John Stuart Mill

(1806-1873)

An Introduction to Mill’s form of

Utilitarianism in comparison to

Bentham’s

Bentham’s theory can be divided into three parts:

1. Hedonistic Utilitarianism2. The Principle of Utility3. The Utility or Hedonic

Calculus

First a re-cap of Bentham…

PLEASUREAll types of pleasure and pain can be measured on the

same scale

Pleasures can be compared quantitatively because there

is no difference between them

What is good and bad for each person is a matter for each person to decide by following the hedonic (felicific) calculus

Bentham once said that “quantity of pleasure being equal, push-pin (a simple

child’s game) is as good as poetry.”

The Hedonic Calculus

The Hedonic Calculus is:Democratic Egalitarian

(classless)

“Everybody is to count for one, and nobody for more

than one.”

In keeping with the enlightenment thinking the Hedonic Calculus was a rational and scientific way to measure pleasure. Bentham claimed that goodness could be

empirically (through experience) proven.

“No one person’s pleasure is greater than another’s”

John Stuart Mill1806-1873

• Bentham’s godson• Believed that

happiness, not pleasure, should be the standard of utility.

J. S. Mill• Mill agreed with Bentham in emphasising

that a persons’ well being is of the utmost importance.

• Mill agreed with the utility principle but had an issue with the quantitative element.

• Mill developed a system of higher and lower pleasures.

• To pursue pleasures of the intellect were ‘higher’ than, say, the pursuits if pleasures of the body.

• Mill wanted to reformulate the utilitarian theory to reflect the fact that pleasures are not all of equal value.

• He also wanted to take human nature into account.

Pleasure is not the same as happiness!

There are two main differences between pleasure and happiness

HAPPINESSAn indirect by-product of

another activity

PLEASUREPursued as an end in its

own right

Gratification

HAPPINESS

Satisfaction

PLEASURE

For example…

• A divorced, wealthy, young man may seek pleasure from drugs, alcohol and an active sex life with many partners, but lack the happiness of true friendship and the love of his family

• Mill’s utilitarianism has been referred to as being eudaimonistic (human well being) utilitarianism, as opposed to Bentham’s hedonistic (pleasure) utilitarianism.

• Eudaimonia is found in the writings of Aristotle

• Aristotle distinguished between pleasure and happiness

• For Mill the difference in happiness over pleasure is significant; happiness having a higher qualitative edge over the quantity of lower bestial (base) pleasures

Mill defines utilitarianism as…• “The creed which accepts as the foundation of

morals, Utilitarianism, or the greatest happiness principle, holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. By happiness is intended pleasure and absence of pain: by unhappiness pain and privation of pleasure.”

Utilitarianism Chapter 2

Higher and Lower pleasures

“It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied;

better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool

satisfied.”Mill, 1863, Chapter 2

• Mill maintained that pleasures of the mind were higher than those of the body.

• To pursue bodily pleasures – food, drink, drugs and sex – was not as high an objective as those that are intellectually demanding.

Tasks1. Are bodily pleasures lower than intellectual

pleasures?

2. On your own, arrange the following from higher to lower quality: eating, listening to music, making music, drinking alcohol, watching a good movie, viewing beautiful artwork, spending time with your partner, spending time with your friends, attending family gatherings, eating chocolate, reading or hearing poetry, playing sport, achieving fame.

3. How do we distinguish between two higher pleasures? How could the pleasures to be gained from playing Bach be measured against the pleasures to be gained from seeing a Shakespearian play? Give examples if you can.

4. Is it better to be intellectually aware of the world’s imperfections and the sufferings of people and, hence, be unhappy or dissatisfied, or is it better to be blissfully ignorant of the world’s troubles and, hence, be happy and content with ;life?

Homework

• In the same way you did for Bentham, create a biography of Mill’s life.