Journée Thématique FLUPA "Technostress" - Ludivine Martin : Usage d’Internet, pratiques...
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Transcript of Journée Thématique FLUPA "Technostress" - Ludivine Martin : Usage d’Internet, pratiques...
TECHNOLOGY USE, INNOVATIVE WORKPLACE PRACTICES
& EMPLOYEES’ PERFORMANCE AND WELL BEING
DR. LUDIVINE MARTIN RESEARCH FELLOW IN ECONOMICS
TECHNOLOGIES ET BIEN-ÊTRE AU TRAVAIL
LUXEMBOURG, JEUDI 14 NOVEMBRE 2013
2
“You want to know the difference information and communication technologies make? Try to live
without them”
International Telecommunication Union – 2006
3
CONTEXT
• Advent of the knowledge society: Large diffusion of ICT within firms (computer, Internet, e-mail, ERP, ... ) à Strengthen the acquisition and the transfer of information and knowledge between employees
• Associated with innovative work practices:
Tayloristic organization
Holistic organization
4
STYLIZED FACTS IN THE ECONOMIC LITERATURE
• At the firm level: • Technologies and innovative work practices increase
firms' productivity
• At the employee level: • Technologies and innovative work practices influence
working conditions quality
5
REPORTS ON THE TOPIC
• EUROFOUND – European level December 2008:
• “Use of technology and working conditions in the European Union”
www.eurofound.europa.eu • Centre d’analyse stratégique (CAS) – France
February 2012: • “L’impact des TIC sur les conditions de travail”
www.strategie.gouv.fr
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MAIN CONCLUSIONS FROM THOSE REPORTS
• Diffusion of ICT strengthens: • the acquisition of new competencies • the transfer of information and knowledge inside firms
• ICT play a central role in workplaces: • enabling a faster production of goods and services • facilitating innovation processes
7
MY RESEARCHES
1. Technology use, innovative workplace practices and employee’s performance
2. Technology use, innovative workplace practices and employee’s well being
3. Main current conclusions
4. New preliminary results on Luxembourg
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1. Technology use, innovative workplace practices and employee’s
performance
16 European countries – EWCS 2005 - 2010
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
"The complementarities between ICT use, new organizational practices and employees’ contextual performance: Evidence from Europe in 2005 and 2010" with A. Ben Youssef (University of Nice Sophia Antipolis) and N. Omrani (Ecole Polytechnique)
• Work in progress presented at the 62th Annual Meeting of French Economic Association (AFSE)
• Data: Eurofound Europe (EWCS) 2005 and 2010 à 11 100 observations in 2005 and 16 400 in 2010 in 16 European countries
10
TECHNOLOGY USE AND EMPLOYEE’ PERFORMANCE
3 measures of contextual performance:
• Interpersonal Citizenship Performance (ICP): behaviours to assist, support and cooperate with co-workers
• Organizational Citizenship Performance (OCP): citizenship behaviours that demonstrate commitment to the organization
• Job/Task Conscientiousness (JTC): extra efforts demonstrating dedication to the job
Technology use (computer and Internet)
Contextual performance New organiza=onal
prac=ces (HRM, quality management, Just-‐in-‐
=me)
11
SOME FIGURES
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
Interpersonal Citizenship
Performance (1-5)
Organizational Citizenship
Performance (1-5)
Job/Task Conscientiousness
(1-4)
Internet use
Average
Non users
Almost never
Around 1/4 of time
Around 1/2 or 3/4 of time
Almost all of the time or all of the time
Source: EWCS 2005
12
USE OF AN ECONOMETRIC MODEL
• To highlight significant links between two variables… • Here computer, Internet use and employee’s contextual
performance
• … when controlling for several other variables: • Employees’ characteristics (gender, age, etc.) • Jobs characteristics (occupation, tenure, etc.) • Firms characteristics (size, business sector, etc.) • Work practices (HRM, quality management, just-in-time)
13
MAIN ECONOMETRIC RESULTS
• The frequency of Internet use is positively associated with all facets of contextual performance
• Asymmetric effects between Internet and computer use:
• The recent generation of ICT (Internet) is more likely to induce changes in workers’ behaviour than the previous one (computers)
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MAIN ECONOMETRIC RESULTS
• HRM: formal assessment, telework, team work are posit ively associated with al l facets of contextual performance
• To t a l q u a l i t y m a n a g e m e n t e n h a n c e s t h e commitment to organizational rules
• Contraints on work rythm (Just-in-time) is negatively associated with almost all facets of contextual performance
15
2. Technology use, innovative workplace practices and employee’s
well being
France – EPCV 2005
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
• "Usage des TIC, conditions de travail et satisfaction des salariés" (ICT usage, working conditions and employees' job satisfaction) with N. Colombier and T. Pénard (University of Rennes 1)
• Published in 2007 in Vol. 25, No. 143, pp. 115-146 http://reseaux.revuesonline.com/
• Data: INSEE France (EPCV) 2005
2 400 employees
IFMA – WORKPLACES GETTING SMARTER
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Autonomy
TECHNOLOGY USE AND WORKING CONDITIONS: SATISFACTION AND/OR STRESS?
Technologies: Computer, Internet and mobile phone
Enriching work
Promo=on opportuni=es
Must handling incidents alone
Conflict delay/quality
Need to rush
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SOME FIGURES
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Enriching work Promotion opportunities
Must handling incidents alone
Conflict delay/quality
Need to rush
Satisfaction Autonomy Stress
Average
Computer non users
Computer users
Internet non users
Internet users
Mobile phone non users
Mobile phone users
Source: EPCV 2005
19
USE OF AN ECONOMETRIC MODEL
• To highlight significant links between two variables… • Here ICT use (computer, Internet, mobile phone) and
employee’s well being
• … when controlling for several other variables: • Employees’ characteristics (gender, age, etc.) • Jobs characteristics (occupation, tenure, etc.) • Firms characteristics (size, business sector, etc.) • Work practices (work schedule flexibility, repetitive work)
20
MAIN ECONOMETRIC RESULTS, IN 2005:
• Intensive use of a computer: • + satisfaction • + autonomy • - stress
Use of Internet: • + satisfaction • autonomy and stress: no additional link
Intensive use of mobile phone after working hours: • + satisfaction • + autonomy • + stress
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3. Main conclusions
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MAIN CURRENT RESULTS ON ICT USE BY EMPLOYEES
Computer during working t ime: + sat isfact ion and - stress Internet use: + sat isfact ion E-contact after working hours : + sat isfact ion but + stress
Internet use: Contextual performance
improved
+ behaviours to assist, support and cooperate with co-workers
+ behaviours that demonstrate commitment to the organization
+ extra efforts demonstrating
dedication to the job
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4. New preliminary results on
Luxembourg
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TWAIN (2012-2015)
New research project supported by
TWAIN: Technology use at Work And INnovative work practices: Assessing the impact on work environment, employees’ motivations and effort in Luxembourg
• 3 research questions: • What are the impacts of ICT use and new work models on employees'
work environment, motivations and performance?
• How do ICT affect the decentralization of the decision making and its consequences on work motivation and effort?
• How does the virtualization of contacts affect the outcome of a team?
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SOME FIGURES ON IT AND SATISFACTION
Source: QVT 2013
0,0
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
6,0
7,0
8,0
Sa=sfac=on (0-‐10)
Average
Internet non users
Internet users
Email pro non users
<30'
30'-‐1h
1-‐2h
>2h
Smartphone non users
Smartphone users
No IT
Never IT failure
Some=mes
O\en
Email Pro smartphone IT failure Internet
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SOME FIGURES ON IT AND STRESS
2,5
2,6
2,7
2,8
2,9
3,0
3,1
3,2
3,3
3,4
Stress (1-‐4)
Average
Internet non users
Internet users
Email pro non users
<30'
30'-‐1h
1-‐2h
>2h
Smartphone non users
Smartphone users
No IT
Never IT failure
Some=mes
O\en
smartphone Internet Email pro IT failure
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USE OF AN ECONOMETRIC MODEL
• To highlight significant links between two variables… • Here 3 ICT uses and IT failure and employee’s well being
• … when controlling for several other variables: • Employees’ characteristics (gender, age, nationality, education) • Jobs characteristics (occupation, tenure, income, full time, CDI) • Firms characteristics (size, business sector, etc.) • Incentives (monitoring and pay-for-performance) • Work practices (norms, hierarchical constraint on work
schedule, teamwork, telework, job rotation, assessment)
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MAIN PRELIMINARY ECONOMETRIC RESULTS
• Internet use: • + satisfaction • - stress
• Email pro: • No link with satisfaction • + stress
• Smartphone: • + satisfaction • + stress
• IT failure: • - satisfaction • + stress
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MAIN PRELIMINARY ECONOMETRIC RESULTS
Innovative work practices: • Norms: + satisfaction ; + stress • Hierarchical constraint on work schedule:
- satisfaction ; + stress • Teamwork: No link with satisfaction ; + stress • Job rotation: +satisfaction ; - stress • Job assessment: + satisfaction ; No link with stress • Telework: + satisfaction ; - stress
Incentives: • Monitoring: - satisfaction; + stress • pay-for-performance: + satisfaction ; + stress
Dr. Ludivine Martin [email protected] https://sites.google.com/site/ludivinemartinceps/