Kali Bang An

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Kalibangan 1

Kalibangan

Kalibangn

The western mound of Kalibangan, known as the Citadel

Shown within India

Location Rajasthan, India

Region Thar desert

Coordinates292827N 74749E

[1]Coordinates: 292827N74749E

[1]

Type Settlement

History

Abandoned Around the 20th or 19th century BCE

Periods Harappan 1 to Harappan 3C

Cultures Indus Valley Civilization

Kalibangn (Hindi: ; Rajasthani: ; Punjabi: ) is a town located at 29.47N 74.13E[2]

on the

left or southern banks of the Ghaggar (Ghaggar-Hakra River), identified by some scholars with Sarasvati River[3][4]

in Tehsil Pilibangn, between Suratgarh and Hanumngarh in Hanumangarh district, Rajasthan, India 205 km. from

Bikaner. It is also identified as being established in the triangle of land at the confluence of Drishadvathi and

Sarasvathi Rivers.[5]

The prehistoric and pre-Mauryan character of Indus Valley Civilization was first identified by

Luigi Tessitori at this site. Kalibangan's excavation report was published in its entirety in 2003 by the Archaeological

Survey of India, 34 years after the completion of excavations. The report concluded that Kalibangan was a major

provincial capital of the Indus Valley Civilization. Kalibangan is distinguished by its unique fire altars and "world's
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Pio_Tessitorihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Pio_Tessitorihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Pio_Tessitorihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Pio_Tessitorihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archaeological_Survey_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archaeological_Survey_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archaeological_Survey_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archaeological_Survey_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Pio_Tessitorihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indus_Valley_Civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mauryanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bikanerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajasthanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanumangarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarasvati_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghaggar-Hakra_Riverhttp://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Kalibangan&params=29.47_N_74.13_E_http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punjabi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajasthani_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hindi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indus_Valley_Civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Periodization_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Periodization_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilizationhttp://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Kalibangan&params=29_28_27_N_74_7_49_E_type:landmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geographic_coordinate_systemhttp://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Kalibangan&params=29_28_27_N_74_7_49_E_type:landmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thar_deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajasthanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:India_location_map.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Westernmound.jpg


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Kalibangan 2

earliest attested ploughed field".[6]

Indus Valley Civilization

The identity of Kalibangan as a pre-historic site was discovered by Luigi Pio Tessitori, an Italian Indologist

(18871919).[7]

He was doing some research in ancient Indian texts. He was surprised by the character of ruins in

that area, and he sought help from Sir John Marshall of the Archaeological Survey of India. At that time ASI had

some excavations done on Harappa, but they never had any idea about the character of the ruins. In fact, Tessitori is

the first person to recognize that the ruins are 'Prehistoric' and pre-Mauryan. Luigi Pio Tessitori also pointed out the

nature of the culture, but at that time it was not possible to guess that Indus Valley Civilisation lay in the ruins of

Kalibangan, and he died five years before Harappan culture was duly recognized.

After India's independence, both the major Harappan cities together with the Indus became a part of Pakistan and

Indian archaeologists were compelled to intensify the search for Harappan sites in India. Amlnand Ghosh (Ex.

Director General, Archaeological Survey of India, or ASI) was the first person to recognise this site as Harappan and

marked it out for excavations.[8]

Under the leadership of B. B. Lal (then Director General, ASI), Balkrishna (B.K.)

Thapar, M. D. Khare, K. M. Shrivastava and S. P. Jain carried out excavations for 9 years (1960-9) in 9 successive

excavation sessions. Two ancient mounds were excavated, spread over half kilometre (area quarter square

kilometre). On western side is the smaller mound (KLB1), 9 meters high and known as citadel. Eastern mound is

higher (12 meters) and bigger, known as lower city (KLB2).

The excavation unexpectedly brought to light a twofold sequence of cultures, of which the upper one (Kalibangan I)

belongs to the Harappan, showing the characteristic grid layout of a metropolis and the lower one (Kalibangan II)

was formerly called pre-Harappan but now it is called "Early Harappan or antecedent Harappan".[9]

Other nearby

sites belonging to IVC include Balu, Haryana, Kunal, Haryana, Banawali etc.

Proto-Harappan Phase

Traces of pre-Harappan culture have been found only at the lower levels of the western mound. According to

archaeological evidence, the Indus Valley culture existed at the site from the proto-Harappan age (3500 BC -

2500 BC) to the Harappan age (2500 BC - 1750 BC). This earlier phase is labelled Kalibangan-I (KLB-I) or

Period-I.Similarity of pottery relates Kalibangan-I with the Sothi culture because this type of pottery was first

discovered at Sothi village in North Western India.

Fort and houses

Ruins of Kalibanga. Brick wall can be seen in the

hole in the centre.

In this phase, the settlement was fortified, using dried mud bricks,

from the beginning of occupation. This fort had been built twice in

different periods. Earlier, fort wall had a thickness of 1.9 meters,

which was raised to 3.7-4.1 meters during reconstruction in this

phase. Brick size was 20 20 10 cm in both construction-phases.

The citadel mound (smaller mound) is a parallelogram about

130 meters on the east-west axis and 260 meters on the north-south.

Town planning was like that of Mohenjodaro or Harappa. The

direction of houses and brick sizes was markedly different from that

used in the Harappan phase (KLB-II).

Within the walled area, the houses were also built of mud bricks of

the same size as used in the fort wall; the use of burnt bricks is

attested by a drain within the houses, remains of ovens and cylindrical pits, lined with lime plaster. Some burnt

wedge shaped bricks also have been found.[10]
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Earliest ploughed field

B. B. Lal, former DG of ASI, said : "Kalibangan in Rajasthan has given the evidence of the earliest (c. 2800 BC)

ploughed agricultural field[11]

ever revealed through an excavation.".[12][13]

It has been found south east of the

pre-Harappan settlement, outside the fort. "Kalibangan excavations in present western Rajasthan shows a ploughed

field, the first site of this nature in the world. It shows a grid pattern of furrows, placed about 30 cm apart running

east-west and other spaced about 190 cm apart running north-south, a pattern remarkably similar to the one practicedeven now.".

[14]Even today, similar ploughing is used for two simultaneous crops in this region, esp. of mustard and

gram. For preservation, this excavated ploughed field area was refilled after excavation and the area was marked by

concrete pillar posts.

Pottery

The distinguishing mark of this early phase is pottery, characterized by six fabrics labelled A, B, C, D, E and F,

which were first identified at Sothi in North Western India.

Fabrics A, B, and D can be clubbed together. They are red painted. Fabric-A is carelessly potted in spite of use of

potter's wheel. It contains designs in light-black, often decorated with white lines. Lines, semicircles, grids, insects,

flowers, leaves, trees and squares were favourite motifs. Fabric-B shows marked improvement in finishing, but the

lower half was deliberately roughened. Flowers, animals were painted in black on red background.

Fabric-D contained designs of slanted lines or semicircles in some, while most pots were plain. But Fabric-C pottery

was thicker and stronger. Fabric-C was distinguished by violet tinge and fine polish, with designs in black; it is the

best proto-Harappan pottery in finishing. Fabric-E was light colored and Fabric-F was grey.[15]

Other finds

Among the other finds of this Period are: small blades of chalcedony and agate, sometimes serrated or backed; beads

of steatite, shell, carnelian, terracotta and copper; bangles of copper, shell and terracotta; terracotta objects like a

toy-cart, wheel and a broken bull; quem with mullers, a bone point, and copper celts, including an unusual axe,

etc.[16][17]

Toy carts suggest carts were used for transportation in early phase of Kalibangan.

Earliest earthquakes & end of Phase-I

B. B. Lal, former DG of ASI, said : "Kalibangan in Rajasthan ... has also shown that there occurred an earthquake

around 2600 BC, which brought to an end the Early Indus settlement at the site.".[12]

This is perhaps the earliest

archaeologically recorded earthquake.[18]

At least three pre-historic earthquakes affecting the Indus Valley

Civilization at Dholavira in Khadir have been identified during 29001800 BC.[19]

KLB-I phase has left 1.6 meters of continuous deposits during five distinct structural strata, the last of which was

destroyed perhaps by an earthquake and the site was abandoned around 2600 BCE, soon to be settled again by

Harappans.

Harappan Phase

The most distinctive feature of KLB-II or Harappan phase was settlements in two parts, one citadel and another

lower town, as in other Harappan towns, which was absent in KLB-I.

Citadel

In KLB-I, all the inhabitants lived within the fortified town on western mound. But in KLB-II, the citadel was built

atop the ruined citadel of KLB-I on the western mound, with a lower town at some distance in the east. The citadel

complex was roughly a parallelogram, consisting of two equal halves (northern and southern), both squares but

differently designed. Both parts were within a fort whose wall was 3 7 metres wide with bastions at some distances,
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Kalibangan 4

made of 40 20 10 cm bricks in first phase of Harappan period, and of 30 15 7.5 cm in second structural

phase. The fort had four entrances from the outside, three in the eastern-northern half. The southern gate is in a

dilapidated state, but stairs outside the southern gate have been identified. There was a narrow corridor beside the

stairs. This southern gate was for the public, while northern gate was for the aristocracy living in the northern half of

the citadel. The main northern gate was between two bastions. There were two other gates in the north-eastern side.

Fire altars

At Kalibangan, fire Vedic altars have been discovered, similar to those found at Lothal which S.R. Rao thinks could

have served no other purpose than a ritualistic one.[20]

These altars suggest fire worship or worship of Agni, the

Hindu god of fire. It is the only Indus Valley Civilization site where there is no evidence to suggest the worship of

the "mother goddess".

Within the fortified citadel complex, the southern half contained many (five or six) raised platforms of mud bricks,

mutually separated by corridors. Stairs were attached to these platforms. Vandalism of these platforms by brick

robbers makes it difficult to reconstruct the original shape of structures above them but unmistakable remnants of

rectangular or oval kuas or fire-pits of burnt bricks for Vedi (altar)s have been found, with a ypa or sacrificial

post (cylindrical or with rectangular cross-section, sometimes bricks were laid upon each other to construct such a

post) in the middle of each kua and sacrificial terracotta cakes (pia) in all these fire-pits. Houses in the lower

town also contain similar altars. Burnt charcoals have been found in these fire-pits. The structure of these fire-altars

is reminiscent of (Vedic) fire-altars, but the analogy may be coincidental, and these altars are perhaps intended for

some specific (perhaps religious) purpose by the community as a whole. In some fire-altars remnants of animals

have been found, which suggest a possibility of animal-sacrifice.[21]

The official website of ASI reports : "Besides the above two principle [sic] parts of the metropolis there was also a

third one-a moderate structure situated upwards of 8O m e. of the lower town containing four to five fire altars. This

lonely structure may perhaps have been used for ritual purposes.[22]

" Thus, fire-altars have been found in three

groups : public altars in the citadel, household altars in lower town, and public altars in a third separate group.

Lower town

The lower town was also a fortified parallelogram, although only traces are now left. The fort was made of mud

bricks (40 20 10 cm) and three or four structural phases have been recognized. It had gates in north and west.

B. B. Lal wrote :"Well-regulated streets (were) oriented almost invariably along with the cardinal directions, thus

forming a grid-iron pattern. (At Kalibangan) even the widths of these streets were in a set ratio, i.e. if the narrowest

lane was one unit in width, the other streets were twice, thrice and so on. (...) Such a town-planning was unknown in

contemporary West Asia.".[23]

The lower town was 239 meters east to west, but north-south extent cannot be determined. 8 main roads have been

recognized, 5 north-south and 3 east-west. Few more east-west roads are expected to be buried within the

unexcavated remains. Second east-west road ran in a curved outline to meet the first at the north-eastern end

(towards the river), where a gateway was provided. This road was an anomaly in the grid-pattern of straight roads.

There were many lanes connected to specific housing complexes. Roads and lanes had widths in accurately

determined proportions, like in other Harappan cities, ranging from 7.2 meters for main roads to 1.8 meters for

narrow lanes. Fender posts were installed at street corners to prevent accidents. In second structural level, roads were

laid with mud tiles. Drains from houses emptied into pits (soakage jars) beneath the roads. Some central authority

must be there to plan and regulate all this.[24]
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Housing

Like town planning, housing also followed the common pattern of other Harappan cities. Due to grid-pattern of town

planning like a chess board, all houses opened out to at least two or three roads or lanes. E ach house had a courtyard

and 6-7 rooms on three sides, with a well in some houses. One house had stairs for going to the roof. Houses were

built of 30 15 7.5 cm mud bricks (same as those used in second structural phase of fort wall). Burnt bricks were

used in drains, wells, bathing platforms and door-sills, besides fire-altar. Floors of rooms were built of thrashed finemud, sometimes laid with mud bricks or terracotta cakes. One house had floors built of burnt tiles decorated with

geometrical designs.[25]

Kalibangan 1953 A. Ghosh Situated in Rajasthan on the Bank of Ghaggar 1. Shows both Pre

Harappan and Harappan phase 2. Evidence of furrowed land 3. Evidence of camel bones 4. Many houses had their

own well 5. Kalibangan stand for black bangles 6. Evidence of wooden furrow

Terracota

Some early Kalibangan pottery has close resemblance to the pottery of the Hakra ware in Cholistan, to other Early

Harappan pottery from the Indus Valley Civilization and to the pottery of the Integration Era.[26]

Functionally,

pottery can be classified into household pots, religious and burial purposes. Structurally, we have classes like plain

and decorated wares. Some pots had Harappan inscriptions (undeciphered) on them.

The best terracota figure from Kalibangan is that a charging bull which is considered to signify the "realistic and

powerful folk art of Harappan Age".[27]

The city is known for the numerous terracota bangles found here.

Seals

A number of seals have been found dating to this phase. Most noteworthy is a cylindrical seal, depicting a female

figure between two male figures, fighting or threatening with spears. There is also a mixed person bull observing.

Other finds

A cylindrical graduated measuring rod and a clay ball with human figures are other notable finds. Peas and chikpeas

were also found.[28]

Burial systems

The passage to the graveyard

Three systems of burial have been attested in the burial ground

~300 yards south-west of the citadel, where ~34 graves have been

found :

1.1. Burial in rectangular or oval pit, with corpse laid down straight

(extended), head northwards amidst pottery. In one pit a copper

mirror was found among these objects. Pits were mud filled afterburying. One grave was enclosed with a mud brick wall plastered

from inside. One child had six holes in the skull. Many

paleopathological evidences have been gathered from these graves.

2.2. Burial in pot (urn) in a circular pit, with no corpse. Four to 29 pots

and utensils were placed around the main pot (urn). In some graves

beads, shell, etc have been found.

3. Rectangular or oval grave-pit, containing only pottery and other

funerary objects. Like the first type, the length of this type of graves

was also along north-south. The latter two methods were not
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associated with any skeletal remains and may be related to symbolic burial, not found at other Harappan towns.

The third type of graves contained objects as in the second type, like beads, shells, etc., but no corpse. Some pits

were not filled[29]

ASI official website :.[22]

End of civilization

Robert Raikes[30]

has argued that Kalibangan was abandoned because the river dried up. Prof. B. B. Lal (retd.Director General of Archaeological Survey of India) supports this view by asserting: "Radiocarbon dates indicate

that the Mature Harappan settlement at Kalibangan had to be abandoned around 20001900 BCE. And, as the

hydrological evidence indicates, this abandonment took place on account of the drying up of the Sarasvati

(Ghaggar). This latter part is duly established by the work of Raikes, an Italian hydrologist, and of his Indian

collaborators".[31]

Modern Kalibangan

Kalibangan name translates to "black bangles" ("Kl", in Punjabi, means black and "bangan" means bangles). A

few miles downstream is the railway station and township named Pilibang, which means Yellow Bangles.

ASI set up aArchaeological Museum at Klibangan in 1983 to store the excavated materials here during 1961-69. In

one gallery, Pre-Harappan finds are displayed, while Harappan finds are displayed in the other two galleries.

Notes

[1] http:/ /tools.wmflabs. org/geohack/geohack. php?pagename=Kalibangan& params=29_28_27_N_74_7_49_E_type:landmark

[2] http:/ /tools.wmflabs. org/geohack/geohack. php?pagename=Kalibangan& params=29. 47_N_74. 13_E_

[5][5] McIntosh, Jane (2008) The Ancient Indus Calley : New Perspectives. ABC-CLIO. Page 77

[7][7] cf. Finding Forgotten Cities.

[8][8] Shri Krishna Ojha, Elements of Indian Archaeology, p.115.

[9] this is the wording of the official website of ASI : http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_rajasthan. asp

[10][10] Elements of Indian Archaeology, p.116.

[11] Its photograph is available in an article by B. B. Lal at http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/ifihhome/

articles/bbl002. html&date=2009-10-26+ 00:22:02

[12] B. B. Lal,India 19471997: New Light on the Indus Civilization

[13][13] Puratattva, 4:1-3

[14][14] cf. The Indus Basin History of Irrigation, Drainage and Flood Management

[15][15] Elements of Indian Archaeology, p.117-118.

[16] official website of ASI : http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_rajasthan.asp.

[17][17] Elements of Indian Archaeology, p.117. This book gave exactly the same information, in almost same wording, which was later used in ASI

website, hence unpublished excavation reports were source of both these accounts.

[18][18] B.B. Lal 1984. The earliest Datable Earthquake in India, Science Age (October 1984), Bombay: Nehru Centre

[19][19] Lal, B. B., The earliest datable earthquake in India.

[20][20] Frontiers of the Indus Civilization[21][21] Elements of Indian Archaeology, p.119-120.

[22] Excavation Sites in Rajasthan - Archaeological Survey of India (http://asi.nic. in/asi_exca_imp_rajasthan. asp)

[23][23] The Earliest Civilization of South Asia, p. 97

[24][24] Elements of Indian Archaeology, p. 120-121.


[26][26] B.B. Lal 2002, The Sarasvati flows on


[28][28] McIntosh, Jane.(2008) The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives. ABC-CLIO. Page 114


[30][30] Kalibangan: Death from Natural Causes, by Raikes

[31][31] cf. The Homeland of Indo-European Languages and Culture: Some Thoughts
http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_rajasthan.asphttp://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_rajasthan.asp.http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/ifihhome/articles/bbl002.html&date=2009-10-26+00:22:02http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/ifihhome/articles/bbl002.html&date=2009-10-26+00:22:02http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_rajasthan.asphttp://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Kalibangan&params=29.47_N_74.13_E_http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Kalibangan&params=29_28_27_N_74_7_49_E_type:landmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punjabi_language


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References

B.B. Lal, Jagat Pati Joshi, B.K. Thapar and Madhu Bala:Excavations at Kalibangan: The Early Harappans

(19601969); New Delhi, Archaeological Survey of India, Jan 2003 , 1st ed., xiv, 340 p. [Memoirs of the

Archaeological Survey of India, No. 98] . Contents of this authoritative report: Foreword. Preface. 1. The

setting/B.K. Thapar. 2. Discovery and previous work/B.K. Thapar. 3. Summary of results/Jagat Pati Joshi. 4.

Chronology of the early Harappan settlement/B.B. Lal. 5. The early Harappan culture-complex of Kalibangan in

its wider setting/B.B. Lal. 6. Stratigraphy/Jagat Pati Joshi. 7. Structures/Jagat Pati Joshi. 8. The agricultural

field/B.B. Lal. 9. The end of the early Harappan settlement at Kalibangan/B.B. Lal. 10. The pottery/Madhu Bala.

11. Minor antiquities/Madhu Bala. 12. Graffiti/Madhu Bala. 13. Technical reports: A. Scientific analysis of early

Harappan pottery/B.N. Tandon. B. Report on metal specimens/B.B. Lal. C. Identification of animal remains/S.

Banerjee, R.N. Mukherjee and B. Nath. D. Identification of plants and seeds/Vishnu Mittre and R. Savithri.

Nayanjot Lahiri,Finding Forgotten Cities : How the Indus Civilization was Discovered, Seagull Books, Aug

2006, 410 pages, 1-905422-18-0

Lal, B. B., The earliest datable earthquake in India. Science Age, 1984, 8, 89.

Lal, B. B.,India 19471997: New Light on the Indus Civilization (New Delhi: Aryan Books International, 1998)

Lal, B. B., The Earliest Civilization of South Asia (New Delhi : Aryan Books International, 1997)

Madhu Bala 1997. Some Unique Antiquities and Pottery from Kalibangan, in Facets of Indian Civilization Recent

Perspectives, Essays in Honour of Professor B.B. Lal, (Jagat Pati Joshi Ed.), pp. 103106. New Delhi: Aryan

Books International.

Sharma, A.K. 1970. Kalibangan Human Skeletal Remains: an Osteo-Archaeological Approach, Journal of the

Oriental Research institute XIX: 109-113.

Thapar, B.K. 1975. Kalibangan: a Harappan Metropolis Beyond the Indus Valley, Expedition XVII(2): 13-19.

Thapar, B.K. 1972. New Traits of the Indus Civilization at Kalibangan: an Appraisal, in South Asian Archaeology

1971 (Noman Hammond Ed.), pp. 85104. Park Ridge: Noyes Press.

The Indus Basin History of Irrigation, Drainage and Flood Management, Edited by H. Fahlbusch, Bart Schultz

and C.D. Thatte, February 2004, ISBN 8185068771

Elements of Indian Archaeology (Bharatiya Puratatva, in Hindi) by Shri Krishna Ojha, published by Research

Publications in Social Sciences, 2/44 Ansari Riad, Daryaganj, New Delhi-2. (The fifth chapter summarizes the

excavation report of Kalibangan in 11 pages).

Robert Raikes, Kalibangan: Death from Natural Causes, Antiquity, XLII,286-291,1968

Lal, B. B., The Homeland of Indo-European Languages and Culture: Some Thoughts, Paper presented at a

seminar organized by the Indian Council for Historical Research on the same theme in Delhi on 79 January

2002.

B.B. Lal.Frontiers of the Indus Civilization.1984:57-58

S.R. Rao. The Aryans in Indus Civilization.1993:175

Madison: Wisconsin Archaeological Reports 2. Bhan, Suraj 1973. The Sequence and Spread of Protohistoric

Cultures in the Upper Sarasvati Basin, Radiocarbon and Indian Archaeology (D.P. Agrawal and A. Ghosh Eds.),

pp. 252263. Bombay: Tata Institute of Fundamental Research.

Gupta, S.P. 1997. The Origins of the Indus-Sarasvati Civilization, in The Facets of Indian Civilization (J.P. Joshi,

Chief Editor), pp. 129141. New Delhi: Aryan Books International.

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Article Sources and ContributorsKalibangan Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=568610029 Contributors: AlexanderVanLoon, Biblejohn, Blue Dwarf, Chaitanya s, Chzz, D6, Denmadhav, Deviathan,

Ekabhishek, Elagatis, Epbr123, Exeunt, Fabartus, Fconaway, Feanor0, Flyer22, Flying Saucer, Folks at 137, Giants27, Godanov, GreatWhiteNortherner, Gurch, Hamtechperson, Hebrides,

Immunize, JHunterJ, Jethwarp, Joy1963, Kk himalaya, LRBurdak, Magioladitis, MangoWong, Mild Bill Hiccup, Paalappoo, PhnomPencil, Priyanath, Puffin, Rayabhari, Rayfield, Reflex

Reaction, Rich Farmbrough, Rjwilmsi, Roland zh, Shemaroo, Shyam, Shyamsunder, SpacemanSpiff, Tinucherian, Titodutta, Udimu, Utcursch, Vinay Jha, W.D., WIN, WLU, Woohookitty,

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Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Westernmound.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Westernmound.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Kk himalaya

file:India location map.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:India_location_map.svgLicense: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Uwe Dedering

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