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Roridula (pronounced /rrdjl/; from Latin roridus "dewy") is a South African genus ofplants that,whilst having many of the adaptations of a carnivorous plant, such as the possession ofinsect-trapping

sticky hairs, does not directly digest the animals it traps. Instead, it has a mutualistic relationship with

Pameridea roridulae, a species ofcapsid bug, which lives on the plant and feeds on the trapped insects.

The plant obtains nutrients from the droppings of this symbiotic insect. Whether this plant is regarded

as carnivorous or protocarnivorous is essentially a matter of semantics. The genus contains just two

species, Roridula gorgonias Planch. and Roridula dentata L., and is the only genus in the family

Roridulaceae.


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The Venus Flytrap,Dionaea muscipula, is a carnivorous plant that catches and digests animalpreymostly insects and arachnids. Its trapping structure is formed by the terminal portion of

each of the plant's leaves and is triggered by tiny hairs on their inner surfaces. When an insect or

spider crawling along the leaves contacts a hair, the trap closes if a different hair is contactedwithin twenty seconds of the first strike. The requirement of redundant triggering in thismechanism serves as a safeguard against a waste of energy in trapping objects with no nutritional

value.

The plant's common name refers to Venus, the Roman goddess of love, whereas the genus namerefers to Dione.

[2]Dionaea is a monotypicgenus closely related to the waterwheel plant and

sundews.

PARASITIC PLANTS

A parasitic plant is one that derives some or all of its sustenance from another plant. About 4,100species in approximately 19 families offlowering plants are known.

[1]Parasitic plants have a modified

root, the haustorium, that penetrates the host plant and connects to the xylem, phloem, or both.

Parasitic plants are characterized as follows:

y 1a. Obligate parasite a parasite that cannot complete its life cycle without a host.y 1b. Facultative parasite a parasite that can complete its life cycle independent of a host.y 2a. Stem parasite a parasite that attaches to the host stem.y 2b. Root parasite a parasite that attaches to the host root.y 3a. Holoparasite a plant that is completely parasitic on other plants and has virtually no

chlorophyll.

y 3b. Hemiparasite a plant that is parasitic under natural conditions and is also photosyntheticto some degree. Hemiparasites may just obtain water and mineral nutrients from the host plant.

Many obtain at least part of their organic nutrients from the host as well.


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Sarcodes sanguinea, commonly called the snow plant orsnow flower, is a parasitic plant thatderives sustenance and nutrients from mycorrhyzal fungi that attach to roots of trees.

Mycorrhizal fungi are themselves symbiotic parasites that help plants fix nitrogen from theatmosphere in exchange for nutrients from plant roots.

Sarcodes sanguinea is found in the western United States, including the Sierra Nevada range of

California. Its name derives from the striking red flower that emerges from the sometimes stillsnow-covered ground in early spring (mid-may in the Sierra Nevada).


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Nuytsia floribunda is aparasitic plant found in Western Australia. The species is known locallyas the Christmas Tree, displaying bright orange flowers during the Christmas season.

Description

The habit of the species is a tree up to 10 m high, or as a shrub. The rough bark is grey-brown.Flowers are a vivid yellow-orange, appearing between October and January. It is a root

hemiparasite, is photosynthetic and mainly obtains water and mineral nutrients from its hosts.The haustoria arising from the roots ofNuytsia attach themselves to roots of many nearby plants

and draw water and therefore nutrients from them. Almost all species are susceptible to attack,haustoria have even been found attached to underground cables. In natural settings Nuytsia

withdraws relatively little from each individual host, but is attached to so many other plants thatthe benefit to this parasitic tree is likely to be considerable.

4 ANIMALS AND BIRDS IN AMAZON RAIN FORESTS


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The Scarlet Macaw (Ara macao) is a large, colorful macaw. It is native to humid evergreen forests in the

American tropics. Range extends from extreme south-eastern Mexico to AmazonianPeru, Bolivia and

Brazil in lowlands up to 500 m (1,640 ft) (at least formerly) up to 1,000 m (3,281 ft). It has been widely

extirpated by habitat destruction and capture for the parrot trade, but locally it remains fairly common.

Formerly it ranged north to southern Tamaulipas. It can still be found on the island ofCoiba. It is the

national bird ofHonduras.

Anacondas are large, nonvenomousboas of the genusEunectes. They are found in tropical

South America.

The most familiar species is the green anaconda, "Eunectes murinus", notable for being one ofthe world's largest snakes. Green anacondas can grow to be 5.21 m (17 ft) in length and weighing

97.5 kg (215 lb).[1]

They are found east of the Andes in Colombia,Venezuela, the Guianas,Ecuador,Peru,Bolivia,Brazil, and on the island ofTrinidad.

Other anacondas are the yellow anaconda,Eunectes notaeus, a smaller species found in eastern

Bolivia, southern Brazil,Paraguay and northeastern Argentina; and the dark-spotted anaconda,"Eunectes deschauenseei", a rare species found in northeastern Brazil, coastal French Guiana and

Guyana.

All three species are aquatic snakes that prey on other aquatic animals, including fish, river fowl,

caiman, and capybaras. Some accounts exist of anacondas preying on domestic animals such asgoats andponies that venture too close to the water.

While encounters between people and anacondas may be dangerous, they do not regularly hunt

humans. Nevertheless, threat from anacondas is a familiar trope in comics, movies and adventure


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stories set in the Amazon jungle. Anacondas have also figured prominently in South Americanfolklore, where they are sometimes depicted as shapeshifting mythical creatures called

encantados. Local communities and some European explorers have given accounts ofgiantanacondas, legendary snakes of much greater proportion than any confirmed specimen.

Applied loosely, the term "anaconda" may also refer to any large snake that "crushes" its prey byconstricting

Vampire bats are bats whose food source is blood, a dietary trait called hematophagy. There are three

batspecies that feed solely on blood: the Common Vampire Bat (Desmodus rotundus), the Hairy-legged

Vampire Bat (Diphylla ecaudata), and the White-winged Vampire Bat (Diaemus youngi). All three species

are native to the Americas, ranging from Mexico to Brazil, Chile, and Argentina


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The jaguar (Panthera onca) is abig cat, a feline in the Pantheragenus, and is the only Panthera

species found in the Americas. The jaguar is the third-largest feline after the tigerand the lion,and the largest and most powerful feline in the Western Hemisphere. The jaguar's present range

extends from Mexico across much ofCentral America and south to Paraguay and northernArgentina. Apart from a known and possibly breeding population in Arizona (southeast of

Tucson), the cat has largely been extirpated from the United States since the early 1900s.

This spotted cat most closely resembles the leopard physically, although it is usually larger andof sturdier build and its behavioral and habitat characteristics are closer to those of the tiger.

While dense rainforest is its preferred habitat, the jaguar will range across a variety of forested

and open terrain. It is strongly associated with the presence of water and is notable,

along withthe tiger, as a feline that enjoys swimming. The jaguar is a largely solitary, stalk-and-ambushpredator, and is opportunistic in prey selection. It is also an apex and keystone predator, playing

an important role in stabilizing ecosystems and regulating the populations of prey species. Thejaguar has an exceptionally powerful bite, even relative to the other big cats.

[3]This allows it to

pierce the shells of armoured reptiles[4]

and to employ an unusual killing method: it bites directly

through the skull of prey between the ears to deliver a fatal bite to the brain.[5]

The jaguar is a near threatened species and its numbers are declining.

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