JUICING AND CANCERChelsey Bauer

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WHAT IS JUICING?

Extracting juice from fresh fruits and vegetables

Use of a juicing machine

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BENEFITS Low in Fat

Allows for an easier way to increase consumption of fruits and vegetables

High in antioxidants and vitamins

If organic foods are used, low in GMO foods

Less digestion required/Increased bioavailability in body

Raw fruits and vegetables have increased levels of nutrients

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JUICING IN THE PUBLIC Dr. Oz has recently promoted juicing for

detoxification diets and power drinks

Websites like www.webMD.com and www.mayoclinic.com

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OBJECTIVES

Fruits and vegetables have chemopreventative effects

Vitamin supplements can be toxic and cause reverse cancerous effects

Americans are not eating enough fruits and vegetables

Juicing is a possible solution for cancer protection/prevention

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TERMS TO KNOW: Antioxidant: molecule inhibits oxidation of

other molecules (cancer cells are oxidizing agents)

Polyphenols: type of antioxidant containing phenolic structure

Proliferation: to grow or multiply rapidly

Apoptosis: disintegration of cells into membrane-bound particles that are then eliminated by phagocytosis or by shedding

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BLUEBERRY PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDY Designed to test the chemopreventative

activity of blueberry juice on breast cancer cells

In vitro and in vivo studies

Materials Whole fresh blueberries juiced Cancer cells obtained by the American Type Culture

Collection 16 mice for in vivo studies: 8 control 8 blueberry

juice treated

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IN VITRO In vitro studies initially done to show the effects

researchers believed polyphenols had Methods:

Whole blueberry juice, and 3 fractions of blueberry juice examined for their % polyphenols.

Then all were tested for their effect on 3 types of cancer cell lines and 1 non cancer cell line.

Results: Although Ethyl Acetate fraction of blueberry juice had

highest phenolic percentages, the whole blueberry juice tested for highest effect on cancer cell lines and highest effect on most aggressive cell line MDA-MB-231 with no effect on the non cancer cell line.

Blueberry juice caused decreased proliferation in cancer cell lines

Blueberry juice caused increases apoptosis

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IN VIVO Methods:

8 mice tube fed 100uL water and 8 fed 100uL blueberry juice for 1 week

Injected with MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells

Continued water or blueberry treatment for 6 more weeks

Results Significantly smaller tumor

weights in mice treated with blueberry

Consistent with in vitro studies: proliferation of tumor specimens was decreased in blueberry treated mice and aptosis increased.

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DISCUSSION Similar results to a cranberry study which

also showed fractions of berry had less antiproliferative effect on cancer cells than whole berry juice in vitro

In rats tumor size was decreased by a decrease in proliferation and an increase in apoptosis.

Similar to study done by Aiyer that showed tumor size in rats decreased by 40% in rats orally treated with blueberry powder as opposed to rats treated with water.

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CONCLUSIONS Whole berries are more chemo effective than

fractions of a berries alone.

Blueberries could be key component in breast cancer prevention strategies due to their proven effects on tumor control.

Doses of blueberries used in rats were equal to 122 grams or 4.3 ounces of fresh blueberries per day.

A single serving size of blueberries is 6 ounces.

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We have determined fruits can have a protective effect against cancer cells.

What else can vegetables do for us?

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TERMS TO KNOW

Phase 2 Detoxification Enzymes

Sulforaphane is an isothiocyanate that induces Phase 2 Detoxification enzymes

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BROCCOLI SPROUT STUDY Background and previous findings:

After a series of laboratory studies, researchers found that broccoli is rich in phytochemicals that induce phase 2 detoxication enzymes and increase antioxidant activities in mammalian cells.

Sulforaphane, which is an isothiocyanate found in vegetables.

Found vegetables as inert precursors termed glucosinolates.

Isothiocyanates are released when glucosinolates are hydrolyzed by myrosinase, an enzyme that coexists with glucosinolates in cruciferous vegetables and activates in our intestinal microflora.

Dithiocarbamates in urine indicate isothiocyanates were absorbed and metabolized.

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PURPOSE:

This study is designed to test the bioavailability of glucosinolates and isothiocyanates in humans to determine whether cruciferous vegetables are a good source of isothiocyanates to therefore have potential protective cancerous effects.

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METHODS Used healthy non smoking individuals Measure urine for dithiocarbamates 2 groups: inpatients and out patients Inpatients diet:

A diet free of glucosinolates or isothiocyanates was given Urine samples taken every 4 and 8 hours Only allowed to eat or drink what was provided 7 hour fasting period every night from 12 am-7 am when

they were administered broccoli sprouts.

Outpatient diet: Asked to abstain from eating foods with glucosinolates or

isothiocyanates and keep a food diary. Consumed broccoli sprouts at same time after fasting period.

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METHODS CONT. Homogenate broccoli sprouts created.

boiled to rid sprouts of myrosinase and phytochemicals and dosed with either glucosinolates or isothiocyanates.

111umol glucosinolates or isothiocyantes

Crossed treatment after 3 days

After 9 days daikon homogenate (myrosinase)

Check urine for dithiocarbamates.

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RESULTS:

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RESULTS CONT Urine dithiocarbamate levels spiked and were

at peak after 4 hours of consumption of broccoli sprouts.

Myrosinase is a key component in vegetables that allows glucosinolates to be converted to isothiocyanates and increase bioavailability.

Whole fresh vegetable consumption is best for diet.

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FRUIT AND VEGETABLE CONCLUSIONS Suggested to eat both often for the benefits.

Juicing a way to help consume both

Many people would rather have an easier option so,

“why not just take a supplement?”

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CARET STUDYEvidence from observational studies has shown

that people eating more fruits and vegetables that are rich in B-carotene (antioxidant and can be converted to vitamin A) and Retinol (an chemical form of Vitamin A) had lower rates of lung cancer

Created supplements of each to test in humans

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METHODS Double-blind placebo-controlled Tested in humans at high risk for developing

lung cancer Non-placebo subjects received 30 mg B-

carotene and 25,000 IU retinyl palmitate (Vitamin A) daily.

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RESULTS Study stopped 21 months early

28% more lung cancer incidents and 17% more deaths in B-carotene and Retinol treated group

Agreed with ATBC study which found 16% more cases of lung cancer in subjects receiving B-carotene supplements

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RESULTS OF LUNG CANCER INCIDENCESubjects Unweighted

RR (95%CI; P Value)WeightedRR (95% CI; P Value)

All 1.28 (1.04-1.57; P=0.02)

1.36 (1.07-1.73; P=0.01)

All smokers 1.23 (0.96-1.56; P=0.09)

1.20 (0.90-1.60; P=0.21)

Baseline smokers 1.42 (1.07-1.87; P=0.01)

1.37 (0.98-1.91; P=0.06)

Continuous smokers

1.48 (1.05-2.10; P=0.02)

1.44 (0.95-2.19; P=0.08)

Baseline former smokers

0.80 (0.48-1.31; P=0.37)

0.80 (0.44-1.45; P=0.46)

Continuous former smokers

0.80 (0.47-1.35; P=0.40)

0.77 (0.41-1.46; P=0.43)

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CONCLUSIONS The supplements administered had toxic and

reverse chemopreventative effects.

Amounts administered daily were toxic levels. (10,000 IU is the upper limit of Vitamin A)

Supplements were also purified agents.

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JUICING

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FRUIT AND VEGETABLE INTAKE Recommended >2 cup fruit and >3 cup vegetables

depeding on age and activity

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data provided by the Center for Disease Control

AgeFruit and Vegetable

Consumption

% met dietary recommendatio

ns

12-18 1.47 cups 0.9%

Men 19 and older 2.16 cups 2.2%

Women 19 and older 2.47 cups 3.5%

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FRUIT AND VEGETABLE INTAKE Based on study Americans need to increase intake

Juicing allows this in an easy way

Dr. Oz drink: 2 cups spinach

1/2 cucumber1/4 head of celery

1/2 bunch parsley 1 bunch mint 3 carrots 2 apples 1/4 orange 1/4 lime 1/4 lemon 1/4 pineapple

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CONCLUSIONS Healthy easy way to increase fruit and

vegetable intake

Non toxic levels but still increased amounts (natural form and concentrations)

Prevent cancer

Protect against cancer

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FURTHER STUDIES Juicing and cancer prevention

Whole fruit vs. supplement in same dosage

More in vivo studies

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