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Write your own definition for each of these Write your own definition for each of these words: Loyalist, Patriot, Redcoatwords: Loyalist, Patriot, Redcoat

I know that we have not studied these I know that we have not studied these YET, but I want to see what you already YET, but I want to see what you already know.know.

Definitions should include where each Definitions should include where each group lived and which side they supported.group lived and which side they supported.

Jump StartJump StartComplete the passage with the words belowComplete the passage with the words below

The (1) army faced many challenges including The (1) army faced many challenges including opposition from the (2) , (3) soldiers, and a opposition from the (2) , (3) soldiers, and a lack of (4) . However, once Washington realized lack of (4) . However, once Washington realized that his numbers of volunteer soldiers were decreasing, that his numbers of volunteer soldiers were decreasing, he allowed (5) to join his troops. This increased he allowed (5) to join his troops. This increased his numbers and kept the slaves from joining the (6) , his numbers and kept the slaves from joining the (6) , who promised (7) to slaves for their service. who promised (7) to slaves for their service.

UntrainedUntrained LoyalistsLoyalists RedcoatsRedcoats

FreedomFreedom Runaway slavesRunaway slaves SuppliesSupplies

ContinentalContinental

Fighting the American Fighting the American RevolutionRevolution

Important Groups and EventsImportant Groups and Events

LoyalistsLoyalistsLoyalists were American Loyalists were American

colonists who remained colonists who remained loyal to the Great Britainloyal to the Great Britain

They were often referred to They were often referred to as Tories, Royalists, or as Tories, Royalists, or King's Men by the PatriotsKing's Men by the Patriots

Historians estimate that Historians estimate that 15% and 20% of the white 15% and 20% of the white population were Loyalistspopulation were Loyalists

Many Loyalists fled the Many Loyalists fled the country at the start of the country at the start of the revolutionrevolution

Who were loyalists?Who were loyalists? They were olderThey were older

Many were merchants and Many were merchants and wealthywealthy

Many active in the Church of Many active in the Church of England were LoyalistsEngland were Loyalists

Most of the Pennsylvania Most of the Pennsylvania Dutch were loyalistsDutch were loyalists◦ They feared their royal land They feared their royal land

grants would be in danger with grants would be in danger with a republican form of a republican form of governmentgovernment

About100,000 loyalists left About100,000 loyalists left the country after the the country after the revolutionrevolution

PatriotsPatriotsPatriots came from many Patriots came from many

different backgroundsdifferent backgrounds

Most were highly educated Most were highly educated and wealthyand wealthy

Support of ordinary men and Support of ordinary men and women (farmers, mechanics, women (farmers, mechanics, homemakers, and homemakers, and shopkeepers) aided the shopkeepers) aided the Patriot causePatriot cause

These middle and lower These middle and lower classes didn’t like their classes didn’t like their economic situationeconomic situation◦ Largely due to British taxationLargely due to British taxation

Views of the PatriotsViews of the PatriotsBelieved British taxes Believed British taxes

were not "legal“were not "legal“

The colonists were not The colonists were not directly represented in directly represented in ParliamentParliament

The British believed in The British believed in "virtual representation,“"virtual representation,“◦ All members of Parliament All members of Parliament

represent the interests of represent the interests of all the citizens of the all the citizens of the British empireBritish empire

The ArgumentsThe Arguments

Loyalis

tsPatriots

1. A strong unified British Empire is good for all2. Colonists are British

subjects and should obey British law

3. Taxes are due to French & Indian War which was fought to protect colonies

4. American colonies would be weak without Britain

5. Colonies profit from trade with England

6. Colonies are too far away from England to have representation in Parliament,

its just not practical

1. People have rights government can’t take away, like property2. Taxation takes away property (i.e. – money and goods)

3. Colonists don’t have voice in Parliament, so they can’t tax colonies (No taxation without representation)4. There’s no way colonies could ever be represented – Parliament’s too far

5. Many colonists fought in the French & Indian War (we’ve done our part)6. British personnel are causing violence, riots, and death (Boston Massacre & Boston Tea Party)

The British Army is GrowingThe British Army is Growing

The British hire about 9000 The British hire about 9000 Hessian mercenaries from Hessian mercenaries from GermanyGermany

Mercenary: a professional Mercenary: a professional soldier hired to fight for a soldier hired to fight for a foreign countryforeign country

After months of fighting and After months of fighting and losing in New York, losing in New York, Washington is forced to Washington is forced to retreat to Pennsylvaniaretreat to Pennsylvania

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If you were a British redcoat, what are If you were a British redcoat, what are some things you would have to do to win some things you would have to do to win the war?the war?

What city would be important to capture? What city would be important to capture? Why?Why?

Problems with the Continental Problems with the Continental ArmyArmy

Not everyone supported Not everyone supported the Revolutionthe Revolution

Soldiers were untrained Soldiers were untrained and undisciplined and undisciplined volunteersvolunteers

Enlisted and served for Enlisted and served for one yearone year

Not enough suppliesNot enough supplies Never numbered more Never numbered more

than 17,000 menthan 17,000 men

British StrategyBritish Strategy British strategy was to British strategy was to

capture Hudson River capture Hudson River Valley and cut off New Valley and cut off New England from the other England from the other coloniescolonies

From New York, they From New York, they would go north and would go north and take Massachusetts take Massachusetts the heart of the the heart of the rebellionrebellion

After months of After months of fighting and losing in fighting and losing in New York, Washington New York, Washington is forced to retreat to is forced to retreat to PennsylvaniaPennsylvania

Crossing the DelawareCrossing the Delaware December 25, December 25,

1776: 1776: Washington’s Washington’s troops are in troops are in poor spirits with poor spirits with few supplies and few supplies and need a victory to need a victory to boost their spiritsboost their spirits

They rowed They rowed across the across the Delaware River Delaware River in a in a surprise attack on the Hessians

Washington wins this important battle at Washington wins this important battle at Trenton and at Princeton 8 days laterTrenton and at Princeton 8 days later

Proved that Washington was better than most Proved that Washington was better than most thoughtthought

Army attracted new recruitsArmy attracted new recruits

The Battles of Saratoga, September- The Battles of Saratoga, September- October 1777October 1777 The battles were fought The battles were fought

18 days apart on the 18 days apart on the same ground, 9 miles same ground, 9 miles south of Saratoga, New south of Saratoga, New YorkYork

British won a small British won a small victory on Sept. 19 but victory on Sept. 19 but lost twice the amount of lost twice the amount of men the Americans did men the Americans did in battlein battle

British again attacked British again attacked the Americans on Oct. 7 the Americans on Oct. 7 but were forced to but were forced to retreat this timeretreat this time

On Oct. 17 a larger On Oct. 17 a larger American army American army surrounded the British surrounded the British at Saratoga and forced at Saratoga and forced them to surrenderthem to surrender

The Battle of Saratoga, August- The Battle of Saratoga, August- October 1777October 1777 Saratoga is Saratoga is

considered considered the turning the turning point of the point of the warwar

The French The French will begin to will begin to supply arms, supply arms, men, and men, and their navy to their navy to help the help the colonies.colonies.

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If you were a Continental soldier, would If you were a Continental soldier, would you desert (illegally runaway from the you desert (illegally runaway from the army)? Why or why not? army)? Why or why not?

How bad would things have to get for you How bad would things have to get for you to leave?to leave?

Now We Get Help From AbroadNow We Get Help From Abroad France = angry over France = angry over

losing French & Indian losing French & Indian WarWar

Spain = Dislikes British, Spain = Dislikes British, wants more landwants more land

Kept the British busy Kept the British busy fighting enemies instead fighting enemies instead of the Continental armyof the Continental army

Also forced them to fight Also forced them to fight naval battles naval battles

Redcoats had to spread Redcoats had to spread their resourcestheir resources

Winter at Valley Winter at Valley ForgeForge Fighting stopped during Fighting stopped during

the winter months of the winter months of 1777-1778 1777-1778

Temperatures were anywhere Temperatures were anywhere from 6-12 degrees Ffrom 6-12 degrees F

Washington’s army Washington’s army camped in southeast camped in southeast PennsylvaniaPennsylvania

Lacked EVERYTHING!Lacked EVERYTHING! ¼ died from malnutrition or ¼ died from malnutrition or

diseasedisease

Showed amazing Showed amazing enduranceendurance

stayed for love of countrystayed for love of country Respected Washington too Respected Washington too

much to desert much to desert

Sorry guys…my bad!

This sucks.

I want my mommie!

The Battle of Yorktown, October 1781The Battle of Yorktown, October 1781 Fighting had moved south and Fighting had moved south and

had been mostly in Virginiahad been mostly in Virginia British General Cornwallis set up his British General Cornwallis set up his

base camp on Yorktown peninsulabase camp on Yorktown peninsula

French fleet blocks the bayFrench fleet blocks the bay Cornwallis cannot receive supplies Cornwallis cannot receive supplies

and cannot retreatand cannot retreat

Washington trapped him by landWashington trapped him by land Patriots and French bombarded Patriots and French bombarded

the Redcoats with cannon firethe Redcoats with cannon fire With nowhere to go, Cornwallis With nowhere to go, Cornwallis

surrenderedsurrendered PATRIOTS WIN!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

What Goes in a Treaty?What Goes in a Treaty?The class will be divided into 3 groups: Patriots, Loyalists, and British. The class will be divided into 3 groups: Patriots, Loyalists, and British. In your groups, you will work on creating a rough draft of the Treaty of In your groups, you will work on creating a rough draft of the Treaty of Paris. Since each group represents different interests and opinions, Paris. Since each group represents different interests and opinions, your drafts should vary in certain parts. When each group is finished, your drafts should vary in certain parts. When each group is finished, we will come together as a class to negotiate the final treaty. Some we will come together as a class to negotiate the final treaty. Some issues that need to be considered are:issues that need to be considered are:

1. The status of the colonies1. The status of the colonies

2. British troops and forts2. British troops and forts

3. Boundary lines3. Boundary lines

4. Loyalist property that was confiscated4. Loyalist property that was confiscated

5. The debt each side (Americans and British) owes each other5. The debt each side (Americans and British) owes each other

6. Runaway slaves that fought6. Runaway slaves that fought

You will have 10 minutes to complete this activity before we start whole You will have 10 minutes to complete this activity before we start whole class negotiations. Begin!class negotiations. Begin!

What Goes in a Treaty?What Goes in a Treaty?The class will be divided into 3 groups: Patriots, Loyalists, and British. In your The class will be divided into 3 groups: Patriots, Loyalists, and British. In your groups, you will work on creating a rough draft of the Treaty of Paris. Since groups, you will work on creating a rough draft of the Treaty of Paris. Since each group represents different interests and opinions, your drafts should vary each group represents different interests and opinions, your drafts should vary in certain parts. When each group is finished, we will come together as a class in certain parts. When each group is finished, we will come together as a class to negotiate the final treaty. The questions that need to be answered in your to negotiate the final treaty. The questions that need to be answered in your treaty are:treaty are:

1. What is the new status of the colonies?1. What is the new status of the colonies?

2. What will happen to British troops and forts?2. What will happen to British troops and forts?

3. What will the new boundary lines be?3. What will the new boundary lines be?

4. What happens to Loyalist property that was confiscated by Patriots?4. What happens to Loyalist property that was confiscated by Patriots?

5. What happens to the debt each side (Americans and British)5. What happens to the debt each side (Americans and British)

owe each other?owe each other?

6. What happens to the runaway slaves that fought for the Redcoats?6. What happens to the runaway slaves that fought for the Redcoats?

You will have 10 minutes to complete this activity before we start whole class You will have 10 minutes to complete this activity before we start whole class negotiations. Begin!negotiations. Begin!

The Treaty of Paris, 1783The Treaty of Paris, 1783 Terms of the treaty:Terms of the treaty:

““free, sovereign and free, sovereign and independent states”independent states”

British must remove all British must remove all troops from forts troops from forts

Boundary for United States Boundary for United States is the Mississippiis the Mississippi

• Northern and southern border Northern and southern border were Canada and Floridawere Canada and Florida

Loyalist would have rights Loyalist would have rights and property protectedand property protected

Each side repays its debtsEach side repays its debts Captured slaves must be Captured slaves must be

returned to ownersreturned to owners

Europeans Help Washington Europeans Help Washington

Marquis de Lafayette Marquis de Lafayette French nobleman who French nobleman who

volunteered to serve volunteered to serve under Washington under Washington

used his own money used his own money to buy soldiers clothes to buy soldiers clothes

fought in many battles fought in many battles persuaded French persuaded French

king to send 6,000 king to send 6,000 men army to Americamen army to America

Europeans Help WashingtonEuropeans Help Washington

Baron von Steuben Baron von Steuben German German Trained Washington’s Trained Washington’s

armyarmy

Baron de Kalb Baron de Kalb German volunteer German volunteer General under General under

Washington Washington Died in battleDied in battle Known for braveryKnown for bravery

A Voice From the PastA Voice From the Past

The dead lay in heaps on all sides, while The dead lay in heaps on all sides, while the groans of the wounded were heard in the groans of the wounded were heard in every direction. I could not help turning every direction. I could not help turning away from the scene before me with away from the scene before me with horror and, though, exulting in victory, horror and, though, exulting in victory, could not refrain from shedding tears.could not refrain from shedding tears.

James P. Collins, James P. Collins, quoted in quoted in The Spirit of The Spirit of Seventy SixSeventy Six

A personal view of the American A personal view of the American RevolutionRevolution

““The ball first cut off the head of Smith, a The ball first cut off the head of Smith, a stout heavy man, and dashed it open, then stout heavy man, and dashed it open, then took Taylor across the bowels; it then struck took Taylor across the bowels; it then struck Sergeant Garret of our company on the hip, Sergeant Garret of our company on the hip, took off the point of the hip bone . Oh, What a took off the point of the hip bone . Oh, What a sight it was to see within a distance of six sight it was to see within a distance of six rods those men with their legs and arms and rods those men with their legs and arms and guns and packs all in a heap!”guns and packs all in a heap!”

Connecticut Soldier, 1777Connecticut Soldier, 1777