Connections: A World HistorySecond Edition

Chapter

Connections: A World History, Second EditionEdward H. Judge • John W. Langdon

The Emergence of Human Societies to 3000 B.C.E.

1

Fossils and cultural artifacts, such as these Fossils and cultural artifacts, such as these dramatic paintings on cave walls in southern dramatic paintings on cave walls in southern

France, provide us with insights into the lives and France, provide us with insights into the lives and societies of early humans.societies of early humans.

The Emergence of Human Societies,The Emergence of Human Societies,to 3000 to 3000 B.C.E.B.C.E.

A. Our Earliest AncestorsB. The Origins and Impact of AgricultureC. The Emergence of Complex Societies

Our Earliest AncestorsOur Earliest Ancestors

Our Earliest AncestorsOur Earliest Ancestors

A. Hominids and Cultural Adaptation1. Hominid adaptation through

intelligence

B. Foraging, Family, and Gender1. Foraging bands2. Family, gender, and child rearing3. Social cooperation

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Early hominid tools.Early hominid tools.

Our Earliest AncestorsOur Earliest Ancestors

C. Ice Age Migrations and Homo Sapiens1. Migration to Eurasia2. Evolution of Homo Sapiens3. Development of intellectual and

linguistic skills4. Population growth5. Migration to Australia and Americas

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FOUNDATION MAP 1.1FOUNDATION MAP 1.1The Great Ice Age, 2,000,000–8000 B.C.E.The Great Ice Age, 2,000,000–8000 B.C.E.

MAP 1.2MAP 1.2Humans Inhabit the Continents, 200,000–10,000 Humans Inhabit the Continents, 200,000–10,000

B.C.E.B.C.E.

Our Earliest AncestorsOur Earliest Ancestors

D. Physical and Cultural Diversity1. A single species2. The environment and cultural diversity

E. Paleolithic Cultural and Spiritual Perspectives1. Symbolic and artistic expression2. Rituals and religion

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Venus figurine.Venus figurine.

Our Earliest AncestorsOur Earliest Ancestors

F. Intercultural Connections and Conflicts1. Commercial connections2. Conflict over resources

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The Origins and Impact of The Origins and Impact of AgricultureAgriculture

The Origins and Impact of The Origins and Impact of AgricultureAgriculture

A. The Origins of Farming and Herding1. West Asian beginnings2. Climate and settled agriculture3. Settlement, population, and

productivity4. Animal husbandry

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MAP 1.3MAP 1.3Agriculture Emerges in West Asia, 9000–8000 B.C.E.Agriculture Emerges in West Asia, 9000–8000 B.C.E.

The Origins and Impact of The Origins and Impact of AgricultureAgriculture

B. Agricultural Innovation and Expansion1. Agricultural diversity and

dissemination2. Agricultural innovation3. Farming and population growth

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MAP 1.4MAP 1.4Agriculture Develops and Spreads, 9000 B.C.E. – Agriculture Develops and Spreads, 9000 B.C.E. –

1000 C.E.1000 C.E.

The Origins and Impact of The Origins and Impact of AgricultureAgriculture

C. Foragers, Hunter-Farmers, and Pastoral Nomads1. Persistence of foraging and other social

patterns

2. Connections between nomads and settled farmers

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The Origins and Impact of The Origins and Impact of AgricultureAgriculture

D. Agricultural Society: Village, Family, and Land1. Village life

2. Growth and social complexity

3. Farming, family, and gender

E. The Impact of Agriculture1. The disadvantages of farming

2. Surpluses

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Women and men doing farm work in the Americas.Women and men doing farm work in the Americas.

The Emergence ofThe Emergence ofComplex SocietiesComplex Societies

The Emergence of Complex The Emergence of Complex SocietiesSocieties

A. Towns, Cities, Occupations, and Religion 1. Surplus food and urbanization

2. Economic specialization

3. The growth of organized religion

4. Political elites

B. States and Civilizations1. Political centralization

2. The power of cities

3. Civilization and rivers

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MAP 1.5MAP 1.5Early States and Civilizations Emerge in River Early States and Civilizations Emerge in River

Valleys, 4000–2000 B.C.E.Valleys, 4000–2000 B.C.E.

Key Dates and DevelopmentsKey Dates and DevelopmentsPaleolithic Period/Pleistocene Epoch Neolithic PeriodPaleolithic Period/Pleistocene Epoch Neolithic Period