ sɛtɡәl zoβdʒɑnɑ Because you didn’t come, my soul is suffering (I am sad).


Summer: /zun/ nidәn dzɪlin zun ar tʃi hama odutʃi? Where did you go last summer?


Sun: /narn/ narn a eβrtɛ dalan køβadɛ amrad untuβ I relaxed in the sun’s heat, and slept.


Sure: /zuβta/ gɛɾtan iɾχa zuβta He will come home for sure: (less certainty)


/laoβta/ gɛɾtan iɾχa laoβta He will come home for sure: (more certainty)


T Take: /aβχә/ møngan aβat , joχaranaβ

I will take money, and I will go. (Seth Cable; 3/14/16)

Talent: /bilig/ ojun bilig dɛlgɪrdʒɛt

May your knowledge(wisdom) and talent flourish. (Kazuki Moriguchi; 2/1/16)

Talk: /kynχә/ mæri bɪl xojәr kyndʒana

Mary and Bill are talking. (Seth Cable; 3/14/16)

Tasty: / ɑmttɑ/ ɛn ɑɣtә ʃølә diɡәt ɑmttɑ

This bowl of soup is very tasty. (Jenni Coppola; 4/8/16)

Tea: / tsɑ/ xojәr tsɑ suruβ

I ordered two teas. (Jenni Coppola; 4/8/16)

Teacher : /bakʃә/ mana bakʃә kɛnla duɣar dʒaxin jungidʒ sandʒana

Who does the teacher think he’s talking to? (Tracy Preza; 04/11/2016)


Team: /bɑlgdɛ/ sɑndʒɛ dordʒɛ xojәr nɛg bɑlgdɛ bɑχɑ

Sanja and Dorja both are a team. (Kazuki Moriguchi; 4/16/16)

That: / tɛr/ øɾtskʏldɣɾ tɛr noχɑ yzæt Yesterday when I saw that dog... (Nicholas Magnolia; 2/4/16)

tɛr kyn bildʒænɑ That person is dancing. (Kazuki Moriguchi; 2/6/16)

That one: (formal addressee) /tɛrtin/ tɛrtin bildʒænɑ

That one (formal) is dancing. (Kazuki Moriguchi; 2/6/16)

(informal addressee) /tɛrtʃin/ tɛrtʃin bildʒænɑ

That one (informal) is dancing. (Kazuki Moriguchi; 2/6/16)

Theater: / teatәr/ manigә teatәr tә kursɪn tsaktә

When we got to the theater… (Meg Bresnahan; 3/21/16)

There: /tɛndɛ/ ødrin dusin ɛndɛ tɛndɛ joβat


Thing(s): /jum/ dala jum yzuβ

I saw many things. (Seth Cable; 3/10/16)

/jumun/ dordʒɛ gorβәn bortsyk xojәr ɑlmɑ ɑʃlɑt toβn jumun idːdʒɑnɑ.


Think: /sanχә/ mu kyn gidʒɛ jɑɣɑt sɑndʒɑnɑtʃ ?

Why do you think he is a bad person? (Kazuki Moriguchi; 2/22/16)

This one (formal addressee) /ɛntin/ ɛntin bildʒænɑ This one (formal) is dancing


(informal addressee) /ɛntʃin/ ɛntʃin bildʒænɑ This one (informal) is dancing

(Kazuki Moriguchi; 2/6/16) Three: /gorβɑ/ dordʒɛ ɑlmɑ bortsyk bɑnɑn gorβɑ sɑruŋ ødurlɑ idnɑ

Dorja eats (the) three apples, bortsyks, and bananas. (Kazuki Moriguchi; 3/23/16)

Time: /tsak/ kino ɛkilsәn tsag la dordʒә surɣulan surχa

Dorja will be studying when the movie starts.

(Meg Bresnahan; 3/2/16) Today: /ɛndur/ ɛndur kiːtn

It’s very cold today.

(Kazuki Moriguchi; 2/23/16) Together: /hɑmdɑn/ sɑndʒɛ dordʒɛ hɑmdɑn gɛr bɑrdʒɛ

Sanja and Dorja built a house together (Kazuki Moriguchi; 4/16/16)

Topic: /tørә/ ɛndәɾ ʃɪn tørә pɾiʒjɑ ojutnәr

And you students who are starting a new topic today.

(Nicholas Magnolia; 2/1/16) Total: /ɑʃlɑt/ dordʒɛ gorβәn bortsyk xojәr ɑlmɑ ɑʃlɑt toβn jumun idːdʒɑnɑ.


Tree/wood: /modәn/ dordʒɛ modә sulɣәdʒɛ

Dorja planted a tree.

(Stephanie Sullivan; 2/25/16) Trip (travel): /joβulɣun/ tɛr joβulɣun de basә dala sandʒin saχɜn jum yzuβ

On this trip, I also saw many interesting beautiful things.


Types/kinds: /zustɑ/ xojәr zustɑ tytyrɣә orɣuduβ I grew two types of rice. (Jenni Coppola’ 4/1/16)

Typical : /jostɑ/ dordʒɛ alm.urɣun bortsyk bolɣәdәk josta .

Dorja typically grows apples and bakes bortsyk. (Kazuki Moriguchi; 3/8/16)

U Under: /dor/ dalan koβadә narәn dor kɛβtat untχar sedʒana

I want to lie down on the beach, under the sun, and sleep. (Seth Cable; 3/14/16)

V Vacation: /amәrulɣun/ mini tuχar seʤaχa maʃɪnә ɛ zin amәrulɣund ɛ βæna

The person whose car I will driving is away on vacation. (Abigail Williams; 5/9/16)

Very: /dɛgi/ kurtʃirsna høna dɛgi sanәr aruβ

After arriving, I relaxed very well. (Seth Cable; 3/10/16)

W Wake: /sɛrχa/ digɛt ǿrtә ser úβ

I was woken up too early. (Nicholas Magnolia; 3/7/16)

/bosχә/ orundan bos at

I awoke in the morning. (Seth Cable; 3/10/16)

Walk: /joχә/ ødrin dusin ɛndɛ tɛndɛ joβ at


Waterfall: /kyrkrә/ kyrkrә ysχaranaβ

I will see a waterfall. (Seth Cable; 3/14/16)

We: / bidn/ (Tracy Preza; 2/21/16) Week: /dolɑn xonug / unɡirsɪn dolɑn xonug tә xɑmәɡ tsɑsɪn xɑldʒɛ


Well: /sɑnur/ ojutnәr sɑnur bit ʃnɑ

Students write well. (Jenni Coppola; 4/19/2016)

Wellwishing: /juræl/ (Matthew Frelinger; 1/28/16) What: /ju/ Dordʒә ju idʒænæ

What is Dorja eating? (Seth Cable; 12/31/15)

When: /kɛza/ kɛza iɾχin medʒaχʃu I don't know when he will come. (Haley Norris; 3/21/16)

Where: /hama/ ju zursan hama zursɪndә zurʤɛ bolna Where I draw influences what I draw. (Abigail Williams; 5/9/16) Which: /jamaran/ sandʒɛ dørdʒdә jamaran dɪktur økt ʃɛ?

Which book did Sanja give Dorja? (Kazuki Moriguchi; 2/22/16)

/alka/ sandʒɛ alka dɪktur dørdʒdә økt ʃɛ? Which book did Sanja give Dorja? (Kazuki Moriguchi; 2/22/16)

Why: /jungɑt/ dørdʒɛ jungɑt timә bæltsdә bolβɑ? Why did Dorja become this way? (Kazuki Moriguchi; 2/22/16)

/jɑɣɑt/ mu kyn gidʒɛ jɑɣɑt sɑndʒɑnɑt ʃ? Why do you think he is a bad person? (Kazuki Moriguchi; 2/22/16)

Will: / bolχa/ sondʒә tɛɾ tabtsdә kuɾχda bɛrkta bolχa It will be difficult for Sonja to reach that shelf. (Haley Norris; 4/4/16)

Window: /tɛrstɑ/ ørɑ βolɣun dorβәn tɛrstɑ Every room has four windows. (Jenni Coppola; 4/1/16)

Woman: /gɛrgin/ ɛn ә zursin gɛrgin mini naʤɛ The woman who is in this painting is my friend. (Abigail Williams; 5/9/16)

Work: /kәldulmuʃɑn/ dordʒɛ gɛrin kәldulmuʃɑn kɛχәlɑ ɛsgidʒɛ ɛltә untχәlɑ, ɛkin bajrulχә If Dorja does his homework or sleeps early, his mother will be happy (Kazuki Moriguchi; 3/23/16)

Write: /bit ʃχә/ xɑmug ojutnәr sɑnur bitʃnɑ

Most students write well. (Jenni Coppola; 4/19/2016)

Y Yesterday: / øɾtskʏldɣɾ/ øɾtskʏldɣɾ tɛr noχɑ yzæt

Yesterday when I saw that dog... (Nicholas Magnolia; 2/4/16)

Year: /dʒil/ nidәn dʒɪl in zunar tʃi hama odutʃi?

Where did you go in the summer of last year? (Seth Cable; 3/10/16)

Yellow: /ʃɑr/ (Jenni Coppola; 4/19/2016) You (informal): /t ʃi/ tʃi hamaɣasa kyrtʃurutʃ?

Where did you come from? (Nicholas Magnolia; 2/23/16)

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