Joints. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.1 Fibrous joints. Dense fibrous...
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Transcript of Joints. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.1 Fibrous joints. Dense fibrous...
JointsJoints
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.1 Fibrous joints.
Densefibrousconnectivetissue
Sutureline
Root oftooth
Socket ofalveolarprocess
Periodontalligament
Fibula
Tibia
Ligament
(a) Suture
Joint held together with very short,interconnecting fibers, and bone edges
interlock. Found only in the skull.
(b) Syndesmosis
Joint held together by a ligament.Fibrous tissue can vary in length, but
is longer than in sutures.
(c) Gomphosis
“Peg in socket” fibrous joint.Periodontal ligament holds tooth
in socket.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.1a Fibrous joints.
Densefibrousconnectivetissue
Sutureline
(a) Suture
Joint held together with very short,interconnecting fibers, and bone edges
interlock. Found only in the skull.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.1b Fibrous joints.
Fibula
Tibia
Ligament
(b) Syndesmosis
Joint held together by a ligament.Fibrous tissue can vary in length, but
is longer than in sutures.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.1c Fibrous joints.
Root oftooth
Socket ofalveolarprocess
Periodontalligament
(c) Gomphosis
“Peg in socket” fibrous joint. Periodontalligament holds tooth in socket.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.2 Cartilaginous joints.
Epiphysealplate (temporaryhyaline cartilagejoint)
Sternum(manubrium)
Joint betweenfirst rib andsternum(immovable)
Fibrocartilaginousintervertebraldisc
Pubic symphysis
Body of vertebra
Hyaline cartilage
(a) SynchondrosesBones united by hyaline cartilage
(b) SymphysesBones united by fibrocartilage
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.2a Cartilaginous joints.
Epiphysealplate (temporaryhyaline cartilagejoint)
Sternum(manubrium)
Joint betweenfirst rib andsternum(immovable)
(a) SynchondrosesBones united by hyaline cartilage
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.2b Cartilaginous joints.
Fibrocartilaginousintervertebraldisc
Pubic symphysis
Body of vertebra
Hyaline cartilage
(b) SymphysesBones united by fibrocartilage
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.3 General structure of a synovial joint.
Periosteum
Ligament
FibrouscapsuleSynovialmembrane
Joint cavity(containssynovial fluid)
Articular (hyaline)cartilage
Articularcapsule
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(a) Sagittal section through the right knee joint
Femur
Tendon ofquadricepsfemoris
SuprapatellarbursaPatellaSubcutaneousprepatellar bursaSynovial cavityLateral meniscus
Posteriorcruciateligament
Infrapatellarfat pad Deep infrapatellarbursaPatellar ligament
Articularcapsule
Lateralmeniscus
Anteriorcruciateligament
Tibia
Figure 8.8a The knee joint.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.8b The knee joint.
(b) Superior view of the right tibia in the knee joint, showing the menisci and cruciate ligaments
Medialmeniscus
Articularcartilageon medialtibialcondyle
Anterior
Anteriorcruciateligament
Articularcartilage onlateral tibialcondyle
Lateralmeniscus
Posteriorcruciateligament
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Figure 8.8c The knee joint.
Quadricepsfemoris muscle
Tendon ofquadricepsfemoris muscle
Patella
Lateral patellarretinaculum
Medial patellarretinaculum
Tibial collateralligament
Tibia
Fibularcollateralligament
Fibula
(c) Anterior view of right knee
Patellar ligament
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.8d The knee joint.
Articular capsule
Oblique poplitealligament
Lateral head ofgastrocnemiusmuscle
Fibular collateralligament
Arcuate poplitealligament
Tibia
Femur
Medial head ofgastrocnemiusmuscle
Tendon ofsemimembranosusmuscle
(d) Posterior view of the joint capsule,including ligaments
Popliteusmuscle (cut)
Tendon ofadductor magnus
Bursa
Tibial collateralligament
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Fibularcollateralligament
Posterior cruciateligament
Medial condyle
Tibial collateralligament
Anterior cruciateligament
Medial meniscus
Patellar ligament
Patella
Quadriceps tendon
Lateral condyleof femur
Lateralmeniscus
Fibula
Tibia
(e) Anterior view of flexed knee, showing the cruciateligaments (articular capsule removed, and quadricepstendon cut and reflected distally)
Figure 8.8e The knee joint.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.8f The knee joint.
Medial femoral condyle
Anterior cruciateligament
Medial meniscus onmedial tibial condyle
Patella
(f) Photograph of an opened knee joint; view similar to (e)
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Figure 8.4a Bursae and tendon sheaths.
Acromionof scapula
Joint cavitycontainingsynovial fluid
Synovialmembrane
Fibrouscapsule
Humerus
Hyalinecartilage
CoracoacromialligamentSubacromialbursa
Fibrousarticular capsuleTendonsheath
Tendon oflong headof bicepsbrachii muscle
(a) Frontal section through the right shoulder joint
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.4b Bursae and tendon sheaths.
CoracoacromialligamentSubacromialbursa
Cavity inbursa containingsynovial fluid
Bursa rollsand lessensfriction.
Humerus headrolls medially asarm abducts.
(b) Enlargement of (a), showing how a bursaeliminates friction where a ligament (or otherstructure) would rub against a bone
Humerusresting
Humerusmoving
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Figure 8.7a Types of synovial joints.
a
bc
d
e
f
NonaxialUniaxialBiaxialMultiaxial
a Plane joint (intercarpal joint)
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Figure 8.7b Types of synovial joints.
b Hinge joint (elbow joint)
a
bc
d
e
f
NonaxialUniaxialBiaxialMultiaxial
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Figure 8.7c Types of synovial joints.
c Pivot joint (proximal radioulnar joint)
a
bc
d
e
f
NonaxialUniaxialBiaxialMultiaxial
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Figure 8.7d Types of synovial joints.
d Condyloid joint(metacarpophalangeal joint)
a
bc
d
e
f
NonaxialUniaxialBiaxialMultiaxial
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.7e Types of synovial joints.
e Saddle joint (carpometacarpal jointof thumb)
a
bc
d
e
f
NonaxialUniaxialBiaxialMultiaxial
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Figure 8.7f Types of synovial joints.
f Ball-and-socket joint (shoulder joint)
a
bc
d
e
f
NonaxialUniaxialBiaxialMultiaxial
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.9 A common knee injury.
Lateral MedialPatella(outline)
Tibial collateralligament(torn)
Medialmeniscus (torn)
Anteriorcruciateligament (torn)
Hockey puck
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Figure 8.14 Arthroscopic photograph of a torn medial meniscus.
Tornmeniscus
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Figure 8.15 X ray of a hand deformed by rheumatoid arthritis.
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Table 8.1 Summary of Joint Classes
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Table 8.2 Structural and Functional Characteristics of Body Joints (1 of 4)
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Table 8.2 Structural and Functional Characteristics of Body Joints (2 of 4)
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Table 8.2 Structural and Functional Characteristics of Body Joints (3 of 4)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 8.2 Structural and Functional Characteristics of Body Joints (4 of 4)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
A Closer Look 8.1a Joints: From Knights in Shining Armor to Bionic Humans
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A Closer Look 8.1b: Joints: From Knights in Shining Armor to Bionic Humans