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LECTURE 1

Introduction to Anatomy

KAAP 220 Anatomy and Physiology 1

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Lecture Outline

Structure Function

Levels of organization

Characteristics of living things and survival needs


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Anatomy

Greek word anatmnein

a cutting open

Defined as: the study of the internal

and external structures of

the body and their

relationship to one

another


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Topics of Anatomy

Gross or Macroscopic Regional

Systemic

Surface Microscopic

Cytology

Histology

Developmental Embryology


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Gross vs. Microscopic


Endocardium

Myocardium

Epicardium

Superior

Vena Cava

Inferior Vena

Cava

Ascending

Aorta

Descending

Aorta

PulmonaryTrunk

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Physiology

Defined as the study of

the function of the

bodys structures

Many different topics

Exercise physiology

Muscle physiology

Neurophysiology

Cardiovascular physiology

Etc.


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Physiology


How do our muscle create movement?

How can electrical signals communicate information?How do our lung take in air?

What allows our bones to be so strong?

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Related Fields

Kinesiology study of human movement,

performance, and functionby applying the sciences of

biomechanics, anatomy, physiology, psychology,and neuroscience

Biomechanics

Examines the forces actingupon and within the humanbody and the effectsproduced


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BIG QUESTION:

Why do we often study anatomy and

physiology together?


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Complementarity of Structure and

Function

Structure Function

Examples

Elbow joint structure allows only

hinge-like movement Bones act to protect internal organs

Articular cartilage offers mechanicalproperties to absorb impact and

allow movement Valves within the heart prevent

backflow to allow unidirectionalblood flow


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Can you think of other examples?


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Levels of Structural Organization

1. Chemical

2. Cellular

3. Tissue

4. Organ

5. System6. Organism


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1. Chemical

Atoms act as buildingblocks to form molecules Examples: water, proteins,

salts, etc.

Molecules can combinefor form organelles Examples: nucleus,

mitochondria, golgiapparatus, etc.

Organelles are the basiccomponents of a cell


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2. Cellular

Cells are the smallestunits of living things

Vary widely in shapeand size

Some common

functions Different types have

unique functions


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2. Cellular (continued)

Roughly 200 typesof cells in humanbody

Size of cells

1/12,000 in to 3 ft!

Trillions of cells inthe human body


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2. Cellular (continued)


Bone Cell

Fat Cell

Blood Cells

Smooth

Muscle

Cell

Epithelial Cells

Sperm Cell

Egg Cell

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3. Tissue

Groups of similar cells with acommon function

4 main types in the body

1. Epithelium covers bodysurfaces and lines cavities

2. Muscle - movement

3. Connective supports andprotects body organs

4. Nervous internalcommunication by transmittingelectrical impulses


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4. Organ

Comprised of multiple

types of tissues

Organs perform specific

function in the body

Examples: brain, liver,

stomach, etc.

Specialization of eachorgan


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5. System


Cooperation of many organs

in order to accomplish a

common purpose

Eleven systems in the human

body

Can we name them?

Each carries out unique

function to support life

Organ Systems

Muscular

Skeletal

Nervous

Cardiovascular

Integumentary

Digestive

Respiratory

EndocrineLymphatic

Urinary

Reproductive

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5. Organ Systems


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The 11 organ systems in the human body, each

composed of one or more distinct organs

Organ

levelThe heart, for example, isan organ that containscardiac muscle tissue,epithelia, connectivetissues, and neural tissue.The interconnectionsbetween cardiac musclecells ensure that thecontractions arecoordinated, producing aheartbeat; the neuraltissue adjusts the heartrate. When the heart beats,the internal anatomy of the

heart, largely composed ofcardiac muscle tissue andconnective tissue, enablesit to function as a pump.

Organism

level

Organ system

level

Integumentary

Skeletal

Muscular

Nervous

Endocrine

Cardiovascular System

The cardiovascular system includesthe heart, blood vessels, andcirculating blood. This systemdistributes oxygen, nutrients, water,and heat throughout the body, andtransports waste products to siteswhere they can be excreted.

Lymphatic

Respiratory

Digestive

Urinary

Reproductive

5. Organ Systems

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5. Organ Systems

This course will focus on:

Integumentary

Skeletal Muscular

Nervous


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6. Organism

Highest level of

organization

Sum of all structural

levels working

together in order to

sustain life


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Levels of Organization


The Organ Level

The Organ System Level

The Tissue Level

The Cellular Level

The Chemical (or Molecular) Level

Atoms in

combination

Complex protein

molecule

Protein

filaments

Organism

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What makes living things,

living things?


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Characteristics of Living Things

1. Responsiveness

2. Adaptability3. Growth and Reproduction

4. Movement

5. Respiration

6. Circulation7. Digestion

8. Excretion


There are 8 characteristics

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Responsiveness

Recognize changes in internal or external environment

Adaptability

Ability to change behavior, structure, etc.

Growth and Reproduction

Indication that organism is successful

Movement Distributes materials throughout organism

Change position or locomotion


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Respiration

Oxygen in and CO2 out

Circulation

Movement of fluid within organism

Digestion

Breakdown of complex materials for use

Excretion

Elimination of waste


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What do our bodies need to survive?


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Survival Needs

1. Nutrients

2. Oxygen

3. Water

4. Temperature

5. Pressure


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Survival Needs

Nutrients

Provide energy

Provide materials for cell building

Water

Most abundant chemical compound (60-80% body

weight)

Provides fluid environment for chemical reactions


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Survival Needs

Oxygen

Needed for process of releasing energy from nutrients

Temperature

Help regulate chemical reactions

Pressure

Atmospheric pressure necessary for breathing

Hydrostatic pressure necessary for moving fluids


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Lecture Summary

Structure Function

Levels of organization

Characteristics of living things and survival needs


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If We Were to Have a Quiz

Know definitions of anatomy, physiology, etc.

Be able to describe how structure function

Name and describe the 6 levels of structuralorganization

Can you name the 11 organ systems?

Name and describe the 8 characteristics of livingthings

Name and describe the 5 survival needs


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QUESTIONS?


KAAP+220+ +Lecture+1

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