Slide 1

Slide 2

John Levasseur Springfield Central High School 2009

Slide 3

Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis. Know these structures: Thylakoid, Granum, Stroma Mitochondria are the site of cellular respiration, Know these structures: Outer and Inner Membranes, Matrix

Slide 4

Photosynthesis is a process in which light energy is transformed into chemical energy (carbohydrates). The two entities needed as reactants in photosynthesis are carbon dioxide, (CO 2 ) and water, (H 2 O); while the two products of this reaction are glucose, (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) and oxygen, (O 2 ). Light is also an entity needed as an energy source. The total balanced chemical reaction of photosynthesis is: 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O >>> Light >>> C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Photosynthesis produces sugar and oxygen from light, water and carbon-dioxide. Flash on Photosynthesis Light Capturing Photosynthesis Animation Calvin Cycle

Slide 5

The Light Reactions Take place in the thalykoid of chloroplasts. Photosytem II uses light energy to splits water releasing the O 2 while using the H + ions to produce ATP Photosystem I uses light energy to produce NADPH Here we see the H + ions diffusing out of the thalykoid through The NADPH and ATP are used in the Calvin Cycle The Calvin Cycle takes place in the stroma of the chloroplasts. Carbon from CO 2 is fixed to RuBP by the enzyme RuBisCO to produce an organic molecule. ATP and NADPH are used to reduce or energize the carbon molecule producing G3P. Some G3P can go on to make glucose. Most of the G3P is rejuvenated by ATP back into BuBP. Light Reaction Animation Calvin Cycle Animation

Slide 6

Cellular Respiration is the transfer of energy from energy storing organic molecules, such as carbohydrates, into available energy molecules, (ATP). Cellular Respiration Respiration takes place in the mitochondria. The basic chemical formula for cellular respiration: C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 +6H 2 O+ATP Cellular Respiration has three stages: Glycolysis The Krebs Cycle The Electron Transport Chain

Slide 7

Adenosine Triphosphate, (ATP) is the ultimate end product of cellular reparation. 38 ATP molecules are made from every molecule of glucose ATP is the form of chemical energy that cells actually use. In cellular reparation the energy in the chemical bonds of glucose is transferred to energy in the bonds of ATP. ADP is converted to ATP by the addition of energy and a phosphate group

Slide 8

The first step in cellular respiration is glycolysis. Glycolysis means, sugar split. The reactant of glycolysis is glucose. Glycolysis is a series of 10 chemical reactions. These reactions take place in the cytosol of the cell. The products of glycolysis are pyruvate, NADH, and ATP. Animated Glycolysis How Glycolysis Works How NADH Works

Slide 9

The Citric Acid cycle prepares chemicals for the production of ATP If oxygen is present in the cell, the pyruvate molecules that were produced by glycolysis enters another series of chemical reactions called the Krebs cycle. The pyruvate molecule moves, from the cytosol, across the mitochondrions outer membrane through small pores. It then enters the mitochondrion matrix via active transport. There, pyruvate is converted to Acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA is the molecule that starts the Krebs cycle. The products of the Krebs cycle are carbon dioxide, NADH, FADH 2, and GTP. GTP is converted to ATP. Citric Acid animation How the Krebs Cycle Works 1 How the Krebs Cycle Works 2

Slide 10

Step 1: Proton gradient is built up as a result of NADH (produced from oxidation reactions) feeding electrons into electron transport system. http://www.sp.uconn.edu/~terry/images/anim/ATPmito.ht ml Key points: 1.Protons are translocated across the membrane, from the matrix to the intermembrane space 2.Electrons are transported along the membrane, through a series of protein carriers 3.Oxygen is the terminal electron acceptor, combining with electrons and H + ions to produce water 4.As NADH delivers more H + and electrons into the ETS, the proton gradient increases, with H + building up outside the inner mitochondrial membrane, and OH - inside the membrane. The diagram above illustrates a mitochondrion. In the animation, (right) watch as NADH transfers H + ions and electrons into the electron transport system. Animation

Slide 11

Step 2: Protons (indicated by + charge) enter back into the mitochondrial matrix through channels in ATP synthase enzyme complex. This entry is coupled to ATP synthesis from ADP and phosphate (P i ) Key points: 1.Protons are translocated across the membrane, from the matrix to the intermembrane space, as a result of electron transport resulting from the formation of NADH by oxidation reactions. The continued buildup of these protons creates a proton gradient. 2.ATP synthase is a large protein complex with a proton channel that allows re-entry of protons. 3.ATP synthesis is driven by the resulting current of protons flowing through the membrane: ADP + P i ---> ATP Watch as H + ions accumulate in the outer mitochondrial compartment whenever NADH is made from oxidation reactions, generating a proton gradient (left image). Protons re-enter the cell through the ATP synthase complex, generating ATP (right image). http://www.sp.uconn.edu/~terry/images/anim/ATPmito.ht ml

Slide 12

NADH and FADH 2 carry protons (H + ) and electrons (e - ) to the electron transport chain located in the membrane. The energy from the transfer of electrons along the chain transports protons across the membrane and creates an electrochemical gradient or proton motive force. At the end of the electron transport system, two protons, two electrons, and half of an oxygen molecule combine to form water. As the accumulating protons follow the electrochemical gradient back across the membrane through an ATP synthase complex, the movement of the protons (proton motive force) provides energy for synthesizing ATP from ADP and phosphate. Lets see that first animation again

Slide 13

1.) How does our body break down our food intake to provide us with sufficient energy to live? 2.) What is cellular respiration? 3.) What role does oxygen play in cellular respiration? 4.) What does ATP have to do with cellular respiration? 5.) What happens during glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle, and the Electron Transport Chain? 6.) What are the reactants and products of each process? 7.) How do plants use sunlight to produce sugar? 8.) What is photosynthesis? 9.) What are the processes involved in photosynthesis? 10.) What is the site of photosynthesis? 11.) What are the products and reactants of photosynthesis?