Joints Chapter 8, Section 1. The science of joints is called arthrology. Joints, also called...
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Transcript of Joints Chapter 8, Section 1. The science of joints is called arthrology. Joints, also called...
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Joints
Chapter 8, Section 1
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The science of joints is called arthrology.
Joints, also called articulations, are functional junctions between two bones
Functions of joints1. Bind skeleton together2. Enable body movements3. Makes growth possible4. Permit changes in skeleton for childbirth
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Classification of Joints
Classifications based on amount of movement1. Synarthrotic = immovable
2. Amphiarthrotic = slightly moveable
3. Diarthrotic = fully movable
Classifications by types of tissue:1. Fibrous joint = dense connective tissue
2. Cartilaginous joint = bones connected by cartilage
3. Synovial joint = contains a synovial membrane
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Fibrous Joints
There are three (3) types of fibrous joints:• Syndesmosis• Suture• Gomphosis
1. Syndesmosis:Bones are connected by a sheet or bundle of fibrous tissue.
Examples include the interosseous membrane and interosseous ligaments between the tibia and fibula.
Interosseous membrane between tibia and fibula is a syndesmosis joint.
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2. Suture:• Thin layer of dense
connective tissue
• Connects flat bones of the skull (sutural ligaments)
• Synarthrotic
Fibrous Joints
3. Gomphosis:• Cone-shaped bony process
in a bony socket
• Example includes a tooth anchored into a bony socket
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Cartilaginous Joints
• There are two (2) types of cartilaginous joints:• Synchondrosis• Symphysis
1. Synchondrosis• Bones are united by a band of
hyaline cartilage.
• Located between manubrium of sternum & 1st rib
• Also located at epiphyseal plates of developing bone
• Movement is synarthrotic
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2. Symphysis• A pad of fibrocartilage
between two bones
• Examples include the pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs
• Movement is amphiarthrotic.
Cartilaginous Joints
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General Structure of Synovial Joints
Synovial Joints are Freely movable (Diarthrotic)
Structures include:• Articular cartilage
• Synovial membrane – secretes synovial fluid
• Joint cavity – filled with synovial fluid
• Joint capsule – dense connective tissue that stabilizes and protects joint
Figure 8.7 The generalized structure of a synovial joint.
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General Structure of Synovial Joints
Structures include:• Ligaments – bundles of
collagenous fibers that reinforce the joint capsule
• Menisci (sing. Meniscus) – pad of fibrocartilage that separates some joints.
• Bursa – sac filled with synovial fluid. • Bursitis = inflammation
of bursa
Figure 8.8 Menisci separate the articulating surfaces of the femur and tibia. Several bursae are associated with the knee joint.
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Types of Synovial Joints
1. Ball-and-socket • rounded head + cup-shaped socket.• Movement in all planes (multi-axial).• Allows for rotation• Includes hip joint and shoulder joint.
2. Condylar joint• Oval condyle + elliptical socket• Movements in most planes (bi-axial)• No rotational movement• Joints between metacarpals and
phalanges/
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3. Plane (Gliding) Joint• Flattened bones slide across each
other• Includes carpals and tarsals• ribs 2-7 articulate with sternum
Types of Synovial Joints
4. Hinge joint• Increases or decreases angel
between bones• Includes elbow joint• Joints between phalanges
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5. Pivot Joint• Rotation around a central axis
(uni-axial)• Joint between radius and ulna• Joint between atlas (C1) and
axis (C2).
Types of Synovial Joints
6. Saddle Joint• 2 concave bones positioned at
right angles• Includes metacarpal and carpal
of thumb
End of Chapter 8, Section 1
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Types of Joint Movements
Section 2, Chapter 8
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Movement at a joint occurs when a muscle contracts and its fibers pull its moveable end (insertion) towards its fixed end (origin).
Types of Joint Movements
Abduction = movement away from the midline(think of someone being abducted, or taken away)
Adduction = movement towards the midline (think of adding together)
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Flexion = decreases the angle of a joint• Bend elbow
Extension = increases the angle of a joint• Extend elbow
Hyperextension = extension beyond the anatomical position
• bend hand back, bend head back beyond anatomical position
Types of Joint Movements
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Rotation = movement around a central axis• Twisting the head from side to side
Circumduction = movement so end follows a circular path
• moving the finger in a circular motion without moving the hand.
Types of Joint Movements
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Elevation = raising a part• Shrugging the shoulders
Depression = lowering a part• Drooping the shoulders
Types of Joint Movements
Protraction = moving a part forward• thrusting head forward
Retraction = moving a part backward• pulling the head backward
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Supination = turning the hand so the palm faces upward or anteriorly
Pronation = turning the hand so the palm faces downward or posteriorly
Types of Joint Movements
Dorsiflexion = movement at the ankles that points toes towards the sky
Plantar flexion = movement at the ankles that points toes towards the ground
Example: turning a doorknob clockwise with your right hand.
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Eversion = turning the foot so the planter surface faces laterally
Inversion = turning the foot so the plantar surface faces medially
Types of Joint Movements
End of Chapter 8, Section 2
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The Knee Joint and Joint Disorders
Chapter 8, Section 3
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Knee JointThe knee joint is the largest and most complex synovial joint in body.
Two distal condyles of the femur articulate with two proximal condyles of the tibia. This is a condylar joint.
The femur also articulates anteriorly with the patella. This is a plane joint.
Figure 8.21 Figure 8.20
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1. Synovial Membrane• Secretes synovial fluid
2. Joint Cavity • Stores synovial fluid
3. Joint Capsule• Relatively thin support• Reinforced by several
ligaments and tendons
Knee Joint
General structures of a synovial joint in the knee
Figure 8.20
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1. Patellar tendon - The patella is partially enclosed in tendons fused together from the thigh muscle.
2. Patellar ligament – continuation of patellar tendon. Extends from patella to the tibial tuberosity.
Knee Joint
Several ligaments and tendons strengthen the knee joint.
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Knee Joint
Figure 8.21a Anterior right knee with patella removed.
3. Tibial collateral ligament – connects medial condyle of femur with medial condyle of tibia.
4. Fibular collateral ligament – connects lateral condyle of femur with head of fibula.
5. Anterior & Posterior Cruciate ligaments – provide additional support to medial surface of tibia and femur
Ligaments continued:
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Knee Joint
Two menisci (medial & lateral meniscus) separate the femur and tibia, and align them.
Figure 8.20 (a) sagittal section of the knee joint. (b) Photograph of the left knee joint (frontal
section)
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Three major bursae surround the knee joint.
Knee Joint
1. Suprapatellar bursa• Largest bursa in body
2. Prepatellar bursa• Between patella and skin• Housemaid’s knee =
prepatellar bursitis
3. Infrapatellar bursa
Figure 8.20a
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Joint Disorders
Sprain = overstretching or tearing of connective tissue (tendons, ligaments, or cartilage) associated with a joint.
However, the bones are not disarticulated.
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Joint Disorders
Arthritis = inflamed, swollen, and painful joints.
1. Osteoarthritis• Most common arthritis
• Occurs with aging
• Articular cartilage degenerates, causing bone to rub against bone.
• Results in stiff and painful joints
• Fingers may appear gnarled and knee may bulge.
Osteoarthritic fingers often take
on a gnarled appearance.
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2. Rheumatoid Arthritis• Autoimmune disorder (immune
system attacks tissue)
• Synovial membrane thickens & becomes inflamed
• Mass of fibrous connective tissue (Pannus) invades synovial space.
• Fibrous pannus destroys articular cartilage, and the joints may swell and ossify.
Knuckles may swell as a result of rheumatoid arthritis.
End of Chapter 8, Section 3
Other symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis:• low-grade fever, fatigue, appetite, stiffness.
Joint Disorders