Kalafunja M. O-saki University of Dodoma Prepared for the Annual Education Sector Review
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Relevance of education: A focus on science & maths, language and skills in relation to market demands
Kalafunja M. O-sakiUniversity of Dodoma
Prepared for the Annual Education Sector ReviewMinistry of Education and Vocational Training5-7 October, 2009
Concepts relating to ‘relevance’ Quality -Intentions, visions, goals-Inputs/resources/infrastructure-Implementation processes: effective teaching
& learning, management (resources, time) assessment. . .
-Attainments: examination achievement, character, skills (social, work, life. . .)
Standards- setting (benchmarking) raising them for all learners, bright, weak, disabled, . . ., in various disciplines
Market-employers
State of the secondary sector
2003 Participation rate 7% Proportion of recurrent budget in
education 7% Regional variation very great Exams the main indicator of
quality Insufficient prof devt of teachers Govt schools under-resources (in
eqpt) than non govt schools Poor performance of girls in
NECTA exams Failure of curriculum to respond
to labour market demands
2008 Participation rate 24% of 17-19
year olds 28% of total budget now in edu Regional variation closing down?
(See data on preschool services) Exam performance still main
indicator Supply of graduate teachers high,
but where are they? Performance of girls same?
Improved? Govt schools lagging behind non
govt? More students choosing business
& commerce, fewer in science
Relevance of science & maths
ESR philosophy: inquiry, critical, liberated
School based projects focusing on ESR
-African Primary Science Program[SEPA]-School Science/Maths Project SSP /SMP-Self Reliance Activities & projects S-R and development of work skills:
SR projects
Challenges of ESR
Productive projects more important than academic?
Expensive science labs in the SSP Setting the `right` Examination Pre service teacher edu & Training Demise of Inquiry in the classroom
Interventions in recent years
Science Edu in Secondary Schools-Textbooks; labs; INSET in 15 schools STIP-Starter Experiment Approach TEAMS-NUFFIC/UDSM-Restructuring UG teacher edu; INSET
development, back to inquiry; Capacity devt: PG training & devt. Research
Education II: INSET materials, TOT`s
Lessons learned
No good science edu. without inquiry Needs of students who will go deep
into science; and those who need science only to live well in the society
Good curriculum needs testing and prototyping before fll implementation
Language in class and in books must be understood by learners
Teachers must be competent in subject knowledge and in pedagogy
Lessons contd
Most schools invest in exams success; not in proper education, a disastrous practice hence:
-Stop ranking schools in terms of exams alone, broaden the criteria of a `good performing` school
-promote subject based associations or clubs -e.g STAURT, Bio, Chem, etc
-Reward quality teaching & school improvement-Find ways to supervise practical work cf.C-Reward performance in science fairs, olympics,
camps. . .
Language & Communication challenges 1968: Kiswahili as MOI in primary No program to develop Kiswahili
teaching as a first language; Instead, English devt thro: Learning thro language, Baseline, F1ELOC, etc
BAKITA, IKR (TATAKI??) not seriously dealt with Kiswahili language education in school
Neglect of vernaculars out of fear Confusion in language policy; failure
to take advantage of Kiswahili
First language development principles
Natural environment of lang usage Time for language to develop and be used
to level of fluency Warm usage and support from native
users of the language and the media Sufficient exposure to listen, read, speak
and write Cf: French; Portuguese; American English Lingua franca vs first lang vs MOI
Work & Life skills
Work as a basic concept in ESR projects and later, compulsory national service for all children
1977; Diversification and vocationalization of sec schools: technical, home econ, agric, commercial, declined after 1995 due to academic focus
Work skills, life skills, social skills Core skills for the 21st century?
Diversity of skills to developWork skillsFarming, & gardening CarpentryTechnicalDrivingManagementCooking, washingBuildingTeaching
Life skillsSelf conceptSelf defenseCritical thinkingPersonal value systemOpen mindInterpersonalSpatialKinesthetic/body Sense of humourResilience, Acceptance
Social skillsCommunication-verbal & non verbalActive listeningExpressing feelingsNegotiationAssertivenessRefusalEmpathyCo-operationAdvocacyPersuasion